evaluating today’s landscape multifunctionality and...

Evaluating today’s landscape multifunctionalityand providing an alternative future: a normative scenario approach

R. Waldhardt1, M. Bach2, R. Borresch3, L. Breuer2, T. Gottschalk4, H.G. Frede2, S. Gäth5, S. Julich2, W. Köhler6, R. Lange4, M. Krumpholz7, F. Kuhlmann7, S. Mayr4, A. Otte1,

B. Reger1, W. Reiher2, P. Sheridan7, K. Schmitz3, P.M. Schmitz3, D. Simmering1, C. Weist6, S. Witzel7, V. Wolters4, D. Zoerner5

Participating Research Units1 Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning

2 Resource Management3 Agricultural and Development Policy

4 Animal Ecology5 Waste Management and Environmental Research

6 Biometry and Population Genetics7 Agribusiness Management

Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition

IALUC Conference at Humboldt-University BerlinApril 9, 2008

Multifunctionality of landscapes

Landscapes are required to maintain multiple environmental / ecological and societal functions■ habitat function (flora, fauna)■ filter function (surface and ground water)■ aesthetic function (natural scenery, cultural heritage)■ …■ production function (food, fodder crops, bioenergy)

However, to date (most) landscapes do not fulfil the requirements of theconcept of multifunctionality.

The degree of multifunctionality is hard to be evaluated as long as ‚multifunctional reference landscapes‘ are being missed.

Designing multifunctional landscapes by means of normative landscapescenarios – ‚that portray futures that should be‘* – may support the evaluationof the current situation.

* Nassauer & Corry (2004): Using normative sceanrios in landscape ecology. – Landsc. Ecol. 19: 343-356.

I. documentation of today‘s land use at the scale of uniformly managed land units

II. detection of functional deficits of today‘s land use considering environmental, social and economic attributes

III. compilation of a catalogue of alternative land uses suitable to minimise thedetected functional deficits

IV. determination of rules for the incorporation of alternative land uses in a normative scenario

V. rule-based modification of today‘s land use pattern in a normative scenario

VI. evaluation of today‘s landscape against the normative scenario (reference) with respect to multifunctionality

an application of the spatially explicit and GIS-based SFB 299 model network ITE²M

Normative scenario approach

Model network ITE²M

talk given by M. Bach:The Integrated Tool for Economic and Ecological Modelling (ITE2M): Assessment of trade-offs in landscape services.

cf. Waldhardt 2006 in Colloquium Geographicum (Bonn)

soil

fauna

flora

water

people‘s perspective

economy

Study area: Water catchment ‚Wetter‘ (Wetterau, Hesse)

Area B

Frankfurt

Hamburg

Munich

Berlin

#

#

#

#

GERMANY

A

Study area

elevation a.s.l. 120 – 250 m

mean annual temperature 9 – 10,5 °C

mean annual rainfall 500 – 650 mm

predominance of fertile and well-drained luvisols

land cover in 2003

total area 16.600 ha

- arable land 52 %

Münzenberg

Intensive arable production (breadbasket of Hesse)

land-use intensity is high with respect to fertilization and pesticide applicationconsidered as an area that does not provide much ‚space for biodiversity’

Habitat of endangered species (e.g., common hamster)

protected by the European flora-fauna habitat directive

Foto: Manfred Sattler

Nature reserves (e.g., riparian habitat network ‚Auenverbund Wetterau‘)

extensively managed grasslandsamongst the most ambitious nature-conservation projects in Hesse

Nature reserve ‚Mittlere Horloffaue‘

Problems arising from land-use intensity of the agricultural matrix

■ fertilizer and pesticide contamination of surface and ground water and terrestrial non-target habitats

■ biodiversity loss

■ enrichment of heavy metals in arable soils

■ soil erosion

■ …

degree of multifunctionality?

I. documentation of today‘s land use at the scale of uniformly managed land units

II. detection of functional deficits of today‘s land use considering environmental, social and economic attributes

III. compilation of a catalogue of alternative land uses suitable to minimise thedetected functional deficits



VI. evaluation of today‘s landscape against the normative scenario (reference) with respect to multifunctionality

Normative scenario approach

arable landgrasslandforestopen watersettlementsinfrastructureothers

data aggregated for presentation puposes

► common high-resolution GIS-database on land use and site conditionsfor all research partners

I. documentation of today‘s land use at the scale of uniformlymanaged land units

air photo interpretation covering the entire areabased on data from the EU subsidy control system(‚InVeKoS‘) and considering data on nature reservesand other protected areas(conducted by EFTAS Fernerkundung, Münster)

documentation of production systemsbased on local farmer‘s informationand business statistics

consideration of digital site information(e.g., soils, topography)

2006: 6 months

Example: field research on weed vegetation, considering production systemsand site conditions (habitat types)

In 300 plots, only 47 segetal species were recorded, mainly in cultivated fieldmargins.

