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Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka Athula Senaratne Research Fellow, IPS

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Page 1: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka 

Athula SenaratneResearch Fellow, IPS 

Page 2: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Overview– Major Land uses in Sri Lanka

– Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka

– Key current policy challenges

– Major policy instruments • Legal enactments• Policy statements• Plans, programs, projects

– Institutional arrangements 

Page 3: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Land uses in Sri LankaMain land use type Sub land use type 2007 extent  ha %Urban lands Built up land 31,000 0.5

Non agricultural 5,620 0.1Sub total 36,620 0.6

Agricultural lands Homesteads 1,028,600 15.7Tea 189,800 2.9Rubber 183,200 2.8Coconut 313,700 4.8Mixed & Perennial crops 164,325 2.5Paddy 844,000 12.9Sugar cane 13,800 0.2Sparsely used crop land 1,439,532 22.0Other crop land 76,800 1.2

Sub total 4,253,757 65.0Forest lands Dense forest 1,123,700 17.1

Open forest 403,975 6.2Forest plantations 86,900 1.3Scrubs 138,600 2.1Grasslands 90,600 1.4Mangroves/ marsh 43,480 0.7

Sub total 1,887,255 28.8Water 303,068 4.6Barron land 80,300 1.2

Total 6,561,000 100.0

Source: Land Use Policy Planning Department (2007)

Page 4: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka

• Two major episodes

–Pre‐independence land policy: • Crown land encroachment ordinance: 1840• Acquisition of common property land to the state  • Development of plantations• First Land Commission: 1927• Land Development Ordinance : 1935• Alienation of state land to landless peasants

–Post‐independence • Land settlement and irrigation development • Land Reform Law (1972)• Encroachment  of state land by landless 

Page 5: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka

Crown Land Encroachment Ordinance ‐ 1840 

Demand for land originated from plantation crops to meet global demand for agricultural commodities

British introduced Crown Lands Encroachment Ordinance (1840) to acquire lands for plantation crops

Initially, started with coffee subsequently followed by tea, rubber and coconut

This has led to large scale conversion of natural forests in low‐, mid‐and up‐country regions of wet zone for expansion of plantation crops.

Continued even after gaining the independence until 1960s

Page 6: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka

Expansion of plantation agriculture(1830-2012)

Page 7: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka

Early twentieth century– Rising pressure of landless masses in wet zone– Poverty of dry zone peasants– Rising cost of food imports 

First Land Commission : 1927

– Recommended conversion of vast expanses of ‘underdeveloped crown land’ in the dry zone for food production 

Land Development Ordinance: 1935– Settlement of landless peasants from wet zone in colonization schemes under renovated irrigation facilities

Page 8: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Land settlements and encroachments (1935‐1985)

Source: Ministry of Lands and Land Development (1975)

175941

357239

13565 7964

205762

55019

9979 53630

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000Major colon

izatio

n sche

mes

Village expan

sion

High

land

 settlemen

t schem

es

Youth settlemen

t schem

es

Regu

larization of encroachm

ents

Middle class a

llotm

ents

Land

 grants

Settlm

ent schem

es

Extent (h

a)

Page 9: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Growth of paddy extent (1950-2013)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

140019

5219

5419

5619

5819

6019

6219

6419

6619

6819

7019

7219

7419

7619

7819

8019

8219

8419

8619

8819

9019

9219

9419

9619

9820

0020

0220

0420

0620

0820

1020

12

Total p

addy

 exten

t (00

0' ha)

Page 10: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Settlement

Paddy

Tea

Rubber

Coconut

Other crops

Forest

Wetland

Extent 000' ha

1984

1956

Land use changes(1956-1984)

Page 11: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Expansion of rain‐fed highland farming (2001‐2012)

Source: Department of Census and Statistics (2014)

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Extent (ha)

OFC ‐Total

Maha

Yala

Page 12: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Current policy challenges in land sector• Growing scarcity of land

– Landlessness and Land fragmentation– Encroachment of state lands

• Poorly functioning land markets  – Ownership and title issues– Legal restrictions and social barriers 

• Land degradation– Agricultural  land degradation 

• Soil erosion • Decline of fertility

– Non‐agricultural  land degradation • Land degradation due to mining activities• Land degradation due to infrastructure

– Land slides: • Due to agriculture and non‐agricultural

Page 13: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Encroachments

– Agriculture • Chena Cultivation‐ Changing pattern of shifting cultivation and encroachments – E.g.  Maize cultivation  in Anuradhapura; Chena cultivation in Moneragala,  Habanthota

• Expansion of small‐holder plantation crops 

– Settlements   in  all districts

• Two types (shifting settlements and resettlements)– Due to the shifting settlements (squatters) wells, perennial crops, fruit trees are found within forests. Often people claim for such land (including patches of forests or land inside forests) without any legal ownership.

– Mining for gems  (Kandy and Ratnapura districts ) and sand ( in  all districts)

Page 14: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Encroachments: Catalysts• Population increase

• Government policies in land and agriculture sectors: – E.g. regularization of encroachments

• Weaknesses in current laws in land alienation, land acquisition and land grant procedures

• Political influence

• Weaknesses in forest laws and problems in demarcating boundaries

• Complex and inefficient procedures and poor coordination between implementing agencies

Page 15: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Survey of encroachments (1979)

Source: Land Commission Report (1990)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

Western

Central

Southe

rn

Nothe

rn

Eastern

North Cen

tral

North W

etern

Saba

ragamuw

a

Uva

Buildings Uncultivated Permanent Crops Other Crops Paddy

Page 16: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Land markets – Land markets are not perfectly competitive markets 

• Ownership issues: Inheritance laws; title issues • Social attitudes 

– e.g. wealth and land ownership; family and kinship relations 

• Legal barriers– Restriction on land uses: e.g. barriers on paddy land conversion

