evagination - cmb.i-learn.unito.it
TRANSCRIPT
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evagination
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Concha and Wilson, 2001
Evaginations
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Melatonin
• Synthesis
• Regulation
• Roles
• Mammalian vs.
non-mammalian
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Lerner, 1958
Melatonin concentration
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Melatonin
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Daily rhythm of melatonin is common in all vertebrates
Mel
ato
nin
in
blo
od
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Rhythms are driven by
an intrinsic clock
What do you think
about this?
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AANAT HIOMT
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Melatonin
AANAT HIOMT
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Daily rhythm in the serotonin → melatonin pathway
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Effect of SCN lesion on melatonin production
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noradrenaline
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ON OFF
SCN
OFF ON
Pineal
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Effect of SCN lesion on melatonin production
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AANAT rhythms in the rat pineal gland
Roseboom et al., 1996
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Effect of light of AANAT activity and protein levels
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AANAT CRE
AANAT
AANAT mRNA
proteasome
AANAT AANAT
P
Serotonin
N-acetylserotonin
NE
cAMP
PKA
pCREB
P
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The role of melatonin
• Affects other daily rhythms
• Affects annual/seasonal rhythms
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Melatonin binding sites in the mice brain
Liu et al., 1997
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Effect of melatonin on SCN activity
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Shibita et al., 1989
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Removal of the pineal prevented winter
testicular atrophy in humbsters
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What can be the uses of melatonin?
Who may use melatonin?
• Shift workers
• Jet-lag
• Circadian related sleep disorders
• Blind people with unsynchronized clock
• Sleep (?)
• Breading farmed animals
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spontanous melatonin KO in mice
Roseboom et al., 1998
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Why would such a mutation occur?
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Location of the pineal gland
Non-mammalian vertebrates pineal gland
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Rhythmic melatonin production in chicken
In vivo In vitro
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The role of the sparrow
pineal gland/melatonin in
determining rhythmic
locomotor activity
• Pinealectomy (right) or continuous melatonin (left)
affected rhythmic locomotor activity
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• Pinealectomy led to
loss of rhythm
• Pineal implantation
conferred the rhythm
of the donor
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Rhythms of melatonin production in
cultured zebrafish pineal glands
Adi Tovin
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Adi Tovin and Limor Ziv
Rhythmic melatonin production is
affected by light – photoreception.
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Pineal Gland SCN eys
Regulation of the melatonin rhythm in mammals
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Pineal Gland SCN Light input
Regulation of the melatonin rhythm in fish
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Pineal Gland SCN Light input
?
?
Regulation of the melatonin rhythm in fish
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The roles of non-mammalian pineal glands
• Affect daily rhythms and sleep
• Affect annual rhythms
• Pigmantation
• Thermoregulation
• Development
• Huge amount of species variation
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