VOLUME 35, NUMBER 22 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1 DECEMBER 1975

the fiducial decay volume. The correspondingflux for the Kolar Gold Mines experiment is about8& 10"v„(and approximately an equal number ofv„) of Z„&5 GeV.~ The energy spectra for thetwo experiments are shown in Fig. 3. The mean(v„+v„) energy (E) (with a cutoff at 5 GeV) is20 GeV for this experiment, and 7 GeV for Ref.3.It is difficult to make a direct quantitative com-

parison of the Kolar Gold Mines experiment andthe experiment described here, because the ge-ometries of the two experiments are very differ-ent. In the Kolar experiment the neutrinos areincident from all directions so that the angle ofproduction of a new long-lived penetrating neu-tral particle would be largely averaged by thedetector. Hence the detection efficiency in theexperiment does not appear to depend sensitive-ly on either the angle of production or the amountof target material available for neutrino inter-actions. In the present experiment the neutrinobeam is incident from a single, well-defined di-rection, and therefore the detection efficiencyvaries appreciably with the assumed angle of pro-duction. This leads to the qualitative conclusionthat although we cannot definitely rule out the

existence of the special class of events observedin the Kolar Gold Mines, we do not in this ex-periment confirm that result.De Rujula, Georgi, and Glashow' have suggest-

ed that the Kolar Gold Mines events might havebeen produced by a massive neutral lepton I 'produced by decays of a charged lepton L' whichwas in turn pair-produced electromagnetically bycosmic rays. Crude model-dependent estimatesgive llf~o™2GeV/c', rl 0= 10 "sec. Rate esti-mates based on this model and applied to our con-ditions predict that & 500 events should have beenobserved.

*Work supported in part by the U. S. Energy Researchand Development Agency.~A. Benvenuti et a/. , Nucl. Instrum. Methods 125, 447

(1975); A. Benvenuti et al. , Nucl. Instrum. Methods125, 457 (1975).D. Bintinger et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 982 (1975).M. R. Krishnaswamy et al. , Phys. Lett. 57B, 105

(1975).M. R. Krishnaswamy et al. , Proc. Roy. Soc. London,

Ser. A. MS, 4SB (1971).~A. De Rujula, H. Georgi, and S. L. Glashow, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 85, 628 (1975).

Evidence for Anomalous Lepton Production in e+-e- Annihilation*

M. L. Perl, G. S. Abrams, A. M. Boyarski, M. Breidenbach, D. D. Briggs, F. Bulos, W. Chinowsky,J. T. Dakin, f G. J. Feldman, C. E. Friedberg, D. Fryberger, G,, Goldhaber, G. Hanson,

F. B. Heile, B. Jean-Marie, J. A. Kadyk, R. R. Larsen, A. M. Litke, D. Luke, |:B. A. Lulu, V. Luth, D. Lyon, C. C. Morehouse, J. M. Paterson,

F. M. Pierre, 5 T. P. Pun, P. A. Rapidis, B. Richter,B. Sadoulet, R. F. Schwitters, W. Tanenbaum,G. H. Trilling, F. Vannucci, l J. S. Whitaker,

F. C. Winkelmann, and J. E. KissLaaurence Berheley Laboratory and DePartment of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,

and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94805(Received 18 August 1975)

We have found events of the form 8++8 e +p,++missing energy, in which no othercharged particles or photons are detected. Most of these events are detected at or abovea center-of-mass energy of 4 GeV. The missing-energy and missing-momentum spectrarequire that at least two additional particles be produced in each event. We have no con-ventional explanation for these events.

