Name:____________________________The Evidence of Evolution: Practice what you know

1. What are the 4 main sources of evidence that organisms change over time (evolve)?

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2. What is a fossil? ………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..

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3. Name the two methods we can use to determine the age of fossils

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4. Which method can be used to determine the exact age? ………………………………………………………..…...

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5. A species that has disappeared permanently is said to be

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6. What are homologous structures? Provide one example. ………………………………………………….…….

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7. What are vestigial structures? Give 3 examples. ………………………………………………….……………..

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8. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in this figure are:

a. examples of fossils. c. acquired traits.b. vestigial structures. d. examples of natural

variation.

9. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic

girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of

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10. What does embryology show about the evolutionary relationship among vertebrates? …………..

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11. Early stages in the embryo of a fish are similar to the early stages of human and pig embryos. An explanation for this similarity is that

a. Pigs, humans, and fishes had no ancestral species in commonb. Pigs, humans, and fishes evolved from a common ancestorc. Pigs and humans are more closely related to each other than to fishesd. Pigs and humans occupy the same habitat, while fishes occupy different habitats

12. A human embryo exhibits all of the following during development excepta. pharyngeal pouches (gills) c. fins.b. a bony tail. d. a coat of fine fur.

13. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates

a. share a common ancestor with sea stars. c. evolved before sea stars.b. evolved from sea stars. d. belong to the same species as sea stars.

14. Homologous structures are similar because they are inherited from a common …………………………………………….

15. Eyes in a blind salamander are an example of a type of organ known as ………………………………………………………….

16. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes,

such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called

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17. According to this figure, how did overall body

size of the horse change during its evolution?

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18. In this figure, how does the size of the head change as the horse evolves?

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19. Scientists have never seen the ancient horses shown here. What do you think was the main type of

evidence scientists used to prepare these diagrams?

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20. According to this figure, how did the number of toes of Mesohippus compare with that of Equus, the modern horse?…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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21. Lamarck was a French scientist that proposed a hypothesis for the change seen in animals over time. He proposed his hypothesis about 60 years before Darwin published the Origen of Species. What is the name of the Theory proposed by Lamarck? …………………………………………………………………………….……………

22. According to Lamarck’s Theory, if I keep stretching my arm to reach the top shelves in the classroom, in a few years I will have longer arms and I will be able to pass this acquired characteristic to my offspring. Is this true? Please explain your answer. …………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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23. The occurrence of the same blood protein in a group of species provides evidence that these speciesa. evolved in the same habitat. c. descended from a common ancestor.b. evolved in different habitats. d. descended from different ancestors.

24. Closely related species show more ………………………………………………….. in nucleotide sequences than distantly related species.

25. Of the 500 eggs produced by a certain female frog, only 10% developed into adult frogs. Which part of Darwin’s theory does this best illustrate? (Look at Natural Selection notes)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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26. If the amino acid sequence of a protein like insulin is almost identical between 2 species, what does

this tell you about the evolutionary relationship of these 2 species? ………………………………………..

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27. This chart compares the base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from three primates. Based on this information:

A. How many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between human and chimpanzees? ………………………………………………………………………….

B. How many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between human and gorillas? ………………………………………………………………………….

C. How many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between gorillas and chimpanzees? ………………………………………………………………………….

28. According to this diagram, during the last 40 million years, the structure of the horse’s foot has …

a. Lost its toesb. Become smallerc. Remained the same sized. Grown toes

29. Scientists found the fossilized remains of a canine’s jaw and leg. What information must first be obtained before the scientists can place the fossils in the ancestral time line of the dog?

a. The rest of the skeleton b. The continent where the fossils were foundc. The age of the fossils _ d. The population trends for the species

30. This chart shows vertebrate embryo development. A. Which of these (1, 2, 3, or 4)) would be least related to the others?........................................................

B. Which 2 organisms are more closely related to each other? …………………………………………………………………

C. Label the following in the embryos that have it:

Tail Pharyngeal Slits

Unknown animal: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Glu-Lys-Asp

31. One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of these animals most closely resembles the unknown animal?

a. Horse: Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-Aspb. Dog: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asp _c. Cat: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thre-Asp

d. Mouse: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-LeuBY07D401

_32. The picture shows part of the pectoral girdle and limb of two flying vertebrates known as the bat and the prehistoric pterosaur. A. Which bone (letter) of the pterosaur corresponds to the humerus of the bat? …………………………………..B. Which bone (letter) of the pterosaur corresponds to the scapula of the bat?C. Circle the bone in the pterosaurus that might be homologous to the radius of the bat.

33. What are the 3 main sources of genetic variation in organisms?

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34. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..

35. What is gene shuffling?

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36. Some countries in Africa and South America still use the pesticide DDT. DDT-resistant mosquitoes

exist in greater numbers now than 10 years ago. What is the most likely explanation for the increase in

the number of mosquitoes?

a. genetic differences allowed some mosquitoes to survive DDTb. DDT served as a new source of nutritionc. DDT acted as a reproductive hormone

37. Explain how bacteria “become resistant” to antibiotics. Do they really “become” resistant? Please

explain clearly.

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38. Name two common species of bacteria that have become resistant to most antibiotics.

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39. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target pests were immune to the usual dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.

a. eating the insecticide caused the bugs to become resistant to itb. eating the insecticide caused the bugs to become less resistant to itc. it destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allowing them to live longerd. the pests developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide

40. Why was DDT banned in the US and other industrialized countries in the 1070’s?

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