– Ownership restrictions: Area restrictions; Restrictions on foreigners 

Page 17: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Privately Owned Land: Legal pluralism• Legal pluralism : co‐existence of general laws and customary laws– Roman Dutch Law: General law applying to the entire country

– Tesawalamai: Affecting the Tamil people in Jaffna peninsula

– Traditional Kandyan Law: Applying to Sinhalese in upcountry areas

– Muslim Koranic Law: Applying to Muslims

• Mainly controlling inheritance and transfer (markets)of lands 

• Land (real estate) markets: – More dynamic in urban areas

Page 18: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Major policy instruments 

• Legal enactments: 

– General (all land uses)– Specific land uses 

• Policy statements

• Plans, programs & projects   

Page 19: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Legal enactments: general

– This category of laws mainly deal with use and tenure of state lands

– They are concerned with • Alienation of  state land for agricultural and settlement purposes 

• Land grants, transfers/leases of state lands • Recovery of state lands from unauthorized possession or occupation 

• Acquisition of land for public purposes

– Handled by the ‘Ministry of Lands’ and agencies coming under it 

Page 20: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Legal enactments: general

– Land Settlement Ordinance (1931)– Land Development Ordinance (1935)– State Land Ordinance (1947)– Land Acquisition Act (1950)– Land Reform Law (1972)– State Lands Act (Recovery of Possession Act) (1979)

– Land Grants Act (1979)– Title Registration Act (1998)

Page 21: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Legal enactments: Specific land uses

– This category of legal enactments try to address problems associated with specific land uses 

– Problems they attempt to address include• Soil erosion• Conversion of land uses • Land fragmentation • Unauthorized uses in environmentally sensitive locations

• Urban land use problems 

– Handled by various ministries and line agencies responsible for respective land use activities  

Page 22: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Legal enactments: Specific land uses

– Temple Land (compensation) Ordinance (1944) –Religious lands

– Irrigation Ordinance (1946) – Agricultural – Soil Conservation Act (1951) ‐ Agricultural– Tea and Rubber Lands Fragmentation Act  (1958) – Tea and Rubber

– Urban Development Authority Act (1978) –Urban land uses

– National Housing Development Authority (1979) – Housing

– Mahaweli Authority Act (1979) – Land uses in Mahaweli Areas

– Coast Conservation Act (1981) – Coastal lands– Agrarian Development Act (2000) – Paddy lands

Page 23: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Land Reform Act

• First introduced 1972– Amended 1975 

• Major focus– Established the limits on private ownership of land by imposition of land ceiling 

– Vested the power to acquire land above the ceiling and dispose the property

• Institutional responsibility – Land Reform Commission (LRC)

Page 24: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

• First introduced 1958 (Paddy Lands Act)– Amended 1979 and 2000

• Major focus– Offered more secure tenure rights to tenant farmers– Restricts the conversion of paddy lands to other uses– Provisions to undertake various land use planning functions  

• Institutional responsibility – Agrarian Development Department

Agrarian Development Act

Page 25: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Major policy instruments 

• Policy statements – National Land Policy (Under preparation)– National Land Use Policy (Draft: 2007)– National Policy on Conservation and Protection of Water Sources, their Catchments and Reservations in Sri Lanka (Draft: 2014)

• Plans, programs and projects– National Action Program for Combatting Land Degradation in Sri Lanka: 2015‐2024

Page 26: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

Institutional Arrangements: Ministry of Lands Line agency Legal enactments/Services

Land Commissioner’s Department 

Land Development Ordinance (1935)State Lands Act (1947)Land Grants ActState Lands (Recovery of Possession) ActConservation and development of state lands and alienation to public  

Department of Land Settlement Land Settlement Act (1931)Title Registration Act (1998)Determination of ownership issues of private and state lands 

Land Use Policy Planning Department

National Land Use PolicyPreparation of land use plans 

Survey Department Surveying and mapping services 

Land Survey Council Survey Act (2002)Maintaining standards  and procedures relating to land surveying

Page 27: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

• Soil Conservation Act (1951)– Provisions to control the problem of soil erosion – Poorly implemented law– Responsibility: Department of Agriculture 

• Coast Conservation Act (1981)– Control of coastal erosion and degradation of coastal lands – Preparation and implementation of Coastal Zone Management 

Plan – Responsibility: Coast Conservation Department 

• Forest Ordinance (1885)and Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937)– Conservation and protection of forest lands and wildlife – Maintenance of protected areas– Responsibility: Forest Department and Department of Wildlife 

Conservation 

Legal Enactments on Specific Land Uses

Page 28: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

National Land Policy

• Currently under preparation

• Stage wise formulation – Presently at the fourth phase

• District level information gathering and stakeholder consultation– Series of workshops

• Responsible agency: Ministry of Land 

Page 29: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

National Land Use Policy – Draft (2007)

• Principles– Zoning, balanced regional development, integrated land management 

• Focus areas of policies– Land and people– Agriculture and food security – Land and nature

• Yet to receive the cabinet approval

• Responsible agency: Land Use Policy Planning Department (LUPPD)

Page 30: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

National Policy on Conservation and Protection of Water Sources, their Catchments and Reservations

in Sri Lanka (Draft: 2014)

• Focus areas of policies– Identifying, demarcating boundaries, protection and conservation of water sources

– Empowering the institutions related to the conservation and protection of water sources

– Monitoring of activities and follow up action– Awareness and participation– Granting financial provision and facilities

• Yet to receive the cabinet approval

• Responsible agency: Ministry of Land 

Page 31: Evolution of Land Policies in Sri Lanka · Historical evolution of land policy in Sri Lanka ... – Agrarian Development Act (2000) –Paddy lands. Land Reform Act • First introduced

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