EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN INDIA

Dr. Laxmi Narayan Assistant Professor Economics

Govt. P.G. College MahendergarhE-mail: laxmi_narayan70@yahoo.com

INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF INDIA

DEFINITION:

An industrial policy is any government regulation or law that encourages the ongoing operation of, or investment in, a particular industry.

Objective of the Industrial policy should be for bringing higher growth and prosperity for a country

IMPORTANCE Reasons for Importance of Indl. Policy:

Limited Capacity of Private Sector:

Regulation of Private Sector:

Regulation of Foreign Sector:

INDUSTRIAL POLICIES IN INDIA

Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 Industrial (Dev. & Reg.) 1956 Industrial Policy 1977 Industrial Policy 1980 New Industrial Policy 1991

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 6.4.1948Classification of Industries(i) Public Sector: Central Government Monopoly:. (a) Arms and Ammunition, (b) Atomic Energy

and (c) Railway Transport,

(ii) Public cum Private Sector: The State would be exclusively responsible for the establishment of new undertakings in six basic industries-viz. Coal, Iron Steel, Aircraft, Shipbuilding, Mineral Oil, Telephone Cables and Wireless apparatus.

(iii) Controlled Private Sector:- The rest of the industrial field was left open to private enterprise though it was made clear that the State would also progressively participate in this field.

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 6.4.1948Cottage and Small Scale Industries

Setting up of Special Financial Institution

Labour and Capital Relations Amicable atmosphere and Equitable Distribution

Attitude towards Foreign Capital Importance Recognized but Full Control Required.

Change in Tariff Policy Heavy tariffs for domestic protection

Social Overheads Transport, Electricity, irrigation, capital goods etc.

Planning Commission

MAIN FEATURES IPR 30.4.1956

CLASIFICATION OF INDUSTIRES:

Public Sector: Schedule-A, 17 Industries viz

Public-cum-private Sector Schedule-B, 12 Industries, Progressively to be state owned.

Private Sector All industries not included in above two

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 30.4.1956Cottage and Small Scale Industries

Setting up of Industrial Co-operate Societies

Fair Treatment to Private Sector Giving Facilities as Power, Transport and Finance

Balanced Regional Growth Special Provisions and Facilities.

Technical and Managerial Know-how

Training institutions and managerial courses.

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 30.4.1956

Proper Amenities to Labourers Social Security Measures, Pension benefits, participation in

management etc.

Proper Management of Public Enterprises

Efficient Management

Foreign Capital Large Scale Concessions.

Flexible Categories could be changed.

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 23.12.1977Small Scale Industries

More emphasis, District Industry Sector, Separate cell in Industrial Development Bank, More attention on standardization, marketing and quality control..

Labour Intensive Technologies To create more employment

Balanced Regional Growth No more licenses within metros (10 lakhs) and other

cities above 5 lakhs.

Role of Large Scale Industries limited to certain key areas like capital goods, iron

and steel, petroleum, fertilizers etc.

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 23.12.1977• Licensing Policy Big units would not allow to expand, small will.

• Public Sector Efficient management to make them viable.

• Indigenous and Foreign technology Industries based on Indigenous Tech. where lacking

govt. will buy sophisticated tech. Foreign Tech Restd.

• Role of Large Scale Industries Selectively take over sick industries and measure to

rehabilitate.

• Workers Participation in Mgmt

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 23.07.1980

Small Industries The investment limit in the case of tiny units was

enhanced to Rs.2 lakh, of a small scale units to Rs.20 lakh and of ancillaries to Rs.25 lakh. Scheme for raw material to SSI

Khadi and Village Industries Promoted

Balanced Regional Growth Both large and small industries will be developed

Regularization of Excess Installed Capacity:

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 23.07.1980• Automatic Growth for Large scale• Public Sector Efficient management, More training.• Sick Enterprises Tax concession, Govt takeover

• Export Oriented Industries Import of tech, raw material.

• Development of Backward Area

• Price Stability: Hoarding Speculation

• Infrastructure: Energy, Tpt, Coal, Alt. Energy

REVIEW OF PRE-1991 POLICIESLicensing and under utilisation of Capacity: Installed capacity less then licensed, private industries focused on luxury goods, Distortion of Capacities (over and lower).Licensing and Concentration of Economic power: Use of licensing in pre-emption of investment, licensing authorities favored large houses.

Discretionary powers of Licensing Authorities:

Promoted corruption, rent-seeking and discrimination based on personnel relationship

Licensing and Concentration of Economic power: Licensing increased regional imbalances, four state benefited

more, Maharastra, Gujrat, WB,TN(46.4% of licenses)

Delay in processing of Applications

Limit of Licensing 1978 – 3 Crores; 1983 – 5 crores; 1988-89 – 15

crores(50 crores in backward areas)

Relaxation to MRTP and FERA companiesMarch 1985 – from 20 Crores to 100 crores. Large industrial houses permitted into high tech areas.