In contrast, about 150 segetal species are to be expected according to regional floristic databases.

II. detection of functional deficits of today‘s land use consideringenvironmental, social and economic attributes

► disciplinary qualitative and quantitative analysis of landscape attributes

2007: 4-6 months

Example: alternative evaluation of agricultural environmental schemessuitable for weed protection under consideration of the Hessian IntegratedAgricultural Environmental Programme ‚HIAP‘

III. compilation of a catalogue of alternative land uses suitable to minimise the detected functional deficits

► disciplinary ideas for alternative futures

2007: 3 months

interdisciplinary expert discussions on regionally-applicable agriculturalproduction systems and landscape structure, considering

■ a network of extensively cultivated field margins■ enhancement of extensively managed grasslands■ restoration of formerly common fruit orchards (mainly with apple trees)■ alternative crop rotations■ alternative tillage operations■ …

■ regional land rent


► interdisciplinary portray of ‚a future that should be‘

2007: 3 months


► GIS realization of multifunctionality

0 200 400 600 800 1000100Meter ´

LegendeGetreide

Raps

Hackfrüchte (Mais, Rüben, Kartoffeln)

Wiesen und Weiden; Graswege

Gebüsch, Hecke

Straßen und geteerte Wege

base case

0 200 400 600 800 1000100Meter

LegendeGetreide

Raps

Hackfrüchte (

Blühflächen

Wiesen und W

Streuobstwies

Gebüsch, Hec

Straßen und g

Krautsäume

Ackerschonst

´

multifunctional scenario

LegendeGetreide

Raps


Blühflächen


Streuobstwiesen

Gebüsch, Hecke


Krautsäume

Ackerschonstreifen

cropsrapeseedmaize, beetroot, potatoeflowering fieldmeadow and pasturefruit orchardhedgeroadflowering marginextensively managed field margin

2007 / 2008: 4 months

34

3

10.5 11.8

base case multifunctional scenario

GEPARD Output: number of breeding bird species

VI. evaluation of today‘s landscape against the normative scenariowith respect to multifunctionality (ITE²M model network anlaysis)

higher number of breeding bird species in multifunctionality scenariounequal distribution of effects

GEPARD Output: Yellowhammer territories

889 1052

0.34 Terr./pixel

0 Terr./pixel


base case multifunctional scenario

higher number of Yellowhammer territories in multifunctionality scenariounequal distribution of effects

ProF Output: number of plant species per km²base case: 206 multifunctional scenario: 255


LegendeGetreide

Raps


Blühflächen


Streuobstwiesen

Gebüsch, Hecke


Krautsäume

Ackerschonstreifen

cropsrapeseedmaize, beetroot, potatoeflowering fieldmeadow and pasturefruit orchardhedgeroadflowering marginextensively managed field margin

higher number of plant species at various spatial scales in multifunctionalityscenariounequal distribution of effects

ProLand Output: land rent and direct payments*


ScenarioLand Rent*

in.

Direct Payments

1,000 €Base 9,405 2,899Multifunctionality 8,218 3,052

*land rent total includes direct transfer payments

higher land rent and lower transfer payments in base casehigher share of direct transfer payments in multifuntionality scenario

* as projected for 2013: 302 €

ProLand Output: total land rent


base case multifunctionality scenario

unequal distribution of effects

Breuer L., Reiher W., Pohlert T., Huisman J.A., Weinmann B., Vaché K.B., Bach M., Frede H.G., 2007: Integrated assessment of potential impacts on water and soil related ecosystem services due to the European Common Agricultural Policy. In: Schumann, A., Pahlow, M. (ed.), Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water related Risks at the Basin Scale. IAHS-Publ. 317: 90-95.

Ecosystem services for the CAP and AGENDA land use scenario as derived by ITE2M. Model outputs were standardized [100%].


► disciplinary and integrated quantitative and qualitative evaluation

2008: > 4 months

Advantages and challenges

Designing multifunctional landscapes by means of normative landscape scenariosmay support- the evaluation of the current situation (reference system)- ex-ante impact assessment (reference system)- strategy making and planning (visionary system).

Various alternative futures may be designed that meet multifunctionality criteria.

Spatially-explicit analyses of trade-offs between considered landscape attributes / functions / services are needed for a better understanding of the underlyingprocesses in the human-environment system (landscape).

►distinguish between reality, visions and dreams

This study was carried out as part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 299.

www.uni-giessen.de/waldhardt www.sfb299.de

Upcoming events:

Symposium ‚Effects of bioenergy production on biodiversity: local to global case studies and scenarios‘ – EURECO-GfOE Conference 2008 – Sept. 2008 –www.eureco-gfoe2008.ufz.de/

Workshop ‚Energiepflanzenanbau - ökologische Folgen für die Landschaft‘ –GfOE Specialist Group Landscape Ecology – May 2008 – www.gfoe.org/

We thank the DFG for financial assistance

evaluating today’s landscape multifunctionality and...

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