evaluation of educational guidance and counselling in finland
TRANSCRIPT
Ulla Numminen & Helena Kasurinen
EVALUATION OF EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
IN FINLAND
Evaluation 5/2003
© National Board of Education
Layout: Sirpa Ropponen
ISBN 952-13-1794-9 (paperback)ISBN 952-13-1795-7 (pdf)ISSN 1238-4453
Yliopistopaino, Helsinki 2003
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Foreword
The student counselling, guidance and information given in comprehensive
school, senior secondary schools and vocational education institutions was
evaluated in Finland in 2001–2002. In the evaluation special attention has
been paid to pupil/student counselling in transitional stages, i.e. when moving
from the sixth to the seventh grade of comprehensive school, from
comprehensive school to senior secondary school or vocational education and
from upper secondary education to work or higher education.
The first part of this report contains the overall design and main results of the
evaluation. The evaluation was based on the model of evaluation of educational
outcomes of the Finnish National Board of Education. The bases of the
evaluation are the goals concerning student counselling in national curriculum
guidelines, educational legislation and other education-related target documents.
In the evaluation, the most central viewpoints of student counselling were
personal counselling, educational counselling, career development and
placement to further education and work, demand and availability of pupil/
student counselling, pupil/student counselling in transitional stages of
education and prevention of dropping out of education and social exclusion.
The second part of this report contains two articles consisting of the initiatives
and developments taken by the Finnish authorities, especially by the National
Board of Education as a result of the evaluation.
In the Appendix 1 there is a short description of the Finnish education system.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
CONTENTS
Foreword
Ulla NumminenAn Evaluation of Educational Guidance and Counselling ....................... 5Appendix A .................................................................................... 31
Helena Kasurinen & Raimo VuorinenInitiatives Generated by he Results of National Eevaluations on GuidanceProvision ...................................................................................... 33
Raimo Vuorinen & Helena KasurinenPromoting National Guidance Policies ............................................... 39
Appendix 1The Finnish Educational System ......................................................... 44
Writers ...................................................................................... 45
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Ulla Numminen
An Evaluation of Educational Guidance andCounsellingIn Basic Education, General Upper Secondary Schooland Vocational Upper Secondary Education and DuringEducational Transitions
Educational guidance an counselling is beginning to attract growing attention
both in Finland and in many other countries, manifested as various development
projects but also as a growing number of evaluation studies of educational
guidance and counselling provision. In Finland, educational guidance and
counselling offered in higher education institutions was evaluated in 2001
(Moitus et al. 2001). An evaluation of educational guidance and counselling in
basic education, general upper secondary school and vocational upper
secondary education was completed in 2002, while an evaluation of educational
guidance and counselling in adult education underway just now will be finished
in 2003. At the same time Finland is taking part, as one of 11 countries, in an
OECD assessment of national guidance and counselling services, that is
educational and career information, counselling and guidance systems. This
evaluation study will be completed in 2003.
What does this increased interest in educational guidance indicate? Within the
OECD, evaluation studies of educational guidance provision have stemmed
primarily from questions linked with transition from education to working life
and/or higher education; in other words, evaluations have focused particularly
on career counselling and careers guidance. Another international emphasis is
lifelong learning, which stresses the acquisition of study skills and the
emergence and maintenance of study motivation from childhood onwards
throughout adulthood. These emphases are linked particularly to the outcomes
of education: how shall education respond to social changes and demands
(OECD 2000, Sweet 2000)?
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Educational Guidance and Counselling in the FinnishEducational System
From a Finnish perspective, this growing topicality of educational guidance
and counselling is a matter of, apart from the above changes in society and
working life, also of changes in the educational system itself. In the 1980s and
1990s, the flexibility of the school system was enhanced on many levels. There
is more scope for student choice in curricula in basic education, general upper
secondary school and vocational upper secondary education alike. Course-
bound and non-graded teaching and periodisation of the school year have
affected teaching arrangements and the organisation of the work of the school.
New modes of learning and new learning environments have been introduced
in education through network-based studying and by making work-based
learning a part of vocational upper secondary education and training etc. There
are changes also in how qualifications are taken: it is possible to take the
Matriculation Examination in three phases instead of one, and in the vocational
education there is an option to take all or parts of a vocational qualification as
a competence-based qualification. Further and higher education tracks have
similarly become more equal as a result of vocational qualifications now giving
general eligibility for higher education (Table 1). On the other hand, these
factors that increase flexibility have also meant that there is more need for and
stronger demand for educational guidance and counselling.
On the other hand again, educational institutions now take more account of
the pupil/student as an individual. Basic studies include optional subjects,
while in general upper secondary school and vocational upper secondary
education students have been given more say in the planning of their studies
through the introduction of personal study programmes. Providers of general
and vocational upper secondary education are required to cooperate locally or
regionally with each other and with higher education establishments, which
expands the scope for individual choice. As a result of this networking,
educational guidance and counselling must similarly be designed to reach
beyond the boundaries of individual institutions, to operate within a regional
network of educational establishments.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Such an opening up of educational structures affects also the status of
educational guidance and counselling in curricula (Vuorinen et al. 2000). As a
result of expanded student choice, educational guidance and counselling
becomes the core of the curriculum, the nucleus around which what is known
as the individual study programme, constructed from different courses and
modules, takes shape. Accordingly, in the context of curriculum reforms
educational guidance and counselling should be considered as a part of the
strategic component of the curriculum, making it possible to legitimise guidance
and counselling from a perspective broader than that provided by the scope
of an individual study counsellor´s professional activities. To achieve this an
educational establishment must have also a shared vision of the approaches,
defined division of responsibilities among teachers and counsellors, and
resources and administration of its educational guidance provision. Everyone
should have access to guidance services, and there should be measures to
ensure that the students and all staff are kept informed about the services
available and about who is responsible for each given type of service (op cit
50–51).
TABLE 1. Reforms that increased the flexibility of education in the 1980s and
the 1990s.
Curricula
course-bound/modular curricula
increased student choice
credit transfer
taking courses outside one´s own educational establishment
individual study programmes
Teaching
more study projects that cut across subject and institutional
boundaries
distance education, network-based education and other forms of
independent studies
incorporating work-based learning periods into vocational upper
secondary education
Teaching arrangements and scheduling of studies
periodisation
non-graded teaching, modular studies
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
changes stemming from an integrated comprehensive school in
basic education
inter-institutional cooperation at regional level
Qualifications
possibility to take Matriculation Examination in phases
skills tests as a part of vocational qualifications
Educational tracks
polytechnics as a new higher education track
expansion of the eligibility for higher education gained in vocational
upper secondary education
Internationalisation
international student and trainee exchange
Internationalisation is another factor that is broadening the range of educational
opportunities, with the result that homes, too, need more information about
these opportunities and the content of study programmes in order to help
their children and young people to choose between the options available to
them.
Evaluating Educational Guidance and Counselling
The Finnish National Board of Education evaluated educational guidance and
counselling provision in 2001–2002, publishing its findings in the report Opin-
to-ohjauksen tila 2002 (Numminen et al. 2002). The evaluation study covers
educational guidance and counselling in basic education, general upper
secondary school and vocational upper secondary education while paying
attention also to educational transitions, or, more specifically, to transition from
grade 6 to grade 7 in basic education, transition from basic education to general
upper secondary school or vocational upper secondary education, and transition
from upper secondary education to higher education or working life.
9
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
FIGURE 1. Project for Evaluating Educational Guidance Provision: A Diagram
(Numminen et al. 2002, 48).
Educational guidance and counselling evaluation was based on the Model for
Evaluating Educational Outcomes (Koulutuksen tuloksellisuuden arviointi-
malli, 1998) used by the National Board of Education, which has the following
three component areas:
- effectiveness, or how effectively the knowledge and skills produced
by education promote individual learning on the one hand and the
development of working life and the rest of society on the other;
- efficiency, or how well and functionally teaching provision has been
organised and how flexibly the education system and its various parts
operate; and
- financial accountability, or how optimally the funds allocated to
education have been used (Figure 2).
10
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
FIGURE 2. Evaluating the Efficacy of Educational Guidance and Counselling
Provision: A Model.
An evaluation of the efficiency of educational guidance and counselling assesses among
other things the quality and availability of guidance and counselling and how
well guidance provision serves the needs of different students; how up to date
it is and how responsive it is to the student on the one hand and to changes in
education and the world of work on the other; what are its pedagogic
arrangements and methods; how up to date they are and how well they work;
the guidance staff and the management culture of the educational
establishment; and external conditions such as the physical facilities (Figure 2).
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Evaluating the effectiveness of educational guidance and counselling involves two main
viewpoints, that of the individual and that of the school system. Assessment
targets such things as correspondence between the need for and the provision
of guidance, that is, how well educational guidance and counselling is able to
promote the development of - learning - to - learn - skills and lifelong learning
skills. Evaluations of each type of school appraised also the general smoothness
of the study path and paid attention to how well prepared the students are for
making decisions about further studies and about entering working life. From
the point of view of the school system this is a matter of how smoothly
educational transitions take place.
As regards the financial accountability of educational guidance, here evaluation
considers the amount and targeting of the resources allocated to educational
guidance and counselling. This involves taking a look among other things at
the number of pupils/students under the supervision of study counsellors in
different school types, the development of educational guidance measures
and so on.
Assessments of educational guidance and counselling draw their evaluation criteria
primarily from the goals defined in educational legislation, the curriculum
guidelines, the Development and Research Plan for Education by Ministry of
Education and other documents that set targets for education and educational
guidance and counselling. During evaluation they served as the source from
which the evaluation questions were derived as a basis for designing the
evaluation indicators.
Right to Educational Guidance and counselling
The 1998 educational legislation strengthened the position of educational
guidance by including the right to pupil/student guidance and counselling into the
regulations of all school types. Pupils in basic education and students in general
upper secondary school and vocational upper secondary education are all
equally entitled to instruction and educational guidance. According to the
regulations, educational guidance is delivered as guidance listed in the
distribution of classroom hours, implemented in most cases as classroom or
small group teaching, with additional individual and other guidance services
also provided.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The curriculum reforms of the 1990s have retained the central aims of the
educational guidance provision of the 1980s, but the curriculum guidelines
articulated their content in more general terms; in other ways, too, the number
of instructions relating to educational guidance was reduced. This trend is
turning in the curriculum guidelines prepared in accordance with the 1998
educational legislation. The curriculum guidelines governing vocational
qualifications defines the aims of educational guidance with greater clarity
while also making the instructions concerning its provision more binding than
before (e.g. the Vocational Qualification in Metalwork and Machinery 2000,
165, 173). This is the trend also in the basic education and general upper
secondary school curricula which are being revised just now.
Evaluation Design
Figure 3 presents a design for evaluating educational guidance and counselling
provision. The central component areas representing the condition of
educational guidance and counselling, presented in the figure as concentric
circles, were selected on the basis of an analysis of the relevant regulations and
other documents that set targets for educational guidance and counselling. To
ensure many-sided assessment and explore the subject in greater depth, the
different component areas of educational guidance and counselling were
considered from the perspective of several agent groups, described in the sectors
of the figure. The figure does not show the third level of evaluation, which
describes different types of educational establishments. The concentric circles
in the figure are arranged in an order that gives prominence to the perspective
of the educational system. This is why the transition phases and the prevention
of social exclusion are at the centre and why the pupil´s perspective becomes
more prominent as we approach the margins. The size of each sector was
determined with a view to placing emphasis particularly on the viewpoint of
the pupil/student.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
FIGURE 3. Evaluation Design for Educational Guidance and Counselling
Provision: Component Areas and Perspectives of Evaluation.
Some of the component areas of evaluation belong to the educational system
level, some to the individual level:
1) Educational transition phases or transitions are critical stages of an
educational career where the pupil/student is more at risk of
dropping out of education than at other times during their
schooling. Successful transitions can be seen as one indicator that
educational guidance and counselling is working.
2) Exclusion is often linked with educational transitions and with
dropping out. The evaluation study considered the educational
guidance and counselling tools developed by study counsellors and
educational institutions for the early identification and prevention
of exclusion.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
3) A correspondence between the need for and provision of educational guidance
and counselling is based on objectives defined in educational
legislation stipulating that there must be an adequate provision of
educational guidance and counselling. Educational guidance and
counselling and associated provision of other types of guidance and
counselling can be seen as a service system within an educational
establishment intended to help the student to do well in their
studies, promote their well-being and reduce the risk of their
exclusion from education.
4) Promoting personal growth and development is a core area of educational
guidance and counselling. The aim is to increase the student´s self-
knowledge and support the pupil/student as they look for their own
strengths; on the one hand nurturing their individuality, on the
other hand preparing them for a life as a member of society and
enhancing their social skills. Because fostering the student´s growth
and development is a task for the school community as a whole,
evaluation considers also how well the guidance and counselling is
seen as a part of the overall school practices.
5) Helping the pupil/student to make decisions concerning their vocational
orientation and guiding their career choice is a long-term process. As set
down in the curriculum guidelines, it can start as early as in the
lower grades of basic education in the form of general
familiarisation with society and introduction to working life and
occupations, continuing throughout the upper classes and upper
secondary education and even later on. Educational choices -
choosing, in upper secondary education, one´s educational track
and, in vocational upper secondary education, one´s study field - are
particularly critical stages of this process. Students face similar
choices also when they complete general upper secondary school
and vocational upper secondary education and either continue their
studies or enter working life. How difficult the career choice process
is is shown within the school system in such things as failure to
enter upper secondary education, dropping out or switching
programmes and, at the level of the school system, also as multiple
education.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
6) The aim of guidance on study skills and the provision of study support is to
familiarise the pupil/student with learning, help them to find their
own learning style and become aware of any personal learning
difficulties, and reinforce their identity as a learner and prepare
them for lifelong learning. This component area of guidance and
counselling involves also monitoring the student´s study path
within each school form and, to some degree, also across the
transitions and helping them to make the different choices to be
made during their education.
