evolution a change in successive generations of organisms, due to random mutation and changes in the...
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EvolutionA change in successive generations
of organisms, due to random mutation and changes in the
organisms’ surroundings
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Evolution takes place through a set of processes
• including: – mutation– adaptation– natural selection – extinction
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Mutation
Genetic mutations & variety produced by sexual reproduction allow for
diversity within a given population.Many factors can cause a change in a
gene over time.
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Mutation• Mutations are
important in how populations change over time because they result in genetic changes to the gene pool.
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• Mutations are inheritable changes because a mutation is a change in the DNA code
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Mutation = change in DNA
Mutations can be: favorable change or adaptation in genetic information that improves a species’ ability to exist in its environment
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Mutation = change in DNA
Mutations can be: unfavorable change that does not improve a species’ ability to exist in its environment.
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Mutation = change in DNA
Mutations can be: changes in the genetic information that neither harms nor helps the species.
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Adaptation
• Adaptations are structures, functions, or behaviors that enable a species to survive.
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Adaptation
• Depending on the rate of adaptation, the rate of reproduction, and the environmental factors present, structural adaptations may take millions of years to develop.
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Adaptations…Activity: How Handy? The Human Hand
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DARWIN’S PHRASE FOR EVOLUTION:“Descent with Modification”
He meant that present-day species arose from a succession of ancestors. Descendents of
ancient ancestors that spread into new environments and accumulated diverse
modifications, or adaptations that allowed them fit into specific ways of life.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction: Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted?
• What is an adaptation?– Adaptations are behaviors, structures or functions that
enable a species to survive.
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Haltere
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
CHARLES DARWIN: Father of Evolution
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck: Mechanism of Evolution
– Lamarkians would say:– Use or disuse – Inheritance of acquired
characteristics
– Example…giraffes STRETCH THEIR NECKS BY REACHING and SO THEY HAVE BABIES WITH LONGER NECKS.
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– Principles of Geology
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Charles Lyell:
Father
of
Geology
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Lynell’s view: Formation of Sedimentary Rock
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EARTH is VERY, VERY OLD!
• Darwin realized Earth was very, VERY, VERY, VERY old & that, over time (LOTS OF TIME), present day species have arisen from ancestral species by natural processes
• sedimentary rock is very old – therefore the species that are represented in this rock must also be old.
• Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.• Older fossils will be found below younger fossils.
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NorthAmerica
ATLANTICOCEAN
GreatBritain
Brazil
TheGalápagosIslands
PACIFICOCEANPinta
MarchenaGenovesa
Santiago
Fernandina Pinzón
IsabelaSan
Cristobal
EspañolaFlorenza
DaphneIslands
SantaCruz
SantaFe
40 miles
Equator
40 km0
0
Europe
Africa
SouthAmerica
Ande
s
Argentina
Cape Horn
Cape ofGood Hope
PACIFICOCEAN
Equator
NewZealand
Australia
Tasmania
At the age of 22, Darwin joined a 5 year expedition aboard the HMS Beagle to map the coast of South America…not all who wander are lost!
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• Darwin observed that– Organisms vary in many traits– More offspring produced than the environment can support
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Darwin’s Idea of Natural Selection
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• Individuals with traits that increase their chance of surviving & reproducing leave more offspring
• As a result, favorable traits accumulate in a population over generations
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
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• Darwin found convincing evidence for his ideas in the results of artificial selection, the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
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Terminalbud
Lateralbuds
Leaves
Kale
Stem
Brussels sprouts
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Kohlrabi
Wild mustard
Flowerclusters
Flowersand stems
Broccoli
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Artificial Selection: Dog Breeding
German shepherd Yorkshire terrier English springerspaniel
Mini-dachshund Golden retriever
Hundreds tothousands of years
of breeding(artificial selection)
Ancestral dog
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– In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, presenting a strong, logical explanation of descent with modification, evolution by the mechanism of natural selection
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13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
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• Note these important points – Individuals do not evolve: populations evolve– Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable
traits; acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to offspring
– Evolution is not goal directed and does not lead to perfection; favorable traits vary as environments change
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
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• Will natural selection act on variation in hair style in a human population?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
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• Will natural selection act on tongue rolling in a human population?
(Note: Tongue rolling is an inherited trait, caused by a dominant allele)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
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• Will natural selection act on eye number in a human population?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution