evaluation and optimization of gas assisted gravity...

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2013 Moving Forward The 11th International Conference on Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering The 7th International Conference on Earth Resources Technology ASEAN Forum on Clean Coal Technology November 11-13, 2013, Chiang Mai, Thailand

44

PPaappeerr IIDD 6666

Evaluation and Optimization of Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage

Process

T. Vaccharasiritham1*

, S. Athichanagorn1

1Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Chulalongkorn University,

Thailand

* e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process involves injecting gas at the top of the pay zone to displace oil toward a bottom horizontal producer. The results have shown that increasing oil production and gas injection rates increaseoil recovery.Additionally,using one horizontal producer located at the deepest depth together with a vertical gas injector at the most updip location yields the highest oil recovery. Relative permeability correlations provide insignificantly different oil recovery, and increasing vertical to horizontal permeability ratio gives higher cumulative oil production. Furthermore, decreasing in residual oil saturation results in higher oil recovery. KEY WORDS: GAGD process / Gravity drainage / Dipping reservoir

REFERENCES

[1] M.M.Kulkarni,and D.N.Rao (2006), Characterization of Operative Mechanisms in Gravity Drainage Field Projects through Dimensional Analysis,Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, September 2006,Paper No. SPE 103230.

[2] L.O.Carlson (1988), Performance of Hawkins Field Unit Under Gas Drive–Pressure Maintenance Operations and Development of an Enhanced Oil Recovery Project,Presented at the 1988 SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery

Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 17–20 April 1988,Paper No.SPE 17324. [3] D.N.Rao, S.C.Ayirala, andM.M.Kulkami, and A.P.Sharma (2004),

Development of Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) Process for Improved Light Oil Recovery, Presented at the 14th SPE/DOE

Symposium,Oklahoma, USA, 17-21 April 2004, Paper No.SPE 89357. [4] H.J.Welge (1952), A Simplified Method for Computing Oil Recovery by

Gas or Water Drive,Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1952, Vol. 4, No. 4,pp. 91-98.

[5] D.L.Dolton, et al.(1999), Energy Information Administration, Annual

Energy Review,1999, Washington DC.

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Stability Planning Using Reliabilty Techniques

SangaTangchawal

Geoscience Program, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus

SaiYok, Kanchanburi 71150, Thailand

*Author to correspondence e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

When operating construction excavation using machines, stability planning on the failures of ground materials can be calculated. The basic concept is by using the deterministic method to find the value of factor of safety. However, this technique does not concern on the variations of material properties. To improve the calculated values of failure possibility, the statistical analysis using three types of reliability models are proposed. The normal and lognormaldistribution of input data are assumed to compare their assessment.

KEYWORDS: Stability Planning /Ground Failures / Reliability

Techniques/Data Distribution/

REFERENCES [1] E. Hoek and J. Bray (1981), Rock Slope Engineering: Revised Third

Edition, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, U.K. [2] S. Tangchawal (2008), Geotechnical Analysis, Chulalongkorn University

Press, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. [3] S. Tangchawal (2010), Risk Models on the Stability of Excavation Works,

Final Report Rajadapiseksompoj Research Fund, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

[4] S. Tangchawal (2011), Risk Models of Slope Excavations, Taylor & Francis, London, U.K.,Vol. 25, No. 3, pp.274-283.

[5] A.M. Hasofer, and N.C. Lind (1974), Exact and Invariant Second-Moment Code Format, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, USA, Vol. 100, No. EM1, pp. 111-121.

[6] J.M. Duncan and S.G. Wright (2005), Soil Strength and Slope Stability, John Wiley and Sons,New Jersey, USA.

[7] M.E. Harr (1987), Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.

[8] J.M. Duncan (2000), Factors of Safety and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, USA, Vol. 126, No. 4, pp. 307-316.

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[9] D. Athanasiou-Grivas (1979), Probabilistic Evaluation of Safety of Soil Structure, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, USA, Vol. 105, No. GT 9, pp. 109-115.

[10] A.H.S. Ang and W.H. Tang (2007) Probability Concepts in Engineering: Emphasis on Applications to Civil and Environmental Engineering: Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, USA.

[11] D.T. Bergado, P.V. Long, C.H. Lee, K.H., Loke, and G. Werner (1994), Performance of Reinforced Embankment on Soft Bangkok clay with High–Strength Geotextile Reinforcement, International Journal of Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 13, Issues 6-7, pp. 403-420.

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Case Study of Granite Rock Failure from Pahang, Malaysia by

Uniaxial Compression Test, Triaxial Compression Test and

Brazilian Test for Tunnel Analysis with 2D-σ Software

Eang Khy Eam1, Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim

1,*, Mohd Hazizan Mohd

Hashim1, Afikah Rahim

1, Yoshitaka Mitsui

2

1School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 2Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-

8628, Japan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the tunnel is located in a central area of Peninsula Malaysia. It is used to convey raw water from the Semantan River to Selangor, Kuala Lumpur for domestic and industrial uses. The transfer tunnel is planned to be 44.6 km in length, passes through the main central mountain range formed of metamorphosed rock 3.5 km and the remaining portion in granite. The granite rock failure of tunnel was determined by uniaxial compression test, triaxial compression test and Brazilian test. From the rock failure parameters, our tunnel construction will be analyzed and designed by 2D-σ software. Analyzing tunnel process in 2D-σ is widely used method to calculate deformation, change in height and width of tunnel, stress distribution and concentration as well as rock structure interactions. Possibility of damage to the surface and/or underground structures can be estimated using powerful finite element method (FEM) of analysis [4]. The 2D-σ analysis has been conducted to assess tunnel induced settlement, stress redistribution phenomena along the tunnel excavated by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) or either New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). It might involve the comparison of tensile and compressive strengths from experiments and 2D-σ. KEY WORDS: Brazilian Test / Finite Element Method / Granite rock failure /

Triaxial Compression Test / Uniaxial Compression Test / 2D-σ software

REFERENCES [1] H.B.Li, J.Zhao and T.J.Lib (1999), Triaxial Compression Tests on a Granite

at Different Strain Rates and Confining Pressures, Inter. J. of Rock

Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36:1057-1063, October 28, 1999.

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[2] J.P.Harrison and J.A.Hudson (1997), Engineering Rock Mechanics-Part 2: Illustrative Worked Examples, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, UK, 1997.

[3] J.R.C.Proveti and G.Michot (2005), The Brazilian Test: A Tool for Measuring the Toughness of a Material and Its Brittle to Ductile Transition, May 14, 2006.

[4] M.Karakus and R.J.Fowell (2005), Back Analysis for Tunnelling Induced Ground Movements and Stress Redistribution, Inter. J. of Tunnelling and

Underground Space Technology 20:514–524, February 16, 2005. [5] R.Das and P.W.Cleary )200 6 (, Uniaxial Compression Test and Stress Wave

Propagation Using Modeling SHP, In Proc. 5th Inter. Conf. on CFD in the

Process Indust. 2006: CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, December 13-15, 2006.

[6] S.Kielbassa and H.Duddeck (1991), Stress-Strain Fields at the Tunnelling Face: Three-Dimensional Analysis for Two-Dimensional Technical Approach, Inter. J. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 24: 115-132,

1991. [7] W.G.Pariseau (2008), Manual Solution to Design Analysis in Rock

Mechanics, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

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Effects of Loading Rate and Pore Pressure on

Compressive Strength of Rocks.

S. Khamrat1*, K. Fuenkajorn

2

1Graduate Student, GeomechanicsReserarch Unit, Suranaree University of

Technology, Thailand

2Associate Professor, GeomechanicsReserarch Unit, Suranaree University of


*e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to determine the effects of pore pressures on the compressive strengths of Tak granite, Lopburi marl and Lopburi marble. Failure strengths are determined for various stress rates and confining pressures under dry and saturated conditions. A multi-axial strength criterion is developed to describe the distortional strain energy density of rock at failure as a function of the mean strain energy. The energy required to fail the rocks under dry condition is higher than that under saturated condition. The proposed strength criterion can be useful to predict the strength and deformation of rock embankments and foundations under dry and saturated conditions. KEYWORDS: Pore pressure / Strength / Loading rate / Strain energy

REFERENCES

[1] A.Kumar (1968), The effect of stress rate and temperature on the strength of basalt and granite, Geophysic., 1968, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 501-510.

[2] I.W.Farmer (1983), Engineering Behavior of Rock, 2ndEdn., Chapman and Hall, London.

[3] J.C.Jaeger, and N.G.W.Cook (1979), Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3rd

Edn., Chapman and Hall, London. [4] N.D.Cristescu, and U.Hunsche (1998), Time Effects in Rock mechanics,

John Wiley and Sons, New York. [5] K.Masuda (2001), Effects of water on rock strength in a brittle regime, J.

Struct. Geol., 2001, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 1653-1657. [6] B.Vasarhelyi (2003), Some observations regarding the strength and

deformability of sandstones in case of dry and saturated conditions, Bull EngGeolEnv, 2003, Vol. 62, pp. 245-249.

[7] A.Torok, and B.Vasarhelyi (2010), The influence of fabric and water content on selected rock mechanical parameters of travertine, examples from Hungary, EngGeol, Vol. 115, pp. 237-245.

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[8] J.Sun, and Y.Y.Hu (1997), Time-dependent effects on the tensile strength of saturated granite at three gorges project in China, Int. J. Rock Mech.

Min. Sci., 1997, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp. 306.e1-306.e13. [9] I.Yilmaz (2010), Influence of water content on the strength and

deformability of gypsum, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2010, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 342-347.

[10] R.Yoshinaka, T.V.Tran, and M.Osada(1997),Pore pressure changes and strength mobilization of soft rocks in consolidated-undrained cyclic loading triaxial tests, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1997, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 715-726.

[11] M.S.A.Perera, P.G.Ranjith, and M.Peter (2011), Effect of saturation medium and pressure on strength parameters of Latrobe Valley brown coal: Carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen saturations, Energy, 2011, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 6941-6947.

[12] D.Li, L.N.Y.Wong, G.Liu, and X.Zhang (2012), Influence of water content and anisotropy on the strength and deformability of low porosity meta-sedimentary rocks under triaxial compression, EngGeol, 2012, Vol. 126, pp. 46-66.

