evolving nvdimm for enterprise grade - linux foundation events · acpi supports for nvdimm nnvdimm...
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Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
Evolving NVDIMM for Enterprise Grade
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Open Source Summit JapanJul 19, 2019 16:00~16:40
QI Fuli
Linux Development DivisionFujitsu Limited
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Who am I
n QI Fuli§ Software Engineer at Fujitsu Ltd§ PhD Student at University of Tokyo§ Working on Persistent Memory§ Email: [email protected]
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED1
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Contents
nIntroduction of NVDIMM
nMonitor the SMART events from NVDIMM
nDistinguish and replace faulty NVDIMM
nFuture work & Summary
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED2
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Introduction of NVDIMM
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED3
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NVDIMM Overview
nNon-Volatile Dual In-line Memory Modulen a type of random-access memory
n NVDIMM retains its data evenif electrical power is removed
nUse casen In-Memory Database, etc.
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
CPU caches
DDR RAM
NVDIMM
NAND SDD
Hard Disk Drivers
CPURegisters
Cost
Latency
Capacity4
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Concepts [1]
nInterleave setn Two or more NVDIMMs create an N-Way interleave set
to provide stripes read/write operations for increased throughput
nNamespacen Defines a contiguously-addressed range of Non-Volatile Memory
nRegionn A group of one or more NVDIMMs, or an interleaved set,
that can be divided up into one or more Namespaces
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED[1] https://docs.pmem.io/ndctl-users-guide/concepts
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Concepts [1]
nTypen Defines the way in which the persistent memory associated with
a Namespace or Region can be accessed
n PMEM: Direct access to the media via load/store operations. (DAX supported)
n BLK: Direct access to the media via Apertures. (DAX is not supported)
nModen Defines which NVDIMM software feature are enabled for a given Namespace.
n Namespace Modes include fsdax, devdax, sector, and raw.
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED[1] https://docs.pmem.io/ndctl-users-guide/concepts
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Namespace Modes
n fsdaxn filesystem provide direct access to Persistent Memory to applications
n devdaxn creates a character device instead of a block device
n intended for applications that mmap() the entire capacity
n sectorn to help software that doesn't understand that sectors might end up with
a mix of old and new data if power loss occurs while writes were underway
n rawn a memory disk that does not support DAX
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED7
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Configuration options
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NVDIMM 0 NVDIMM 0 NVDIMM 1NVDIMM 1
Region 0 Region 1 Region 2
Namespace 0.0 Namespace 1.0 Namespace 2.0
/dev/pmem0 /dev/pmem0 /dev/pmem1
DAX Filesystem DAX Filesystem DAX Filesystem
Persistent Memory Pool(s)Persistent
Memory Pool(s)
Interleaved DIMMs Non-Interleaved DIMMs
Hardware
Kernel Driver
User Space(Applications)
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PersistentMemory Pool(s)
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Non-Volatile Device Control (NDCTL)
nA utility for managing the Linux LIBNVDIMM Kernel subsystem
nWorking with various NVDIMMs from different vendors
nOperations supported by ndctln Provisioning capacity
n Enumerating Devices
n Enabling and Disabling NVDIMMs, Regions, and Namespaces
n Managing NVDIMM Labels
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED9
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Monitor the SMART events from NVDIMM
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED10
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Why NVDIMM must be monitored?
nNVDIMM has a life spannBlocks of NVDIMM will be broken due to endurance problem
nNVDIMM consumes spare block to rescue broken block
nWhen spare decreases to 0, it can not rescue broken block
nNVDIMM has no feature such as mirroring to save its data
nBackup and replacement is needed before no spares
nUsers should know the best time to backup and replaceCopyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED11
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Why NVDIMM must be monitored?
nNVDIMM has a life spannBlocks of NVDIMM will be broken due to endurance problem
nNVDIMM modules consume spare block
nWhen spare decreases to 0, it can not rescue broken block
nNVDIMM has no feature such as mirroring to save its data
nBackup and replacement is needed before no spares
nUsers should know the best time to backup and replaceCopyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
Status of NVDIMM needs tobe monitored and be notified
before NVDIMM becomes faulty
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Ndctl monitor
nWe created a daemon to monitor NVDIMMnmonitor health status
nnotify critical statusCopyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
NVDIMM will be broken !!!Spare block ratio is low !!!