Evaluation Perspectives
The second part of the evaluation design for educational guidance and
counselling provision consists of different perspectives on guidance and
counselling. The pupil/student perspective describes how educational guidance and
counselling appears from the viewpoint of the individual, how it meets the
student´s need for support, how it has been organised, and how well the
counselling services are available.
Study counsellors, again, open up a perspective on the expertise needed in
educational guidance and counselling, on the conditions in which guidance
and counselling is delivered, and on how guidance and counselling is organised
within an educational establishment and on its status there. The principal brings
a perspective on how educational guidance and counselling works as a part of
the operations and activities of the educational establishment as a whole and
how far it is able to contribute to the achievement of general educational
objectives.
The principal is also obliged appraise the school as a guidance and counselling
community, that is, judge how successfully the school community as a whole
and all the teachers are able to promote student growth and learning and,
further, what is the status of educational guidance and counselling in the context
of school management.
The education provider´s perspective on educational guidance and counselling is
linked with strategic management and regional questions and the allocation
of resources for education.
The parents´ perspective is connected with how the parents are informed about
the pupil´s school attendance, studies and choices, and what kind of support
they assume their child is receiving at school.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Gathering the Evaluation Data
The evaluation surveys were carried out mainly in September 2001. They
covered, retrospectively, educational guidance and counselling delivered in the
school year 2000–2001. The evaluation materials consisted of questionnaire
data collected from provincial administrative boards (N=5), education providers
(N=138), principals/subject area directors of schools (N=460), study
counsellors (N=502), pupils/students (N=8,147) and parents (N=4,050), and
of more in-depth interview materials gathered at regional level and, additionally,
of the sections on educational guidance and counselling in the school curricula.
With a view to gaining information on the transition phases, the surveys were
carried out at a time when the pupils had just made a transition; for example,
the pupils asked to evaluate educational guidance and counselling in the upper
classes of basic education had just started their first year of study in general
upper secondary school or vocational upper secondary education. The
evaluation study surveyed 376 educational establishments. The sample was
nationally representative.
The evaluation data were used to calculate a number of summed variables, the
intention being to employ this condensed group of summed variables to
describe the organisation of educational guidance and counselling provision
and compare the various types of material making up the data and thus assess
the efficacy of educational guidance and counselling. The summed variables
were calculated from questions covering each area of educational guidance
and counselling separately for each pupil/student group, the study counsellors,
the principals and the education providers. Accordingly, different groups had
summed variables with the same names and, on principle, same contents ( see
Appendix A ), which made possible comparison across the different types of
material and contributed to a many-sided interpretation.
Evaluation Findings
Because the evaluation study was based on a multilevel design, the findings
can similarly be considered from the point of view of several different agent
groups. However, it is not possible here to discuss the findings in detail or
from the viewpoint of any individual agent group. Instead, we present below,
on the basis of the publication Numminen and others 2002, the most central
results of the evaluation study as what may be called an overall assessment.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
There are serious shortcomings regarding access to educational
guidance and counselling.
Access to educational guidance and counselling was assessed as follows:
1) determining the number of pupils/students under the charge of an
individual study counsellor; 2) looking at the pupils´/students´, the study
counsellors´ and the principals´ evaluations of how easily available educational
guidance and counselling was; and 3) ascertaining how much educational
guidance and counselling the pupils/students had received or made use of.
In basic education grades 7–9, full-time study counsellors were responsible for an
average of 245, part-time study counsellors for 93 pupils. The number of
pupils ranged between 7 and 530. In general upper secondary schools, full-
time study counsellors were in charge of an average of 288, part-time study
counsellors 182 students, ranging between 16 and 685. In vocational upper secondary
education establishments, full-time study counsellors were responsible for an average
of 510 students, while even part-time counsellors looked after some 220
students. The number of students ranged between 7 and 1,042.
In those schools where the study counsellor has a great number of students,
more than 300, at least some the pupils/students will fail to receive enough
individual guidance and counselling. About a fifth of the comprehensives, a
little less than a third of the general upper secondary schools and a good third
of the vocational upper secondary education establishments covered in the
study belonged to this category. The pupils/students similarly assessed access
to guidance and counselling as at best moderate. At the same time, however,
the students reported that when needed they were able to make a prompt
appointment, which may be assumed to reflect the study counsellors´
responsiveness to the student´s needs. However, such first aid cannot serve as
the foundation of educational guidance and counselling provision.
Adequate support for studies and personal development is not available
to all pupils/students.
According to Finnish school legislation (Acts 628/98, 629/98, 630/98), a pupil/
student has the right to an adequate provision of personal and other guidance
and counselling. The evaluation findings show that this objective is not achieved.
18
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
As the basic education pupils saw it, they had at most moderate access to educational
guidance and counselling (the average value of the summed variable was 3.1
on a 1–5 scale), while the student counsellors rated access lower (average value
2.9) and the principals considered it fairly good (average value 3.7)1.
In basic education, about a fifth (19%) of the pupils had never received or
made use of individual guidance and counselling during grades 7–9. Boys and
pupils oriented towards vocational upper secondary education were
overrepresented in this group, and the group´s school achievement was a little
lower than that of the other pupils. It should be noted here that pupils who
made no use of educational guidance and counselling included also children
who did well at school. Thus, reasons for not receiving or using educational
guidance and counselling can vary. Girls received or made use of personal
educational guidance and counselling a little more than boys.
The general upper secondary school students´ assessments of access to educational
guidance and counselling ranged between rather poor and moderate (average
value 2.7). The study counsellors rated access as moderate (average 2.9). The
difference is statistically significant. The principals gave no assessment of this
subject. A good third (36 %) of the students thought that they had received an
adequate or fairly adequate amount of individual guidance and counselling,
but nearly two fifths (39 %) of them considered that they had not been provided
with anything like enough guidance and counselling. There were regional
differences in the availability of educational guidance and counselling, with
students attending general upper secondary schools in urban areas and in count-
ry municipalities reporting better access to educational guidance and counselling
than students attending general upper secondary schools in smaller towns.
This is a statistically significant difference. In the present data, no link was
found between the size of a general upper secondary school and the availability
of educational guidance and counselling.
The vocational students´ assessments of access to educational guidance and
counselling ranged between rather poor and moderate (average value 2.8). The
study counsellors rated access considerably higher (average value 3.3). A good
third (38 %) of the students thought that they had received an adequate or
fairly adequate amount of individual guidance and counselling, but on the
other hand, nearly half of them (43 %) considered that they had not been
given enough guidance and counselling.
____________________1 5=very good/much, 4=fairly well/quite a lot, 3=tolerably well/moderately, 2=rather
poorly/not much, 5=not at all
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
While access to educational guidance and counselling was not, generally
speaking, very easy, a good two thirds of the comprehensive school pupils,
three fourths of the general upper secondary school students and a good
tenth of the vocational students considered that they were able to make an
appointment for seeing the study counsellor immediately or within a few days.
The proportion of pupils/students who reported that it was impossible to
make an appointment for individual guidance and counselling even when they
need it was 4 per cent in basic education, 3 per cent in vocational upper
secondary education and zero in general upper secondary school. Waiting times
might also draw out, up to as much as a month. The study counsellors similarly
reported that there are students - only a few per cent, to be sure - who, because
of a lack of time, receive no individual guidance and counselling even when
they need it.
