evo 06 10 11
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6. Predavanje 24.11.2010
EVOLUCIJSKA PSIHOLOGIJA
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Domaća zadaća
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Što smo ono rekli..?
Grupni projekt (do 3 člana)
Evolucijske teme i hipoteze vezane uz:
ljubav seks orgazam kompetitivnost spermija prevaru sustave parenja seksualnu orijentaciju estetiku/ljepotu/umjetnost
religiju moralnost politiku mentalna oboljenja ekonomiju smijeh zijevanje poremećaje hranjenja specifične emocije i osjećaje
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6. Predavanje 24.11.2010
Spolne razlike u odabiru partnera i strategijama parenja
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“Što žene žele?” – Sigmund Freud
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Osvrt na ženske reproduktivne karakteristike
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Ženska evaluacija potencijalnog partera katkad je...khm...komplicirana
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Osnovne osobine relevantne kod ženskog odabira partnera
Muške osobine relevantne za žene:
Dobri geni /dobro zdravlje Pristup (potencijalnim) resursima Visok socijalni status Zaštita Voljnost ulaganja u dugotrajnu vezu
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Preferencije za znakovima zdravlja
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Visoka simetrija
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Trading fertility for resources?
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Kenrick et al., 1990
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Preferencije statusa
Što je ona vidjela u njemu?Što je on vidio u njoj?
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Socijalna dominantnost
Žene preferiraju dominantnije muškarce koji imaju moć nad svojim suvremenicima.
Dostupnost resursa i veći status žene
Sadella et al.,(1987) pokazuju žene i muškarce u dominatnom i submisivnom ponašanju pred muškarcima i ženama
Domiantno ponašanje povećalo je seksualnu privlačnost i želju za vezom u muškaraca. Procjene privlačnosti žena ostale su nepromjenjene.
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Zbog čega neke žene vole”zločeste dečke”
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Preferencije za starijim muškarcima
Vjerojatnije da su postigli financijsku sigurnost
Buss (1989): Preferencija u prosjeku četiri godine starijih muškaraca
Kenrick & Keefe (1992): brakovi u prosjeku sa muškarcima starijim 5 godina
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Buss i Schmitt, (1993)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB1oMfs8nWY&feature=related
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Nekoliko citata o moći, statusu i resursima
“Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac”. Henry Kissinger
“If women didn’t exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning”. Aristotle Onassis
“When you’re famous your love life diminishes. Your sex life grows”. Enrique Iglesias.
“I’m not a good-looking person. I’ve struggled to get girls for most of my life, and then, suddenly, I win the casual-sex lottery by getting famous”. Frank Skinner
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Atletske sposobnosti
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Koji muškarac je atraktivniji?
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La Cerra (1994)
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Problem: Nedostatak muškaraca koji bi zadovoljili sve kriterije
Annual Meeting of single, good-looking, emotionally-stable, financially-secure, intelligent men who would be a faithful husband, a good
father, thinks she is “special,” and who is looking for long-term commitment…
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlJw2_NnVLo&feature=channel
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Što muškarci žele
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Mozak kao odraz fitnesa
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS1tEnfkk6M
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Muške preferencije
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Muške preferencije
Mladost
Ljepota
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Mladost
Kritična kod muškog odabira jer ženska reproduktivna vrijednost opada sa godinama
Kroskulturalna potvrda
“Moko Dude” – Yanomamo idijanci
Bez iznimke u 37 zemalja (Buss, 1989)
Kulturalne razlike u broju godina
Finska – 1-2 godineNigerija i Zambija 6 - 7
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Mladost
Ne mlađe per se, već u najboljim reproduktivnim godinama
Kernick, i sur. (1996) uspoređivali preferencije adolescenata
I muški i ženski idealni partner stariji
Aomalija
S dobi preferencije prelaze idalnu reproduktivnu dob
Teorija: veća kompatibilnost, manje sukoba u braku, stabilniji broj
Broj ubojstava partnera raste sa funkcijom razlike u dobi (Daly i Wilson, 1988)
IPAK
Preferencije za kratkotrajnog partnera ostaju na vrhu fertilnog perioda
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Evoluirani standardi fizičke ljepote
Povezani sa ženskim reproduktivnim kapacitetom
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder?
2 dostupna pokazatelja reproduktivne vrijednosti partnera
1) Fizički izgled2) Ponašanje
Clelland i Ford (1951) i Malinowski (1929) ukazali na univerzalnost takvih preferencija
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Evoluirani standardi fizičke ljepote
Pune usneČisti ten
Velike očiBujna kosaDuga kosa
Tonus mišićaSimetrija
Fecijalna femininostFeminin glasNiski WHR
ŽivostEnergičnost
Standardi ljepote
Plodnost ili reproduktivna
vrijednost
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Evoluirani standardi fizičke ljepote – Adaptacije?