[13] ASTM D4543-85. Standard practice for preparing rock core specimens and determining dimensional and shape tolerances,In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 04.08, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

[14] K.Fuenkajorn, and N.Kenkhunthod (2010), Influence of loading rate on deformability and strength of three Thai sandstones, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2010, Vol. 28, pp. 707-715.

[15] J.C.Jaeger, N.G.W.Cook, and R.W.Zimmerman (2007), Fundamentals of

Rock Mechanics, 4thEdn., Chapman and Hall, London.

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Effects of Stress Rate on Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

Rock Salt under 0-100°°°°C.

S. Sartkaew1*, K. Fuenkajorn

2

1Graduate Student, Geomechanics Reserarch Unit, Suranaree University of


2Associate Professor, Geomechanics Reserarch Unit, Suranaree University of


*e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Uniaxial compression test have been performed to assess the effects of loading rate on compressive strength and deformability of the Maha Sarakham salt under temperatures ranging from 273 to 373 Kelvin (0-100oC). The variation of the octahedral shear strength with the stress rates and temperatures can be described by logarithmic relations. The distortion strain energy criterion is proposed to describe the salt strength under varied stress rates and temperatures. The criterion can be used to determine the stability of salt around compressed-air energy storage caverns, where the loading rates and temperatures are continuously varied during air injection and retrieval periods. KEYWORDS: Rock salt / Loading rate / Thermal effect / Strain energy

REFERENCES

[1] A.Kumar (1968), The effect of stress rate and temperature on the strength of basalt and granite, Geophysic., 1968, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 501-510.

[2] J.C.Jaeger, and, N.G.W.Cook (1979), Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3rd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London.

[3] N.D.Cristescu, and U.Hunsche (1998), Time Effects in Rock Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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Estimation of Sediment Thickness by Using Microtremor

Observations at Palu City, Indonesia

Pyi Soe Thein1*, Subagyo Pramumijoyo

2, Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito

3,

Wahyu Wilopo4 , Junji Kiyono

5and Agung Setianto

6

1 Geological Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University


3 Physics Department, Gadjah Mada University


5 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University


*u.pyisoethein @gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In this study, we firstly estimated a ground profile of sediment thickness in Palu City, Indonesia, using microtremor observations. Sulawesi is lying at junction of three major plates, i.e.: Eurasian plate at NW, Indoaustralian plate at SSE and Pacific plate at NE of Sulawesi; and represents an extensive zone of convergence between these three plates. One of the major structures in Sulawesi is the Palu-Koro Fault, which extends NNW-SSE direction and cuts cross Sulawesi from Palu Bay southward to the North of Gulf of Bone and turn to South East connected with both Matano and Lawanopo Faults. The formation of this fault system is considered as a consequent of the collision between Banggai-Sula micro-continent and Sulawesi. Several earthquakes known along Palu-Koro Fault system such as Gimpu earthquake (1905), Kulawi earthquake (1907), Kantewu earthquake (1934), off shore Donggala earthquake (1968) which caused tsunami that destroyed 800 houses and killed 200 people at Donggala district. To prevent loss of human lives and dwellings from a devastating earthquake, we investigated the shaking characteristics of the ground in Palu. Spectral ratios for horizontal and vertical motion, H/V, from single-station microtremor records were used to identify the predominant periods of the ground vibrations. Microtremor array observations were conducted to find the ground profile of sediment thickness in Palu City. From the array observations, the central business district of Palu city corresponds to relatively soil condition with Vs 300 m/s.

KEY WORDS: Microtremor observations / soil / Palu City

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REFERENCES

[1] Priadi, B (1993), Geochimie du magmatisme de l'Ouestet du Nord de Sulawesi, Indonesia:Tracage des sources et implications geodynamique. Doctoral thesis, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

[2] Pramumijoyo, S., Indarto, S., Widiwijayanti, C ., and Sopaheluwakan, J(1997), SeismicParameters of the Palu-Koro Fault in Palu Depression Area, Central Sulawesi. Indonesia. Internal report RUT II.

[3] BMKG, ISC & USGS, (2007), Historical Worldwide Earthquakes. [4] Tjia, H.D. & Zakaria, T (1974), Palu Koro strike-slip fault zone, Central

Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sains Malaysiana, 3(1), 65-86.

[5] J. Kiyono, Y. Ono, A.Sato, T. Noguchi and , Rusnardi, P. R (2011), Estimation of subsurface structure based on Microtremor observations at Padang, Indonesia, ASEAN Engineering Journal, Vol.1, No.3, pp.66-81.

[6] J. Kiyono and M. Suzuki (1996), Conditional Simulation of Stochastic Waves by Using Kalman Filter and Kriging Techniques, Proc. of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico, Paper No.1620.

[7] K. Aki (1957), Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves, with special referentto microtremor, Bull. Earth. Res. Inst., Vol.35, No.3, pp.415-456, 1957

[8] I.,Cho, T. Tada, and Y. Shinozaki (2004), A new method to determine phase velocities of Rayleigh waves from microseisms, Geophysics, 69, pp.1535-1551.

[9] J. Keneddy and R. C. Eberhart (1995), Particle swarm optimization, Proc. of IEEE.

[10]T. Noguchi, T. Horio, M. Kubo, Y. Ono, J. Kiyono, T. Ikeda and Rusnardi P. R (2009), Estimation of Subsurface Structure in Padang, Indonesia by Using Microtremor Observation, Report on Earthquake Disaster Prevention Field, Tono Research Institute of Earthquake Science, Seq. No.26, pp.1-16, (in Japanese).

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The Subsurface Soil Effects Study Using the Short and Long

Predominant Periods From H/V Spectrum In Yogyakarta City

Z.L. Kyaw1,2*

, S. Pramumijoyo2, S. Husein

2, T.F. Fathani

3, J. Kiyono

4 and

R.R. Putra5

1,2Geology Department, Yangon University, Myanmar

2Geological Engineering Department, GadjahMada University, Indonesia

3Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, GadjahMada University,

Indonesia 4,5

Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Japan

*Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Yogyakarta has been seriously damaged by Yogyakarta earthquake which was an Mw 6.3 event. The single observations of microtremors were densely performed at 274 sites. The predominant periods due to horizontal-vertical ratio are in the range of 0.15 to 4.00 sec. The distribution of the short and long predominant periods which reflect the information of relatively shallow and deep sedimentary structure as well as the sediment thickness. We investigated relationship between the shape of H/V spectrum for microtremor and underground structure. In the results of this study, it obviously noted that the characteristics of microtremor are dependent on the type of soil deposits.

KEYWORDS: SHALLOW AND DEEP SOIL STRUCTURE; H/V SPECTRAL

RATIO; MICROTREMOR OBSERVATIONS; BOREHOLES; YOGYAKARTA

CITYREFERENCES

REFERENCES [1] Ibs-Von Seht, M. and Wohlenberg, J. 1999, Microtremor Measurements

Used to Map Thickness of Soft Sediments, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 89, 250-259.

[2] Kiyono, J., Ono, Y., Sato, A., Noguchi, T., and Rusnardi., R., 2011, “Estimation of Subsurface structure Based On Microtremor Observations at Padang, Indonesia”, Division III, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Geological Engineering. ASEAN Engineering

Journal,Volume 1, Number 3, October. AUN/SEED-Net JICA. pp 69-84. [3] Nakamura, Y., 1989, A Method for dynamic characteristics estimation of

surface layers using microtremor on the surface, RTRI Report4, 18-27. [4] Nakamura, Y., 2000, Clear identification of fundamental idea of

Nakamura’s technique and its applications, Proc. of the 12th World

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Congresss on Earthquake Engineering, Aucklland, New Zealand. [5] Navarro, M., Enomoto, T., Sanchez, F., Matsuda, I., Iwatate, T., Posadas,

A., Luzon, F., vidal, F., and Seo, K., 2001, Surface Soil Effects Study

Using Short-period Microtremor in Almeria City, Southern Spain, Pure Appl. Geophys. 158, 2481-2497.

[6] Tokimatsu, K. Nakajo, Y. & Tamura, S. 1994. Horizontal to vertical amplitude ratio of short period microtremors and its relation to site characteristics. Journal of Structure and Construction Engineering,

Architectural Institute of Japan, 475, 11-18 (in Japanese). [7] USGS 2013, United States Geological Survey, Historical Earthquakes in

the World. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php

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Granite Related Mineralization of Tungsten in Hoggar,

Southern Algeria

R. Suzaki1, O. Kolli

2, K. Mokrane

2, A. Boutaleb

2, S. Taguchi

3,

K. Yonezu1 and K. Watanabe

1

1 Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu

University, Japan 2 University of Sciences and Technology HouariBoumediene(USTHB), Algeria

3Department of Earth System Science,Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University,

Japan

*Authors to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail: suzaki-

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The production of hydrocarbons is still by far the leading mineral sector, accounting for the bulk of export earnings of Algeria. The Government’s mineral industry fosters a diverse but rather modest production of metals. Therefore, not many mineral investigations have conducted especially southern part of Algeria. However, the potential for base- and precious metals in the Hoggar region, southern part of Algeria, has been investigated for many years with fairly contradictory results. With the aims to investigate Sn-W mineralization in Hoggar region, such as Tin Amzi and Hanana, this study was carried out by microscopic observation, SEM-EDS, XRF analysis and fluid inclusion study. Host rock of these areawere granites. Magnetic susceptibility of Tin Amzi granites were around 0.2×10-3 SI unit, and 0.03×10-3 SI unit in Hanana. Both of them were Ilmenite series. The Tin Amzi deposit is composed of wall greisenised quartz veins of main N-S strike and of vertical dip. There are a lot of trenches with quartz veins along the ridge. Hanana is located on a hillock which was made by intrusion of granite. In this area, some mineralization stage can be seen. Granite, zinnwaldite and topaz, greisen, then quartz veins are mineralized from early stage to late stage. Mineralization temperature of those minerals decreases from early stage to late stage.

