european plans for operational atmospheric composition monitoringslide: 1 european plans for...

European Plans for Operational Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Slide: 1

European Plans for Operational Atmospheric Composition Monitoring

Rose Munro (EUMETSAT) Jörg Langen (ESA) Yasjka Meijer (ESA)

European plans for Operational Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition Slide: 2

Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

GMES ObjectiveGMES Service DevelopmentGMES Atmosphere ServiceGMES Space Component


Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

GMES – Global Monitoring for Environment and Security’ (GMES) is a joint initiative of the European Union and the European Space Agency (ESA)

Represents a concerted effort to bring data and information providers together with users

Make environmental and security-related information available to the people who need it through enhanced or new services

European Contribution to the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS)

GMES Objective

“to provide, on a sustained basis, reliable and timely services related to environmental and security issues in support of public policy makers’ needs”


GMES Service Development

Integrated approach combining models, in-situ, and satellite data

Three fast track services: Emergency Response, Land Monitoring & Marine

Pilot GMES Atmosphere Service under development

Service Implementation Groups advise EC with working groups on

― Scope― Architecture― In-situ component― Space component


Air Quality monitoring of global and European atmospheric composition and provision of historic

records threshold exceedance warning, development of effective air pollution abatement

integrated global, European & local air quality analysis & forecast traffic regulation, air quality alerts, support to health services, extreme events

Climate Forcing improved and sustained monitoring of the state of the climate system (surface and

upper air meteorology and composition) and its variability rapid response to extreme weather events and natural catastrophes

integrated global, European and regional concentration fields of key greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enabling determination of sources and sinks support to emission and sink verification and mitigation policy

Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation improved and sustained monitoring of the current status and trends in stratospheric

ozone depletion and ozone depleting gases routine provision of updated ozone, UV and solar radiation maps and forecasts

GMES Atmosphere Service Components


Sentinel-1 C-band interferometric radar mission

Sentinel-2 multispectral optical imaging mission

Sentinel-3 altimeter and wide-swath low-medium resolution optical and infrared radiometers

Sentinel-4, -5 two families of atmospheric chemistry monitoring missions, one on geostationary (Sentinel-4) and one on low Earth orbit (Sentinel-5)

Sentinels 4&5 will support the GMES Atmosphere Service

GMES Space Component


High temporal and spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to air quality

Climate gases (CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) and aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL

High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System


Mission concept for climate protocol monitoring (lower troposphere) and air quality applications

Instrumentation: UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer for O3, NO2, SO2, H2CO, CH4, CO, aerosol

thermal IR sounder for O3, CO and CH4 profiles and HNO3 cloud imager

System: Sentinel 4: GEO platform (Europe, reduced set of species)

Sentinel 5: sun-synchronous LEO platform

Note: A Sentinel 5 precursor with a launch date of 2014 is also planned to ensure data continuity and

to support development of operational services

Mission Concepts


Mission concept for ozone and climate applications in the UTLS

Instrumentation options: either mm-wave (MASTER derivative) or mid-IR (AMIPAS derivative) limb-

sounder

System: sun-synchronous LEO platform

Maturation of application to be pursued. Choice of instrument type open.Mission to be considered after clarification of these points.

Mission Concepts


Sentinel 4 will be a realised as

― addition of a UVN spectrometer on the EUM MTG-S platforms (~2018)

― utilisation of TIR data from the EUM IR sounder onboard the same platforms and

― utilisation of imager data from the EUM MTG-I platforms (~2015)

Sentinel 5 will consist of

― a UVNS spectrometer embarked on the EUM post-EPS platforms (~2020)

― implementation of the Sentinel 5 IR sounding requirements in addition to meteorological requirements for the EUM post-EPS IR sounder and

― utilisation of EUM post-EPS imager data.