1) Standardi ljepote pokazuju se u ranoj životnoj dobi
2) Standardi ljepote konstantni u više kultura
Interracijalni koncenzus (+ .91)
3) Neurološka podloga
Atraktivna lica aktiviraju nucleus acumbens
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Omjer struka i kukova
Razlike u preferenciji mršavostiOvisno o dostupnosti resursaKenya, Uganda, Equador – preferencije za više sala
(Symons, 2005)Varira i unutar kultureSlika o sebi varira između spolovaPredvidljive varijacije
Devendra Singh (1993) . WHRIdealan izgled “pješčanog sata”Mijenja se u pubertetu (.98)Idikator reproduktivnog i zdravstvenog statusaVažnost distribucije sala!
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Omjer struka i kukova
Jasienska i sur (2004)
Velike grudi i niski WHR Viša razina oestriadola (E2) Dobar prediktor plodnosti i uspjeha začeća
Kroskulturalno povezan sa višim procjenama fizičkog izgleda
Singh i Luis (1995) Analiza Playboy duplerica
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Kome je izgled važniji?
Kulturalni utjecaj?
Mediji?
Što kaže Hadza?
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Preferencije žena u ovulaciji
Skriveni estrus!Suptilni signali
Prokrvljenost kožeProsvjetljivanje tenaSmanjenja WHR zbog estrogenaPrivlačniji mirisPovećana facijalna atraktivnostViše fizičkog kontakta (Grammer, 1996)
Možemo li detektirati ovulaciju?
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Preferencije žena u ovulaciji
Vjerojatnije reakcija na ženske signale, a ne uspješna detekcija
Stanislav i Rice (1988) povećanje seksualne želje sa približavanjem etrusa
Miller i sur (1997) Ekonomski dokaz ženskog estrusa
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Utjecaj konteksta kod žena
Preferencije nisu slijepe od konteksta!
Temporalni efekti (Buss i Schmit, 1993)Preferencije se mijenjaju kao funkcija očekivane duljine
vezeOsobina Dugoročno Kratkoročno
Ambicioznost 2,45 1,04
Fakultetska diploma 2,38 1,05
Kreativnost 1,90 1,29
Predanost toj osobi 2,80 0,90
Voli djecu 2,93 1,21
Drag 2,88 2,50
Razumijevanje 2,93 2,10
Odgovornost 2,75 1,75
Suradnja 2,41 1,47
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Utjecaj konteksta kod žena
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Utjecaj konteksta kod žena
Utjecaj menstrulanog ciklusa na preferencije muškaraca
Preferencije u kasnoj folikularnoj fazi odražavaju “potragu” za dobrim genima
Havlicek i sur (2005) U folikularnoj fazi preferencije mirisa muškaraca koji postižu visoke rezultate na mjeri dominantnosti
Thornhill i Gangestad (1999) Izuzetna olfaktorna osjetljivostPreferencije simetričnih muškaraca
Johnson i sur( 2001). Preferencija maskulinih lica koja odražavaju visoke razine
testosterona
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Utjecaj konteksta kod žena
Utjecaj menstrulanog ciklusa na preferencije muškaraca
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Ciklus i voljnost davanja telefonskob broj mauškarcima (Gueguen, 2009)
Menstrualna faza: 7.8%
Folikularna (plodna): faza: 21.7%
Lutealna faza: 7.9%
Vrijedi samo za žene koje ne uzimaju oralne kontraceptive
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Utjecaj ženskih preferencija na muško ponašanje
Teorija seksualne selekcije predviđa da preferencija jednog spola određuje domene intraseksualne kompeticije drugog spola
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Utjecaj ženskih preferencija na muško ponašanje
Teorija seksualne selekcije predviđa da preferencija jednog spola određuje domene intraseksualne
kompeticije drugog spola
Taktike privlačnosti
Muškarci ukazuju na resurse, govore o profesionalnim uspjesima, demonstriraju kupovnu moć, hvale se s postignućima (Buss, 1988; Schmit i Buss, 1996)
Kada derogiraju kompeticiju ukazuju na siromaštvo, nedostatak ambicije i slabu mogućnost uspjeha
Rooney (2003) Priming atraktivnim partnerima potiče samoprezentacijske i aktivacijske mehanizme
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Utjecaj ženskih preferencija na muško ponašanje
Teorija seksualne selekcije predviđa da preferencija jednog spola određuje domene intraseksualne
kompeticije drugog spola
Taktike privlačnosti
Žene?
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Ženska intraseksualna kompeticija kroz izgled
demonstriraju Zdravlje Fertilnost Mladost Oponašaju estrus?
Kozmetika Ruž Rumenilo Maskara
Odjeća Visoke pete Push up grudnjak Odjeća koja otkriva
Kozmetički zahvati Face lift Grudi Botox
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Zadaća
Flert!
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Iduće predavanje
Kratkoročne seksualne strategije