Wolframites of Tin Amziwere slightly Fe rich and mineralized in the central part of quartz vein. Sn of this area are in highly differentiated greisenized part. Fluid inclusion of this area were two-phase, and homogenization temperature were around 200~230℃. Salinity were around 7.0 wt.%NaCl equivalent.

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In Hanana, content of Fe in wolframitewere clearly higher than Mn. Fluid inclusion of this area contained rich CO2 and salinity were around 9.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent. It could be considered that Ilmenite series magma, F-rich minerals and CO2-rich fluid have some relationship with Sn-W mineralization. KEY WORDS: Algeria /Hoggar /Geology/granite /tungsten / wolframite REFERENCES

[1] Augé T.,Joubert, M.,Bailly L. (2012) Typology of mafic-ultramafic complexes in Hoggar, Algeria: Implications for PGE, chromite and base-metal sulphidemineralisation. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 63, 32-47.

[2] Black, R., Latouche, L., Liégeois, J.P., Caby, R. and Bertrand, J.M. (1994). Pan-African displaced terranes in the Tuareg Shield (Central Sahara). Geology, 22, 641–644.

[3] Cheilletz, A., Bertrand, J. M., Charoy, B., Moulahoum, O., Bouabsa, L., Farrar, E., Zimmermane, J.L., Deutel, D., Archibald, A. and Boullier, A. M. (1992). Géochimie et geochronology Rb/Sr, K/Ar, et 40Ar/39Ar des complexes granitiques Pan-Africains de la region de Tamanrasset (Algérie): relations avec les minéralisations SnW associées et l’évolution tectonique du Hoggar central. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 163, 733-750.

[4] Clarke, M.C.G.,andBeddoe-Stephens, B. (1987) Geochemistry, mineralogy and plate tectonic setting of a Late Cretaceous Sn-W Granite from Sumatra, Indonesia. Mineralogical Magazine,51, 371-87.

[5] El Bouseily, A.M. and El Sokkary,A.A. (1975)The relation between Rb, Ba and Sr in granitic rocks. Chemical Geology, 16, 207-219.

[6] Groves, D. I., (1972) The geochemical evolution of tin-bearing granites in the Blue Tier Batholith, Tasmania. Econ.Geol., 67, 445-57.

[7] Groves, D. I. and Taylor, R. G. (1973) Greisenisation and mineralisation at Anchor tin mine, northeast Tasmania. Trans. Inst. Mining Metall., 82, 135-46.

[8] Groves, D. I. andMcCarthy, T. S. (1978) Fractionalcrystallisation and the origin of tin deposits in granitoids.Mineral.Deposita, 13, 11-26.

[9] Ishihara, S. (1981) Thegranitoids series and mineralization. Economic Geology, 75thAniversary vol., 458-484.

[10] Kesraoui, M. etVerkaeren, J.(1998) Minéralisation à W-Sn du Hoggar central. Exemple du gisement de Tin-Amzi.Mém. Serv. Géol. Alg., 9, 187-198.

[11] Kesraoui, M. andNedjari, S. (2002) Contrasting evolution of low-P rare metal granites from two different terranes in the Hoggar area, Algeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 34, 247-257.

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[12] Maniar, P.D. and Piccoli, P.M. (1989) Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Bulletin of the American Geological Society, 101, 635-643.

[13] Neiva, A.M.R. (1974) Greisenization of amuscovite-biotite-albite granite of northern Portugal. Chemical Geology, 13, 295-308.

[14] Robert S. Darling (1991) An extended equation to calculate NaCl contents from final clathrate melting temperatures in H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid inclusions: Implications for P-T isochore location, GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa Vol. 55, pp. 3869-3871

[15] Shepherd, T. J. and Waters, P. (1984) Fluid inclusion gas studies, Carrock Fell tungsten deposit, England: Implications for regional exploration. Mineral.Deposita, 19, 304-14.

[16] Schlüter, T. (2008) Geological Atlas of Africa.

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Copper-Gold Mineralization Characteristics of the Sungai Mak

Deposit in Gorontalo, Northen Sulawesi, Indonesia

M.Yamamoto1, A.Maulana

1,2, K.Yonezu

1, K.Watanabe

1 and A.Subehan

3

1Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan

2 Department of Geology Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia 3 PT Gorontalo Mineral, Indonesia

* E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Tombulirato region in Indonesia, Sulawesi Island, Northern Grontalo is located in the convergent boundary of the Eurasian plate and the Australia plate. The survey was started in the 1970s, as a result, hydrothermal gold-silver deposit shallow low-sulfide type porphyry copper gold deposits, and hydrothermal copper gold-silver deposit shallow high sulfide type has been confirmed. Sungai Mak deposit was estimated as porphyry copper deposit, but detail reserch was not yet doing. In this study, object is to reveal the Mineralization characteristics of the Sungai Mak by researching boring core and observation of outcrop. By the observation of outcrop, malachite layer that caused by second enrichment effect, and quartz vein that caused by hydrothermal activity were confirmed. The alteration minerals of intrusive rock identified by thin section observation and X-ray diffraction analysis was quartz, chlorite, illite and pyrophyllite. From observation of thin section, hornblende and plagioclase was confirmed as rock forming mineral and these show porphyritic structure. So intrusive rock was confirmed that it is porphyry. As a result of plotted SiO2 and K2O+Na2O relationship in TAS diagram, intrusive rock was classified grano diorite. From the above intrusive rock was grano diorite porphyry. Ore minerals, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, digenite and covellite were confirmed by microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis of polished section. From the three samples, gold mineralization were conformed by X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. The result of plotted gold grade and copper grade, they have a positive relation ship. This was correspond with characteristic of another porphyry copper deposit in Tombulirato district. By characteristic of combination of ore minerals, there are boundary of primary sulfide zone and intrusive rock in around 160 m from surface. As a result of measurement of the gas-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions that was contained in quartz stock work(width1-3cm), salinity is 2.4-17.8%,homogenization temperature is 282-326ºC(mode value 320ºC).In

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general,there are many examples that the salinity of the fluid of the copper mineralization time is under 12wt.%, and homogenization temperature is under 320ºC in porphyry copper deposit. This was reconciling with this study. From these result and the fact that Sulawesi is located in the convergent boundary of the Eurasian plate and the Australia plate, Sungai Mak deposit is recognized as part of porphyry copper deposit.

REFERENCES

[1] Carlile, J. C., Digdowirogo, S. and Darius, K. (1990): Geological setting, characteristics and regional exploration for gold in the volcanic arcs of North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 35, 105-140

[2] Hamilton, W. (1979): Tectonics of the Indonesian Region: U.S. Geological Survey Proffessional Paper, 1078, US Geological Survey, Reston, 345

[3] Kadarusman, A., Miyashita, S., Maruyama, S., Parkinson, C.D. and Ishikawa, A., (2004). Petrology, geochemistry and paleogeographic reconstruction of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite, Indonesia. Tectonophysic, 392: 55-83.

[4] Katili, J. A. (1975): Volcanism and plate tectonics in the Indonesian island arcs: Tectonophysics, 26, 165-188

[5] Kavalieris, I., van Leeuwen, T. M. and Wilson, M.(1992): Geological setting and styles of mineralization, north arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci.,7(2/3):113-129

[6] Koralay, O. E., Dora, O. O., Chen, F., Satir, M. and Candan, O. (2004): Geochemistry and Geochronology of Orthogneisses in the Derbent (Alasehir) Area, Eastern Part of the Odemis-Kiraz Submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African Magmatic Activity:Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences ,13,37-61

[7] Lowder, G. G. and John Dow, A. S. (1978): Geology and Exploration of Porphyry Copper Deposits in North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Economic Geology, 73, 628-644

[8] Lubis, H., Prihatomoko, S., James, L. P. (1994): Bulagidun prospect:a copper, gold and tourmaline bearing porphyry and breccia system in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 50 , 257-278

[9] Maulana, A. (2009): Petrology, geochemistry and metamorphic evolution of the South Sulawesi basement rocks complexes, Indonesia. M.Phil. Thesis. The Australian National University, Canberra, 225p.

[10] Perello, J. A. (1994): Geology, porphyry Cu-Au, and epithermal Cu-Au-Ag mineralization of the Tombulilato district, North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Jounal of Geochemical Exploration, 50, 221-256

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[11] Sillitoe, R. H. (2010): Porphyry Copper Systems: Economic Geology, 105, 3-41

[12] Soeria-Atmadja, R., Priadi, B., Leeuwen, T .M. V., and Kavalieris, I. (1999): Tectonic setting of porphyry Cu-Au, Mo and related mineralization associated with contrasted Neogene magmatism in the Western Sulawesi Arc

[13] Sugaki, A., Ktakaze,A and Ueno,T(1982):Hydorothermal synthesis of minerals in the system Cu-Fe-S and their phase equilibrium at 400ºC and 500ºC,岩石鉱物鉱床学会誌,3,257-269

[14] Trail,D.S., John, T.V., Bird, M. C., Obial, R.C., Petzel, B.A., Abiong, D.B., Parwoto and Sabagio (1974): The general geological survey of Block2, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Unpub Internal. Rept. PT. Tropic Endeavour Indonesia, Jakarta, 69

[15] Wilson, M. (1989): Igneous Petrogenesis. A GlobalTectonic Approach, xx + 466 pp. London, Boston,Sydney, Wellington: Unwin Hyman

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Assessment of Geological Characteristics and Petroleum Potential

of Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basin

Tran Thi Mai Huong1*

, Hoang Dinh Tien1, NguyenViet Ky

2

1Department of Petroleum geology, Hochiminh City University of technology,

Vietnam 2 Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Hochiminh City University of

technology, Vietnam

*Authors to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail:

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Two Cuu Long and Nam Con Son located adjacent the continental shelf of South Vietnam, is located at north latitude from 60 to 110 and 1060 to 1090 30 'Eastern longitude. However, the potential and the quality of oil and gas are very different. The product of Cuu Long basin primarily was oil in fractured basement had Cretaceous age, and the sediments had the third age located unconformably the fractured basement. But products of the Nam Con Son basin was condensate and gas to born from the similar sediments and fractured basement Why? After finding out they have some things in common, but differences factors such as tectonic nature and organic materials (OM) creative the petroleum products was very different. So we need to clarify these differences factors. Results expressed as follows: The phase tectonic activity in the Cuu Long Basin took place early in the Oligocene period, then take a break and constantly sinking. Type OM mainly Sapropel-numic (type kerogen II). Meanwhile, the Nam Con Son basin tectonic phase takes place is complex and multi-phase, to take place very late. On the other hand OM is mainly humic (type III kerogen). These factors create conditions of different petroleum products and their distribution rules are different KEY WORDS: Clean coal / Earth resources / Geology / Material / Mining /

Petroleum

REFERENCES

[1] Douglas W. Waples; Tsutomu Machihara. Biomarkers for geologists. A

practical guide to the application for steranes and triterpanes in petroleum

geology. AAPG Methods in Exploration No 9- 1992

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[2] Kenneth E.Peters. J.Michael Moldowan. The biomarker guide. Interpreting Molecular Fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments. New Jersey 07632, 1993.