Additionally a UVNS spectrometer (precursor of Sentinel-5) is required in a polar orbit complementary to MetOp, with afternoon equator crossing time

GAS Implementation Group WG 4 Recommendations (Space)


Future EUMETSAT MissionsMeteosat Third Generation (MTG)Post-EPSRelationship to Sentinels 4&5


Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) (GEO)

Identification of user requirements supported by a User Consultation Process, also addressing atmospheric chemistry

Based on the assessment of the capabilities of observing techniques there were five candidate observation missions identified for MTG: • High Resolution Fast Imagery (HRFI) mission• Full Disk High Spectral Imagery (FDHSI) mission• Infrared Sounding (IRS) mission• Lightning Imagery (LI) mission• UV-VIS Sounding (UVS) mission

For further information seewww.eumetsat.int Home Main What_We_Do Satellites Future_Satellites Meteosat_Third_Generation


Post-EPS (EUMETSAT Polar System) (LEO)

Application Expert Groups convened to analyse the needs of EUMETSAT users in the 2020+ timeframe User needs documented in 5 position papers

• Atmospheric Chemistry• Atmospheric Sounding and Wind Profiling• Climate Monitoring• Cloud, Precipitation and Large Scale Land Surface Imaging• Ocean Surface Topography and Imaging

Mission Requirements Document (MRD) includes Infra-Red Sounding, UV-Visible-SWIR, Limb MM-Wave & Infra-Red and 3MI missions

For further information see www.eumetsat.int Home Main What_We_Do Satellites Future_Satellites Post-EPS


Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Requirements Analysis

Requirements harmonisation process aimed to achieve convergence between Sentinel 4&5 and MTG and post-EPS requirements level of commonality high

MTG and Sentinel 4 (GEO) For MTG some differences remain between Sentinel -4 UVS and MTG UVS

specifications, most notably related to spatial coverage requirements The MTG Infra-Red Sounder (IRS) primarily targets meteorological applications and the

Sentinel -4 IRS purely atmospheric chemistry applications as a result there are differences in requirements specification

Post-EPS and Sentinel 5 (LEO) High degree of convergence achieved no significant differences remain Current specification assures continuity with EPS. Limb MM-Wave & Infra-Red instruments not currently included in the Sentinel 4&5 MRD IRS requirements for Atmospheric Chemistry in the post-EPS framework have priority

“2” relative to all other candidate Missions for post-EPS


Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Schedule

MTG versus Sentinel 4 With the MTG twin-satellite configuration there is now a possibility to

embark a UVS mission similar to the UVS studied during MTG Phase 0 (payload mass ~ 140 kg)

Final decision to embark Sentinel 4 on the MTG sounding satellites has to be taken in late summer 2008 together with the definition of the MTG payload complement

Post-EPS versus Sentinel 5 UVNS mission will be studied in the Sentinel 4&5 context at payload level &

at most only accommodation/system level issues considered in the post-EPS study; the IRS will be studied in the frame of post-EPS

Final decision to embark Sentinel-5 on the Post-EPS has to be taken by end of 2009 (or early 2010) together with the definition of the Post-EPS payload complement.


Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Scientific Activities

The ESA scientific study “Observation Techniques and Mission Concepts for Atmospheric Chemistry” (CAMELOT) is currently running in parallel to the Sentinel -4 and -5 industrial studies with the aim of providing further scientific advice and support to the industrial teams on implementation of critical requirements, orbit trade-offs, and other related issues

Additionally, ESA funding available for an air quality impact study and a limb-sounding study

Completed MTG studies also relevant

EUMETSAT can run additional science studies to support the process as necessary


Sentinel 4Mission ObjectivesSpectral CharacteristicsSpatial Coverage


Sentinel 4 – Mission Objectives

Sentinel-4 will be focussed on air quality

Main data products O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO and aerosol optical depth

The specific objective is to support air quality monitoring and forecast over Europe with high revisit time (~1 hour) for the period of time between 2017 and 2032


Sentinel 4 – Spectral Characteristics

Band I D

Spectral range [nm]

Spectral resolution

[nm]

Spectral sampling

ratio

Priority Target Species

GEO-UV 305-400 0.5 3 1 tropospheric ozone, sulphur dioxide, albedo,

f ormaldehyde, aerosol absorption, bromine monoxide, rayleigh scattering (cloud),

GEO-VI S 400-500 0.5 3 1 aerosol, nitrogen dioxide, glyoxal, O2-O2 (cloud)

GEO-NI R 750-775 0.5 or 0.06

3 1

2

O2-A (cloud, aerosol)