blocks spare blocks5%
https://pmem.io/ndctl/ndctl-monitor.html
used
available
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Features of ndctl monitor (1/3)
nMonitoring
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
SMART event trigger effect
spares-remaining spare block value goes below the spare threshold limit NVDIMM becomes broken;
data will be lost;etc.health-status normal health status of NVDIMM
changes
unclean-shutdown last shutdown to be recorded at the next boot
saving data target fail on NVDIMM;etc.
media-temperature temperature value of NVDIMM goes above threshold limit
server is getting too hot;may need remediation;
a specific fan fails;etc.
controller-temperature
controller temperature value goes above threshold limit
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Features of ndctl monitor (2/3)
nActions after monitoringn Log the output notification
n Log destinationn syslogn arbitrary file (set in the configuration file or set by command option)n Output formatn JSON (can be analyzed by other log collectors, such as fluentd)
nKick other application (to be implemented)n When the monitor detects a SMART health event,
the application will move the data in real time.
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED15
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Features of ndctl monitor (3/3)
nFilteringnobjects to monitor can be filteredn all NVDIMMs are monitored by defaultn objects can be filtered by namespace, region, bus, and dimmn backup the data of applications which are running on a certain namespace⇨ filter by namespace
n allowing to monitor for any media error on the bus⇨ filter by bus
nSMART health events to monitor can be filtered
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED16
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ACPI supports for NVDIMM
nNVDIMM has SMART Health Info like SSD/HDDn SMART Health Info can be retrieved via a _DSMn SMART Health Info includes spare block value and spare threshold limit
nACPI 6.1 adds “NFIT Health Event Notification”n a notification will be sent when the spare block value goes below the spare
threshold limitn a poll(2) event will be triggered when the notification is received
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
NFITHealth EventNotification
Triggersa poll(2)event on
/nmemX/nfit/flags
spare blockvalue below
threshold
ACPI (Firmware) NVDIMM (Hardware) Kernel (OS)17
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Architecture of ndctl monitor
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
triggers a poll(2) event on /nmemX/nfit/flags
output notification
filter health event(s) to monitor
retrieve NVDIMM SMART status
Kernel (OS)
ndctl monitor
standard output, syslog, /var/log/ndctl/monitor.log etc.
monitor poll(2) event(s) on /nmemX/nfit/flags
filter object(s) to monitor
retrieve NVDIMM SMART status
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Sample of output notification"timestamp":"1537323709.432459532",
"pid":28189,
"event":{ "dimm-spares-remaining":true },
"dimm":{
"dev":"nmem1", "health":{
"health_state":"non-critical",
"temperature_celsius":23,
"controller_temperature_celsius":25,
"spares_percentage":4,
…
"spares_threshold":5,
"shutdown_state":"clean“
}}
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
current spare block value
spare threshold limit
SMART Health event
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How to start ndctl monitor
nLinux distribution support systemd# systemctl start ndctl-monitor.service
nLinux distribution does not support systemd# ndctl monitor --daemon
nUsers could run monitor as a one shot command# ndctl monitor
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED20
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Distinguish and replace faulty NVDIMM(s)
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Replacing faulty NVDIMM is complex
nReplacing NVDIMM is more difficult than SSD/HDDn Hardware does NOT support hot-replace for NVDIMM *
n No hardware mirroring for NVDIMM
n Software RAID does NOT work with Filesystem DAX or Device DAX
n The specification of NVDIMM (region and namespace) causes additional complexity
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED22* by then, distinguish feature was under developing
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Replacing faulty NVDIMM is complex
n If a block on Region 0 is faulty, and users need to replace the faulty NVDIMM, what information is necessary?
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
SystemBoard
NVDIMM 0
NVDIMM 1
region 0(interleave)
region 1
region 2
(region 0)namespace0.0/dev/pmem0
namespace1.0/dev/pmem1s
namespace1.1/dev/pmem1.1
namespace2.0/dev/dax2
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Distinguish the faulty NVDIMM
nTo replace the faulty NVDIMM, at least the following information is necessary.
