“evaluation of different market samples of …

AND ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS.”
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
Co- Guide Dr. YALLAPPA G.K M.D (Ayu.)
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIGNANA
K.V.G. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL SULLIA – 574327
2014
i
BENGALURU, KARNATAKA
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of different
market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmacognostic and
analytical parameters’ is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me
under the guidance of Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI T.R, M.D (Ayu.), and co-guidance
of Dr. YALLAPPA G.K, M.D (Ayu.) in the Department of Post Graduate Studies in
Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College, Sullia.
Place: Sullia Dr. HITHA.M
Dravyaguna Vignana
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of different market
samples of Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.) by pharmocognostic and analytical
parameters’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda,
under my guidance.
Professor Department of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna Vignana K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia
iii
CERTIFICATE BY THE CO-GUIDE
samples of Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and analytical
parameters’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M in partial
under my guidance.
Reader Dept. of P.G. Studies in
Dravyaguna Vignana K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia
iv
CERTIFICATE BY THE H.O.D.
samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and analytical
parameters.’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M in partial
under my guidance.
M.D(Ayu.), Ph.D( Ayu.)
v
ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION
samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and analytical
parameters ’ is a bonafide research work done by Dr. HITHA.M under the guidance
of Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI T.R in the Department of Post Graduate studies in
Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia.
Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N. M.D (Ayu.), Ph.D(Ayu.)
Professor and Head
and Hospital, Sullia.
Prof. Dr. N. S. SHETTAR BSAM, BAMS(Int), M.D (Ayu. ), CY Ed
Principal
COPYRIGHT
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that The Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation/
thesis in print or electronic format for academic/ research purpose.
Date:
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.Karnataka
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On this occasion of the successful completion of my dissertation, I Bow on
the feet of Lord Almighty whose kindness always helped me to achieve my goal.
I am very much happy to dedicate this work to my beloved Parents ,Husband
and Family whose prayers and support made me to complete this job successfully.
I wholeheartedly thank Late Dr. Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda, Founder,
K.V.G. Academy of Liberal educations, and Dr. K. V. Chidananda, Vicepresident,
Academy Of Liberal educations, for giving me an opportunity to study in this
institution.
I avail this opportunity to thank Dr. N. S. Shettar, Principal, K.V.G.A.M.C.
for evincing keen interest in my endeavors and for continued encouragement.
It is a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to
my Guide Dr. Bhagyalakshmi T.R for her indefatigable guidance. I offer my
sincere thanks for her scholarly guidance in carrying out this research work.
I am fortunate for having been associated with my co-guide
Dr. Yallappa G.K. I pay my heartily thanks for his continuous optimism concerning
the work, encouragement and support, which paved the way for the successful
completion of the work.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.Rajasekhara, HOD,
Department of Dravyaguna, K.V.G.A.M.C,Sullia.
I thank Dr.Nawaz, Scientist, TBGRI,Palode, Thiruvananthapuram for giving
me permission for the collection of genuine sample for my study.
I am also indebted to Dr.Rama devi and Dr.Jayanthi, Research centre,
Kottakkal and to all the staff members, Care keralam, Koratty, Thrissur for helping
me with the analytical study.
I express my deep gratitude to my respected teachers Dr. Rohini Bharadwaj,
Dr. Leeladhar D.V, Dr.Vijayalakshmi P.B, Dr. Kavitha B.M, Dr. Avinash K.V,
Dr. Purushotham K.G, Dr. Harshitha M and all the other teachers for their
valuable suggestions.
viii
I am grateful to the office superintendent Mr. Chandrakumar K., all the
staff members, and the librarians for their support.
I share the credit of my work with all my collegues Dr. Vinitha V Nair,
Dr.Harikrishnan, Dr.Deepak Sudhi, Dr. Padmaja, Dr. Haritha. A.H, Dr.Giby
Abraham, Dr.Sreejith,Dr. Soumyasree, Dr. Mathew K Sam, Dr. Varghese
Thomas, Dr.Rakesh, Dr. Archana Kalluraya and all the Seniors and Juniors who
helped me during my work.
I am very much thankful to my batch mates for their help and support during
the study.
I am extremely happy to open the door of my greatful heart for my dear
parents, Mr. M.Gangadharan and Mrs. A.Usha, whose love and care with total
support and encouragement enhanced me to achieve my ever-cherished ambition and
dream.
My heart is full with gratitude to my dear husband Mr. Manu .B for his
continuous support.
I express my deep gratitude to my loving family members
Mr.Jayasuryan, Haritha and Sidharth, for their affection and benediction, which
were intuitive during the entire phase of study.
Last but not least I express my deepest thankfulness to all the persons who
have helped me a lot directly or indirectly in completing this research.
Apart from this all, my thesis work is dedicated to those who intensely loved
me and cared me without expectation. This dream is completed only because of their
good wishes.
Bha.Ni Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
B.S Bangasena Samhita
ext Extract
F Fluorescence
Kal. Kalpasthana
Khi. Khilasthana
Su. Sutrasthana
xi
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda the holistic system of medicine gives a total approach to health,
healing and longevity. Primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of
plants available to him.
Many of commercial manufacturers are producing ayurvedic formulations by
using raw drugs bought from different markets of the country. Some of the drugs are
adulterated or substituted. Adultration in market samples is one of the greatest
drawbacks in promotion of herbal products.
Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) is one of the most used drug in ayurveda.
Bhavaprakasha has mentioned Chaturjata in which one of the drug is Nagakesara.
Objectives
• To procure the different market samples of Nagakesara flower and genuine
sample from natural habitat
• To compare the market samples with genuine sample by Pharmacognostic and
Phyto-chemical parameters.
• Collection of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) flower from natural habitat
and procurement of different market samples of Nagakesara.
• Pharmacognostic study of market and genuine samples
• Market samples are collected from the different parts of India such as -
Thrissur, Delhi, kolkatta, and Pune for the present study.
• Aqueous and alcohol (Methanol) extraction of all the samples were carried
out.
was done.
xii
• Qualitative analysis by T.L.C and H.P.T.L.C of alcohol extract was carried out
for all samples.
• For the HPTLC work TLC chamber,silica gel G precoated plate,UV
chamber,automotive sample applicator and HPTLC scanner are used.
• Estimation of alkaloid percentage of all samples was done.
Result
After the pharmacognostic and analytical study Pune market sample values are
very nearer to Genuine sample.
Keywords: Pharmacognostical, analytical, Pune, Delhi, Thrissur, Kolkatta.
xiii
CONTENTS
4 METHODOLOGY 48
6 DISCUSSION 108
7 CONCLUSION 115
8 SUMMARY 117
7 References of Nagakesara in Chakradutta 11
8 References of Nagakesara in Rajamartanda 11
9 References of Nagakesara tn Vangasena Samhita 12
10 References of Nagakesara in Bhavaprakasha 12
11 References of Nagakesara in Gada Nigraha 13
12 Synonyms of Nagakesara 20
13 Gana/Varga of Nagakesara 21
14 Taxonomical classification of Mesua ferrea Linn. 23
15 Chemical Constituents of Nagakesara 28
16 Parts used according to different texts 30
17 Rasa panchaka of Nagakesara 31
18 Panchabhoutikatwa of the drug 31
19 Doshagnatha of Nagakesara 32
20 Karma of Nagakesara 32
21 Rogagnatha of Nagakesara 33
22 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Bhaishajya ratnavali 37
23 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Sharangadhara Samhita 37
24 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Yogaratnakara 38
25 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Yogatharangini 38
26 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Sahasrayogam 39
27 Macroscopic features of different samples 66
28 Powder microscopic characters 81
29 Organoleptic characters 81
31 Physical characters of aqueous extraction of different samples 83
32 Physical characters of alcoholic extraction of different samples 84
33 Physical characters of benzene extraction of different samples 84
34 Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of different samples 85
35 Phytochemical analysis of alcohol extract of different samples 85
36 Phytochemical analysis of Chloroform extract of different
samples
86
37 Phytochemical analysis of Ether extract of different samples 87
38 Inorganic constituents in different samples 88
39 Fluorescence characteristics 88
40 Alkaloid percentage 89
41 TLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples 92
42 HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples @254
nm
94
43 HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples @366
nm
98
xvi
1 Rf values of Sample 1 @ 254nm 95
5 Rf values of Sample G @ 254nm 97
10 Rf values of Sample G @ 354nm 101
LIST OF PLATES
1 Chemical structure of Mesuaxanthone A 29
2 Chemical structure of Mesuaxanthone B 29
3 Chemical structure of Mesuol 29
xvii
3 Whole tree of Mesua ferrea Linn. 27
4 TS of Anther(Pune sample) 67
5 TS of Mature anther lobe(Sample G) 67
6 Entire Stamen (Sample G) 68
7 Microscopic character of Sample 3 68
8 Cross-sectional views of Petals (Sample 2) 70
10 Cross-sectional views of Sepals (Sample 2) 71
16 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 1 74
22 Powder microscopic picture of Sample G 79
23 Powder microscopic picture of Sample G 80
24 TLC of Sample G,Under UV 254 nm 89
25 TLC of Sample G,Under UV 366 nm 89
26 TLC of Sample G,After derivatization 90
xviii
27 TLC of alcohol extract of Nagakesara @254 nm 90
28 TLC of alcohol extract of Nagakesara @366 nm 91
29 Market Sample 1 (Pune) 103
30 Market Sample 2 (Kolkatta) 103
31 Market Sample 3 (Delhi) 104
32 Market Sample 4 (Thrissur) 104
33 Sample G – Genuine 105
34 Choorna of Sample 1 105
38 Choorna of Sample G 107
xix
Introduction
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda the holistic system of medicine gives a total approach to health,
healing and longevity. The use of plants as medicine is older than recorded history. It
was an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Primitive man
observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him.
The knowledge of the plants began with use and ends in use. In pre historic
age, man started to use plants around him in various ways as diet and drug. Later on
when the concepts were developed their possible mode of action was studied and
their properties were defined scientifically. The object of this scientific knowledge
was again to enable physician to make judicious use in a more effective way.
According to Charaka, the physician is distinguished by the knowledge of their
judicious use in various disorders in order to alleviate human suffering. He adds that a
plant even if well identified creates havoc if not used properly.
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‘The proper use makes a good remedy even out of poison while a good medicinal
plants acts as poison if used improperly’1.
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According to charaka, ‘the best among physicians is that who knows the
external and internal administration of medicinal plants, their combination and their
rational use’2.
Introduction
During the medieval period with the identification of newer species many
more drugs were added to the list of substitutes.This provided the physician a great
scope for selection of drug, which is most appropriate and easily available. The crude
drugs are substituted with the inferior commercial varieties and are use as adulterant
which may or may not have any therapeutic potential as that of original drug.The
concept of substitution prevailed age back and in ayurveda we can find this in the
treatise of Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara.They provided the substitutes for the
various plant products which contributed tremendously for better clinical approach.
Later during the modern era in an attempt to conserve the flora,various plants
parts especially the aerial parts were screened for different pharmacological
activities and emerged with encouraging results.This provided a new dimension for
substitution.Substitution of the herbs is the need of the hour with more than 300
medicinal plants becoming red listed.The most essential criteria for this is the
pharmacological activity rather than morphology or phytoconstituents.Substitution of
herbs achieved many goals through basic idea was to provide similar therapeutic
effect as that of original drug.It provided a greater scope for the physician to utilize
herbs that are easily available,cost effective and most appropriate for the clinical
condition.It enriched Materia Medica with the survey of natural resourses,and
contributed for conservation of flora.The manufacturers need to identify the source
plant and utilize to achieve better therapeutic efficacy.
Plant materials are used throughout the developed and developing world as
home remedies, in over-the-counter drug products, and as raw material for the
pharmaceutical industry, and they represent a substantial proportion of the global
drug market. Therefore, it is essential to establish internationally recognized
guidelines for assessing their quality.
Introduction
In present days Ayurvedic physicians are largely dependent on market,both for
raw drugs as well as formulations.Indiscriminate use of adulterants in place of
genuine drug in the herbal markets is becoming rampet.Adulteration in market
samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in promotion of herbal products.To curb
such malpractices this is an attempt and a step ahead to study the different samples of
Nagakesara and establish its genuinity.
Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)is one of the most used drug in ayurveda.It is
used in different disorders like raktharshas, rakthatisara, shopha, kushta, visarpa.
Sarangadhara emphasized ‘Nagakesara’(Mesua ferrea Linn.) as the best drug for
Pachana3.It has important formulations like Kanakarishtam,Kalyanaka ghrutam,
Jeevantyadi choornam, Bala tailam.Bhavaprakasha has mentioned ‘chaturjata’ in
which one of the drug is Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)4
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. and Cinnamomum Tamala Nees &Eberm are
reported to be sold as Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)5
So it is necessary to compare the quality of genuine and market raw
materials on the basis of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation. Thus the
present study is intended to find which is the reliable source of Nagakesara(Mesua
ferrea Linn.) by comparing the values with Genuine sample based on the
pharmacognostical and analytical study.Samples were collected from different
markets of Pune,Kolkatta,Delhi and Thrissur on April 2013.
OUTLINE OF PROPOSED DISSERTATION WORK:
The present study is undertaken and presented in the following chapters.
1) Introduction: This chapter deals with brief description about Ayurveda, and
plan of present study.
Introduction
2) Objectives: This chapter points out the aims and objectives of the study with
hypothesis.
3) Review of literature:
a. Drug Review: The detail description about drug for a clear cut drug
identity both classical and modern drug review was done.
4) Methodology: Given in 2 sections.
a) Pharamacognostical study: In this chapter,macroscopic and
microscopic study of flower of Nagakesara is described.
b) Analytical study: As a step towards standardization of the drug. It was
subjected to physico-chemical analysis and phyto-chemical analysis.
5) Observation and Result: Results of the research work are enlisted in this
chapter.
6) Discussion: The observation made during analytical study are discussed to
arrive at proper conclusions. Probable mode of action of the drug and further
scope of the study elucidated here.
7) Conclusion: Finally, the essence of this dissertation is enlightened.
8) Summary: Precise form of the dissertation
Objectives
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the present study are as follows –
1. Pharmacognostical study of all the samples collected from market
2. To compare the genuine sample of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)with
different market samples on the basis of pharmacognostic and phytochemical
study.