[3] Petrov Al.A. Hydrocarbons of crude oils. Nauka Publishing, 1984. [4] Worden R. M. and et all. Geochemistry of crude oils from the Big Bear

and Bach Hổ fields offshore ViệtNam BP, September 1989. [5] The GC, GC- MS analyse results of crude oil, condensate. In archive of J/V

Vietsovpetro in periods 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. [6] Hoang Dinh Tien and Nguyen Viet Ky. The oil and gas geochemistry.

National Univercity Publishing. Second reprint 2012. [7] Hoang Dinh Tien. The oil and gas geology and methods of reseach,

exploration and monitoring the field. National Univercity Publishing. Second reprint 2012. methods of reseach, exploration and monitoring the field.

[8] Hoang Dinh Tien The main characteristics about geodinamics of sedimentary basins in Viet Nam shelf and Easthern Sea due to influence of geodinamics of SEA. Publishing in Petrovietnam Revista The oil and gas N. 4 – 2011.

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New Reserves Discovery: Deep Oligocene Syn-rift Reservoirs,

Arthit Field

Waranon L.1, Supamittra D.2, Nathawut S.3, Thanawut W.4 and Jularat K.5 Department of Petroleum Development, Arthit Asset, PTT Exploration and

Production Co. Ltd.

ABSTRACT Gas in Oligocene, Formation 0 (FM0) new reserves in Arthit Filed were established after the successful of Platform A. The main objective of this platform is to develop gas reservoirs in Formation 2 (FM 2): Fluvial-Deltaic, Formation 1 (FM 1): Fluvial and Upper Formation 0: Lacustrine delta. Based on the depositional system, encountered reservoirs of FM0 could be devided into 2 main units which are 1) Upper FM0 (H90-H100) and 2) Lower FM0 (BelowH100). “A new discovered reserve of FM0 is identified at hydrocarbon accumulation below H100”. A complete of syn-rift petroleum system leads to the success of FM0 new hydrocarbon discovery. A source rock is identified as Oligocence lacustrine shale deposited in Arthit Lake. Interbedded sand-shale layers of a lacustrine deltaic created a perfect pair of reservoir-seal package and self-sourced system which directly charged/migrated in to sand reservoirs. A series of structural closures and ramp structures created by syn-rift fault system introduce an appropriate hydrocarbon accumulation trap. The uppermost section of the new pay interval is indentified at a high velocity shale package of FM0 (H100), deposited boardly over the northern part of Arthit Field. The seismic signature of this event could be explained as a good continueus seismic reflectors, high seismic amplitude value and contain high seismic frequency content. At the main reservoir unit below H100, log character and petrophysical study illustrates the first sequence of cylindrical shape which indicates the deposited bar sands interfingering with lacustrine shale during aggradational sequence. This sequence was later overlied by the funnel-like shape log character of FM0 (H90-H100). It indicates bar sands deposited in lacustrine deltas during the progradational and retrogradational sequences. In general, top FM0 was encountered at a depth near 3000mTVD-MSL, bottom hole static temperature is over 190 ºC and a formation pressure is at 1.0-1.2 SG EMW (slightly abnormal pressure). Wonderfully, FM0 sands reservoirs are showing a very promising well results with net pay ranging from 3-26 mTVD and containing a moderate to good reservoir property with 10-21 % porosity. However, to quantify or evaluate the FM0 reservoir potential, the production performance is one of the significant information. KEY WORDS: Oligocenet / Gas production / Petroleum

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Applications Programming Language Autolisp in Autocad

Software for Automatic Calculation and Establishment of Boring

Log and Geological Section

Thai Ba Ngoc, Tran Van Xuan, Nguyen Xuan Kha

Ho Chi Minh University of Technology

ABSTRACT

Currently, most of the calculations and establishment of Boring Log and Geological Section in the field of geology are performed on excel, corel or autocad software. However, this work is done by hand, very difficult, takes more time. The use of the AutoLISP programming language in Autocad will allow automation of the calculation and construction of Boring Log, geological cross-sections. MCDC program was created based on the AutoLISP programming language helps dramatically reduce the execution time of the a with minimum errors. Usually based on the data of the project, geotechnical engineers calculated N values of SPT (Standard penetration test), elevation borehole, thickness, determine the boundary layer and sketch Borehole log and Geological section before then then using Autocad to perform manually with the command line available. With the help of MCDC program, the work will be done automatically when the user loads sufficient data for the program. The support design drawings MCDC is written in the AutoLISP programming language effectively shorten the time to complete a geological longitudinal section drawings and drawing cylinder bores. The possibility that the program can be made: - The cumulative distance and drawn along natural Monitoring, pile full name, odd distance - Calculate and draw scalebar stand - The high level borehole and borehole layout, record the serial number of holes, insert symbols holes (or pits) - Support for background fill geological layers - Drawing is available annotations, text annotations - Insert frame available name - Insert acres of state symbols - Draw drawing Boring Log with the principal and expressed SPT chart - Draw geological longitudinal section.

KEYWORDS: AutoLISP, Boring Log, geological cross-sections, diagrams

SPT

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REFERENCES

[1] AN TRAN VIET, HAO LU DUC, 2006: Manual Visual LISP 2007 – AutoLISP 2007, Publisher of Transportation.

[2] LOC NGUYEN HUU, TRUNG NGUYEN THANH, 2003: Design Programming with LISP and AutoLISP, Publisher Ho Chi Minh city.

[3] Rawls & Hagen, 1998: AUtoLISP Programming Principles and Techniques, Goodheart-Willcox Publisher.

[4] Vietnam ISO 4419-1987: Fundamentals in survey for Construction. [5] Autodesk Inc: User guide for Autocad and Autolisp.

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Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Blended with Rice Husk Ash

and Para Rubber Wood Fly Ash

A. Hawa 1, D. Tonnayopas

2*

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand 2 Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Prince of Songkla

University, Thailand


ABSTRACT This experimental program was undertaken binary and ternary combinations of rice husk ash (RHA) and Para rubber wood fly ash (PRWFA) were investigated for their effects on the compressive strength of pumice aggregate concrete (PAC). Binary and ternary of mixtures were partial Portland cement (PC) replacement in different batches from 0-60wt.% cured in water for 7 and 28 days. The properties of the PAC regarded bulk density, water absorption, drying shrinkage, compressive strength, and also Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of interfacial transition zone between pumic aggregate and paste. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased significantly with increasing PRWFA and RHA contents. Binary and ternary can be possible to produce the PAC with 28 days compressive strength of about 9 to 22 MPa and bulk density of about 1,610 to 1,730 kg/m3. However, with 7 and 28 days curing, all of the binary and ternary mixtures yielded PAC with a compressive strength higher than that of uncured sample. The 28-day cured binary combination of 10-20% RHA and 90-80% PC showed the highest compressive strength. It is possible to use PRWFA content at 10% incorporating the 10% RHA, and 80% PC displayed strength approach to the control sample. KEYWORDS: Lightweight concrete / Rice husk ash / Para rubber wood fly ash /

Pumice aggregate REFERENCES

[1] Office of Agricultural Economics (2013), Retrieved 3 April 2013, http:\\www.thairice- exporter.or.th/production.html

[2] P.Stroeven, D.D.Bui, and E.Sabuni (1999), Ash of Vegetable Waste Used for Economics Production of Low to High Strength Hydraulic Binders, Fuel, 1999, Vol. 78, issue 2, pp.53–59.

[3] D.G.Nair, K.S.Jagadish, and A.Fraaij (2006), Reactive Pozzolanas from Rice Husk Ash: An Alternative to Cement for Rural Housing, Cem Concr Res, 2006, Vol. 36, Issue 6, pp. 1062–1071.

[4] V.Saraswathy, and H.W.Song (2007), Corrosion Performance of Rice Husk Ash Blended Concrete. Constr Build Mater, 2007, Vol. 21, Issue 8, pp. 1779-1784.

[5] D.D.Bui, J.Hu, and P.Stroeven (2005), Particle Size Effect on the Strength of Rice Husk Ash Blended Gap-Graded Portland Cement Concrete, Cem Concr Compos; 2005, Vol. 27, Issue 3, pp. 357–366.

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[6] S.Dermirdag, and L.Gunduz (2008), Strength Properties of Volcanic Slag Aggregate Lightweight Concrete for High Performance Masonry Units, Constr Build Mater, 2008, Vol. 22, Issue 3, pp.135–142.

[7] B.Felekoglu, S.Turkel, and H.Kalyoncu (2009), Optimization of Fineness to Maximize the Strength Activity of High-Calcium Ground Fly Ash –Portland, Cement Composites, Constr Build Mater, 2009, Vol. 23, pp. 2053–2061.

[8] ASTM C136 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates; 1996.

[9] ASTM C330 Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete; 1997.

[10] ASTM C127 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate; 1993.

[11] N.Kabay, and F.Akoz (2012), Effect of Prewetting Methods on Some Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete with Pumice Aggregate, Cem Concr Comp, 2012, Vol. 34, pp. 503–507.

[12] A.Lubeck, A.L.G.Gastaldini, D.S.Barin, and H.C.Siqueira (2012), Compressive Strength and Electrical Properties of Concrete with White Portland Cement and Blast-Furnace Slag, Cem & Concr Comp, 2012, Vol. 34, pp. 392–399.