Guidance and counselling on further studies successful, lowest standards
found in guidance and counselling on study skills, problems with
guidance and counselling on vocational orientation.
The pupils/students, study counsellors, principals and education providers
were asked how successfully the core tasks of educational guidance and
counselling set in the curriculum guidelines are being fulfilled: 1) guidance
and counselling on personal growth and development, 2) guidance and
counselling on study skills and studying, 3) guidance and counselling on
vocational orientation and 4) guidance and counselling on further studies.
As regards guidance and counselling on personal growth and development, the pupils/
students rated its provision as between rather poor and moderate (the
assessments ranged from 2.5 to 3.5). The study counsellor did serve as a source
of support but in basic education for example, only one in ten pupils considered
that the other teachers in their school had supported their personal growth.
The pupils/students rated the provision of guidance and counselling on study
skills as being between rather poor and moderate. To generalise, a fourth of
the general upper secondary school students and vocational students at most
had received significant help with their learning, developing their study methods
and setting themselves study goals. The general upper secondary school
students assessed guidance and counselling on study skills and studying at 2.2,
the vocational students at 2.0 and the basic education pupils at 3.5–3.9.
20
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The evaluation study found that guidance and counselling on vocational orientation is
one of the problem areas at school. In all types of school the pupils/students
were well aware of the importance of career choice and valued various forms
of familiarisation with working life and occupations. However, the evaluation
study revealed, in many ways, a great need felt among basic education pupils in
particular for knowledge about the world of work and occupations. There was
not enough information on these subjects, while ways of introducing students
to working life are similarly in need of development. According to the students,
there was abundant information on qualifications, but the content of
occupations and of the job tasks entailed by them remained hazy. This is a
serious shortcoming, significant also from a societal perspective.
Even though in basic education career counselling starts as early as in grade 7 and
focuses on grade 9, there were children who were still unclear about their
career choice when they left comprehensive school, and this included pupils
who had opted for vocational education. Half the pupils who had opted for
general upper secondary school explained their decision by saying that it would
give them more time to choose a career. Of those who had opted for vocational
upper secondary education, one in ten reported that they had made their choice
only during the nationwide joint application system; moreover, among this
student group only a good tenth (15%) believed that they had found their own
field, about a third (30 %) were uncertain about the matter and more than a
half said that their chosen study field was not really what they wanted. Thus,
many students already in vocational upper secondary education are still in need
of guidance and counselling on their vocational orientation.
Most general upper secondary school students similarly thought that they had not
been given enough information on working life and occupations; two thirds
had had no working life orientation periods. Other studies also support the
view that students do not accumulate enough experience of the world of work
during their studies and that the impact of the job-related information integrated
into different school subjects and of the information delivered during
educational guidance and counselling lessons tends to remain superficial.
There is an obvious need to develop the methods and approaches of career
counselling. Reaching clarity about a career for oneself is a long-term process
that should begin early; there should also be stronger parent involvement. As
it is, it was not from school but from their own children that the parents learned
most about further and higher education options and career choice. An example
might be provided by development discussions around career choice between
the study counsellor, the pupil and the parents conducted in some
21
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
comprehensive schools. However, the current resources are too limited for
such a method.
Guidance and counselling on further studies is rated high by all student groups (average
value 3.3–4.1). The study counsellors and the principals similarly considered
that it worked well. The parents´ assessment of how well they had been
informed about their children´s further and higher education options was a
little lower (average value 2.9).
Monitoring and feedback systems are flawed. The principals and study
counsellors rate the delivery of educational guidance and counselling
higher than the students.
Educational legislation requires education providers to evaluate their own
operations. As regards schools´ provision of educational guidance and
counselling, the situation is unsatisfactory. Only about a third of the educational
establishments had conducted a self-assessment of their educational guidance
and counselling provision. Less than half the general upper secondary schools
and more than half the comprehensive schools and vocational upper secondary
education institutions had a system for monitoring pupils/students who had
left the school to take up further studies elsewhere or who had dropped out.
However, the principals´ answers suggest that monitoring is not systematic.
Nor are the schools´ internal systems for monitoring and collecting feedback
on their educational guidance and counselling provision working. This is
indicated among other things by the great differences in answers concerning
the functioning of educational guidance and counselling provision between
the pupils/students and the principals themselves. It was also repeatedly found
that the study counsellors rated the delivery of educational guidance and
counselling higher than the students, the principals higher than the study
counsellors. A part of these differences are explained by different perspectives.
However, they may also stem from the students´ views about, for example,
access to educational guidance and counselling never reaching the principal.
Accordingly, when the principals make decisions about educational guidance
and counselling, they do it on grounds not based on pupil/student demand
and need for educational guidance and counselling.
22
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Factors that increase the flexibility of the school system have heightened
demand and the need for educational guidance and counselling.
Individual study programmes are still an option only for the few.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Finnish school system was made more flexible among
other things by expanding student choice in curricula, by introducing course-
form and non-graded teaching, by making it possible to take the Matriculation
Examination in several phases instead of one etc. These factors which have
increased the flexibility of the educational system have simultaneously increased
demand for and the need for educational guidance and counselling, something
that schools have not taken into account when making decisions about resources
for educational guidance and counselling. Logically, this increased need for
guidance and counselling should have led to a reduction in the number of
pupils/students per study counsellor. What has happened instead is that the
figures for pupils/students per study counsellor have remained the same since
1996.
The principals considered that the need for educational guidance and counselling
had grown, among other things because of changes in the school system and
because pupils/students and families are facing more problems, possibly as a
result of the 1990s depression in Finland. No principal suggested that there
was less need for educational guidance and counselling. It was observed above
that a substantial number of pupils/students never received the educational
guidance and counselling that they needed. According to the study counsellors,
the most important reason for this was a lack of time.
Nor has individual choice been adequately implemented. According to educational
legislation, general upper secondary school and vocational students have the
right to take courses delivered in other educational establishments. Such options
were still far from universally available.
More than one out of ten students (13 % in general upper secondary school,
17% in vocational upper secondary education institutions) reported that it was
not possible, in their school, to take courses offered in other educational
establishments. A personal study programme had been prepared for an average of
half the general upper secondary school students and about a fifth of the
vocational students. While the questions are to a degree open to various
interpretations, the findings do show that a sizable number of students consider
that they have little say in how their studies are planned. This means passing
up an important opportunity to teach students to construct their own study
programmes, an indispensable skill particularly from the perspective of lifelong
learning skills.
23
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
These results are supported by the principals´ answers, which indicate that in
practice, preconditions for choosing studies in other educational establishments
had been created in about half the general upper secondary schools and in 80
per cent of the vocational upper secondary education institutions.
Developing guidance and counselling environments - using IT to
enhance individual guidance and counselling.
The growing need for educational guidance and counselling cannot be met
solely by increasing classroom-based or individual guidance and counselling
services, although there is an obvious and substantial need to increase resources
also in these areas in order to achieve the targets set in educational legislation
concerning the provision of all students with adequate educational guidance
and counselling.