4. Preliminary phytochemical analysis
a). TLC
b). HPTLC
6. To compile and compare the data generated during the study to find out
whether there is any significant differences exist in pharmacognostical and
phytochemical profiles of different market samples.
Review of Literature
3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.1. DRUG REVIEW- NAGAKESARA
Botanical name : Mesua ferrea Linn.
The nirukti of word Nagakesara signifies that it is a plant characterized by flowers
with hooded petals.
VEDIC PERIOD
Nagakesara is a well known plant;the reference regarding this drug could be
traced out in Vedas.
• In Garuda Mahapurana,Nagakesara has been mentioned along with other
Oushadi samuha8.
INTRODUCTION TO THE DRUG
Mesua ferrea (Ceylon Ironwood,Cobras saffron) is a species in the family
Clusiacea.The plant is named after the heaviness of its timber and cultivated in
tropical climates for its form,foliage and fragrant flowers.It is native to tropical Sri
Lanka but also cultivated in Assam,Southern Nepal,Indochina and the Malay
Peninsula.
The National Ironwood forest is a 238 acre forest in Sri Lanka where Mesua
ferrea trees dominate the vegetation. It is the National tree of Sri Lanka. It is said that
during King Dappula 1V’s period (8th century AD)this forest was created and the
remaining trees are the shoots of it.Hence it is considered the oldest man made forest
in Sri Lanka.According to botanists this is the only Ironwood forest in the dry zone
with wet zone vegetation9.
Nagakesara is a very well known plant widely available in all parts of
India.References regarding the drug Nagakesara is available in ayurvedic
classics.According to the available references,Nagakesara plays a significant role in
the treatment of many diseases.We do come across Nagakesara in Brihatrayi
texts.From this it is clear that Nagakesara is known during the ancient period itself.
HISTORICAL REVIEW:
In Kautilya Arthasastram, the drug has been mentioned along with other
drugs10. The Description of this drug is mentioned in Samhitas like Charaka
Samhita,Susrutha Samhita,Ashtanga Sangraha and Ashtanga Hridaya and also
Nighantus like Madanapala Nighantu,Nighantu Adarsha,Raja Nighantu,
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,Shaligrama Nighantu,Kaiyadeva Nighantu,Priya Nighantu
etc.
Nighantukaras explained Nagakesara in detail.They have explained its
medicinal uses along with its morphology and identification features with the help of
synonyms.Text books of modern period such as Dravyaguna Vignana by P.V.Sharma
and Gyanendra Pandey,The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India,Wealth of
India,Ayurvedic Materia Medica and other journals written by recent scholars also
Give more of information about the Nagakesara.
SAMHITA PERIOD
compiled below.
Table No. 1. Showing references of Nagakesara in Charaka samhita.
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO.
1 Content of Chandanadya taila Chi.3/258
2 Content of Kanakarishtam Chi.14/162
3 In Visarpa,Nagakesara+other drugs are used Chi.21/72
4 Preperation of Lajapeya Chi.14/199
5 In Rakthapitta chikitsa Chi.4/67
6 Visarpa chikitsa Chi.21/57
8 Content of Kalyanaka ghritam Chi.9/36
9 In Vruna Chikitsa Chi.25/47
10 Used in Arshas along with Navaneetha Chi.14/210
2.SUSRUTHA SAMHITA(1000B.C)12
Table No.2 Showing references of Nagakesara in Susrutha Samhita:
1 Used in Kapha jwara Ut.39/187
2 Content of Twagadi panaka Ut.47/33
3 Explained in Murcha pratishedham Ut.46/17
4 Used in Pana vibhrama chikitsa Ut.47/41
5 In Panathyaya Nagapushpa+Maricha+Jeeraka+Twak
is used
3. ASHTANGASANGRAHA(5th A.D)13
GANA’.
Table No.3 Showing references of Nagakesara in Ashtanga sangraha:
1 Mentioned under Anjanadi gana Su.16/6
2 Mentioned under Eladi gana Su.16/23
3 Used in Prayogika dhooma Su.14/7
4 Pittasamana drvya Su.14/11
various references of Nagakesara are given below.
6 Content of Ajeya ghruta Kal.2/47
7 Explained in Mooshakavisha agadayoga Kal.5/83
8 Explained under Anjanadi gana Su.38/41
9 Explained under Vachadi gana Su.38/26
10 Explained under Priyangvadi gana Su.38/45
Table No.4 Showing references of Nagakesara in Ashtanga Hridayam:
SL. NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO:
1 Mentioned under Eladi gana Su.15/43
2 Nagakesara and other drugs used in Madatyaya chikitsa Chi.7/44-45
3 Used along with other drugs in Timira Ut.13/65
4 Use of Nagakesara in Visha pratishedha adhyaya Ut.35/24
5 Lepa of Nagapushpa+other drugs in Sarpavisha Chikitsa Ut.36/63
6 Chaturjatha guna Su.6/160
Table No.5,Showing references of Nagakesara in Kasyapa Samhita:
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Andhaputana Chikitsa Chi. 4 /52
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Chardi due to Pitta Khi.10/121
6. HARITA SAMHITA16
1 Lehya of Nagakesara+other drugs mentioned in
raktapitta
10/73
3 Ingredient of Eladi gudika in Arshas 11 /54
4 Ingredient of Mustadya Vataka in Arshas 11/69
5 Ingredient of Bhallataka guda in Arshas 11/72
6 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Chalita garbha
Chikitsa
50/5
7.CHAKRADUTTA(11th A.D)17
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA.NO
1 Ingredient of Sivagutika in Rasayanadhikara 66/175
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Trushna nivaranam 64/58
3 Ingredient of Kutajadya ghritam in Arshas 5/128
4 Nagakesara is used along with other drugs in Kushta chikitsa 50/30
5 Ingredient of Chandanadya taila in Rajayakshma chikitsa 10/88
6 Ingredient of Lavangadya choornam in Rajayakshma
chikitsa
10/19
8. RAJAMARTANDA (11th A.D)18
1 Nagakesara choorna in Vandyatva 30/77
2 Ingredient of Kushtadi choorna 33/90
3 Ingredient of Marichadi lepam in Makshika damsam 29/71
4 Ingredient of Manjishtadi lepa in Luta visha 29/73
9.VANGASENA SAMHITA(12th A.D)19
1 Ingredient of dasanga dhoopa in visharogadhikara 121,pg.no711
2 Ingredient of lakshadi ghrita in balarogadhikara 158,pg.no698
3 Garbhotpatana vidhi in strirogadhikara 145,pg.no666
4 Sasalya netra chikitsa in netrarogadhikara 573,pg.no644
5 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in visphota 27,pg.no532
6 Ingredient of Padmaka ghrita in visphota 34,pg.no533
7 Ingredient of narikelamrutha in amlapitta 69,pg.no523
8 Ingredient of Narikelakhanda in amlapitta 54,pg.no522
10. BHAVAPRAKASHA(16th A.D)20
1 Choorna+Takra in Sveta pradara 69/11
2 Ingredient of Kunkumadi Tailam in Kshudra rogadhikara 61/47
3 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Visphota 58/25
4 Ingredient of Amra ballataka avalehya in Kushta 54/79
5 Ingredient of Mahaballataka avalehya in Kushta 54/98
11. GADA NIGRAHA:21
SL. NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Explained in Pradara chikitsa 44, Pg.No 453
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Luta visha 4, Pg.No 589
3 Lepa of Nagakesara+other drugs mentioned in makshika
visha
NIGHANTU PERIOD
The era of nighantu is very much important for the systematic study of drugs.Most
of the nighantus explained about Nagakesara.
