evolution of solid waste management

Evolution of Solid

Waste Management

Week 1 ( 3 hours )

ECW 532 – Solid Waste Engineering And Management

Learning Outcome At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to :

1. Define the terms waste, solid waste and municipal solid

waste, solid waste management. (CO1, PO1)

2. Have an overall understanding of management aspects

related to municipal solid waste. (CO1, PO1)

3. Understand the functional element in SWM. (CO1, PO1)

4. Acquire knowledge on integrated solid waste

management. (CO1, PO1)

Contents

Definition of Solid Waste 1

Classification of Solid Waste2

Solid Waste Management3

Case Study In Malaysia4

Definition Of Solid Waste John T. Pfeffer

◦ Any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by society

T.V. Ramachandra

◦ The organic and inorganic waste materials produces by society which do not carry any value to the first user

George Tchonbanoglous

◦ All the waste arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted

M. Fuad

◦ Any kind of material throw by human or animal activities where normally unusable and useless

Solid Waste Definition

US EPA

◦ Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater

treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air

pollution control facility and other discarded material,

including solid , liquid, semi-solid, or contained

gaseous material resulting from industrial,

commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and

from community activities, but does not include solid

or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or

dissolved materials in industrial discharges

Me….

Solid Waste Evolution

In the primitive society human and animal always used the sources from earth to support their life.

When human increase, the management of solid waste become important issue

Human start to throw waste in many area in their society which then cause disease

Start in nineteen century, public health become very important aspect

Industrial revolution highly produce a new type of waste which have toxic, nuclear and dangerous


The hazardous waste start to pollute

water, soil and air

From the effect of waste to human and

environment, many agencies had try to

built a regulation and guideline to manage

solid waste

However, without accurate data the final

disposal of solid waste still give impact to

environment


Old

Concept

B

E

C

D

ADumping in

water

Dumping on land

Feeding to hog

Plowing into a soil

Reduction /

Incineration

Evolution in Vehicle

Lorry equip with mechanical system

Small Truck

Solid tire truck

Horse drawncart

1975

1950

1925

1900

Solid Waste Problem

Protection of Public Health

- hazard to human

- Visible, audible or odorous intrusion

Minimum Cost-They like to chose the minimum

cost concept

Environmental Acceptability-contamination of aquifers, watercourses

and land

Problem with

management

of solid

waste

Classification of Solid Waste

Sources BaseDepend on sector and

activities

ClassificationSolid Waste

Type BaseDepend on physical,

chemical and biological

characteristics

Source Base Classification1. Domestic/Residential : Reject solid material that originate

from single and multifamily house (Garbage, rubbish, trash,

Ashes, Bulky Waste)

2. Municipal wastes: Solid residue that result from municipal

function or services. (Street refuse, dead animals, abandoned

vehicles, WWTP, WTP Park and beach waste and landscape

waste)

3. Industrial wastes: wastes not considered municipal or

hazardous wastes. (commercial/institutional and process waste)

4. Agricultural : Resulting from agricultural activities pose

significant and unique problems. (Confined animal feeding, crop

residue)

Type Base Classification

1. Garbage : Contain putrescible rotting organic matter

which produce an obnoxious odor and attract rats and

other vermin (food waste).

2. Ashes & Residue : Substance remaining from the

burning of wood, coal, charcoal.

3. Combustible & non-combustible waste : waste that can

be burn to change the properties (paper, cardboard) or

cannot be burn at all (glass)

4. Biodegradable & non-biodegradable : substance

consisting of organic matter (food waste) or consist of

inorganic and recyclable material (can)

Type Base Classification

5. Hazardous waste : Wastes that pose a substantial

danger - ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, biological or

toxicity (radioactive substance, chemicals, wastes

hospitals/biological research facilities, flammable wastes,

and explosives).

6. Construction & demolition

7. Farm waste

8. Dead animals

9. Sewage waste

Degradation Time For Waste

Type of WasteDegradation

Time

Biodegradable

Paper 10 – 30 days

Catton cloth 2 – 5 months

Woolen Items 1 years

Wood 10 – 15 years

Organic Waste A week or two

Biodegradable

Metal Product 100 – 500 years

Plastic Bag 105 years

Glass Undetermined

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

An operations associated with solid waste management system

Each operation accomplishes a specific purpose in the chain of actions require to manage the solid waste satisfactory

◦ Protection of environmental health

◦ Promoting environment quality

◦ Supporting the efficiency and productivity of the economy

◦ Generation of employment and income

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

Functional Element (Waste Stream)

Add Your TextWaste

Generation

Waste

Disposal

On site

Handling

&

Storage

Processing

& Recovery

Waste

Collection

Transfer &

Transport

Factor affecting SWM System

1. Quantities and Characteristic of Waste

Depend on the income level of family

2. Climate and seasonal variation

Temperature, wet & dry seasons

3. Physical characteristic of an urban area

Road system, traffics, house layout

4. Financial and foreign exchange constrain

5. Cultural constrain

6. Management and technical resources

Factor affecting SWM System

4. Financial and foreign exchange constrain

◦ Equipment, vehicle, fuel & labor cost

5. Cultural constrain

◦ Holiday, festival, religion event

6. Management and technical resources

◦ Professional & skill worker

Marketing Diagram

Open Dumping Open Dumping

Marketing Diagram

Open Dumping River

Marketing Diagram

Ship Graveyard Heavy Industries

Case Study In Malaysia

Due to growing population and increasing consumption, the amount of

solid waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia went up from 16,200 tons per

day in 2001 to 19,100 tons in 2005, an average of 0.8 kilogram per capita

per day.

In Kuala Lumpur waste generation is about 3,000 tons a day and forecasts

show that this will increase further in coming years.

Modern lifestyle has led to more acute waste problems, convenience

products generally require more packaging, improvident habits associated

with greater affluence lead to greater quantities of waste, as demonstrated

by discarded wrappers from the inevitable fast food outlet, and the modern

day waste contains a higher proportion of non-degradable materials such

as plastics.

Approximately 95-97% of waste collected is taken to landfill for disposals.

The remaining waste is sent to small incineration plants, diverted to

recyclers/re-processors or is dumped illegally.


The government has adopted a National Strategic Plan for Solid

Waste Management with emphasis on the upgrading of unsanitary

landfills as well as the construction of new sanitary landfills and

transfer stations with integrated material recovery facilities.

A new Solid Waste Management Bill is expected to be adopted by

parliament in March 2007. The bill is expected to drastically change

the structure of solid waste management in Malaysia and to open

up for the development of a completely new business sector.

New concessions on for example domestic waste management will

be introduced, recycling is expected to be highlighted, and handling

of specific types of solid waste like plastic, paper etc. is likely to be

included.


A number of Malaysian investors are looking into this area, and

many are looking for foreign partners with the necessary expertise.

Solid waste management is a priority area under the 9th Malaysian

Plan, as can be seen by the intention of the government to set up a

Solid Waste Department which will be entrusted to enforce the

Solid Waste Management Bill.

Denmark and Malaysia have co-operated in the area of

environment protection since 1994, and more than 100 projects

have been carried out.


In the next few years the cooperation will continue within strategic

environmental planning, waste handling, handling of hazardous

substances, sustainable energy use and projects generating

Certified Emission Rights, the so-called CDM-projects.

In relation to CDM-projects, Danish companies could potentially be

involved as buyers of Certified Emission Rights or/and as supplies

for the specific project.

Case Study in My Housing Area

C l i c k t o e d i t c o m p a n y s l o g a n

www.themegallery.com

evolution of solid waste management

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