Events Leading to the Events Leading to the Civil WarCivil War

VUS.6c, 7a-cVUS.6c, 7a-c

Issues dividing the nationIssues dividing the nation

Economic DivisionsEconomic Divisions

–The Northern The Northern states developed states developed an industrial an industrial economy based on economy based on manufacturing.manufacturing.

The North favored a high The North favored a high protective tariffprotective tariff to protect to protect Northern manufacturers from Northern manufacturers from foreign competition.foreign competition.

The Southern states developed an The Southern states developed an agricultural economy consisting of agricultural economy consisting of a slavery based system of a slavery based system of plantations in the lowlands along plantations in the lowlands along the Atlantic and in the Deep the Atlantic and in the Deep South.South.

Small subsistence farmers lived Small subsistence farmers lived in the foothills and valleys of the in the foothills and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. Appalachian Mountains.

The South strongly opposed high The South strongly opposed high tariffs because it increased the tariffs because it increased the price of imported manufactured price of imported manufactured goods which they needed.goods which they needed.

Slavery and States’ RightsSlavery and States’ Rights

As the US expanded westward, As the US expanded westward, the conflict over slavery grew the conflict over slavery grew more bitter and threatened to more bitter and threatened to tear the country apart.tear the country apart.

The abolitionist The abolitionist movement (the movement (the movement to movement to abolish slavery), abolish slavery), grew in the grew in the North. It was led North. It was led by by William William Lloyd Garrison Lloyd Garrison and New England ministers.

Garrison was the publisher of publisher of TheThe LiberatorLiberator , an antislavery , an antislavery newspaper.newspaper.

Religious leaders saw slavery Religious leaders saw slavery as a violation of Christian as a violation of Christian principlesprinciples

Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher StoweStowe, wife of a , wife of a New England New England clergyman, wrote clergyman, wrote Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s CabinCabin, a best , a best selling novel that selling novel that inflamed inflamed Northern Northern abolitionist abolitionist sentiment.sentiment.

Southerners were frightened by Southerners were frightened by the growing strength of Northern the growing strength of Northern abolitionism.abolitionism.

Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat TurnerNat Turner and and Gabriel Gabriel ProsserProsser, fed white Southern , fed white Southern fears about slave rebellions and fears about slave rebellions and led to harsh laws in the South led to harsh laws in the South against fugitives.against fugitives.

Southerners who favored Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated abolition were intimidated into silence.into silence.

The admission of new states led The admission of new states led to conflicts over whether the new to conflicts over whether the new states would allow slavery (slave states would allow slavery (slave states) or prohibit slavery (free states) or prohibit slavery (free states). Many compromises were states). Many compromises were struck to keep a balance of struck to keep a balance of power.power.

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise (1820)(1820)

–drew an east-west line through drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase, with the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery prohibited above the line slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below the line. and allowed below the line. Slavery was allowed in Missouri Slavery was allowed in Missouri (most of Missouri was above the (most of Missouri was above the line)line)

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Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

–California entered as a free California entered as a free state, while the new territories state, while the new territories acquired from Mexico (Mexican acquired from Mexico (Mexican War) would decide on their ownWar) would decide on their own

Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)(1854)

–repealed the Missouri repealed the Missouri Compromise by giving the Compromise by giving the people of Kansas and Nebraska people of Kansas and Nebraska the choice whether to allow the choice whether to allow slavery in their states (slavery in their states (popular popular sovereigntysovereignty) )

–This law produced bloody This law produced bloody fighting in Kansas as pro- and fighting in Kansas as pro- and anti- slavery forces battled anti- slavery forces battled each other. each other.

– It also led to the birth of the It also led to the birth of the Republican partyRepublican party that year to that year to oppose the spread of slavery.oppose the spread of slavery.

Southerners argued that Southerners argued that individual states could individual states could nullifynullify laws passed by Congress.laws passed by Congress.

They also began to insist that They also began to insist that

states had entered the Union states had entered the Union freely and could leave (freely and could leave (secedesecede) ) freely if they chose.freely if they chose.

Scott v SanfordScott v SanfordDred Scott was a slave who sued Dred Scott was a slave who sued

for his freedom.for his freedom.

The Supreme Court ruled against The Supreme Court ruled against Scott because he was a slave Scott because he was a slave and therefore could not sueand therefore could not sue

It further stated that slaves were It further stated that slaves were property and you could not deny property and you could not deny a citizen his propertya citizen his property

Scott v SanfordScott v SanfordThe The Dred Scott Dred Scott

decisiondecision by the by the Supreme Court Supreme Court overturned efforts overturned efforts to limit the spread to limit the spread of slavery and of slavery and outraged outraged NorthernersNortherners

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln, who had , who had joined the new Republican Party, joined the new Republican Party, and and Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas, a , a Northern Democrat, conducted Northern Democrat, conducted numerous debates when running numerous debates when running for US Senate in Illinois in 1858.for US Senate in Illinois in 1858.