Dhanwantari Nighantu(10th century A.D)22
VARGA and also mentions about different paryayas, its rasa,doshaghnata
and rogaghnata.
and also explains about the karma,doshaghnata and rogaghnata.It also explains
about chaturjata guna.
nighantu explains about the different paryayas.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu(15th century A.D)25
nighantu explains about the different synonyms, its guna,karma and its
rogaghnata.It also explains about Chaturjataka guna.
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu: (16th Century A.D)26
Bhavamisra mentions this drug under KARPURADI VARGA explains about
the paryayas,gunas and karma.
Raja Nighantu mentions this drug under PIPALYADI VARGA explains
about different paryayas,rasa,veerya,doshaghnata and matra.
Shaligrama Nighantu Bhooshanam(19th century A.D)28
Shaligrama Nighantu mentions this drug under KARPURADI VARGA.It also
explains about the paryayas.
MODERN PERIOD
Modern period is the period just after nighantu period.Nagakesara is explained
in most of the modern books and as follows.
Priya Nighantu: (20th century A.D)29
In this nighantu,Nagakesara is grouped under HAREETHAKYADI VARGA and
explains about the guna,karma and its rogaghnata.
Nighantu adarsha:(20th century A.D)30
paryayas,utpatti sthana,upayuktha anga,rasadi gunas,upayoga and amaika
prayogas.
DravyagunaVijnana: By Dr. Gynanendra Pandey.32
He has explained in detail the vernacular names, morphology, chemical
composition, pharmacodynamics, properties and action, therapeutic uses, part
used, dosage of the drug
Dravyaguna Vijnana: By Dr. J.L.N. Shastry33.
Detailed description about its morphology,chemical constituents,classical
categorization,properties,useful parts,yogas,dosage and research works.
Dravyaguna Vijanana: By D.S. Lucas34.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, habit, parts used, guna, doshakarma,
rogaghnakarma, roganivaraka karma and dosage of the drug.
Dravyaguna vijnana:By Dr.V.G Neginhal35
A handbook of Dravyaguna:By Prof.J.K Ojha36
Explains about its morphology, habitat, Chemical constituents,part used, dose,
therapeutic uses and preperations.
Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants: By P.V. Sharma37.
Therapeutic uses of the drug which is classically mentioned is described.
Dravyaguna Hastamalaka by Banavarilal Misra38.
Describes distribution, morphology, guna-karma, therapeutic uses, parts used and
dosage of the drug.
Medicinal plants of India with special reference to Ayurveda:By C.K.N.Nair,
N.Mohanan39
Pushpayurveda :By P.V. Sharma.40
Sodasanga hrudayam: By P.V Sharma41
Brief description about Nagakesara is available.
Ayurvedic Thesaurus or Paryaya Kosa(Herbs and Diseases):By Kanchiv
Lochan42
M.Abdul Kareem43
Description regarding its distribution,parts used,properties and uses.
Indian Medicinal Plants: By Kirtikar K.R. and B.D. Basu45
Detailed description regarding the morphology, uses and vernacular names is
available in the text.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses.
Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics: By R.N.Khory and
N.N.Katrak47.
Constituents, preparations, action and uses are available.
Medicinal plants of India:By K.M. Nadkarni48.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses of the drug.
Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda:By G.S. Lavekar, Sharma,
Yelne, Dennis49
chemical constituents, physical constants, pharmacological activities,
formulations,therapeutic uses,substitutes and adulterants,propagation and
cultivation.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India50
Describes in details the vernacular names, macroscopic and microscopic
description, identity, purity and strength, TLC, chemical constituents, properties
and actions, important formulations, therapeutic uses and dosage of the drug.
Wealth of India51
available.
A Handbook of Medicinal plants a complete source book:By Prajapati,
Purohit, Sharma and Kumar.52
constituents and uses of the drug is mentioned.
Agro’s colour atlas of Medicinal Plants: By Prajapati and Purohit53
Describes vernacular names of the drug.
Medicinal Plants of India vol-1 Karnataka: By S.N.Yoganarasimhan54
Description regarding distribution, therapeutic uses, chemical constituents,
indications are available.
uses.
Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: By Irfan Ali Khan
and Atiya Khanum56
A dictionary of medicinal plants:By A.S Sandhu and A.P Singh57
Mentioned about habitat,part used,chemical constituents and medicinal uses.
The useful plants of India:By Colonel Heber Drury58
Explains about the botanical description,medicinal and economical uses.
Medicinal plants of India,An Encyclopedia:By Dr.Ravindra Sharma59
Explains about its morphology and uses.
Medicinal herbs and flowers:By Prof.Supriya kumar Bhattacharjee and Dr.L.C
De60
Flora of Udupi :By K. Gopalkrishna Bhatt61
Morphology of the plant is described.
Indian medicinal plants:By Dr.Prakash Paranjpe62
Mentioned about its morphology,chemical constituents, ayurvedic properties,
medicinal uses and ayurvedic preperations.
Handbook of Aromatic Plants:By Prof.Supriya Kumar Bhattacharjee63
Mentioned about characteristic features of Guttiferae family and also mentioned
about the drug,its morphology,distribution,economical usages.
SYNONYMS WITH NIRUKTI 64,65
In the olden days,the prevailing system of description of a medicinal plant
was through various synonyms that were indicative of its physical characters,
properties, actions, habitat, therapeutic uses,specific natural characteristics etc.
Hence, the knowledge of synonyms of the drugs play an important role in
identifying a plant botanically in the present era.
NIRUKTI
) : - : || (. )
) : - : || (. )
) : - || (. )
‘Nagakesara’ is a plant characterised by flowers with hooded petals.
) - : || (. )
) - : || (. )
) - : || ( )
It is having golden yellow stamens.
) : - : : ||
( .)
Liked by elephants.
) : - || ( .)
Fruits are pitcher- shaped.
) - | || ( .)
It is called as because of its height.
) : - :|| ( .)
Gods like it.
