european religions today catholic in southwest/central protestant in northwest orthodox in...
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European religions today
Catholic in Southwest/Central Protestant in Northwest
Orthodox in East/Southeast Muslim in part of Southeast
Balkans shatterbelt
Ethnic diversity
Meeting of Orthodox,Catholics, Muslims
Competition between Russian, Ottoman, Austrian spheres
“Balkanization”
Muslims as Ottoman Legacy
ALBANIANS(Albania, Kosovo,Macedonia)
BOSNIANS (Bosniaks:convertedSerbo-Croats)
SANJAK(Serb.-Mont.)
TURKS(Bulgaria, Romania,Moldova)
Pécs church in Hungary
(former mosque)
Turkey
Types of territoriality
State
Ethnic
Religious
Fears ofBalkanization(splitting state into ethnic or
religious parts)
State territorialityState territoriality(“patriotism”)
Place identity based on political unit(Serbian, Croatian)
“I am an American.” “I am a Nigerian.”(Civil wars)
NATIONNATION
Not a state: A cultural group with a territorial identity; stitching together many local identities
Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot allbecome states, yetmany are large enough to survive(larger than some states).
Theories of nationhood
Primordialism(nation is essential/family, in the “blood”)
Instrumentalism(nation is top-down, self-serving project of elites)
Constructivism(nation is constructed both by elites and masses)
Basques in Spain/France Québecois in Canada
Ethnic territorialityEthnic territoriality(“nationalism”)
Place identity based on ethnicity(Serb, Croat)
Homeland
Territorializationof national identity:
Past “golden age”Present securityFuture prosperity/glory
Battle of Kosovo Polje(Blackbird Field), 1389
Muslim Turks defeatSerbian (and Albanian)Christians under Prince Lazar.
Knights’ blood “turns into” red poppies.
Sacred site for Serbian nationalism
NATION-STATE
State with one nation(none “pure” but some close)
Nearly all states multiethnic(more than one nation)
National Congruence
Desire for stateboundaries to matchethnic boundaries( Greater _________ )
* If majority does not want minority
* If minority wants self-determination
Boundaries of Albaniain different eras
Religious TerritorialityReligious Territoriality
States defined by religion
IranIran
VaticanCity
IsraelIsrael
SaudiSaudiArabiaArabia
VaticanVaticanCityCity
Core group
States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group
English in U.K.Whites in U.S.
Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia
Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism”
German skinheadsattack TurksKKK rally against immigrants, 1925
Hindu mobs attack IndianMuslim neighborhood
State usually representscore group, but also needs
loyal minorities
English attack immigrants
Minority nationalism
For “self-determination”Not only secession but autonomy
Reaction to majority nationalism?
What if minority becomes majority?
LithuaniaEast Timor
PuertoRico
Irredentism
Joining ethnic minority with acountry where they are majority,To form Greater________
Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938