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
SystemBoard
NVDIMM 0(nmem0)
NVDIMM 1(nmem1)
region 0(interleave)
region 1
region 2
(region 0)namespace0.0/dev/pmem0
namespace1.0/dev/pmem1s
namespace1.1/dev/pmem1.1
namespace2.0/dev/dax2
1. a way to distinguish faulty NVDIMM2. the relationship between physicallocation of NVDIMM and Device nameof namespace(/dev/pmemX)
3. other namespaces on the sameNVDIMM for backupbefore the replacement
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What Fujitsu has developed
nTwo features of ndctl to show the important information for replacing the broken NVDIMM
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
SystemBoard
NVDIMM 0(nmem0)
NVDIMM 1(nmem1)
region 0(interleave)
region 1
region 2
(region 0)namespace0.0/dev/pmem0
namespace1.0/dev/pmem1s
namespace1.1/dev/pmem1.1
namespace2.0/dev/dax2
1. Show the detail of NVDIMM includingbroken block info in the region2. Show the id of NVDIMM
to find physical location
Fortunately, current ndctl can listall namespaces on a NVDIMM
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To show faulty NVDIMM
nNdctl did not display faulty NVDIMM informationn It only listed bad block number in the regionn When the region is interleaved, kernel/driver cannot distinguish NVDIMM.n “Translate SPA” is defined in _DSM of “NVDIMM root Device” at ACPI 6.2
Firmware translates System Physical Address to “NFIT DIMM handle” and Physical address in the DIMM
n the translation in ndctl utility
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Its SystemPhysical address
Get NFITDIMM handle
block numberof region
call _DSM translate SPA
ndctlNVDIMM
device name(nmemX)
firmware26
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To display bad block information# ndctl list -DRHMu
"regions":{
"dev":"region0",
"mappings":[
{ "dimm":"nmem1",},
{ "dimm":"nmem0",}
]},
"badblock_count":1,
"badblocks":[
{ "offset":65536,
"length":1,
"dimms":[ "nmem0“ ]}
]
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
region 0 is interleavedby nmem1 and nmem0
displays which NVDIMM has bad block in this region
command to show region info with dimm, health, and bad block info
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To show NVDIMM device location
nThe physical location of a device can be confirmed with “dmidecode”n In addition, each device has SMBIOS handle, and shown in the command
nSMBIOS handle is “NVDIMM Region mapping structure” table in NFIT
n If ndctl utility can show it, the location can be found with the handle
nWe made a patch that let ndctl show it as phys_id
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED28
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Example of SMBIOS Handle of ndctl# ndctl list –Du
{ "dev":"nmem1",
"id":"XXXX-XX-XXXX-XXXXXXXX",
"handle":"0x120",
"phys_id":"0x1c“ },
{ "dev":"nmem0",
"id":"XXXX-XX-XXXX-XXXXXXXX",
"handle":"0x20",
"phys_id":"0x10",
"flag_failed_flush":true,
"flag_smart_event":true }
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
display DIMM informationwith human readable format
The nmem0 includes brokenblock in previous result
phys_id is SMBIOShandle of these DIMM
0x10 is faulty NVDIMM’s handle29
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To show the location of NVDIMM
# dmidecode
Handle 0x0010, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0004
:
:
Locator: DIMM-Location-example-Slot-A
:
Type Detail: Non-Volatile Registered (Buffered)
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SMBIOS handle of NVDIMM
Locator: shows the place of NVDIMM
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To find all namespaces on NVDIMM# ndctl list -N -d nmem0
[
{ "dev":"namespace0.2",
"mode":"sector",
"size":67042312192,
…
},
{ "dev":"namespace0.0",
"mode":"sector",
"size":67042312192,
…
}
]
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
command to find all namespaces on the nmem0
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Future work & Summary
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Removing the “Experimental” of FS-DAX
n In the upstream, Filesystem DAX is still marked as experimental.
nRemoving the experimental in the upstream was discussed during LSF/MM summit 2019
nThe end of the DAX experiment [1]
nDAX semantics [2]
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED
[1] https://lwn.net/Articles/787233[2] https://lwn.net/Articles/787973
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Fujitsu would like to remove the “experimental” of FS-DAX on XFS
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Summary
n Introduction of NVDIMM
nMonitor SMART events from NVDIMMsn Monitoring SMART status of NVDIMM is important
n Ndctl monitor daemon
nDistinguish and replace faulty NVDIMMn Replacement of NVDIMM is complex
n Adding some information in ndctl list for replacing NVDIMM
Copyright 2019 FUJITSU LIMITED34
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