SYNONYMS
Table No.12, Showing the Synonyms of Nagakesara according to different
acharyas:
Nagapushpam + - - + + - + + +
Nagarenuka - - - - - - - - -
Nageeyam - - - - - + - - -
Phanikesara - - - - - + - - -
Pincharam - - - - - + - - -
Punnagakesara - - - - - + + - -
Pushparechana - - - - - - + - -
Rukmam - - - - - + + - -
Shadpadapriya - - - - - - + - -
Suvarnakya - - - - - - + - -
Suvarnam - - - - - + + - -
CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification means the grouping of drugs having similar characteristic
features,properties and actions.In most of the Nighantus,the groups named according
to their first drug belonging to that group like Guduchyadi Varga,Haretakyadi Varga
etc.
acharyas20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
4 Kayyadeva nighantu Oshadi varga
5 Bhavaprakasha nighantu Karpooradi varga
6 Raja nighantu Pippalyadi varga
7 Saligrama nighantu Karpooradi varga
8 Priya nighantu Harithakyadi varga
9 Nighantu adarsha Nagapushpadi varga
VERNACULAR NAMES45,51
Indian Languages
1.Assam : Nahor
2.Bengali : Nagesar,Nagkesar
5.Behar : Nagkeshur
6.Bombay : Nagchampa
7.Burma : Gangaru
8.Punjab : Nagkesara
9.Tamil : Irul,Nagappu,Nangu,Sirunagappu,Naganchampakam
16. Uriya : Nageshvar
17.Marathi : Nagachampa
Family Name : CLUSIACEAE
Mesua pedunculata Wight
Mesua speciosa Chois
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridaeplantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Subphylum Euphyllophytina
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Dilleniidae
Superorder Theanae
Order Malpighiales
Family Clusiaceae
Subfamily Kielmeyeroideae
Tribe Calophylleae
Genus Mesua
Mountains of E.Himalaya and E.Bengal, Assam, Tenasserium, Burma,
Andamans, Evergreen forests of N.Kanara and S.Konkan,forests of the W.ghats from
S.Kanara to Travancore,up to 5,000 ft.Ceylon.
MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF FAMILY CLUSIACEAE45,61
Members of this family are trees or shrubs with yellow or greenish juice.
Leaf – Opposite or rarely,verticillate,usually coriaceous and extipulate.
Flowers - Solitary or in axillary or terminal fascicles racemes or panicles,white
Yellow or red,regular,dioecious polygamous or hermaphrodite.
Sepals - 4-12,imbricate in 2-3 series.
Stamens - Male: usually indefinite, filaments 1-6 adelphous or quite free.
Female: Staminodes numerous,free or connate.
Ovary - 1-2 or many celled.style 1 usually short or 0,or rarely styles2,
Stigmas free or connate,often peltate.
Ovule - 1 or 2 or many,axile,basal or rarely parietal.
Fruit - usually indehiscent and baccate,occasionally capsular
Seeds - large.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF genus Mesua45,61
Trees or shrubs.Leaves closely and finely penninerved.Flowers are
hermaphrodite or polygamous,axillary,solitary,large.Sepals 4.Petals 4.Stamens
indefinite. Filaments free or connate at the very base.Anthers erect,oblong,2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally.Ovary 2-celled,Ovules 2 in each cell,erect;style elongate;
stigma peltate.Fruit between fleshy and subwoody,1-celled by the absorption of the
septum,at length dehiscing by 4 valves;valves often finely striate without.Seeds 1-4,
exarillate; testa fragile.
young branches twiggy,slender.
young,afterwards shining above,glaucous and pruinose beneath,rounded or acute at
the base and with close,inconspicuous nerves;petioles 6-8mm.long.
Flowers - Very fragrant,2.5-7.5cm.diam,axillary or terminal,solitary or in pairs,
subsessile; buds subglobose;bracts 0.
than the outer.
often torn.
Stamens - Very numerous,golden-yellow,much shorter than the petals,slightly united
at the base into a fleshy ring;anthers oblong.Style twice as long as stamens;stigma
peltate.
Fruit - 2.5-3cm.long,ovoid with a conical point,surrounded by the enlarged sepals;
pericarp tough,semi-woody,at length 2-valved.
Photo No 1. Flower of Mesua ferrea Linn.
Photo No 2. Fruits of Mesua ferrea Linn.
Photo No 3. Whole tree of Mesua ferrea Linn.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Under this heading,we have to consider all the constituents of a drug.The
action of the drug depends upon its constituents50,51,66
Table No.15, Showing Chemical constituents of Nagakesara
Stamens Bark Heartwood
Mesuaxanthone A & B
Mesuaxanthone A Mesuaxanthone B
Of Mesuaxanthone A 0f Mesuaxanthone B
Mesuol
PARTS USED
Part used Ni.A30 DG-PV31 DG-GP32 DG-JL33 DB49
Stamen + + + + -
Flower _ _ + _ +
Patra _ - - + +
POSOLOGY
The word Posology is derived from the greek word “posos” which means how
much and logos means science.That means it is a branch of medical science,which
deals with doses or quantity of drug,which when administered produce required
pharmacological actions.
Choorna - 1-3gms33
Decoction – 10-20ml36
PROPERTIES:
RASAPANCHAKA
A drug acts by its potency,which implies all the qualities of drugs by which
they act,viz Guna,Rasa,Vipaka,Veerya and Prabhava.A drug performs certain local
and general actions by its Rasa and Guna and certain specific therapeutic actions by
its Vipaka and Veerya.
Table No.17, Showing the Rasa Panchaka of Nagakesara according to different
acharyas
According to their Rasa Panchaka,Nagakesara has the following Pancha Bhautika
composition.
RASA PANCHAKA PANCHA MAHABHOOTA
Katu Vayu + Agni
DOSHAGHNATA
Showing the Doshaghnata of Nagakesara according to different acharyas:
Table No.19 ,Showing Doshaghnata of the drug according to different acharyas:
DOSHAGHNATA
D.
NI22
M.P.
NI23
R.
NI27
K.
NI25
B.
NI26
Ni.
R67
Ni.
A30
P.
NI29
KAPHAPITTAHARA - + - + + + + +
KAPHAHARA + - + - - - - -
KARMA
Table No.20, Showing Karma of Nagakesara according to different acharyas:
Karma D. NI22
ROGAGHNATA
acharyas:
PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION51
• It requires well drained,deep,fertile soil.S tiff,clay and low lying situations are
unsuitable.Natural reproduction is generally profuse on account of abundant
seeding.It is a strong shade bearer,particularly when young,and this makes it a
valuable component of the middle storey forests.
• Artificial propagation may be done by direct sowing or by transplanting
nursery raised seedlings.Transplanting is preferable under top canopy shade
and may be carried out from the first to the third rainy season after sowing.A
spacing of 6 ft.is recommended.The rate of growth is slow.The tree grows
faster after transplantation than that in natural forests.Mesua forests are
worked under selection or shelterwood methods.
FLOWERING AND FRUITING49,46
February-April
CONTROVERSIES68
In the bazars of Gujarat and Bombay,another kind of Nagakesara is
available.It is unripe buds of the flowers of Ochrocarpus longifolia.It is known as’
Rutun Nagakesara.’The unripe fruits of Cinnamomum tamala wightii are sold as’
Karu nagakesara.’.Dillenia pentagyna fruits known as’ Malabar nagakesara’.
SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS49,33
Calophyllum inophyllum,Cinnamomum Wightii and Myristica fragrans are
sold as substitutes for Mesua ferrea.In markets of Gujarat and Bombay unripe buds of
Ochrocarpus longifolius are sold in the name of Ratan Nagakesara.Unripe fruits of
Cinnamomum tamala are sold as Kala Nagakesara.Nagakesara sold in bazaars of
South India is reported to be fruits of Dillenia Pentagyna(Malabar Nagakesara).Buds
of Mammea Suriga and Calophyllum inophyllum are reported to be used as adultrants.