DouglasDouglas

argued for argued for popular popular

sovereigntysovereignty..

Lincoln Lincoln opposed the opposed the

SPREADSPREADof slaveryof slavery

Enforcement of the harsh Enforcement of the harsh Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act, which , which required slaves who had required slaves who had escaped to be forcibly returned escaped to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South, to their owners in the South, further angered the Northfurther angered the North

Lincoln warned, “Lincoln warned, “A house A house divided against itself cannot divided against itself cannot standstand.” The nation could not .” The nation could not continue half-free and half-slave. continue half-free and half-slave. The issue must be resolved.The issue must be resolved.

Preston Brooks of SC attacks Charles Sumner of MA in Sept. 1856

Women’s suffrage movementWomen’s suffrage movement

At the same time the abolitionist At the same time the abolitionist movement grew, a new reform movement grew, a new reform movement took root, to give movement took root, to give equal rights to women.equal rights to women.

Seneca Falls Seneca Falls Declaration Declaration (Declaration of (Declaration of Sentiments)--Sentiments)--called for called for women to gain the right women to gain the right to vote and other rightsto vote and other rights

Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton and and Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony were the were the leaders of the movement. They leaders of the movement. They also were involved in the also were involved in the abolitionist movement and other abolitionist movement and other social reform movements both social reform movements both before and after the Civil War.before and after the Civil War.

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Civil WarCivil War

Civil War -- major eventsCivil War -- major eventsElection of 1860Election of 1860Ft. SumterFt. SumterEmancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

GettysburgGettysburgAppomattoxAppomattox

Election of 1860Election of 1860Lincoln won the election despite Lincoln won the election despite

only controlling 40% of the only controlling 40% of the popular votepopular vote

South Carolina will secede (leave South Carolina will secede (leave the union) in Dec. 1860 followed the union) in Dec. 1860 followed by six other “deep” south statesby six other “deep” south states

Lincoln -- 17 Others -- 16

Lincoln – 39.9% Others – 60.1%

Lincoln – 180 Others --123

Key leadersKey leadersAbraham Abraham LincolnLincoln----President of President of the US, the US, insisted the insisted the country must country must be held be held togethertogether

Ulysses S. Ulysses S. GrantGrant--Union --Union military military commander, commander, defeated the defeated the South after South after other other commanders commanders failedfailed

Robert E. Robert E. LeeLee——Virginian, Virginian, fought for the fought for the South, South, General of General of the Army of the Army of Northern Northern Virginia Virginia

Lee opposed secession, but Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the union did not believe the union should be held together by should be held together by force and could not fight force and could not fight against his native Virginiaagainst his native Virginia

Frederick Frederick DouglassDouglass

former slave former slave who became who became prominent prominent black black abolitionist.abolitionist.

Douglass urged Lincoln to Douglass urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight recruit former slaves to fight in the Union armyin the Union army

Battle of Ft. SumterBattle of Ft. SumterFirst official battle of the Civil WarFirst official battle of the Civil War

Union fort in Charleston harbor Union fort in Charleston harbor bombarded by the Confederates for bombarded by the Confederates for two days before they surrendered. two days before they surrendered.

Lincoln calls for volunteers to fight Lincoln calls for volunteers to fight the South and four more Southern the South and four more Southern states seceded.states seceded.

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

First major fighting on land of the First major fighting on land of the Civil War. The South wins a Civil War. The South wins a shockingly easy victory. They shockingly easy victory. They could have won the war if they could have won the war if they had been more organized.had been more organized.

North realizes it will be a long North realizes it will be a long warwar

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

Lee’s first attempt to invade the Lee’s first attempt to invade the North. North.

He wanted to show foreign He wanted to show foreign countries he could win in the countries he could win in the North. North.

He will be defeated and the Union He will be defeated and the Union will claim their first major victory will claim their first major victory in the East.in the East.

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Issued after the Battle of Issued after the Battle of

Antietam (first union victory in Antietam (first union victory in the East)the East)

Freed those slaves located in Freed those slaves located in “REBELLING”“REBELLING” states only states only

Officially made the destruction of Officially made the destruction of slavery a Union war goalslavery a Union war goal

discouraged foreign interferencediscouraged foreign interference

Battle of GettysburgBattle of GettysburgLee’s second attempt to attack in Lee’s second attempt to attack in

the North. Lee will be badly the North. Lee will be badly beaten and his army will be on beaten and his army will be on the defensive the rest of the war.the defensive the rest of the war.

Combined with the Battle of Combined with the Battle of

Vicksburg to be the TURNING Vicksburg to be the TURNING POINT OF THE CIVIL WARPOINT OF THE CIVIL WAR

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address Issued by Lincoln after the battle Issued by Lincoln after the battle

of Gettysburgof Gettysburg

He described the Civil War as a He described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal”that “all men are created equal”

and that was ruled by a and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”the people, and for the people.”