Delicensing: 28 broad categoriesof industries and 82 bulk drugs relaxed.

Re-indorsement of capacity:

Broad banding of industries: to simplify proc.

Minimum Economic Scale of Operation(1986)

EXEMPTION/RELAXATIONS

MAIN FEATURES OF IPR 24.7.1991

INDUSTRIAL LICENSING POLICY:

• Dilution of Public Sector Role: Areas where security and strategic concerns predominate, will continue to be reserved for the public sector annex-1

• Abolition of Industrial Licensing: for all projects except for a short list of industries related to security and strategic concerns, social reasons, hazardous chemicals and overriding environmental reasons, and items of elitist consumption (list attached as Annex II). Industries reserved for the small scale sector will continue to be so reserved. annex-2

Automatic Clearance: In projects where imported capital goods are required, automatic clearance will be given in cases where foreign exchange availability is ensured through foreign equity or if the CIF value of imported capital goods required is less than 25% of total value (net of taxes) of plant and equipment, upto a maximum value of Rs. 2 Crore.

Removing imbalances In locations other than cities of more than 1 million population, there will be no requirement of obtaining industrial approvals from the Central Government except for industries subject to compulsory licensing. In respect of cities with population greater than 1 million, industries other than those of a non polluting nature such as electronics, computer software and printing will be located outside 25 kms.

The system of phased manufacturing programmes run on an administrative case by case basis will be applicable to new projects. Existing projects with such programmes will continue to be governed by them.

Existing units will be provided a new broad banding facility to enable them to produce any article without additional investment..

The exemption from licensing will apply to all substantial expansions of existing units.

The mandatory convertibility clause will no longer be applicable for term loans from the financial institutions for new projects.

FOREIGN INVESTMENT: Automatic FDI approval: Approval will be given for

direct foreign investment upto 51 percent foreign equity in high priority industries (Annex III). There shall be no bottlenecks of any kind in this process. Such clearance will be available if foreign equity covers the foreign exchange requirement for imported capital goods.

Dividend Restrictions: While the import of components, raw materials and intermediate goods, and payment of know-how fees and royalties will be governed by the general policy applicable to other domestic units, the payment of dividends would be monitored through the Reserve Bank of India Other foreign equity proposals, including proposals involving 51% foreign equity which do not meet the criteria above, will continue to need prior clearance.

FDI for Export Industries: To provide access to international markets, majority foreign equity holding upto 51% equity will be allowed for trading companies primarily engaged in export activities.

FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS

Automatic permission will be given for foreign technology agreements in high priority industries (Annex III) upto a lumpsum payment of Rs. 1 crore, 5% royalty for domestic sales and 8% for exports, subject to total payment of 8% of sales over a 10 year period from date of agreement or 7 years from commencement of production. The prescribed royalty rates are net of taxes and will be calculated according to standard procedures.

FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS

• In respect of industries other than those in Annex III, automatic permission will be given subject to the same guidelines as above if no free foreign exchange is required for any payments.

• All other proposals will need specific approval under the general procedures in force.

• No permission will be necessary for hiring of foreign technicians, foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies. Payment may be made from blanket permits or free foreign exchange according to RBI guidelines.

PUBLIC SECTOR

Portfolio of public sector investments will be reviewed with a view to focus the public sector on strategic, high-tech and essential infrastructure. Whereas some reservation for the public sector is being retained there would be no bar for areas of exclusivity to be opened up to the private sector selectively. Similarly the public sector will also be allowed entry in areas not reserved for it.

Public enterprises which are chronically sick and which are unlikely to be turned around will, for the formulation of revival/rehabilitation schemes, be referred to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), or other similar high level institutions created for the purpose. A social security mechanism will be created to protect the interests of workers likely to be affected by such rehabilitation packages.

to raise resources and encourage wider public participation, a part of the government's shareholding in the public sector would be offered to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and workers.

Boards of public sector companies would be made more professional and given greater powers.

There will be a greater thrust on performance improvement through the Memoranda of understanding (MOU) systems through which managements would be granted greater autonomy and will be held accountable. Technical expertise on the part of the Government would be upgraded to make the MOU negotiations and implementation more effective.

To facilitate a fuller discussion on performance, the MOU signed between Government and the public enterprise would be placed in Parliament. While focusing on major management issues, this would also help place matters on day to day operations of public enterprises in their correct perspective.

PUBLIC SECTOR The MRTP Act will be amended to remove the

threshold limits of assets in respect of MRTP companies and dominant undertakings. This eliminates the requirement of prior approval of Central Government for establishment of new undertakings, expansion of undertakings, merger, amalgamation and takeover and appointment of Directors;

Emphasis will be placed on controlling and regulating monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices. The newly empowered MRTP Commission will be authorized to initiative investigations suo moto or on complaints received from individual consumers or classes of consumers in regard to monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices.