TOXICOLOGY49
The LD50 of ethanolic extract of whole plant in mice was 500mg/kg i.p;LD50
of acetone extract of stamens in mice was 400mg/kg,i.v.and non toxic up to
1600mg/kg
THERAPEUTIC USES
Nagakesara has been known and valued as a medicine from olden days. It has
been used in the management of various diseases in the following two forms.
1. Bahya prayoga
2. Abhyanthara prayoga
1. Bahya prayoga37,69 :
Haridra cures poisonous effects of spider.(R.M.29.31)
• External application of the paste prepared by pounding Maricha,Tagara,Sundi
and Nagakesara with water relieves poisonous effects of bee.(R.M.29.23)
• The oil of the seeds is used as an application for rheumatic joints.
• Powder of flower with butter is applied to bleeding piles and for burning
sensation of the feet.
2. Abhyanthara prayoga:
• Decoction of the flowers is drunk by women after childbirth.70
• Decoction of bark is a bitter tonic and is very useful in gastritis and
bronchitis.
• Powder of Nagakesara is an excellent drug for checking haemorrhage.(BS
Atisara 119)
• For Hiccough, should take Nagakesara mixed with sugar and honey along
with juice of sugarcane and Madhuka.(S.S.U 50.23)
• Nagakesara should be taken with buttermilk for 3 days in order to check
Leucorrhoea.(BS Stiroga 34)
• Powder of Nagakesara and Aracanut is an excellent formulation to help
conception.(BS Striroga 145)
• Women taking fine powder of Nagakesara with cow’s ghee during the
season keeping on milk diet conceives.(GN 6.5.21)
• By Regular use of Nagakesara,butter and sugar the bleeding haemorrhoids
go away.
ECONOMIC USES51,45,71
• The oil is useful in soap making.
• The oleo-resin,which exudes from the base of immature fruits may be diluted
with turpentine and used as a varnish.
• Stamens are reported to be used in Malaya for stuffing pillows and cushions.
• Dried flowers ,along with other aromatics are used in the preparation of
perfumed ointments.
• Heavy wood used for gun- stock,musical instruments and cabinet work.
YOGAS
YOGAS Indication Reference
Yogas Indication Reference
Dasamoolarishtam Vatavyadhi 10/77-92
Draksharishtam Urakshata,Swasa,Kasa 10/69-73
Kamadeva ghrita Rakta pitta 9/27- 37
Kantarpasundara rasa Vajeekarana 12/267-275
Yogas Indication References
SAHASRAYOGAM76
Chavikasavam Gulma,Prameha Asavarishta yoga-36
Drakshasavam Arshas,Raktapitta,Pandu Asavarishta yoga-52
Nagaradi Taila Mukha roga Taila yoga-73
Patrangasavam Pradara Asavarishta yoga-58
Pushkarasavam Kasa,Kshaya Asavarishta yoga-66
Kanakasavam Kasa,Swasa,Urakshata Asavarishta yoga-15
Khadirarishtam Kushta Asavarishta yoga-24
Kharjurasavam Rajayakshma,Vishoochika Asavarishta yoga-26
69
PREVIOUS WORK DONE
1. Bahadur Raj –Role of Manjishta and Nagakesara on diebetic retinopathy-
Banaras Hindu university,Varanasi 199577
2. Patil Manoj– To study the efficacy of Nagakesara choorna with
navaneetha and sugar in Raktharsha-Tilak ayurved Mahavidyalaya,pune
200478
3. Sujatha A – A study on the effect of Nagakesara on Vandhyatva in albino
rats- Dr. B.K.R.R. Govt. Ayurveda College, Hyderabad 200479
4. Roy Arnab – Evaluation of haemo-coagulation property of Mesua ferra-
Nagpur Govt.Ayurveda college 200580
• A compound preparation comprising Nagakesara,Ayapana,Jevanti,Kamboji
was subjected to clinical evaluation in controlled clinical trial on 100 women,
who had bleeding episodes after insertion of cuT following M.T.P satisfactory
response in control of bleeding either immediate or as menorrhagia and
metrorrhagia was seen in 90% where as in control group it was 60%.(data
base)49
components of seed oil of Mesua ferrea,Phytochemistry,Vol.10,PP.113181
• Gopalakrishnan.C(1980),Antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of
Xanthones from Calophyllum and Mesua ferrea,Indian J.Pharmacol, Vol.12,
PP.181.82
• Gupta B.K,Dhar K.L and Atal C.K(1976),Guttiferol a new triterpinoid from
Mesua ferrea Linn.Indian J.Pharma,Vol.38,PP.15782
• Dennis T.J and Akshay Kumar(1998),Constituents of Mesua ferrea(A review)
Fitoterapia,Vol.699(4),PP.291-30482
anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Mesua ferrea Linn.Indian Drugs,
Vol.21,PP.261-26284
flowers of Mesua ferrea Linn,Proc.Indian Acad.Sci,Vol.91,PP. 21183.
• Meharji P.K(1978),Screening of Mesua ferrea Linn.for estrogenic and
progentiational activity of essential oil of Mesua ferrea Linn,Indian Drugs,
Vol.21,PP.261-262.85
• Antibacterial efficacy of leaf and fruit extracts on the growth and morphology
of Staphylococcus aureus is evaluated.Both extracts displays good
antibacterial activity against S.aureus with a minimum inhibition
concentration of 0.048 mg/ml.Both extracts are bacteriostatic at a minimum
bacteriostatic concentration of 0.39 mg/ml.The bacteriostatic activity lasts for
24hrs,and then cells start to grow as normal as shown in time –kill
analysis.Scanning electron microscopy study indicated potential detrimental
effect of the extracts of leaf and fruits of M.ferrea on the morphology of
S.aureus.(Arul das C.A,Marimuthu M.M,Ramanathan S.Effects of Mesua
ferrea leaf and fruit extracts on the growth and morphology of Staphylococcus
aureus.)PubMed 2013 Feb 19(1):254-26086
• The in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the extracts of Mesua ferrea and
M.congestiflora against B-lymphoma cell,SNU-1,IMR-32 were achieved
using MTT assay.In addition,only the nonpolar to semipolar extracts of the
three Mesua species indicated cytotoxic effects on the tested panel of human
cancer cell lines.Antioxidant assays were evaluated using DPPH scavenging
radical assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method.(Mawardi Rahmani,Zuraini
Ahmad.In vitro Cytotoxic,Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of Mesua
baccariana,Mesua ferrea Linn. extracts.)BioMed Research International
,Volume 201387
• The ethanolic extract of flower of Mesua ferrea Linn.was screened for its anti-
inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced rat paw edema using rat
model.The extract was administered orally in the dose of 100mg/kg body
wt,200mg/kg body wt.The ethanolic extract of 400mg/kg body wt.shows the
maximum anti-inflammatory action with the comparison to the standard anti-
inflammatory agents.(Subhangkar Nandy,Pinkesh Tiwari.Screening of anti-
inflammatory activity of Mesua ferrea Linn.flower.)International Journal of
Biomedical Research,Vol 3,No 5, 201288
• In this study a new microemulsified fuel system containing different volume
percentages of vegetable oils extracted from Mesua ferrea L seed,butan-2-ol
and ethanol is tried to develop.Different parameters such as physical
stability,density,dynamic and kinematic viscosity of the prepared system are
investigated and compared with those of diesel and biodiesel.The experimental
results of various fractions of the samples prepared show that the properties of
the fuel systems meet the requirements for biodiesel and diesel
fuel.Interestingly,the different characterization carried out for the samples
prepared in this study show that the fuel properties of Mesua ferrea L.seed oil
could be improved by microemulsification technique.(Dhanapati,Jutika. A
study on the development of Mesua ferrea L seed oil based microemulsified
fuel system)International journal of emerging technology and advanced
Engineering,Vol 3,Feb 2013,PP 47-5189
and biological activity,Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan,
Vol.15(3),PP.207-21190.