We have found 64 events of the forme++e —e'+ V,'+) 2 undetected particles (1)

for which we have no conventional explanation.The undetected particles are charged particlesor photons which esca.pe the 2.6m sr solid angle

of the detector, or particles very difficult to de-tect such as neutrons, K~' mesons, or neutrinos.Most of these events are observed at center-of-mass energies at, or above, 4 GeV. These eventswere found using the Stanford Linear AcceleratorCenter —Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (SLAC-

1489

VOLUME $5, NUMBER 22 PHYSICAL REVIK%' LETTERS 1 DECEMBER 1975

LBL) magnetic detector at the SLAC colliding-beams facility SPEAR.Events corresponding to (1) are the signature

for new types of particles or interactions. Forexample, pair production of heavy charged lep-tons' having the decay modes l —v, +e + v, ,l+-v, +e +v„E -~, + ~ +vp, and 1 -~, + p+ v& would appear as such events. Another possi-bility is the pair production of charged bosonswith decays B -e +P, , 8'-e'+v„B+v„, and B'- p. '+ v„. Charmed-quark theories"predict such bosons. Intermediate vector bosonswhich mediate the weak interactions would havesimilar decay modes, but the mass of such par-ticles (if they exist at all) is probably too large'for the energies of this experiment.The momentum-analysis and particle-identifier

systems of the SLAC-LBL magnetic detector'cover the polar angles 50 -0 ~130 and the full27t azimuthal angle. Electrons, muons, and had-rons are identified using a cylindrical array of24 lead-scintillator shower counters, the 20-cm-thick iron flux return of the magnet, and an ar-ray of magnetostrictive wire spark chamberssituated outside the iron. Electrons are identi-fied solely by requiring that the shower-counterpulse height be greater than that of a 0.5-GeV e.Incidently, the e's in the e-p. events thus selectedgive no signal in the muon chambers; and theirshower-counter pulse-height distribution is thatexpected of electrons. Also the positions of thee's in the shower counters as determined fromthe relative pulse heights in the photomultipliertubes at each end of the counters agree withinmeasurement errors with the positions of the etracks. Hence the e's in the e-p. events are notmisidentified combinations of p, + y or & +y in a '

single shower counter, except possibly for a fewevents already contained in the background es-timates. Muons are identified by two require-ments. The p. must be detected in one of the mu-on chambers after passing through the idion fluxreturn and other material totaling 1.67 absorptionlengths for pions. And the shower-counter pulseheight of the p, must be small. All other chargedparticles are called hadrons. The shower count-ers also detect photons (y). For y energies above200 MeV, the y detection efficiency is about 95/o.To illustrate the method of searching for events

corresponding to Reaction (f), we consider ourdata taken at a total energy (/s) of 4.8 GeV. Thissample contains 9550 three-or-more-prong eventsand 25300 two-prong events which include e'+e—e +e events, e '+ e —p, '+ p. events, two-

prong hadronic events, and the e-p, events de-scribed here. To study two-prong events we de-fine a coplanarity angle

cos&„&~=—(n, n, +) (n, xn, +)/[n, xn, +[[n, xn. +[, (2)

TABLE I. Distribution of 513 two-prong events, ob-tained at E~ ~ =4.8 GeV, which meet the criteria ip&j& 0.65 GeV/c, [p~l & 0.65 GeV/c, snd 0«&&& 20 . Eventsare classified according to the number N& of photonsdetected, the total charge, and the nature of the parti-cles. All particles not identified as e or p are calledh for hadron.

0 1Total charge =0

0 1 )1Total charge = +2

e-e 402416201714

111815211410

5586323130

0002

10

where n„n„and n, + are unit vectors along thedirections of particles 1, 2, and the e' beam.The contamination of events from the reactionse '+e -e '+e and e '+e -p'+ p, is greatly re-duced if we require 8„&i&20 . Making this cutleaves 2493 two-prong events in the 4.8-GeV sam-ple.To obtain the most reliable e and p identifica-

tion' we require that each particle have a momen-tum greater than 0.65 GeV/c. This reduces the2493 events to the 513 in Table I. The 24 e-p.events with no associated photons, called the sig-nature events, are candidates for Reaction (1).The e-p events can come conventionally from thetwo-virtual-photon process" e +e -e'+e+ p. '+ p, . Calculations indicate that this sourceis negligible, and the absence of e-p events withcharge 2 proves this point since the number ofcharge-2 e- I[ events should equal the number ofcharge-0 e-p. events from this source.We determine the background from hadron mis-

identification or decay by using the 9550 three-or-more-prong events and assuming that every par-ticle called an e or a p by the detector either wasa misidentified hadron or came from the decay ofa hadron. We use P„,to designate the sum ofthe probabilities for misidentification or decaycausing a hadron h to be called a lepton /. Sincethe P's are momentum dependent we use all the