[13] ASTM C191 Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle; 1992.

[14] ACI 213R. Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete. American Concrete Institute; 2003.

[15] J.Cao, and D.D.L.Chung (2001), Defect Dynamics and Damage of Concrete Under Repeated Compression, Studied by Electrical Resistance Measurement. Cem Concr Res, Vol. 31, pp. 1639–1642.

[16] K.Ganesan, K.Rajagopal, and K.Thangavel (2008), Rice Husk Ash Blended Cement: Assessment of Optimal Level of Replacement for Strength and Permeability Properties of Concrete, Constr Build Mater; 2008, Vol. 22, Issue 8, pp. 675–683.

[17] D.Tonnayopas, and W.Kawfai (2009), Development of Natural Crumbed Rubber Waste Aggregate Concrete Additive with White Rice Husk Ash, The 7

th PSU Eng Conf, May

21-22, 2009, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, pp. 555-560. (in Thai) [18] D.Tonnayopas, and W.Kamwicha (2010), Influence of Rice Husk Ash on Strength and

Radiation Shielding of Hematite-Ilmenite Aggregate Mortar. The 15th

National

Convention on Civil Engineering, May 11-14, 2010. Sunee Grand and Convention Center, Ubonratchathani, 7 p. (in Thai)

[19] M.H.Zhang, and V.M.Malhotra (1996), High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as Supplementary Cementing Material, ACI Mater J, Vol. 93, Issue 6, pp. 629–636.

[20] A.Mustafa, G.Hatice, A.G.Ismail, and K.Askeri (2011), Effect of Basic Pumice on Morphologic Properties of Interfacial Transition Zone in Load-Bearing Lightweight/Semi-Lightweight Concretes, Constr Build Mater, 2011, Vol. 25, Issue 5, pp. 2507-2518.

[21] D.Kong, T.Lei, J.Zheng, C.Ma, J.Jiang, and J.Jiang, (2010), Effect and Mechanism of Surface-Coating Pozzalanics Materials around Aggregate on Properties and ITZ Microstructure of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Constr Build Mater, 2010, Vol. 24, Issue 5, pp. 701–708.

[22] P.K.Mehta, and P.J.M.Monteiro (2005), Concrete Microstructure Properties and Materials. Mc-Graw-Hill: New York;

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Green Building Bricks Made with Clays and

Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash

D. Tonnayopas*

Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Prince of Songkla

University, Thailand


ABSTRACT

Characterization in behavior of the clay material used in construction clay brick industry due to additions of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) was investigated. Mixtures of clayey soil and SCBA in proportions of 10-50wt.% were hydraulic uniaxially pressed and sintered at optimized temperature of 1,050oC. Experimental results of partial replacement of the SCBA specimens were carried out on chemical and mineralogical analysis (X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction), thermal analysis (differential thermal analysis, TG), bulk density, water absorption and comressive strength. It is displayed that the SCBA can be directly affected on the properties of the sintered clay brick products. It influenced as a flux agent, becoming the energy efficiency of the lightweight clay brick and environmentally friendly brick. KEYWORDS: Green clay brick / Industrial waste / Recycling materials /

Sugar cane bagasse ash

REFERENCES

[1] M.A.Rahman (1987), Properties of Clay-Sand-Rice Husk Ash Mixed Bricks, J. Cem Comp. Light. Concr., 1987, Vol. 22, Issue 11, pp. 1729-1735.

[2] D.Tonnayopas, and P.Na-Phattalung (1997), Marble Powder and Rubber Sawdust Bricks, Proc. 1997 Annual Conf. Enging. Insti Thailand, Nov 20-23, 1997, The Engineering Institute of Thailand, pp. 322-328. (in Thai)

[3] D.Tonnayopas, and A.Ponsa (2005). Benefication of Oil Palm Fibre Fuel Ash in Making Construction Clay Brick, The 4

th PSU Enging. Conf., 2005,

Songkhla, pp. CE-7-CE-12. (in Thai) [4] D.Tonnayopas, M.Masae and K.Ramrungstid (2005), Use of Brown Bottle

Scrap Glass as a Flux and Substitution of Silica Sand by Diatomite in a Porcelain Stoneware Wall Tile Mix, The 4

th PSU Engin Conf., 2005, pp.

MnE-25 – MnE-30. (in Thai)

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[5] D.Tonnayopas, P.Tikasakul, and S.Jaritgnam (2007), Use of Oil Palm Fiber Ash as an Additive in Clay Bricks, Proc. ICFT 2007, Phuket, Thailand, pp. 198-203.

[6] D.Tonnayopas, P.Tekasakul, and S.Jaritgnam (2008), Effects of Rice Husk Ash on Characteristics of Lightweight Clay Brick, 2nd

Int. Proc. TISD2008

Conf., Khon Kaen, Thailand, 2008, pp. 36-39. [7] D.Tonnayopas, K.Kooptarnond and M.Masae (2009), Effect of Firing

Temperature and Para Rubber Wood Ash on the Quarry Granite Waste Roofing Tiles Body, 4th

Int. Conf. Eng. Tec.-ICET 2009, Hotel Park, Novi Sad, Serbia April 28-30 2009, pp. 257-262.

[8] K.Kooptarnond and D.Tonnayopas (2007), Using Weathered Granite for Ceramic Tile Production, Int. Conf. Recycling and Waste Proc.: Materials

Recovery from Wastes; Bateries and Co/Ni; Precious Metal Recovery; and

Other Non Ferrous, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), pp. 43-49.

[9] C.-H.Weng, D.-F.Lin, and P.-C.Chiang (2003), Utilization of Sludge as Brick Materials, Adv Environ Res, 2003, Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp. 679-685.

[10] X.Lingling, G.Wei, W.Tao, and Y.Nanru (2005), Study on Fired Bricks with Replacing Clay by Fly Ash in High Volume Ratio. Constr Build

Mater, 2005, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp. 243-247. [11] J.F.Martirena Hernandez, B.Middendorf, M. Gehrke, and H.Budelmann

(1998), Use of Wastes of the Sugar Industry as Pozzolana in Lime-Pozzolana Binders: Study of the Reaction, Cem Concr Res, 1998, Vol. 28, Issue 11, pp. 1525–1536.

[12] G.C.Cordeiro, R.D.Toledo Filho, L.M.Tavares, and E.M.R.Fairbairn (2008), Pozzolanic Activity and Filler Effect of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash in Portland Cement and Lime Mortars. Cem Concr Comp, 2008, Vol. 30, Issue 5, pp. 410–418.

[13] K.Ganesan, K.Rajagopal, and K.Thangavel (2007), Evaluation of Bagasse Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Cem Concr Comp, 2007, Vol. 29, Issue 6, pp. 515-524.

[14] G.C.Cordeiro, R.D.T.Filho, L.M.Tavares, and E.M.R.Fairbairn (2009), Ultrafine Grinding of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash for Application as Pozzolanic Admixture. Concr Cem Concr Res, 2009, Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 110-115.

[15] C.M.F.Vieira, and S.N.Monteiro (2007), Effect of Grog Addition on the Properties and Microstructure of a Red Ceramic Body for Brick Production. Constr Build Mater, 2007, Vol. 21, Issue 8, pp. 1754–1759.

[16] V.T.L.Bogahawatta, and A.B.Poole (1996), The Influence of Phosphate on the Properties of Clay Bricks, Appl Clay Sci, 1996, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 461-475.

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[17] G.Cultrone, E.Sebastian, M.J.de la Torre, (2005) Mineralogical and Physical Behaviour of Solid Bricks with Additives, Constr Build Mater, 2005, Vol. 19, Issue, pp. 39-48.

[18] B.Bauluza, M.J.Mayayo, C.Fernandez-Nieto, G.Cultrone, and J.M.G.Lopez (2003), Assessment of Technological Properties of Calcareous and Non-Calcareous Clays Used for the Brick-Making Industry of Zaragoza (Spain), Appl Clay Sci, 2003, Vol. 24, Issue 1-2, pp. 121-126.

[19] D.Tonnayopas, K.Kooptarnond and M.Masae, (2009), Novel Ecological Tiles Made with Granite Fine Quarry Waste and Oil Palm Fiber Ash, TIJSAT, 2009, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 10-20.

[20] H.H.M.Darweesh, (2001), Building Materials from Siliceous Clay and Low Grade Dolomite Rocks, Ceram Inter, 2001, Vol. 27, Issue 1, pp. 45-50.

[21] M.I.Carretero, M.Dondi, B.Fabbri, and M. Raimondo (2002), The Influence of Shaping and Firing Technology on Ceramic Properties of Calcareous and Non-Calcareous Illitic–Chloritic Clays, Appl Clay Sci.,

2002, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 301-306. [22] TIS 77, (1974), Standards Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry

Units Made from Clay or Shale), Thai Industrial Standard Institute, 4. [23] ASTM D698-00a Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))

[24] G.C.Cordeiro, R.D.T.Filho, and E.M.R.Fairbairn (2009), Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Pozzolanic Activity of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash, Cem Concr Comp, 2009, Vol. 23, Issue 10, pp. 410-418.

[25] E.V.Morales, E.Villar-Cocifia, M.Fr◌ํas, S.F.Santos, and H.Savastano Jr. (2009), Effects of Calcining Conditions on the Microstructure of Sugar Cane Waste Ashes (SCWA): Influence in the Pozzolanic Activation, Cem

Concr Comps, 2009, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 22–28. [26] M.Frías, E.Villar-Cociña, and E.Valencia-Morales, (2007),

Characterisation of Sugar Cane Straw Waste as Pozzolanic Material for Construction: Calcining Temperature and Kinetic Parameters, Waste

Manag, 2007, Vol. 27, Issue 4, pp 533-538. [27] G.Cultrone, E.Sebastian, K.J.Elerta, M.de la Torre, O.Cazallaa, and

C.Rodriguez-Navarroa, (2004), Influence of Mineralogy and Firing Temperature on the Porosity of Bricks, J. European Ceram Soc, 2004, Vol. 24, Issue 11 pp. 547-564.