ferrea,Natural Product Letter,Vol.3(1),PP.53-5891
• Mesuaxanthones A,B and cuxanthone have produced varying degree of CNS
depression,characterized by Ptosis,sedation,decreased spontaneous motor
activity,loss of muscle tone,potentiation of phenobarbitone sleeping time and
ether anaesthesia in mice and rats.These compounds were devoid of analgesic
antipyretic,anticonvulsant and cvs actions.The xanthones exhibited significant
anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin induced paw oedema,cotton
pellet test as well as against granuloma pouch technique in normal and
adrenalectomised rats.The xanthones had no mast cell stabilizing effect and
did not prevent the mast cell degranulating effect of standard agents like
compound 48/80.Prothrombin time was also not altered by xanthones in
rats.(Gopalakrishnan et al.1980c)92.
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Materials and Methods
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical study
PLANT IDENTIFICATION:-
The plant Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) is identified on the basis of its -
1. Synonyms given in classics of Ayurveda.
2. Morphology and family characters of the plant.
AUTHENTICATION:-
Genuine sample is procured from the natural habitat from Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical
Botanical Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI),Palode,Thiruvananthapuram
during the month of May 2013 and named as Sample G and get authentified by the
Botanist.
COLLECTION:-
Literary data is collected from the library of K.V.G ayurvedic Medical
College and hospital, Sullia and Internet.
Collection of the samples from markets of Pune, Kolkatta, Delhi and
Thrissur was done.These samples were collected during April 2013 to
August 2013.
Sample S1 – Pune
Sample S2 - Kolkatta
Sample S3 – Delhi
Sample S4 – Thrissur
The word pharmacognosy is formed by combination of ‘Pharmakon’which
means drug and ‘gignosco’ which means ‘to acquire knowledge’. Therefor,
pharmacognosy can be defined as a branch of bioscience that deals with the
knowledge and authentication of medical and related products of crude or primary
type obtaining from both plants and animals in detailed form.
The original and basic approach towards pharmacognosy includes study of
Morphological system,study of cell structure and organization and study of tissue
systems,which still hold a key in identification of the correct species of the plant.
It includes both macroscopic and microscopic study of samples.
a. Organoleptic study
The macroscopic characters of the drug were observed for colour, size,
shape, odour, taste, texture.
b.Microscopic study
Microscopic study of the drug was carried out in the Department of
Botany, Nehru Memorial College, Sullia.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Transverse sections of Nagakesara flower,stamens and flower buds were taken
and photomicrography was done after proper mounting and staining
Materials required:
Drug , 1% safranin stain, 50% glycerine, water, a sharp razor blade, watch
glass, thin painting brush, needles, forceps, glass slides, cover slips, blotting paper,
dropper, compound microscope.
Procedure:
• The drug was collected washed and soaked in water before carrying out the
procedure.
• The drug was held between thumb and index finger in the left hand, with the
help of a sharp razor blade, thin sections were taken and put into watch glass
containing water.
• A thin uniform and entire section was selected and transferred on to a clean
glass slide with the help of a brush.
• A drop of safranin stain was put and left for few minutes. Excess stain was
removed by washing with water.
• Section was mounted with 1-2 drops of 50% glycerine and covered with a
clean cover glass.
• Excess glycerine was removed by blotting paper and observed under
microscope93.
POWDER MICROSCOPY:
A pinch of powder was warmed with drops of chloral hydrate on a
microscopic slide and mounted in glycerine. Slides observed under microscope and
diagnostic characters were observed and photographed using Zeiss AXIO trinocular
microscope attached with Zeiss AxioCam camera under bright field light.
Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the scale-bars94.
4.2 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Hand lenses were used for the detection of foreign matter.
For quantitative extraction (Aqueous, Alcoholic, Chloroform and
Peroleum ether) of all samples, water bath, conical flasks etc. are used.
Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and moisture content, are determined by
using silica crucible, oven, desiccator, electronic balance & muffle
furnace.
All chemicals and reagents used were of A.R. grade for the qualitative
analysis of extracts.
Methodology
In physical methods quantitative standards like total ash, acid insoluble ash,
water-soluble ash, moisture content, extractives, foreign matter and pH are
determined.
DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE OF CRUDE DRUG:
Procedure:
• Weigh & ignite the flat thin porcelain dish or stared silica gel.
• Weigh about 2 to 3 gms of the powdered drug into dish /crucible.
• Support the dish on pipe-clay triangle placed on a ring of retort stand.
• Spread the drug in an even layer &ignite it by gradually increasing the heat to
500 to 600oC till vapours almost cease to be evolved until all the carbon is
burnt off.
• Weigh the dish & calculate the percentage of total ash with reference to the
air-dried sample of the crude drug.95
Calculation:
Weight of the drug taken = y gm
Weight of dish + ash (after complete incineration)= z gm
Weight of the ash = (z-x) gm
Y gm of drug gives (z-x) gm of ash
Therefore, 100gm of crude gives 100 (z-x) gm of ash.
Y
Y
Procedure:
Proceed as per the steps mentioned in the procedure for determination of total
ash value of crude drug. Then
Using 25 ml of dil HCl, wash the ash from the dish used for total ash
into a 100ml beaker.
Place wire gauze over a bunsen burner & boil for 5 minute.
Filter through an ashless filter paper; wash the residue twice with hot
water.
Ignite the crucible in the flame, cool & weigh.
Put the filter paper & residue together into the crucible, heat gently until
vapours cease and then more strongly until all carbon has been
removed.
Cool in a desiccator.
Weigh the residue and calculate acid insoluble ash of the crude drug
with reference to the air-dried sample of the crude drug.96
Calculation: Similar to previous experiment
Weight of residue (acid insoluble ash)= a gm
Y gm of air dried drug gives =a gm of acid insoluble ash
Therefore 100gm of the air dried drug gives - 100 x a of acid insoluble ash
Y
Acid insoluble ash value of the sample - 100 x a %
Y
Materials:
Total ash, digital balance, muffle furnace, desiccator, ash less filter paper,
electric bunsen, funnel, silica crucible.
Procedure:
• To the total ash obtained, 25ml of water was added and boiled for 5 minutes.
• It was filtered through an ash less filter paper to separate the insoluble matter.
• The residue along with the filter paper was taken in a pre-heated, weighed
silica dish.
• Transformed to muffle furnace and ignited for 15 minutes at the temperature
not exceeding 450°C.