Necessary comprehensive amendments will be made in the MRTP Act for enabling it to exercise punitive and compensatory powers.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IPR 1991

Liberalisation of Industrial Licensing Policy At present, only six industries are under compulsory licensing mainly on account of environmental, safety and strategic considerations. Similarly, there are only three industries reserved for the public sector.

Introduction of Industrial Entrepreneurs' Memorandum(IEM) Industries not requiring compulsory licensing are to file an Industrial Entrepreneurs' Memorandum (IEM) to the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA). No industrial approval is required for such exempted industries. Amendments are also allowed to IEM proposals filed after 1.7.1998.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IPR 1991

Liberalisation of the Location Policy A significantly amended locational policy in tune with the liberlised licensing policy is in place. No industrial approval is required from the Government for locations not falling within 25 kms of the periphery of cities having a population of more than one million except for those industries where industrial licensing is compulsory. Non-polluting industries such as electronics, computer software and printing can be located within 25 kms of the periphery of cities with more than one million population. Permission to other industries is granted in such locations only if they are located in an industrial area so designated prior to 25.7.91. Zoning and land use regulations as well as environmental legislations have to be followed.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IPR 1991

Policy for Small Scale A differential investment limit has been adopted since 9th October 2001 for 41 reserved items where the investment limit upto rupees five crore is prescribed for qualifying as a small scale unit. The investment limit for tiny units is Rs. 25 lakhs.749 items are reserved for manufacture in the small scale sector. All undertakings other than the small scale industrial undertakings engaged in the manufacture of items reserved for manufacture in the small scale sector are required to obtain an industrial licence and undertake an export obligation of 50% of the annual production. This condition of licensing is, however, not applicable to those undertakings operating under 100% Export Oriented Undertakings Scheme, the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) or the Special Economic Zone Schemes (SEZs).

SCHEDULE-A

1. Arms and ammunition and allied items of defense equipment.

2. Atomic energy.

3. Iron and Steel.

4. Heavy castings and forgings of iron and steel.

5. Heavy plant and machinery required for iron and steel production, for mining, for machine tool manufacture and for such other basic industries as may be specified by the Central Government.

6. Heavy electrical plant including large hydraulic and steam turbines.

7. Coal and lignite.

8. Mineral oils. cont'd

9. Mining of iron ore, manganese ore, chrome-ore, gypsum, sulphur, gold and diamond.

10. Mining and processing of copper, lead, zinc, tin, molybdenum and wolfram.

11. Minerals specified in the Schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production and Use) Order,1953.

12. Aircraft.

13. Air transport.

14. Railway Transport.

15. Ship Building.

16. Telephones and telephone cables, telegraph and wireless apparatus (excluding radio receiving sets).

17. Generation and distribution of electricity. back

SCHEDULE-B

1. All other minerals except "minor minerals" as defined in Section 3 of the Minerals Concession Rules, 1949.

2. Aluminium and other non-ferrous metals not included in Schedule 'A'.

3. Machine tools.

4. Ferro alloys and tool steels.

5. Basic and intermediate products required by chemical industries such as the manufacture of drugs, dyestuffs and plastics.

6. Antibiotics and other essential drugs.

7. Fertilizers.

8. Synthetic rubber.

9. Carbonisation of coal.

10. Chemical pulp.

11. Road transport.

12. Sea transport.

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Annexture-1: Proposed list of industries to be reserved for the Public sector

(1) Arms and ammunition and allied items of defence equipment, Defence aircraft and warships.

(2) Atomic Energy. (3) Coal and lignite.

(4) Mineral oils. (5) Railway transport

(6) Mining of copper, lead, zinc, tin, molybdenum and wolfram.

(7) Minerals specified in the Schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production and Use) Order, 1953.

(8). Mining if iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore, gypsum, sulphur, gold and diamond.

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ANNEXTURE- IILIST OF INDUSTRIES IN RESPECT OF WHICH

INDUSTRIAL LICENSING WILL BE COMPULSORY 

(1) Coal and Lignite. (2) Petroleum (other than crude) and its distillation products.(3) Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks.(4) Sugar. (5) Animal fats and oils.(6) Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes.(7) Asbestos and asbestos-based products.(8) Plywood, decorative veneers, and other wood based products such as particle board, medium density fibre board, block board.(9) Raw hides and skins, leather, chamois leather and patent leather.(10) Tanned or dressed furskins

(11) Motor cars.(12) Paper and Newsprint except bagasse-based units.(13) Electronic aerospace and defence equipment; All types. (14)Industrial explosives, including detonating fuse, safety fuse, gun powder, nitrocellulose and matches. (15) Hazardous chemicals.(16) Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (according to Drug Policy).(17) Entertainment electronics (VCRs, colour TVs, C.D. Players, Tape Recorders). (18) White Goods (Domestic Refrigerators, Domestic Dishwashing machines, Programmable Domestic Washing Machines, Microwave ovens, Airconditioners).

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