[28] D.Tonnayopas, and S.Sae-Eaw (2003), Characterization of Brick Made of Ball Clay-Ground Brick Powder Mixtures, The Mid

th Mining, Metal

Petroleum Engng Conf, 2003, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, pp. 4-21-4-25.

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[29] C.Tashiro, K.Ikeda, and Y.Inoue (1994), Evaluation of Pozzolanic Activity by the Electric Resistance Method, Cem Concr Res, 1994, Vol. 24, Issue 6, pp. 1133-1139.

[30] E.Villar-Cocina, E.Valencia-Morales, R.Gonza lez-Rodrıguez, and J.Hernandez-Ruız (2003), Kinetics of the Pozzolanic Reaction between Lime and Sugar Cane Straw Ash by Electrical Conductivity Measurement: A Kinetic–Diffusive Model, Cem Concr Res, 2003, Vol. 33, Issue 4, pp. 517-524.

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Development of Zn Anode for Zinc-Air Batteries Ahmad Azmin Mohamad

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering,

UniversitiSains Malaysia, 14300 NibongTebal, Penang, Malaysia.

Corresponding author. Tel: 604-599 6118; Fax: 604-5941011

E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Zinc (Zn) anodes from plate, deposition and porous were used to fabricateZ-air batteries. The Zn-air batteries properties were characterized a discharge rate at constant current. The discharge properties of the batteries were plotted using voltage-specific discharge capacity. Voltages of all batteries are in range of 1.0-1.3 V. Meanwhile the discharge capacities are in the range of 450-600 mA h g-1 depending on discharge rate. KEYWORDS: Batteries; Zinc-air; Anode

REFERENCES

[1] A.A. Mohamad, J. Power Sources, 159 (2006) 752-757. [2] M.N. Masri, A.A. Mohamad, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160 (2013) A715-A721. [3] N. Alias, A.A. Mohamad, Journal of King Saud University- Engineering

Sciences http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.03.003, (2003) xxx-xxx. [4] M.N. Masri, A.A. Mohamad, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 160

(2013) A715-A721. [5] R.P. Hamlen, T. Atwater, Metal/air batteries, in: D. Linden, T.B. Reddy

(Eds.) Handbook of Batteries, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001, pp. 38.31- 38.53

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The Effect of Drying Temperature on Mechanical Properties of

the Natural Rubber Latex Products Filled with Kaolin Modified

Alkanolamide

Hamidah Harahap*, Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, Erick Kamil,

Emelya Khoesoema, Elmer Surya

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara,

Indonesia

Jalan Almamater, Kampus USU Medan 20155, North Sumatra, Indonesia


[email protected]

ABSTRACT Kaolin is a clay mineral generally used as filler. Kaolin is white, with

particle size of 300 mesh. It can be used as natural rubber latex filler in a dispersion system. It consists of water, kaolin and alkanolamide. This dispersion system was mixed with natural rubber latex and curative agent with composition of 10 pphr (part per hundred rubber). This latex compound was pre-vulcanized at 68oC and dried at temperature of 100oC and 120oC for 30 minutes by dry dipping method. The mechanical properties of product were then investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

KEY WORDS: Natural Rubber Latex / Kaolin / Alkanolamide / Dipping

Method / Filler

REFERENCES

[1] A. Rouilly, L. Rigal, R.G. Gilbert (2004), Synthesis and Properties of Composites of Starch and Chemically Modified Natural Rubber, Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO) Polymer, 2004, Volume 45, No.3, pp. 7813-7820.

[2] H.H. Murray (1963), Industrial Applications of Kaolin, Tenth National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals, 1963, pp. 291-298.

[3] H.H. Murray (1999), Applied Clay Mineralogy Today and Tomorrow, Clay Minerals, 1999, Vol. 34, pp. 39-49.

[4] Q. Wang, Y. Luo, C. Feng, Z. Yi, Q. Qiu, L.X. Kong, Z. Peng (2012), Reinforcement of Natural Rubber with Core-Shell Structure Silica-Poly

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(Methyl Methacrylate) Nanoparticles, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/782986

[5] S.Varghese & J. Karger-Kocsis (2003), Natural Rubber-based Nanocomposites by Latex Compounding With Layered Silicates, Science Direct Polymer, 2003, Vol. 44, pp. 4921-4927.

[6] Z. Peng, L.X. Kong, S.D. Li, Y. Chen, M.F. Huang (2007), Self-assembled Natural Rubber/Silica Nanocomposites: Its Preparation and Characterization, ScienceDirect Composites Science and Technology, 2007, Vol.27, pp. 3130-3139.

[7] Y. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Wu, J. Yang, L. Zhang (2005), Preparation and Properties of NR/ Rectorite Nanocomposites, ScienceDirect European Polymer Journal, 2005, Vol. 41, pp. 2776-2783.

[8] L.E. Yahaya, K.O. Adebowale, A.R.R. Menon, B.I. Olu-Owolabi (2012), Natural Rubber/ Organoclay Nanocomposite From Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Seed Oil Derivative, American Journal of Materials Science, 2012, Vol.2, No.2, pp. 1-5.

[9] H. Ismail & T.A. Ruhaizat (1997), Effect of Palm Oil Fatty Acid om Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of CaCO3 Filled Natural Rubber Compounds, Iranian Polymer Journal, 1997, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 97-104.

[10] H.M Da Costa, R.C.R. Nunes, L.L.Y. Visconte, C.R.G. Furtado (2001), Physical Properties and Swelling of Natural Rubber Compunds Containing Rice Husk Ash, Raw Materials and Applications, KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 54. Jahrgang, Nr.5/ 2001

[11] K. Ahmed, S.S. Nizami, N.Z. Raza, S. Kamaluddin, K. Mahmood (2013), An Assessment of Rice Husk Ash Modified, Marble Sludge Loaded Natural Rubber Hybrid Composites, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 205-216.

[12] H. Harahap, B. Azahari, M.R.H.M. Haris (2007), Effect of Drying Temperature on Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Latex Films, Proceedings of International Conference On Chemical Sciences, 2007.

[13] D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kriz (2001), Introduction to Spectroscopy : A Guide For Students of Organic Chemistry, 2001. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning: Singapore, pg. 26.

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Characteristic Mechanic of Polyester

Composite Particle Board with Filller Particle of Areca Nut Fiber

Maulida, Eka Roy Jayanto, Hendry Simanjuntak, Departement of chemical engineering, engineering faculty, University of

Sumatera Utara,

Jl Almamater Campus USU Medan 20155, Indonesia

e-mail :[email protected] eka,[email protected] and

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Areca nut fiber is one of the natural fiber alternative material in composite making scientifically and its exploiting still developed. Fiber propose marriage to now used many in furniture industries and crafting of household and also traditional drug materials because besides is easy to got is, cheap, can lessen environmental pollution (composite biodegradability) so that this can overcome environmental problems, and also do not endanger health. At this research, researchers are looking for the ability of this particle board toward to test in the form of mechanical properties such as modulus of rupture, screw holding capacity, and FTIR. The variable is used comparison among areca fiber and polyester that is 1:1 and 1:2 of volume percent, and also areca fiber particle size measure that is 50 mesh and 100 mesh. The characteristic of this Areca nut fiber particles toward to test of which have been done are appropriate to Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) which have been specified. The result of this research conclude this Areca nut fiber is suited for as filler in composite particle board making with matrix of polyester. KEY WORDS: Areca nut fiber/ Polyester/ Particle Board/ Composite.

REFERENCES

[1] Arif Wicakson, Karakterisasi Kekuatan Bending Berpenguat Kombinasi

Serat kenaf acak dan Anyam. Jurusan Teknik Mesin. UNS: Semarang. 2006.

[2] Cowd,M.A. 1991.Kimia Polimer,terjemahan oleh Firman,H.ITB,Bandung [3] Erniwati, Pengembangan Papan Komposit Berlapis Anyaman Bambu Dari

Jenis Kayu Cepat Tumbuh Dengan Perekat Poliuretan. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor : Bogor. 2008.

[4] Gunawan, Agus. 2008.Panduan Untuk Komposit. http://www.wordpress.com

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[5] Haygreen J.G, Bowyer J.L Hasil Hutan dan Ilmu Kayu, Yogyakarta: UGM Press. 1996

[6] Jenie. 2004. Serat Buah Pinang. Universitas Sains Malaysia: Malaysia. [7] Jufri, Moh. 2007. Pembuatan Komposit Berbasis Polyester dengan

Penguat Serat Alam. Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Malang

[8] Maloney TM. 1993. Modern Particleboard and Dry ProsesFiberboard

manufacturing. San Fransisco: Miller Freeman. inc

[9] Ruslinda, Rumintang. 2008. Kandungan Serat Buah Pinang. Institut Teknologi Bandung: Bandung.

[10] Sutigno, 2002. Komposit Papan Partikel. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan

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Tensile and Flexural Properties of Unsaturated Polyester (UPR)

Composites Filled with Empty Fruit Bunch Palm Oil (EFBPO)

and Cellulose

Halimatuddahliana, Elmer Surya*, Michael Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Jalan Almamater, Kampus USU Medan 20155, North Sumatra, Indonesia


[email protected]

ABSTRACT The tensile and flexural properties of unsaturated polyester (UPR) composites filled with empty fruit bunch palm oil (EFBPO) and cellulose were investigated. The composites were made by hand-lay up method by mixing UPR and fillers with the ratio of UPR/fillers viz. 95/5,90/10,85/15,and 80/20 to obtain the best content of fillers in the composites. The parameters which were carried out on the prepared samples were tensile strength and flexural strength. The results have shown the value of tensile strenght and flexural strength were both still under the value of pure UPR. It was found that as the EFBPO contents in UPR were increased the elongation at break and flexural strength of the composites increased. The highest elongation at break was occured at 80/20 UPR/EFBPO composite. However, the addition of cellulose in UPR has decreased the properties of composites. KEY WORDS: Unsaturated polyester / EFBPO / Cellulose / Hand-Lay Up /

Tensile strength/ Flexural strength

REFERENCES

[1] M. Khalid, C.T. Ratnam, T.G. Chuah, Salmiaton Ali, Thomas S.Y. Choong (2006), Comparative Study Of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced With Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber And Oil Palm Derived Cellulose, Elsevier Materials & Design 2006, Volume 29, pp. 173-178.

