evolution of public health
TRANSCRIPT
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Chairperson : Dr. Shwetha Patil Presenter : Shruti Murthy
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IntroductionPrehistoric healthPrimitive Era
Indian Chinese Egyptian Mesopotamia Greek Roman Arabian
Dark AgesMedieval AgesRenaissanceColonial EraModern EraSummaryReferences
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INTRODUCTION
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•Nomadic Existence
•Magic, spells, folklore
•Sanitation of camp sites-mythical reasons
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Suffering: DemonsHealth: Good SpiritsWitch DoctorsWitchcraft
i.e Pleasing demons by
CharmsArmletsSacrifices-
even humans!
Gods & Godesses
Disease-result of sins
Priest Physicians
Chastisement -a precondition to treatment
FATALISTIC THEORY
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Spirituality & ethicsAyurveda- Science of life
Tri-Dosha theoryMaintenance of health as a wholePurity & Cleanliness
JALASUDDI (PURE
WATER)
AHARASUDDI (CLEAN
FOOD)
DEHASUDDI
(CLEAN BODY)
MANASUDDI (PURE
MIND)
DESASUDDI (CLEAN
ENVIRONMENT)
PURITY
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Charaka- PhysicianCharaka Samhita
Sushruta- SurgeonSushruta Samhita
Atreya
Vaghbhat
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HypothesisYin and Yang
5 elements, 5 body parts, 5 principlesNeijing suwen- on silk
Barefoot doctors
Acupuncture & Moxification
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Moxification
Acupunture
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Intestinal putrefaction of food Disease
Treated by emetics, laxatives
Yet,Well-established community systems:
Public bathsDrains collecting rain waterEarth closets
Personal hygiene-sanitation, loose clothing.
emotions
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Rx- astrologic sign of Jupiter
Houses of Life – 1st Dynasty
19th Dynasty- Insurance, sick leave, pensions
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An extension of Egyptian disease concept
Efforts to prevent disease spread
Mosaic law/code-human conduct
Torah - health related laws & rituals; Segregation of lepers Washing after handling dead body Sanitation of camp sites Communicable disease control Fumigation…
Sabbath day
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Forbid pork
Leviticus –isolation of lepers
A good level of health, but
Lack of health promotion
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Hypothesis- HUMORAL THEORY• 4 humors (microcosm) & 4 elements (macrocosm)•Any imbalance led to disease•Treated by restoring the balance- by herbs
•Emphasis on individual- physical aspects•Games, gymnastics, athletics, exercise
•Hence,•Environmental sanitation suffered
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Aesculapius
Hygeia(Preventive medicine)
Panacea(clinical medicine)
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•Hippocrates – Hippocrates Corpus - Hippocratic oath
- First epidemiologist
•Herophilus - Nerves and blood vessels
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Hippocrates
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Hypothesis- 2 humors (bile & phlegm)-blood letting, magic, folklore
Emphasis on State, individual neglected
Regular Census
Aqueduct, ‘pay toilets’, street repairs…
Wealth accumulated, men decayed
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•Galen – Anatomy & Physiology (apes)
•Vesalius- Human dissection
•Celsus(1st Century AD)- surgery rather than supernatural forces/destiny
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Aqueduct
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Public Bath
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Sewers & Rain water drains
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•Translated Greco-Roman & Indian texts –Hunayn-Ibn-Ishaq•Developed Unani
•Galen,Charaka,Sushruta,Hippocrates
•Humoral theory
•Cairo Hospital (8th century)- Hospital-based clinical training
•Mobile hospital teams-Prison•Mobile dispensaries-rural areas
Botanical writings of ancient Greeks
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Rhazes (850-923 AD) Continens (unfinished)Book on children’s diseases
Avicenna (980-1037 AD)Canon of medicine (diagnosis by pulse & urine)
Ibn an-Nafis (1288)Pulmonary Circulation (disproving Galen’s
doctrines)
Al-KindiPharmacology texts
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Spine surgery
Eye Anatomy
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Chaotic western states
Superstitions & mysticismSaint Styelitis
Cholera Epidemic- Mecca pilgrimages
Leprosy- Egypt to Asia, EuropeRejection led to eliminiation
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Severe Pandemics
Cholera spread- Six Holy Crusades
The Black Death- Bubonic Plague (1348 AD)
Asia to Africa, Turkey, Greece, Italy up till EuropeAtleast 25 million died in Europe alone1st official quarantine-Marseilles 1383
Efforts ineffective
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ItalyEra of Scientific principlesGenius Scientists ;
Copernicus, Da Vinci, Galileo,…
Yet,Trade spread diseasesPlague lingered
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3 Plague pandemics – Europe
Small pox- America
Dr.Edward Jenner-smallpox vaccine
Syndenham
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4 phases:Miasma Phase (1850-1880)Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)Health Promotion Phase (1920-1960)Social Engineering Phase (1960-present)
Family & Community Medicine
Primary Health Care
Deprofessionalization of Medicine
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Ambroise Pare
Battle surgeon
Firearm wounds
Ligatures & dressings
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James Lind
Naval Surgeon
Prevention of Scurvy
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William Harvey
Blood Circulation
72 beats/ minute
Disproved Galen’s Hypothesis
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English Hippocrates
Miasmatic theory
First distinguished epidemiologist
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Edward Jenner
Small Pox Vaccination 1796
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Max Von Pettenkofer
Germ Theory
1st Institute of Hygiene
A Sanitarian
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Louis Pasteur
A chemist
Pasteurization
Rabies Vaccine
Microbiology & Immunology
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Robert Koch
Microbiologist
Anthrax
Culture Media-nutrient agar
Koch’s Postulates
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Paul Ehlrich
Immunology
Salvarsan- ‘Magic Bullet’
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Walter Reed
Yellow fever- Aedes Mosquito
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Park K. Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 19th edition, chp 1, p 1-10
Dhaar G M, Robbani I. Foundations of Community Medicine. Section 1, p 2-10
Anderson C L. Community Health, p 3-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/
coResourceImport/resources04/history/timeline.cfm
http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/history-public-health
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