1490

VOLUME $5, NUMBER 22 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1 DECEMBER 1975

I

(a)

CL

~ QJ ~~ ~~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

0— 00

I

p (GeV/c)

10 j- +10I

II I I I

II I I I I

(b)

5~ ~ ~

e-h, p, -h, and h-h events in column 1 of Table Ito determine a "hadron" momentum spectrum,and weight the P's accordingly. We obtain themomentum-averaged probabilities P„,= 0.183+ 0.007 and P~ „=0.198+ 0.007. Collinear e-eand p.-p. events are used to determine P,=0.056+0.02, P, p

—-0.011+0.01, Pp „——0.08+0.02, and P&,&0.01.Using these probabilities and assuming that all

e-h and p-h events in Table I result from parti-cle misidentifications or particle decays, we cal-culate for column 1 the contamination of the e-p.sample to be 1.0+ 1.0 event from misidentifiede-e, "&0.3 event from misidentified p, -p.,"and3.7+0.6 events from h-h in which the hadronswere misidentified or decayed. The total e-p,background is then 4.7+ 1.2 events. ' '" The sta-

tistical probability of such a number yielding the24 signature e-j(j, events is very small. The sameanalysis applied to columns 2 and 3 of Table Iyields 5.6+ 1.5 e-p, background events for column2 and 8.6+ 2.0 e-p, background events for column3, both consistent with the observed number ofe-p. events.Figure 1(a) shows the momentum of the IJ, ver-

sus the momentum of the e for signature events. '4Both p„and p, extend up to 1.8 GeV/c, their av-erage values being 1.2 and 1.3 GeV/c, respective-ly. Figure 1(b) shows the square of the invariante-p mass (M ) versus the square of the missingmass (M ') recoiling against the e-)J, system. Toexplain Fig. 1(b) at least two particles must es-cape detection. Figure 1(c) shows the distribu-tion in collinearity angle between the e and p,

(cos8„&~=—p, p&/Ip, lip„l). The dip near cos8„»= 1 is a consequence of the coplanarity cut; how-ever, the absence of events with large 0„»hasdynamical significance.Figure 2 shows the observed cross section in

the range of detector acceptance for signaturee-p events versus center-of-mass energy withthe background subtracted at each energy as de-scribed above. ' There are a total of 86 e-p, eventssummed over all energies, with a calculatedbackground of 22 events. " The corrections to ob-tain the true cross section for the angle and mo-mentum cuts used here depend on the hypothesisas to the origin of these e-p, events, and the cor-rected cross section can be many times largerthan the observed cross section. While Fig. 2shows an apparent threshold at around 4 GeV,the statistics are small and the correction fac-

0—

0I I I I I I I I

+5M~ (GeV )

I

+10

50

IO—

5 10ML(GeV~}

(c)

(0

OoC)

EDVl

O

20

V)I—

LLIZ

IJJ

Hcol II 80

lI

0 I I I I I I I I

1.0 0.6 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -1.0cos Gcoll

FIG. 1. Distribution for the 4.8-GeV e-p, signatureevents of (a) momenta of the e (p } and p (p&}; (h) squareof the invariant mass (M,2) and square of the Inissingmass (~ ); and (c) cos0

l0b

1 1

5 6 7TOTAL ENERGY (GeV}

FIG. 2. The obse~ed cross section for the signaturee-p events.

