european report on development 2014 “financing and other means of implementation in the post-2015...
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European Report on Development 2014
“Financing and other means of implementation in the post-2015
context”Athens, 3 June 2014
ERD 2014 – background• Annual report commissioned by European Commission and
4 Member States. This will be 5th edition to be launched in December 2014.
• Process:– Consultations – Drafting reports
• Main report (ERD team; around 25 researchers)• Background papers (academics)• Country illustrations (country teams in Bangladesh, Ecuador,
Indonesia, Tanzania, Mauritius, Moldova)
• Target group varies by report: EU development officials & beyond. Now: Financing for Development Processes, UN Open Working Group, etc
ERD2014 research question
• “How can financial resources be most effectively mobilised and channeled and how can they be combined with selected non-financial means of implementation, to effectively support a transformative post-2015 agenda?”
Since 2000: Millennium Development Goals
• 8 MDGs, poverty, health, education, partnerships (UN, 2000)
• Monterrey 2002 Financing for Development to finance MDGs
• Implementation / financing of MDGs:– Finance needs studies (UN Sachs, World Bank, etc)– Aid was often seen as addressing needs– Aid (especially for social sectors) increased from
$50 bn a year in 2002 to $130 bn a year now
The incremental costs to reach development goals, $ bn annually
MDG 4,5,6
MDG 2
MDG 1
Infrastructure
1 10 100 1000 10000
6.8
7
20
1000
36
27.6
62
2500
maxmin
Aid
Millennium Development Goals
Examples:MDG 1 = povertyMDG 2 = educationMDG 4-6 = health
Finance a transformative post-2015 agenda
• Post-2015 agenda under discussion (“UN Open Working Group”). We describe sustainable development transformations:
– Allocating labour towards high productivity activities whilst creating employment
– Zero poverty, whilst reducing inequalities
– Energy access, whilst reducing CO2 emissions and preserving biodiversity
The role of finance in now much more complex?
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Specific policies for effective mobilisation of finance (national / local / global policies)
Supporting policies (Non-financial MOI) for effective use of finance (national / local / global policies)
Sustainable development transformations(economic, social, environmental)
Financial flows(public and private,
domestic and international)
Enablers• Quality of institutions• Capital (infrastructure),
labour, technology• Connectivity / integration
Finance for development(some emerging issues)
• Complex and messy!• Importance of public finance, but its role is
evolving• An important role for ODA, but in a
supportive/catalytic rather than delivery role• Beyond aid: Private sector flows / instruments
as countries evolve• Beyond finance: Context of finance matters
Finance flows (% of GDP) change by income levels (beyond aid)
Source: all WDI countries, 1980-2012 : Mauritius at 9.5 ($13.000)
Why beyond finance?
Two examples
Importance of supportive policies – policies to reduce interest rate spread
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Sub-Saharan Africa
Low and middle income countries
East Asia and Pacific
High income OECD countries
Private investors in Africa face an additional costs of around US$ 15 billion (2 per cent of credit extended). Competition & innovation policies, (non-financial MOI) that would lower the African interest rate spread to the average of low and middle income countries increase availability of finance by 1.2% of GDP and investment by 6 per cent.
= 2 % points
Estimating sustainable energy finance needs
Low ca
rbon en
ergy
End-use
efficie
ncy
Nuclear
Renew
ables
Electr
icity i
nfrastr
ucture
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Current & planned policies
USD
(bill
ions
/yea
r)
Low ca
rbon en
ergy
End-use
efficie
ncy
Nuclear
Renew
ables
Electr
icity i
nfrastr
ucture
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Policies consistent with 2 degrees
USD
(bill
ions
/yea
r)
Difference in low carbon energy needs owing to different demand scenarios
Impact of better global mitigation scenarios on mobilisation of climate finance
Proposal Revenue mobilised (USD billions) Impact of scenarios and carbon price
Unconditional pledges
Conditional pledges
2⁰C
Norwegian proposal 3 15 26 The high volume of emission allowances auctioned
under the unconditional pledges does not compensate for the low prices, therefore the conditional pledge scenario mobilises more funds (the price effect is greater than the volume effect). The most stringent C02 scenario (2⁰C) mobilises the greatest revenue.
Swiss proposal 52 46 41 The higher revenue under the pledges scenario is caused by the higher emissions in these scenarios. The carbon price has a lesser effect on revenue than the scale of emissions.
IET levy 2 <1 1 The revenue is low, and influenced by level of emissions to a greater extent than carbon price.
Bunker fuel emissions tax 17 65 111 In all three scenarios significant revenue is mobilised.
The tax level was set at the global carbon price – the predictability could be increased by making taxation level independent of the carbon price. The carbon price (or scenario) however has a strong impact on revenue.
Increasing CO2 reductions = higher carbon price = more funds
ERD examples that support narrative
• Beyond aid (Tanzania hydropower requires different types of finance)
• Beyond finance (Tanzania workshop discussed role of supporting regulatory framework for renewable energy investment)
• Examine finance in a transformative context (role of aid the compensate losers in Mauritius)
Concluding issues
• Finance for Development framework to support a post-2015 agenda
• More complex than implementation of Monterrey / MDG suggested – Difference finance sources– Finance alone is not enough: complementary policies– New role for different types of finance in different
transformative contexts
• How is this signalled in a new framework?
Thank you!
For further information please contact:
ERD2014 Project Manager – Gillian Hart [email protected] Project Officer – Leah Worrall [email protected]