International evaluation studies (the OECD 2001–2003 policy evaluation of
guidance and counselling provision in several countries, preliminary
information) foreground the construction, not only for adults but also for
young people, of guidance and counselling environments that exploit IT. Thus,
in Finland this would mean starting projects for developing IT-based guidance
and counselling environments in basic education, general upper secondary
school and vocational upper secondary education. Launching such projects
cannot be left to the development initiative of schools or individual study
counsellors alone because designing guidance and counselling environments
of a new kind demands not only resources and expertise in guidance and
counselling contents but also a type of familiarity with using IT in guidance
and counselling that study counsellors, as revealed by this evaluation, generally
lack. As assessed by the education providers, principals and study counsellors,
the standard of IT expertise and facilities in schools are moderate (average
value 2.7–3.7), but only about half of the study counsellors estimated that
they had the knowledge and skills to use IT in their guidance and counselling
activities. The counsellors rated their IT skills as nearly their weakest
competence area.
There are study materials that draw on IT, but according to the study counsellors
they are not very useful. Most of them have been designed for expert use, not
with the needs of comprehensive school-age children in mind.
24
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The job of a study counsellor: several irons in the fire, all of them
important. Study counsellors´ qualifications, numerical adequacy and
competence level.
As compared to studies carried out in the early 1990s, today´s study counsellors
are more highly trained. By contrast, their qualification level cannot be
considered satisfactory. Of full-time study counsellors, 79 per cent had
completed the training required of a study counsellor but of all persons giving
guidance and counselling only half had completed the relevant studies. In other
words, nearly half (43%) of all study counsellors were unqualified. The situation
is particularly worrying among recently appointed study counsellors, of whom
80 per cent had no training in educational guidance and counselling. Thus,
those entrusted with the duties of a study counsellor, very much a job for an
expert, start their career, as a rule, without appropriate training.
The findings of the evaluation study suggest that the study counsellors are
strongly committed to their work. In all school types, the study counsellor´s
work consisted of a great number of tasks, many of them without any link
with the core areas of educational guidance and counselling or, in the first
place, with educational guidance and counselling as such, such as substituting
for teachers, supervisory duties, or preparing the school schedule. One reason
behind this multiplicity of tasks making up the study counsellor´s job is that in
an educational establishment, the study counsellor is often the only person,
apart from the principal, working under the total work hours system who can,
as a part of the division of labour within the school, easily be assigned other
than teaching duties.
The problem is that even the study counsellors themselves rated as fairly
important tasks that are secondary from the perspective of educational guidance
and counselling. This suggests that study counsellors feel also more generally
responsibility for the overall functioning of their schools. It is obvious that the
current division of responsibilities within educational establishments does not
allow the study counsellors possibility to concentrate on their core tasks and
on developing educational guidance and counselling, particularly in a situation
where there is more need for guidance and counselling than there are work
hours for delivering it and at a time when guidance and counselling needs are
growing. The amount of overtime was, similarly, worryingly large.
Familiarity with international work and study opportunities and IT skills
emerged as the competence areas that the study counsellors considered their
weakest. Study counsellors serving in basic education knew considerably less
25
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
about vocational upper secondary education than they did about general upper
secondary school, and according to them there was also less information
available on vocational upper secondary education than on general upper
secondary school. This situation must be considered a serious shortcoming
from the perspective both of guidance and counselling provision and of parity
of esteem between the two educational tracks.
A failure to implement guidance and counselling as a task belonging to
all teachers.
The curriculum guidelines define guidance and counselling as a task belonging
to all teachers, with the study counsellor bearing main responsibility for its
design. The evaluation study took a look at the educational establishment as a
whole as a guidance and counselling community, among other things by asking
the principals whether their school had a guidance and counselling plan and
how far all teachers, in the context of teaching their own subjects, guided
studying or otherwise assumed responsibility for supporting students.
The principals and study counsellors rated their educational establishments as
at best moderately successful as guidance communities (average value 2.9–
3.3). Only one basic education pupil in ten considered that the other teachers
in their school guided studying or pupils´ personal growth, with help with
learning difficulties in particularly short supply. While the pupils´ views are to
a degree open to interpretation, their experience cannot be disputed. The
principals similarly judged the guidance and counselling given by the other
teachers inadequate.
In practice, many teachers spontaneously guide and support, as a part of their
everyday professional activities in the classroom, their pupils/students.
However, the evaluation findings suggest that educational guidance and
counselling in general and guidance and counselling on studying and study
skills in particular has not been defined, in schools´ division of responsibilities,
with sufficient clarity as a duty of all teachers. In reality, the whole school
community is responsible for the students´ studies and for ensuring that their
plans for further studies are realised, whether the various members of the
community make their guidance and counselling contribution systematically
or unconsciously.
26
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Poor provision of the skills needed for lifelong learning.
The objectives set in the curriculum guidelines include the provision of lifelong
learning skills. In the present context this means fostering a positive attitude
towards studying, self-directedness in one´s studies, mastery of independent
study skills, and an ability to pursue studies also over information networks.
Educational guidance and counselling has been successful in promoting lifelong
learning skills to the extent that the assessment of self-directedness calculated
from the questions about pupil/student self-directedness was moderately good
(average value 3.4–3.6). Guidance and counselling on further studies was, in
the opinion of the students, the study counsellors and the principals alike,
another strongest area of educational guidance and counselling.
However, it must be considered as a shortcoming that in general upper
secondary school and in vocational upper secondary education, far from all
students have gained experience of extensive independent studies as measured
as a block of studies consisting of at least a course or a credit (study week).
A little less than half the general upper secondary school students and a third
of the vocational students had completed independent studies of this scope,
while as regards network-based studying, only 1.4 per cent of the general upper
secondary school students and 3.3 per cent of the vocational students had
finished studies of similar extent. Moreover, there were educational
establishments where students simply had no access to network-based studies.
One in four general upper secondary school principals and half the vocational
upper secondary education establishment principals reported that network-
based studies were not possible in their school. The last few years have seen a
great deal of resources invested in what are known as virtual school or network-
based instruction projects at the same time as teachers have been given training
in IT with the aim of, among other things, providing support for and guidance
and counselling on network-based studying. According to the evaluation
findings, a good many of the educational institutions are yet to progress beyond
the first stages of these developments.
Educational transitions - successful study paths or dropping out?
The evaluation study covered three central transitions within the Finnish school
system: 1) transition from grade 6 to grade 7 in basic education; 2) transition
from basic education to general upper secondary school or vocational upper
secondary education; and 3) transition from general upper secondary school
or vocational upper secondary education to higher education and/or working
life. The evaluation study considered these transitions from two perspectives,
27
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
that of the individual and that of the school system. From the individual´s
perspective, the question is whether the pupil/student is given enough information
and support to help them with the choices that must be made during these
transitions. The perspective of the school system concerns the question of how
smoothly such transitions are accomplished.
The schools pay many-sided attention to the transition from grade 6 to grade 7 in
basic education, using several approaches to familiarising the pupils and their
parents with studying in the upper classes. However, depending on the subject,
between about a third and as many as more than half the parents considered
that they had been poorly informed about their child´s transition to grade 7.