Lincoln believed America was Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign states.sovereign states.

Southerners believed that states Southerners believed that states had freely joined the Union and had freely joined the Union and could freely leavecould freely leave

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AppomattoxAppomattox

Grant will finally cut off Lee’s Grant will finally cut off Lee’s army’s escape route and Lee will army’s escape route and Lee will surrender to Grant in April 1865.surrender to Grant in April 1865.

END OF THE WAR.END OF THE WAR.

ReconstructionReconstruction

Lincoln—Before and AfterLincoln—Before and After

Political effects of the Civil WarPolitical effects of the Civil WarLincoln’s view that the US was Lincoln’s view that the US was

one nation, indivisible, had one nation, indivisible, had prevailed.prevailed.

Lincoln believed that since Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, secession was illegal, Confederate governments were Confederate governments were illegitimate and the states had illegitimate and the states had never really left the union.never really left the union.

He believed that Reconstruction was He believed that Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring a matter of quickly restoring legitimate state governments that legitimate state governments that were loyal to the Union in the South.were loyal to the Union in the South.

Lincoln also believed that since the Lincoln also believed that since the war was over, to reunify the nation war was over, to reunify the nation the federal government should not the federal government should not punish the South but act “with punish the South but act “with malice towards none, with charity malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds…”wounds…”

The assassination of Lincoln just The assassination of Lincoln just a few days after Lee’s surrender a few days after Lee’s surrender enabled Radical Republicans to enabled Radical Republicans to influence Reconstruction.influence Reconstruction.

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

The Radicals were much more The Radicals were much more punitive towards the former punitive towards the former Confederate states. The states Confederate states. The states were not put immediately back were not put immediately back into the Union but were forced into the Union but were forced into military occupation by the into military occupation by the North.North.

Radical Republicans also Radical Republicans also believed in aggressively believed in aggressively guaranteeing voting and other guaranteeing voting and other civil rights to African Americans. civil rights to African Americans. They clashed repeatedly with They clashed repeatedly with Lincoln’s successor as President, Lincoln’s successor as President, Andrew Johnson, over the issue Andrew Johnson, over the issue of civil rights for freed slaves. of civil rights for freed slaves.

Andrew Johnson

The Radicals in Congress will The Radicals in Congress will eventually impeach Johnson.eventually impeach Johnson.

They will fail to remove They will fail to remove Johnson from office by one Johnson from office by one vote on each charge. vote on each charge.

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War AmendmentsThirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment----

slavery was abolished slavery was abolished permanently in the United Statespermanently in the United States

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment----States were prohibited from States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the denying equal rights under the law to any Americanlaw to any American

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment----Voting rights were guaranteed Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” previous condition of servitude” (former slaves)(former slaves)

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Democrats Democrats have first have first legitimate legitimate chance to chance to win a win a National National Election since Election since 18601860

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Rutherford Rutherford HayesHayes

Samuel Samuel TildenTilden

Hayes won and Tilden won Hayes won and Tilden won because there were two sets of because there were two sets of results. results.

A compromise will give Hayes the A compromise will give Hayes the election in exchange for election in exchange for removing the troops from the removing the troops from the South.South.

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 18771.1. Hayes became presidentHayes became president

2.2. Troops removed from the SouthTroops removed from the South

3.3. Democrat put in the President’s Democrat put in the President’s cabinetcabinet

4.4. Transcontinental Railroad built Transcontinental Railroad built in the Southin the South

Jim Crow EraJim Crow Era

Compromise of 1877 ended Compromise of 1877 ended ReconstructionReconstruction

Allowed former confederates who Allowed former confederates who were Democrats to regain control were Democrats to regain control of political power in the Southof political power in the South

Began the “Jim Crow Era” in Began the “Jim Crow Era” in which African Americans in the which African Americans in the South were denied the full South were denied the full rights of American citizenship.rights of American citizenship.

Economic and social impact of Economic and social impact of the Civil Warthe Civil War

The Southern states were left The Southern states were left embittered and devastated by embittered and devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, and the war. Farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed factories had been destroyed throughout the South, and the throughout the South, and the cities of Richmond and Atlanta cities of Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruinslay in ruins

Savannah

Atlanta

Dead at Chancellorsville

Destruction in Richmond

The South would remain a The South would remain a backward, agricultural-based backward, agricultural-based economy and the poorest economy and the poorest section of the nation for many section of the nation for many decades afterward.decades afterward.

The North and Midwest emerged The North and Midwest emerged with strong and growing industrial with strong and growing industrial economies, laying the foundation economies, laying the foundation for the sweeping industrialization for the sweeping industrialization of the nation (other than the of the nation (other than the South) in the next half-century. South) in the next half-century.

The United States will emerge as The United States will emerge as a global economic power by the a global economic power by the beginning of the 20th century.beginning of the 20th century.