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Evolving Brains
Terrence Sejnowski
HHMISalk Institute
University of California, San Diego
Evolving Brains
Terrence Sejnowski
HHMISalk Institute
University of California, San Diego
Levels of InvestigationLevels of Investigation
“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of evolution”
T. Dobzhansky, 1973
“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of evolution”
T. Dobzhansky, 1973
Francis CrickJames Watson
“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of DNA”“Nothing can be understood in Biologyexcept in the light of DNA”
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
DifferentiationDifferentiation
DNA MethylationDNA Methylation
Neurons Reactivate a DNA MethylationProcess from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Neurons Reactivate a DNA MethylationProcess from Pluripotent Stem Cells
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
Fraction oftotal mC
Highly methylatedin all cell types
Assumedunmethylated
Neurons Accumulate DNA Methylation (mCH) During Brain Development
Neurons Accumulate DNA Methylation (mCH) During Brain Development
*DeFelipe et al. (1997); Huttenlocher et al., (1997)
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
Precise Patterns of mCHPrecise Patterns of mCH
R. Lister*, E.A, Mukamel* et al.. Science (2013)
Gene Expression is Correlated with mCHGene Expression is Correlated with mCH
M. Margarita BehrensM. Margarita Behrens Eran MukamelEran Mukamel
Ryan ListerRyan ListerJoe EckerJoe Ecker
Evolution of Body SegmentsEvolution of Body Segments
Evolution of Ion ChannelsEvolution of Ion Channels
Evolution of PhotoreceptorsEvolution of Photoreceptors
Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
Evolution of SynapsesEvolution of Synapses
Brain InnovationBrain Innovation
Evolution of the CortexEvolution of the Cortex
Evolution of the CortexEvolution of the Cortex
Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
Felleman and Van Essen,1991
Evolution of VisionEvolution of Vision
A Tale of Two VolesA Tale of Two Voles
Montaine
Prairie
Young, Nilsen, Waymire, MacGregor and Insel, 1999
Repetitive expansion
Montane
Prairie
KE Family Tree
Evolution of LanguageEvolution of Language
Cerebellum
Inferior Olive
Caudate Nucleus
Thalamus
Cortical Plate
Substantia Nigra
Inferior Olive
Sydney Brenner
What Makes Humans Human?What Makes Humans Human?
DenisovanNeanderthalPresurfer
What Makes Humans Human?• Language• Hypersociality• Joint attention • Learning• Writing
John Allman
John Allman
Human BrainHuman Brain
Zhang and Sejnowski, 2000
Single Cell MethylomesSingle Cell Methylomes
Deep LearningDeep Learning
Picture CaptioningPicture Captioning
Picture CaptioningPicture Captioning
Dopamine NeuronsDopamine NeuronsActor Critic ModelActor Critic Model
Environment
Dopamine
Reward Prediction Error
Cerebral Cortex
BasalGanglia
Montague, Dayan and Sejnowski, 1996
I should have shown a better result, a better outcome, and better content in terms of the game played, and I do apologize for not being able to satisfy a lot of people’s expectations. I kind of felt powerless.
March 11, 2016: “AlphaGo can't beat me”
Ke Jie of ChinaKe Jie of China
January 5, 2017: “After humanity spent thousands of years improving our tactics, computers tell us that humans are completely wrong.”
Ke Jie of ChinaKe Jie of China
BRAIN InitiativeBrain Research through Advancing
Innovative Neurotechnologies
April 2, 2013
BRAIN InitiativeBrain Research through Advancing
Innovative Neurotechnologies
April 2, 2013 April 2, 2013
Advisory Committee to the NIH Director
BRAIN 2025Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Working Group
JUNE 05, 2014
Brain Activity Map
BRAIN InitiativeBRAIN Initiative