According to the principals´ assessment, at this stage an average of 5–7 per
cent of the pupils are not, in practice, sufficiently mature to make the transition
to studies at the upper level of comprehensive school.
The pupils are prepared for the transition from basic education to general upper secondary
school or vocational upper secondary education, as a part of educational guidance and
counselling provision, throughout the grades 7–9. The evaluation study shows
that comprehensive schools took good care over guiding the pupils through
the process of applying for upper secondary education through the nationwide
joint application system, while more than three in four study counsellors
working in basic education gave their pupils what is known as post-application
guidance and counselling on finding a student place. Nevertheless, there are
many student groups that have obviously not been adequately supported in
their choices because they have not been able to make decisions on their
education: 1) pupils who leave basic education without plans for further studies;
2) pupils who move to general upper secondary school without definite plans
only because they want to have more time to decide about a career; and
3) pupils who, after entering vocational upper secondary education, abandon
their studies or switch to another study field because their initial choice proved
wrong. Yearly, this is a group of some 8,5001 young people (pupils who
participate in additional 10th form and pupils who fail to apply for upper
secondary education or take up their student place there).
As was pointed out above in the section discussing guidance and counselling
on vocational orientation, at the start of their upper secondary education a
substantial number of students were, both in general upper secondary school
and in upper secondary vocational education, still uncertain about their (career)
choice. Addressing transition problems presupposes both resources and the
further development both of the methods of and the study materials used in
guidance and counselling on vocational orientation.
____________________1 The size of age cohort in Finland is about 65 000.
28
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Parity of esteem between the general upper secondary school track and the vocational track is
one of the questions involved in this particular transition. The evaluation study
revealed a clear disparity in the esteem accorded to these two tracks. The
principals and study counsellors of general upper secondary schools reported
smoother cooperation with educational guidance and counselling provision in
basic education than did the principals and study counsellors of vocational
upper secondary education establishments. Further, there were gaps in the
knowledge that the study counsellors working in basic education had of
vocational upper secondary education. The study counsellors themselves
considered that they had been more poorly informed about vocational education
than about general upper secondary education. These gaps affect also study
counsellors´ ability to provide their guidance and pupils or students with
information on vocational education. Similarly, the parents of pupils in the
final grade of basic education learned more about general upper secondary
school than about vocational upper secondary education.
Among the questions associated with the transition from general upper secondary
school or vocational upper secondary education to higher education and/or working life are
the emergence of definite plans for further studies and possession of the skills
needed to apply for a student place or a job. The problems related to this
specific transition include prolongation of upper secondary studies, a lack of
well-defined plans for further studies, problems with finding a student place in
higher education and/or with finding a job. The evaluation study found that
according to the principals and study counsellors, students were well acquainted
with options for further studies but that less than half the students themselves
considered that they had been well informed about the various higher education
opportunities. This finding may in part stem from the point of time at which
the evaluation was carried out.
As regards students participating in additional 10th form, only some of them had
been prepared a personal study programme as stipulated in the curriculum
guidelines, and additional 10th form is still being delivered partly as graded/
classroom-based teaching. The reason may lie in parallel student needs, such as
raising their grades, but regardless of this, a personal study programme is a
factor that, because it promotes a young person´s growth and development
and fosters a goal-directed approach to studying, cannot be passed over. The
principals estimated that three students in four had a completed plan for further
studies by the conclusion of their additional 10th form. There was no adequate
monitoring of students who dropped out of the additional 10th form
programme.
29
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Preventing social exclusion - student monitoring leaves much to be
desired.
The evaluation study did not include those young people who failed to gain a
school-leaving certificate from basic education or never entered upper
secondary education. According to other research, it is young people without
vocational education who are most at risk of exclusion.
The evaluation study looked at the potential and means that educational
guidance and counselling and educational establishments have to prevent
exclusion. The study counsellors estimated that an average of 3.5 per cent of
pupils in basic education and 8.5 per cent of students in vocational education
are at risk of dropping out of or being excluded from education. According
to the estimate of the basic education principals, an average of 5–7 per cent
of their pupils were not mature enough to move from grade 6 to studies at the
upper level of comprehensive school, while some 7 per cent of comprehensive-
school pupils lacked the knowledge and skills adequate for a move to upper
secondary education. As for identifying exclusion, the study counsellors paid
attention to student absences; generally speaking, absences were monitored
satisfactorily, though not in all schools covered in the study.
The most central means used by the educational establishments to prevent
exclusion was the pupil/student welfare team, which operated in nearly all
comprehensives, in 80 per cent of the vocational upper secondary education
establishments and in half the general upper secondary schools. The evaluation
study examined also the resources for pupil/student welfare available in the
educational institutions. On average, a little less than half of them had access
to the services of a school social worker, while the services of a school
psychologists were even less common. This is problematic not only because it
means an inadequate provision of such services but also because in their
absence the study counsellors often found themselves performing also duties
that are normally the domain of a school social worker or psychologist. Such
a situation cannot be considered even tolerable.
All education providers (96 %) saw educational guidance and counselling as
an important tool for preventing exclusion but as against that, substantially
fewer (67 %) considered that they had allocated educational guidance and
counselling adequate resources.
30
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The monitoring systems operated by the education providers and the
comprehensive schools did not reach pupils belonging to the above-mentioned
at-risk groups, nor were the schools aware of their later placement in education
or working life or such information was random. It should be noted here that
Finnish schools have no regulatory obligation to monitor their pupils/students;
at the same time, such monitoring might contribute to the schools' own self-
assessment.
31
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Appendix A
a) Summed variables describing the delivery and condition of educational guidance and
counselling, which include:
1) guidance and counselling on growth and development
2) guidance and counselling on study skills and studying
3) guidance and counselling on vocational orientation
4) guidance and counselling on further studies
5) choosing a school
6) choosing a study field/educational track
7) choosing subjects
8) individual study programmes
9) access to educational guidance and counselling
10) transition in basic education from grade 6 to grade 7
11) transition from basic education to upper secondary education
12) transition from upper secondary education to working life/higher education
13) preventing exclusion.
b) Summed variables describing the preconditions and situation of educational guidance
and counselling provision, which include:
14) attitudes towards studying
15) quality of educational guidance and counselling
16) condition of and resources available for educational guidance and
counselling
17) IT standard of the educational establishment
18) study materials available for educational guidance and counselling and
their use and quality
19) the educational establishment as a counselling community
20) the status and function of educational guidance and counselling provision
as an aspect of school management and
21) regional cooperation.
c) Summed variables describing the pupil´s/student´s own development and competence
level, called in this evaluation study criterion variables, include
1) personal growth and development
2) study skills
3) vocational orientation
4) preparedness for further studies and
5) self-directedness.
32
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
References
Koulutuksen tuloksellisuuden arviointimalli [Model for evaluating educational
outcomes]. Arviointi 7/1998. Helsinki, Finland: Opetushallitus.