• The dish was cooled in a desiccator & weighed again.
• Heating was continued till constant weight of the dish was obtained.
• The weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash was substracted.
• The percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug was
calculated.97
DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVE
Procedure:
• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry
250 ml Iodine flask.
• Fill a 100 ml graduated cylinder to the required mark with the solvent (water +
chloroform). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washings together
with the remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.
• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking frequently
(maceration).
• Filter it into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has been collected,
transfer 25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used for the ash
value determination.
• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
100OC for about 10 –15 mins.
• Cool in dessicator and weigh
• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the air- dried
drug.98
Procedure:
• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry
250 ml Iodine flask.
• Fill a 100 ml graduate cylinder to the required mark with the solvent (90%
alcohol). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washing, together with the
remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.
• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking frequently
(maceration).
• Filter into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has been collected,
transfer 25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used for the ash
value determination.
• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
100OC for about 10 –15 mins.
• Cool in dessicator and weigh.
• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the air-dried
drug.99
The same procedure was repeated for petroleum ether extractive value.
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
Powdered drug, digital balance, porcelain dish, desiccator, hot air oven.
Procedure:
• Accurately weighed 5g of the coarsely powdered drug was taken in a dried,
weighed porcelain dish.
• Dish was kept in hot air oven at 105oC for five hours.
• Dish was taken out, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
• Drug was weighed at each one hour interval.
• Drying was continued till constant weight was obtained.
• Percentage of moisture content (loss on drying) with reference to the air dried
drug was calculated.99
DETERMINATION OF FOREIGN MATTER
Procedure:
• 100gm of crude drug was taken and spread into thin layer.
• It is examined for the presence of foreign matter like mud, leaves etc. with the
help of hand lens.
• The foreign matters were separated & the drugs were weighed again.
Percentage of foreign matter was calculated.100
DETERMINATION OF PH
The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common logarithm
of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in gram per litre for
qualitative indication of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Procedure: The pH of a given solution can be measured with the help of an
apparatus called pH meter, consists of a voltmeter connected with two electrodes.
a. A standard electrode of known potential.
b. A special electrode enclosed in a glass membrane that allows migration of
H+ ions.
The glass case contains a reference solution of dilute hydro chloric acid. The
two electrodes are dipped in the solution to be tested. If this solution has a different
pH from the solution in the probe, an electrical potential results. Thus the potential
between the standard electrode and the glass electrode varies with the pH of the
solution under test. This potential is recorded by an inbuilt potentiometer of the pH
meter. The potentiometer reading is automatically converted electrically to a direct
reading of the pH of the unknown solution.101
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF VOLATILE OIL
Apparatus:
2.A special steelhead contains
Procedure:
10 to 20 gram of powdered drug was taken with 250 to 300 ml of water in
distillation flask added along with a few pieces of porcelain
Apparatus was arranged properly for the extraction
By closing the side tubes main tube was filled with water through a pipette
Bunsen burner was used to heat the flask
Flask should be lifted from the furnace and shaken properly in frequent
intervals till the liquid boils steadily.
Boiling was continued up to the maximum collection of oil.
Flame was adjusted properly to allow the sample for cooling
After the complete draining of liquid in condenser volume of the oil was
measured102.
EXTRACTION:-
Methanol Extraction:-
Extraction of Flower, Stamens and flower buds of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn) is carried out according to the A.P.I procedures.
Ingredients: - a) Powdered drug – 5 gm
b) Methanol– 100 ml
Procedure:-
(i) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(ii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the solvent, 90%
alcohol.
(iii) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(iv) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(v) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(vi) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC
Aqueous Extraction (Water extract):-
- Water (95 ml)
Procedure:-
(vii) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(viii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the Methanol and
add in iodine flask.
(ix) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(x) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(xi) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(xii) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC
Fluorescence Analysis:-
The dry powder of all samples, both extracts of samples were treated with
Methanol, chloroform and these were observed under U.V. light to evaluate the
fluorescence.
ALKALOID ESTIMATION:
5gm of the sample was weighed into a 250ml beaker and 200ml of 10% acetic
acid in ethanol was added and covered and allowed to stand for 4hrs. This was filtered
and the extract was concentrated on water bath to one quarter of the original volume.
Conc. ammonium hydroxide was added drop wise to the ext. until ppt. was
complete103.
Procedures:
Preliminary phytochemical tests: are used to detect the presence of various organic
functional groups, which is the indicative of type of phytochemicals present in the
plant. These tests indicate the presence of different class of constituents present in the
extract. Tests were performed as per the methodology mentioned by Harborne JB,
1973 (Phytochemical Methods. Jackman H. (Ed.), London, p. 70.)104
The following tests have been carried out for Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Alcoholic
and Aqueous extracts.
Tests for alkaloids
Dragendroff’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in alcohol, a few drops of acetic
acid and Dragendroff’s reagent were added and shaken well. An orange red
precipitate formed indicates the presence of alkaloids.
Wagners’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a few drops of
Wagner’s reagent was added. A reddish brown precipitate formed indicates the
presence of alkaloids.
Mayer’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a few drops of Mayer’s
reagent was added. A dull white precipitate formed indicates the presence of
alkaloids.
Hager’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, 3 ml of Hager’s
reagent was added, the formation of yellow precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids.
Tests for carbohydrates
Molisch’s test: To the extract, 1 ml of α-naphthol solution and conc. sulphuric acid
were added along the sides of test tube. Violet colour formed at the junction of the
two liquids indicates the presence of carbohydrates.
Fehling’s test: A few mg of extract was mixed with equal quantities of Fehling’s
solution A and B. The mixture was warmed on a water bath. The formation of a brick
red precipitate indicates the presence of carbohydrates.
Benedict’s test: To 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent, a few mg of extract was added, and
boiled for two minutes and cooled. Formation of a red precipitate indicates the
presence of carbohydrates.
Anthrone-sulphuric acid test: A few mg of the extract was mixed with equal quantity
of anthrone and treated with two drops of conc. sulphuric acid. It was then heated
gently on a water bath. Dark green colour formed indicates the presence of
sugar/glycoside.
Test for steroids
Libermann-Burchard test: To the extract dissolved in chloroform, 1 ml of acetic acid
and 1 ml of acetic anhydride were added, then heated on a water bath and cooled. Few
drops of conc. Sulphuric acid was added along the sides of the test tube. Appearance
of bluish green colour indicates the presence of steroids.
Salkowski test: The extract was dissolved in chloroform and equal volume of conc.
Sulphuric acid was added. Formation of bluish red to cherry red colour in chloroform
layer and green fluorescence in the acid layer indicates the presence of steroids.
Test for saponins: To a few mg of extract, distilled water was added and shaken.
Stable froth formation indicates the presence of saponins.
Test for tannins: To the extract, a few drops of dilute solution of ferric chloride was
added, formation of dark blue colour shows the presence of tannins.
Test for flavonoids
Shinoda’s test: To the extract in alcohol, a few magnesium turnings and few
drops of conc. hydrochloric acid were added and heated on a water bath. Formation
of red to pink colour indicates the presence of flavonoids.
Test for phenol
To the extract in alcohol, added two drops of alcoholic ferric chlo

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