[2] P.J. Jandas, S. Mohanty, S.K., Navak, H. Srivastaya (2011), Effect of Surface Treatments of Banana Fiber on Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradability Properties of PLA/ Banana Fiber Biocomposites, Polymer Composites, 2011, Vol.32, No.11, Proquest Science Journals pg.1689.

[3] P. Kongkaeaw, W. Nhuapeng, W. Thamajaree (2011), The Effect of Fiber Length on Tensile Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites Reinforced by the Fibers of Bamboo (Thyrsostachys Siamenses Gamble), J.Microscopy Society of Thailand, 2011, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 46-48.

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[4] A.V.R. Prasad, K.M.M. Rao, A.V.S.S.K.S Gupta (2007), Tensile and impact behaviour of rice straw-polyester composites, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 2007, Vol.32, pp. 399-403.

[5] N. Srinivasababu, K.M.M. Rao, J.S Kumar (2010), Tensile Properties of Turmeric Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 2010, Vol.35, pp. 324-329.

[6] P.N. Khanam, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, G.R. Reddy, S.V. Naidu (2011), Tensile, Flexural and Chemical Resistance Properties of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: Effect of Fibre Surface Treatment, J.Polym Environ, 2011, Vol. 19, pp. 115-119.

[7] H. Salmah, M. Marliza, P.L. Teh (2013), Treated Coconut Shell Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2013, Vol.13, No.2, pp. 94-103.

[8] M. Khalid, S. Ali, L.C. Abdullah, C.T. Ratnam, S.Y. Thomas Choong (2006), Effect of MAPP as Coupling Agent on The Mechanical Properties of Palm Fiber Empty Fruit Bunch and Cellulose Polypropylene Biocomposites, International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2006, Volume 3, No.1, pp. 79-84.

[9] M. Khalid, A. Salmiaton, C.T. Ratnam, C.A. Luqman (2008), Effect of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate (TMPTA) on The Mechanical Properties of Palm Fiber Empty Fruit Bunch and Cellulose Fiber Biocomposite. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2008, Volume 3, No.2, pp. 153-162.

[10] M. Davallo, H. Pasdar, M. Mohseni (2010), Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2010, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 2113-2117.

[11] S. Waigaonkar, B.J.C. Babu, A. Rajput, (2011), Curing Studies of Unsaturated Polyester Resin in FRP Products, Indian Journal of Engineering & Material Sciences, 2011, Vol.18. pp. 31-39.

[12] A.M. Hameed (2012), Effect of Water Absorption on Some Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin/ Natural Rubber Blends, Jordan Journal of Physics, 2012, Vol. 5, No.3 pp. 119-127.

[13] S.P. Borkar, V.S. Kumar, S.S Mantha (2007), Effect of Silica and Calcium Carbonate Fillers on the Properties of Woven Glass Fibre Composites, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 2007, Vol.32, pp. 251-253.

[14] A.H.P.S. Khalil, M.M. Marliana, T. Alshammari (2011), Material Properties of Epoxy-Reinforced Biocomposites With Lignin From Empty Fruit Bunch As Curing Agent, BioResources, 2011, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 5206-5223.

[15] A.A. Hussein, R.D. Salim, A.A. Sultan (2011), Water absorption and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene/ egg shell composites, Journal of Basrah Researhes, 2011, Vol.37, No.3, pp. 36-42.

[16] S. Husseinsyah, M. Mostapha (2011), The Effect of Filler Content on Properties of Coconut Shell Filled Polyester Composites, Malaysian Polymer Journal, 2011, Vol.6, No.1, pp. 87-97.

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Significance of Themineralogical Properties of Phyllosilicate as

An Indicator in the Exploration of Ore Deposits

T. Yoneda1 and H. Mokko

1

1Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Hokkaido University, Japan

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The mineralogical properties of phyllosilicate, such as mineral association, particle size, mineral chemistry, etc. show highly diverse and systematic variations closely related to their occurrences in hydrothermal systems. The mineral chemistry and particle size of hydrothermal chlorites were examined to explore theirapplicability as indicatorsduring ore prospecting. A comparison of fluid inclusion thermometry indicates that the two thermodynamic chlorite geothermometers are usable for a wide compositional range of trioctahedralchlorites fromhydrothermalsystems, and that the chlorite solid solution model including thermodynamic properties employed in the two thermometers may only have small differences in the temperature estimation. The particle size properties of hydrothermal chloritescan be related to their crystal-growth mechanismsand to the environmental conditions of mineral formations in the hydrothermal systems as well asthose ofillites.Further detailed and integrativestudies on the mineral properties of phyllosilicate in hydrothermal systems are expected to develop useful indicatorsin theexploration of ore deposits. KEY WORDS: Phyllosilicate / Mineralogical properties / Hydrothermal

systems / Chlorite compositions / Patricle size /Ore prospecting REFERENCES

[1] J.Hedenquist, E.Izawa, A.Arribas, and N. C.White (1996), Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, characteristics, and exploration, Society of Resource Geology. Special Publication, No.1.

[2] H.Shirozu (1974), Clay minerals in altered wall rocks of the Kuroko-type deposits, Mining Geology Special Issue, No.6, pp.303-310.

[3] K.Nagasawa, H.Shirozu and T.Nakamura (1974), Clay minerals as constituents of hydrothermal metallic vein-type deposits, Mining Geology Special Issue, No.7, pp.75-84.

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[4] E.Izawa, Y.Urashima, K. Ibaraki, R. Suzuki, T. Yokoyama, K.kawasaki, A.Koga and S.Taguchi (1990), The Hishikari gold deposit: high-grade epithermal veins in Quaternary volcanics of southern Kyushu, Japan, Jour. of Geochemical Exploration, Vol.36, pp. 1-56.

[5] A.Inoue (1995), Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments, In Origin and mineralogy of clays, B.Velde ed., Springer, pp.268-329.

[6] T.Yoneda and T.Watanabe (1989), Chemical composition of regularly interstratified chlorite/smectite in the ores from some Neogene gold–silver vein-type deposits in Japan, Mining Geology, Vol.39, pp.181-190.

[7] Bove, D. J., Eberl, D. D., McCarthy, D. K., and Meeker, G. P.(2002), Characterization and modelingof illite crystal particles and growth mechanisms in a zoned hydrothermal deposit, Lake City, Colorado,American Mineralogist, v. 87,pp. 1546-1556.

[8] Carrillo-Rosua, J., Morales-Ruano, S., Esteban-Arispe, I., and Hach-Ali, P.F. (2009), Significance of phyllosilicate mineralogy and mineral chemistry in an epithermal environment, Insights from the Palai-Islica Au-Cu Deposit (Almeria, SE Spain), Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 57, pp. 1-24.

[9] S.W.Bailey (1988), Chlorite: Structure and crystal chemistry, InReviews in Mineralogy, Vol.19 Hydrous Phyllosilicates, (Mineralogical Society of America), pp.347-403.

[10] M.Cathelineau and D.Nieva(1985), A chlorite solid solution geothermometer the Los Azufres(Mexico) geothermal system, Contrib.Mineral.Petrol.,Vol.91,pp.235-244.

[11] J.Walshe(1986), A six-component chlorite solid solution model and the conditions of chlorite formation in hydrothermal and geothermal systems, Econ.Geol., Vol.81, pp.681-703.

[12] N.Shikazono and H.Kawahata (1987), Compositional differences in chlorite from hydrothermally altered rocks and hydrothermal ore deposits, Can.Mineralogist, Vol.25, pp.456-474.

[13] T.Yoneda (1989), Chemical composition of chlorite with special reference to the iron vs. manganese variation , from some hydrothermal vein deposits, Japan, Mining Geology, Vol.39, pp.393-401.

[14] S.W.Lonker, H.Franzson, H.Kristmannsdottir (1993), Mineral-Fluid Interactions in the Reykjanes and SvartsengiGeothermalSystems (Iceland), American Journal of Science, Vol. 293, pp. 605-670.

[15] O.Vidal, T.Parra, and F.Trotet (2001), A Thermodynamic model for Fe-Mg aluminous chlorite using data from phase equilibrium experiments and natural pelitic assemblages in the 100deg. to 600deg.C, 1 to 25 kb range, American Journal of Science, Vol. 301, pp. 557-592.

[16] A.Inoue, A.Meunier, P.Patrier-mas, C.Rigault, D.Beaufort, and P.Vieillard (2009), Application of chemical geothermometer to low－temperature

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trioctahedralchlorites, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 57,No. 3, pp.371-382.

[17] A.Inoue, K.Kurokawa and T.Hatta (2010), Application of Chlorite Geothermometry to Hydrothermal Alteration in Toyoha Geothermal System, Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, Resource Geology, Vol.60,pp.52-70.

[18] F.Bourdelle, T.Parra, C.Chopin, O.Beyssa (2013), A new chlorite geothermometer for diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions,Contrib.Mineral.Petrol.,Vol.165, pp.723-735.

[19] T.Yoneda and H.Maeda (2008), Chemical composition of chlorites from hydrothermal ore deposits and its applicability to geothermometers, MMIJ, Vol.124,pp.694-699.

[20] D.D.Eberl, J.Srodon, M.Kralik, B.E.Taylor and Z.E.Peterman (1990), Ostwald Ripening of clays and metamorphic minerals, Science, Vol.248, pp.474-477.

[21] D.D.Eberl, V.A.Drits, J.Srodon and R.Nuesch (1996), Mudmaster, A program for calculating crystallite size distributions and strain from the shapes of X-ray diffraction peaks, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, No. 96-171, 46p.

[22] V.A.Drits,D.D.Eberl and J.Srodon (1998), XRD Measurement of Mean Thickness, Thickness Distribution and Strain for Illite and Illite-Smectite Crystallite by BWA Technique,Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol.16, pp.38-50.

[23] C. Brime and D.D.Eberl (2002), growth mechanisms of low-grade illites based on shapes of crystal thickness distributions, Schweiz.Mineral.Petrogr.Mitt., Vol.82, pp.203-209.