Moitus, S., Huttu, K., Isohanni, I., Lerkkanen, J., Mielityinen, I., Talvi, U.,
Uusi-Rauva, E. & Vuorinen R. 2001. Opinto-ohjauksen arviointi korkeakou-
luissa [An evaluation of educational guidance and counselling provision in
higher education institutions]. Korkeakoulujen arviointineuvoston julkaisuja
13:2001. Helsinki, Finland: Edita.
Numminen, U., Jankko, T., Lyra-Katz, A., Nyholm, N., Siniharju, M. & Svedlin,
R. 2002. Opinto-ohjauksen tila 2002. Opinto-ohjauksen arviointi perus-
opetuksessa, lukiossa ja ammatillisessa koulutuksessa [State of educational
guidance in 2002. An evaluation of educational guidance and counselling in
basic education, general upper secondary school and vocational upper
secondary education]. Arviointi 8/2002. Helsinki, Finland: Opetushallitus.
OECD 2000. Transition from Initial Education to Working Life. Making
Transitions Work. Education and Skills. Paris: OECD.
OECD 2002. Why Career Information, Guidance and Counselling Matter
for Public Policy. Working Draft no 1. 7.1.2002. OECD. http://www.oecd.org/
pdf/M00024000/M00024123.pdf. Printed out 15 July 2002.
Sweet, R. 2002. An International Study of Career Guidance Policies. In AVO
2001. Ammatinvalinnanohjauksen vuosikirja. Työministeriö. 69B77.
Vuorinen, J. 2000. Opinto-ohjaus - ohjausta koulunuorison keskuudessa. In
Onnismaa & al. 2000, 70-88. [Guidance and couselling amongst the youth at
schools.]
33
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Helena Kasurinen & Raimo Vuorinen
Initiatives Generated by the Results of NationalEvaluations on Guidance Provision
In Finland careers information, guidance and counselling services are provided
mainly by two public service systems: student counselling within the public
school system, and the services run by the public labour administration. Schools
have the main responsibility for student counselling, with the guidance and
counselling services of the employment offices complementing these services.
The Ministry of Education is responsible for the organisation of guidance
and counselling services in comprehensive and upper secondary schools and
in higher education. The regulations concerning the educational environments
and system are drawn by the Ministry of Education. The National Board of
Education is responsible for the national curriculum guidelines for different
school subjects, including instructions for guidance and counselling in
comprehensive and upper secondary education. In higher education,
polytechnics and universities are themselves responsible for their career services.
The results of the evaluation projects dealing with guidance and counselling
services have caused the need for development projects. After the first wide
national evaluation project in higher education several development projects
have taken place in 2000–2003. The themes of the projects have focused on
how to minimize the amount of drop -outs and how to counsel and support
the students during their study path so that they finish their studies in planned
time. Different methods used in counselling have also been developed in these
projects.
After the second evaluation project dealing with guidance and counselling
services in basic and upper secondary level education the National Board of
Education has concentrated on developing guidance and counselling services
in these educational settings. Moreover, the guidance and counselling services
delivered in adult education are evaluated in 2003 and there is a plan for
development project dealing with adult education as well.
34
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The aim of the national development project is to develop the guidance and
counselling services of different educational settings so that the local plans
for producing counselling at schools follow the new national curriculum
guidelines. The other goal is to coordinate the different projects conducted in
this area so that the good practices born in these projects could be implemented
in counselling services delivered by different educational establishments.
During the development projects the need has raised for describing the different
dimensions of producing guidance and counselling services. The frames for
the following model were developed to create the overall guidance provision
within institutional level in Häme Polytechnic (Hakulinen & Kasurinen 2002).
The goal of the model has been to have congruence between the strategic
planning and the implementation of guidance services. It is focusing both on
the practice and policy. The aim has been to illustrate the transparency of
services both for decision makers and the various service providers. In this
model guidance can be seen as a chain of services and the responsibilities of
different providers can be described in different layers. It also provides a
platform to generate common concepts for different stake holders. As a whole,
it provides one framework to make the best use of existing resources to meet
the demand of guidance services and the needs from different client groups
during the different phases of an individual learning programme.
The model has been developed further so that it can be used as a framework
in developing guidance and counselling services in different educational settings.
The overall guidance provision can be described in seven dimensions:
Contextual dimension - National decision making and policy on guidance
and counselling issues, legislation, national curriculum
guidelines, etc.
Systemic dimension - Description of the contexts, development of the
local and schools' curricula, to what extent individual programmes are
possible, how faculties support the individuals, how the teaching is
organised etc.
Time dimension - Guidance services during different phases of the
individual learning program; pre-entry, entry, on-programme, exit,
follow-up.
Content dimension - Marketing, information, guidance by means of
different communication channels and methods, and the focus of the
counselling practice during different phases of the study path.
35
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Area dimension - Psycho-social support, personal guidance, career
guidance, educational guidance.
Responsibility dimension - There must be an institutional plan, which
describes the areas of responsibilities for staff members producing
guidance and counselling services in different phases of the student's
learning programmes.
Methodological dimension - Description of the methods and facilities,
which are in use and how these methods are used.
This model allows variations of the service delivery modes. It also helps to
illustrate the services which can be seen by the users (the 'front office') and the
mechanism which is planning and managing the services (the 'back office').
The model can be completed in more details by the various stakeholders in
institutional level. The time before pre-entry phase is also included in the model
in educational establishments. Planning and co-operation of the staff before
the following study term and student election is included in the model. In each
spring the staff should evaluate how they have managed to reach the goals
settled for guidance and counselling and after that plan again how guidance
and counselling services will be organised in the following year.
The evaluations of counselling and guidance services revealed that the services
have not been able to meet the growing need of counselling among students
in every educational stage. On institutional level the feedback mechanisms are
weak and there is a need for stronger strategic planning and leadership in the
guidance delivery.
The ministry of Education and the National Board of Education have already
taken concrete steps to promote guidance policies and practice. These steps
are concrete evidences of the effectiveness of the evaluation processes. At the
end of 2003 the National Board of Education executes the new national
guidelines for guidance provision and career education in comprehensive and
upper secondary level general education. These guidelines describe the overall
goals of guidance and the minimum level of the content of the curricula.
Additionally the municipalities are required to provide a strategic and operational
plan for the guidance provision and the regular evaluation of services. The
new curriculum guidelines for vocational education were executed in 1999.
These guidelines follow the same principals as those of general education.
36
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
In addition to the new guidelines the National Board of Education (NBE)
has also made the following national initiatives to promote the guidance policies
and practices:
1) Development of the overall provision of guidance and counselling
services in educational settings. External support for educational
institutes in comprehensive and secondary level and adult
education. Support for regional projects related to transition phases
and cross-sectoral cooperation.
2) Training of school staff and municipal officials for implementation
of the new curriculum guidelines.
3) Evaluation of guidance provision. Development of criteria and
methodology. National Web-based questionnaire for institutional
evaluation is developed in NBE.
4) National programme for in-service training of student counsellors.
The goal is to develop professional expertise of practitioners.
Development of methodology and materials in Career
Management. Student counsellor training units: development of
initial training.