1491

QQLUME )5, +UMBER 22 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS I DECEMBER 1975

tors are largest for low Es. Thus, the apparentthreshold may not be real.We conclude that the signature e-jLt, events can-

not be explained either by the production and de-cay of any presently known particles or as com-ing from any of the well-understood interactionswhich can conventionally lead to an e and a p. inthe final state. A possible explanation for theseevents is the production and decay of a pair ofnew particles, each having a mass in the rangeof 1.6 to 2.0 GeV/c'.

*Work supported by the U. S. Energy Research andDevelopment Administration.)Present address: Department of Physics and Astron-

omy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.01002.)Fellow of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.&Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, Saclay,

France.Illnstitut de Physique Nucleaire, Orsay, France.M. L. Perl and P. A. Rapidis, SLAC Report No.

SLAC-PUB-1496, 1974 (unpublished) .J. D. Bjorken and C. H. Llewellyn Smith, Phys. Rev.

D 7, 887 (1973).Y. S. Tsai, Phys. Rev. D 4, 2821 (1971).M. A. B.Beg and A. Sirlin, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 24,

379 (1974).M. K. Gaillard, B.W. Lee, and J. L. Rosner, Rev.

Mod. Phys. 47, 277 (1975).M. B. Einhorn and C. Quigg, Phys. Rev. D (to be

published) .B. C. Barish et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 180 (1973).J.-E. Augustin et gl„Phys. Hev. Lett. 34, 233 (1975);

G. J. Feldman and M. L. Per1, Phys. Rep. 19C, 233(1975).See M. L. Perl, in Proceedings of the Canadian In-

stitute of Particle Physics Summer School, Montreal,Quebec, Canada, 16-21 June 1975 (to be published) .V. M. Budnev et al. , Phys. Rep. 15C, 182 (1975);

H. Terazawa, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 615 (1973).These contamination calculations do not depend upon

the source of the e or jtI,; anomalous sources lead tooverestimates of the contamination.Using only events in column 1 of Table I we Qnd at

4.8 GeV +h~e 0.27+0.10, PIl~ p=0.23+0.09, and atotal e-p background of 7.9 +3.2 events. The samemethod yields a total e-p, background of 30 +6 eventssummed over all energies. This method of backgroundcalculation (Ref. 9) allows the hadron background in thetwo-prong, zero-photon events to be different from thatin other types of events.

Our studies of the two-prong and multiprong eventsshow that there is n0 correlation between the misidenti-fication or decay probabilities; hence the background iscalculated using independent probabilities.~4Of the 24 events, thirteen are e++p and eleven aree +p,+

Linear Regge Trajectories for the Psion Family and O(4) Dynamics*

Ngee- Pong ChangjPhysics Department, City College of the City University of New York, New York, ¹wYork 10031

C. A. Nelson)Department of Physics, State University of New York at Bingh'amton, Binghamton, New York 13901

{Beceived 2 October 1975}The newly discovered psion family can be described by mass-squared linear Regge tra-

jectories. The new J+c assignments are for 2.8 GeV/c, 0++, and for the 3.4 region, 2++,1 +, 0+ . All radiative decays are related through a single S»E» coupling. A good fit isobtained.

With the discovery' ' of the psions' J/g, g',I', , X, X a new chapter in elementary particlespectroscopy has been opened up. A popularscheme for this new spectroscopy is the char=monium model' based on a. cc bound-state pic-ture where the potentiaL is a mixture of linearpotential ("quark confinement") and Coulomb po-tential ("asymptotic freedom"). The resulting4 ~ assignments are, in the order of increasingmasses, 0 + (2.8), 1 (3.1), 2", 1 ', 0" in

the 3.4-GeV mass region, 1 (3.7), and so on. 'In this note we report on an alternative to the

charmonium spectroscopy, in which 2.8 GeV/cahas 0"and in the 3.4-GeV/c' mass region theJ assignments are 2", 1 +, and 0++. Thisalternative assignment is based on a study of thedynamics of linear O(4) Hegge trajectories. Themotivation for our study came principally fromthe following simple empirical observation: Afamily of Regge trajectories, linear in M, with

1492