[24] K.Mystkowski, J.Srodon and F.Elsass (2000), Mean thickness and thickness distribution of smectite crystallite, Clay Minerals, Vol.35, pp.545-557.

[25] L.N.Warr and D.R.Peacor (2002), Evaluation of X-ray diffraction methods for determining the crystal growth mechanism of clay minerals in mudstones, shales and slates, Schweiz.Mineral.Petrogr.Mitt., Vol.82, pp187-202.

[26] D.D.Eberl, V.A.Drits, and J.Srodon(1998), Deducing growth mechanism for minerals from the shapes of crystal size distributions, American Journal of Science, Vol. 298, pp. 499-533.

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Effect of Specimen Size on Mode I Fracture Toughness

by SCB Test

Kojiro Ueno1*

, Takahiro Funatsu2, Hideki Shimada

1,

Takashi Sasaoka1, Kikuo Matsui

1

1 Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka

819-0395, Japan 2 Institure of Geo-Resources and Environment, National Institure of Advanced

Induustrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan


[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

The semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen was suggested in 1984 for testing mode I fracture toughness of rock. Recently, SCB specimen was extended and improved for many other applications by various researchers due to ease in handling though short rod (SR) specimen is recommended method. However, there are still rooms to consider for determining the fracture toughness of rock exactly by SCB specimen. This paper discusses the application of the SCB specimen for determining the fracture toughness of rock by comparison between the result of SCB specimen and SR specimen, and size effect using the SCB specimen. KEY WORDS: Fracture toughness / SCB specimen / SR specimen / Size effect

REFERENCES

[1] F. Ouchterlony (1986) , A core bend specimen with chevron edge notch for fracture toughness measurement, Proc. 27th U.S Symp. Rock Mech., pp. 177-184.

[2] L.M. Barker (1977), A simplifiedmethod for measuring plane strain fracture toughness, Eng. Fracture Mech., 9, pp.361-369.

[3] F. ouchterlony, (1988), Suggested methods for determining the fracture toughness of rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geom. Abstr, 25, pp.71-96.

[4] K. P. Chong, M. D. Kuruppu, J. S. Kuszmaul (1987): Engineering Fracture Mech., 28, pp.43-542.

[5] I.L. Lim, I.W. Johnston, S.K. Choi (1993), Stress intensity factors for semi-circular specimens under three-point bending, Engng Fract. Mech., 44, pp.363-382.

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[5] ISRM Commission on Testing Method (1995), Suggested method for determing ModeⅠfracture toughness using cracked chevron-notched Brazilian dic (CCNBD) specimens, R.J. Fowell (co-ordinator), Int. J. Rock mech and Min. Sci., 32 pp57-64.

[6] ISRM Commission on Testing Method (1998): Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 25, pp.71-96.

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Potential of White Marble Resouces in Luc Yen District, Yen Bai

Province of Vietnam and Orientation For Development

NGUYEN Thi Thuc Anh PhD. In Geology,

Head of Department of Mineral Resources Management

Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment,

Vice Chairwoman of Luc Yen White Marble Association.

ABSTRACT White marble resource (known as white limestone) in Vietnam in general and in Luc Yen district, Yen Bai province in particular is one of the strategic minerals in Vietnam. Since 1999, the white marble in Luc Yen has been interested by researchers and investors because of its value in use and highly economic efficiency, especially in the field of block , slab marble construction production, calcium carbonate powder and high-end jewelry. White limestone range in Luc Yen belong to An Phu (NP - ε1 ap) formation that consists of altered limestone, siliceous limestone, its thickness is about 450-500m, 12-14 km width, nearly 20 km length in NW - SE. The marble mineral are mostly in white marble, white gray, white gray color. Mineral components mainly are calcite from 97% to 100%. Until now, many mining and processing investors in Luc Yen has been successful applied appropriate scientific, technologies to put white marble products not only meet the domestic market but also to reach the market international. REFERENCES [1] Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Report on the mineral

resources of Yen Bai province. Hanoi, 2005. [2] General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Collection of

conference reports. Status on exploration, mining, extraction, processing and use of white marble in Vietnam and orientation of using. Hanoi, 2012.

[3] Phuong Nguyen et al. Report on results of White marble exploration in Lieu Do 4, Lieu Do Commune, Luc Yen District, Yen Bai Province. Geological archives. Hanoi, 2010.

[4] The Tran Van et al. Report on results of geological mapping and mineral prospecting group of sheets Luc Yen Chau at 1:50,000 scale. Geological archives. Hanoi, 2000.

[5] Vinh Nguyen et al. Geological mapping and mineral resources of Yen Bai sheet F-48 - XXI at scale 1:200,000. Geological archives. Hanoi, 2004.

[6] Xuyen Tran et al. Geological mapping and mineral resources of Bac Quang sheet F-48-XV at scale 1:200,000. Geological archives. Hanoi, 2000.

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Design the Blast in Low Benches and some Practical Applications

in Vietnam

Pham Van Hoa1*

, C. Drebenstedt2, Le Van Quyen

1, Nguyen Dinh An

1

1Department of Surface Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology,

Vietnam 2Institute of Mining and Special Civil Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg,

Germany


[email protected]

ABSTRACT The blasts in low benches appear more often at the mining and especiall

at the construction sites in Vietnam such as: blasting for road construction, trench blasting, ground levelling; blasting for digging foundation of the hydraulic power plant,…The paper presents the influence of bench height / charge length on the value of burden based on the experimental study of many series of full scale single hole test blasts. The results shown that with the ratio of bench height to charge diameter H/d < 60 or the ratio of charge length to charge diameter l/d <40, the blasts are classified into low bench blasting and the values of burden in these cases should be decreased to get better blasting results.

KEY WORDS: Blasting of rock /Burden /Low bench blasting/Charge length/

Bench height

REFERENCES

[1] Langefors, U. and B. Kihlström, The modern technique of rock blasting, ed. 1. 1963, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 405.

[2] Ash, R.L., Design of blasting rounds, in Surface Mining, B.A. Kennedy, Editor. 1990, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.

[3] Konya, C.J. and E.J. Walter, Rock Blasting and Overbreak Control. 1, ed. 1. 1991, Virginia: FHWA Report-FHWA-HI-92-001, USA. 415.

[4] Olofsson, S.O., Applied explosives technology for construction and mining. 2 ed. 2002, Ärla: Applex. 342.

[5] Sukhanov, A.F. and B.N. Kutuzov, Rock Blasting (in Russian). 1983, Moscow: Nedra.

[6] Harries, G., Breakage of rock by explosives. Aus. I. M. M. 1978, London. [7] Belin, B.A. and D.T. Thang, Experimental study on the effect of the length

of the underwater bottom charge on the transverse dimensions of blasted

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excavation and the identification of minimal length of bottom line charges (in Russian). Mining magazine, 2007. Blasting work(8): p. 207-212.

[8] Hagan, T.N. The importance of the shape, orientation and roughness of free faces in commercial blasting operations. in The AusIMM Bulletin and Proceedings. 1986. Sydney, Australia: The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.

[9] Pham, V.H., Research on the determination of suitable blasting parameters using for low bench blasting in the condition of Vietnam, in Faculty of Geosciences, Geoengineering and Mining. 2011, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg: Freiberg. p. 212.

[10] Pham, V.H. and C. Drebenstedt, Blast design with short boreholes, in Challenges and Solutions in Mineral Industry, Freiberger Forschungsforum 60. Berg-und Hüttenmännischer Tag 2009, ISBN 978-3-86012-374-4, C. Drebenstedt, P. Scheller, and G. Heide, Editors. 2009: Freiberg, Germany. p. 68-73.

[11] Pham, V.H. and C. Drebenstedt, Single hole test blasting for determining optimum burden in low bench height at a limestone mine, in Scientific reports on Resource Issues 2010, Volume 3: Innovations in Mineral Industry, Geology, Mining, Metallurgy and Management, C. Drebenstedt, Editor. 2010. p. 77-84, ISSN 2190-555X.

[12] Pham, V.H. and C. Drebenstedt, The application of single hole test blasts as a method for studying the calculation of blasting parameters when blasting in low benches, in Scientific Reports on Resource Issues 2011, Volume 1: Latest Developments in Mineral Industry, Geology, Metallurgy and Management, C. Drebenstedt, Editor. 2011. p. 188-192, ISSN 2190-555X.

[13] Pham, V.H., C. Drebenstedt, and V.Q. Le New method for the calculation of low bench blasting parameters for practical conditions of Vietnam. in Advances in Mining and Tunneling. 2012. Hanoi, Vietnam: Publishing house for science and technology.

[14] Azarkovich, A.E. and M.B. Etkin, Characteristics of the action and calculation of blasthole crater charges. Hydrotechnical Construction, 1998. 32(1): p. 32-38.

[15] Lilly, P., An empirical method of assessing rock mass blastability, in Proc. Large open pit mining conference. 1986. p. 89-92.

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An Overview of Titanium Placer in Middle of Vietnam

1 Le Qui Thao, Nguyen Hoang, Pham Van Viet, Tran Dinh Bao

1Department of Surface mining,Hanoi University of Mining and Geology,

VietNam

* E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Vietnam has considerable potential of placer and under-water minerals, need exploiting to serve national economy. Howerver, mining technologies have been using not consistent with mining condition, not hight effective. The paper introduces potential of titanium placers in Middle of Viet Nam, current mining status and proposes some suitable mining technologies for sustainable development of the future titanium industry of Vietnam. KEY WORDS: Placer mining/backhoe hydraulic excavator/ dipper dredger/

potential titanium of Vietnam

REFERENCES

[1] V. Patzold, G. Gruhn, C. Drebenstedt (2008). “Der Nassabbau – Erkundung, Gewinnung, Aufbereitung, Bewertung”. Springer-Verlag

Berlin Heidenberg,2008 [2] Nguyen Van Thuan, Tran Van Thao (2008). “Industrial-scaled titanium-

zircon placers potential in the red sand dunes of PhanThiet formation in South Trung Bo coastlines” Journal of Geology, Series A, Issue No.308,

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evaluation and optimization of gas assisted gravity...

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