5) Training of regional consultants who are working as student
counsellors in different educational settings. The regional
consultants organise and produce in-service training for teachers in
basic guidance skills and essence of guidance services. In
cooperation with the Ministry of Education NBE is influencing
teacher training units and teacher training programmes to include
guidance issues in training of the future teachers.
The other group of regional consultants provides in-service training for
student counsellors in developing web-based counselling skills. National
3-level in-service training programme for practitioners is developed in
NBE.
6) Management skills of the principals, knowledge on guidance. Holistic
approach and understanding of guidance goals and services. NBE: the
goal is to influence the content of the initial and in-service training of
school principals.
37
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
7) Guidance services for students with special needs. Training for guidance
professionals in skills to meet students with special needs. Skills for cross-
sectoral co-operation. Student counsellor training units: counsellor
training programmes and in-service training for counsellors.
8) Co-operation with labour market. Integrated and embedded in national
curriculum guidelines.
9) Guidance in transition phases. Guidance in transitional phases will be
developed by means of cross-sectoral co-operation: NBE, Ministry of
Labour, Ministry of Education and Ministry for Social Affairs and Health,
and National joint expert group.
On comprehensive and secondary level the National Board of Education
will implement next year a web-based service to support the institutional
evaluation of guidance. National in-service training and regional pilot
projects will also be promoted. One strategic initiative is to embed
guidance policy issues in national in-service training programs for
principals and school administration personnel.
Within higher education during the next annual contract between the
universities and the ministry of education all the universities must be
able to provide a concrete plan how they are improving the guidance
provision. Additionally, they must have a strategy how they are promoting
guidance issues within the development of new study programs. Within
polytechnics the Ministry of Education is funding regional projects in
developing guidance provision.
39
The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Raimo Vuorinen & Helena Kasurinen
Promoting National Guidance Policies
The Institute for Educational Research at the University of Jyväskylä together
with the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Labour and the National Board
of Education hosted a national seminar entitled: "The future of guidance and
counselling in Finland 2002–2012? - A national seminar on policies for
Information, Guidance and Counselling". The goal of the seminar was to
summarise the results of the national parallel evaluations on guidance provision
and promote further discussions on guidance policies in the next national
strategy for education and research 2003–2008. The seminar organiser
published also a book "Guidance and counselling in Finland 2002". This
publication provides background materials for national joint discussions around
the results of these national evaluations.
The national guidance policy seminar hosted about 250 delegates, policy leaders,
regional authorities, trainers, researchers, stake holders and practitioners. The
delegates were representing both the educational sector and public employment
services. The role of guidance in preventing social exclusion was emphasised
in key note speeches. The importance of long term strategic development to
meet the challenges of the recently published evaluation reports was also
highlighted.
During the second seminar day there were eight parallel workshops for
following themes:
- Why guidance matter for public policy?
- Guidance policies in comprehensive and secondary level education.
- Guidance policies in higher education.
- Guidance policies in adult education.
- Guidance policies in public employment services.
- Policies for multicultural guidance?
- National policies for ICT in guidance.
- Policies for training of career professionals, guidance policies
within the training programmes.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
The overall focus however, was life long and life wide guidance and counselling.
The workshops made concrete initiatives for further development. The most
crucial policy statement was the lack of trained practitioners. The participants
promoted more coherent national and regional strategies for cross-sectoral
co-operation. There is also a strong need to benchmark good practises in
institutional guidance provision. There is a need for policies for guidance within
transitional stages during life long learning processes. The practitioners need
also learning environments for maintaining and developing their professional
expertise and promoting regional guidance policies. One concrete proposal
was to further develop the current web-based resource centre (http://
www.asiantuntijaluotsi.net) from this perspective. The aim of the service is to
coordinate national networks in guidance and to support the professional
development of their members. Another goal is to strengthen cooperation
between different bodies and sectors of government in the field of guidance.
The service provides currently tools for sharing policy documents among policy
leaders and practitioners. It provides also materials for local policy decisions.
The service hosts also mailing lists and discussion groups for national and
regional purposes. One of the new features will be a national data base of
guidance providers. This will help communication among the practitioners
and policy makers.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
References
Guidance. Educational and Vocational Guidance in Finland. 2001. Ministry
of Labour, Ministry of Education, National Board of Education & CIMO.
Hakulinen, R. & Kasurinen, H. (2002) Ohjaus ammattikorkeakoulu-
opiskelijoiden palvelujärjestelmänä - luonnos ohjauksen kehittämiseksi Hä-
meen ammattikorkeakoulussa. [Guidance as an overall service for students in
a polytechnic - a framework for guidance services in Häme polytechnic].
Policies for Information, Guidance and Counselling Services. National
questionnaire, Finland. 2002. OECD.
Vuorinen, R. & Kasurinen, H. (Eds.) Ohjaus Suomessa 2002 (Counselling in
Finland 2002). 2002. Jyväskylä. Institute for Educational Research.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Appendix 1
The Finnish Educational System
The Finnish educational system is described in Figure A. The children start
the pre-school education as 6-years-olds. Compulsory education begins in the
autumn of the year a child turns to seven. The comprehensive school lasts
nine years. There are not any different educational tracks inside the Finnish
comprehensive education but the students study according to nearly similar
study programme. In the new distribution of teaching hours for comprehensive
education (2002) there are 13 annual week lessons for elective studies during
the nine years.
The compulsory education ends at the age 16, but virtually nearly all young
people remain in full-time education for a further three years either continuing
their general education in the upper secondary general schools (54 %) or
entering the vocational education (36 %). Compulsory schools also offer
voluntary extra study opportunities, additional 10th form for those who have
not managed to get a study place in further education institutions (about 3 %
in age group). About 7 % in each age group remains outside the school system
after compulsory education.
Upper secondary schools provide general education. Upper secondary
education leads to the national matriculation examination. Students in upper
secondary education can plan their personal study plan within the limits of
course supply and the maximum time allowed for completing studies.
In Finland the vocational system is highly developed and young people can
select from over 100 different fields. Student counsellors play a significant
role in guiding young people to choose from this wide range of vocational
alternatives. Although an apprenticeship system exists, very few young people
select that track.
Students of upper secondary general and vocational schools can also include
courses from other educational and training institutions in their study
programme. Students in vocational schools can select courses offered by upper
secondary schools, and students in upper secondary schools can include their
study programme vocational schools' courses. This kind of possibility to plan
personal study programmes increases the need for counselling services in both
educational settings.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Both the students who have chosen the upper secondary general education
and those who have studied in vocational education can continue their studies
either in universities or polytechnics.
The primary way to apply for admission to upper secondary education
institutions, upper secondary schools, vocational schools and folk high schools,
and to polytechnics in the higher education sector, is the national joint
application system. Most of the students are selected on the basis of their
school certificates and grades. Generally, the universities select their students
on the basis of the combination of the grades and the results of entrance
examinations.
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The State of Educational Guidande and Councelling in Finland
Writers
Helena Kasurinen, PhD, Counsellor of Education. National Board of
Education.
Ulla Numminen, M.A., Counsellor of Education. National Board of Education
Raimo Vuorinen, Researcher, Licensiate of Education, Institute for Educational
Research, University of Jyväskylä