Sentinel 4 – Spatial and Temporal Sampling

Repeat cycle < 1 hour with a goal of 0.5 hr

Spatial sampling distance at 45N, 0E <8km

Spatial Coverage (acquisition is only required in the sunlit part of the orbit whenever the Sun Zenith Angle at the observed spatial sample is <92º and the Observation Zenith Angle is <75º)


Conclusions

Atmospheric Chemistry requirements are an essential element in the implementation of future European GEO/LEO missions

ESA & EUMETSAT have taken all necessary steps with the EC to ensure accommodation of GMES S4 on MTG, with full support of ESA & EUMETSAT Delegations

MTG Ground Segment will provide all necessary processing elements and data dissemination capabilities

Same approach has been taken for GMES Sentinel 5


Additional slides …


Core services Standard operational products and information services providing direct

support to European policy and information on global issues Sustained public funding (EU & Member States) Pilot service “GMES Atmospheric Service (GAS)”: EU FP7 activity “MACC” to

start 2009; negotiation ongoing Precursor / development activities: GEMS (EU FP6 Integrated Project),

PROMOTE (ESA GMES Service Element)

Downstream services Targeted services that address specific user requirements, or trans-national,

national, regional or local problems EU not directly driving the service and not responsible for service requirements Use core service data as input Call to be issued Precursor / development activities: PROMOTE, national developments

GMES Atmosphere Service


Air quality integrated global and European air quality analysis integrated global and European air quality forecast historic records of Global and European atmospheric composition

Climate forcing improved and sustained monitoring of the state of the climate system (surface and

upper air meteorology and composition) and its variability integrated global, European and regional concentration fields of key greenhouse

gases (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enabling determination of sources and sinks

Stratospheric ozone and solar radiation improved and sustained monitoring of the current status and trends in stratospheric

ozone depletion and ozone depleting gases routine provision of updated ozone, UV and solar radiation maps and forecasts historic European UV and solar radiation records and mapping

Core Service Components


Air Quality local air quality forecasts, e.g. as input to traffic regulation Improved air-quality-related alerts and forecasts for health services supporting

vulnerable communities (COPD, asthma, pollen-induced allergies) daily compliance with air-quality legislation (threshold exceedance warning) support to development of effective air pollution abatement measures through

proper apportionment of sources and assessment of impacts (human exposure) etc

forecasts for extreme events involving the combined effects of heat stress, high UV-B exposure and poor air quality

Climate Change information for rapid response to extreme weather events and natural

catastrophes identification, assessment and monitoring of regional/local sources and sinks of

greenhouse gases and pollutants and related tracers in support of emission and sink verification and mitigation policy.

Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation surface UV-radiation monitoring and forecasting personalized skin-type specific UV information

Examples of Downstream Services


Environmental Themes, Data Usage and Services

Environmental Theme

Data usage

Ozone Layer &Surface UV radiation

Air Quality

Climate

Protocol Monitoring

UNEP Vienna Convention; Montreal and subs. ProtocolsCFC emission verificationStratospheric ozone, halogen and surface UV distribution and trend monitoring

UN/ECE CLRTAP; EMEP / Göteborg Protocol; EC directives EAP / CAFEAQ emission verificationAQ distribution and trend monitoring

UNFCCC Rio Convention; Kyoto Protocol; Climate policy EUGHG and aerosol emission verificationGHG/aerosol distribution and trend monitoring

Near Real Time Services

Stratospheric composition and surface UV forecastNWP assimilation and (re-) analysis

Local Air Quality (BL); Health warnings (BL)Chemical Weather (BL/FT)Aviation routing (UT)

NWP assimilation and (re-) analysisClimate monitoringClimate model validation

Assessment

(lower priority for operational mission)

Long-term global data recordsWMO Ozone assessments Stratospheric chemistry and transport processes;UV radiative transport processesHalogen source attributionUV health & biological effects

Long-term global, regional, and local data recordsUNEP, EEA assessmentsRegional & local boundary layer AQ processes; Tropospheric chemistry and long-range transport processesAQ source attributionAQ Health and safety effects

Long-term global data recordsIPCC assessmentsEarth System, climate, rad. forcing processes; UTLS transport-chemistry processesForcing agents source attributionSocio-economic climate effects


Ozone Layer & globalSurface UV radiation

threshold : Europe + surrounding areas(e.g. monitoring of EC directives and national AQ legislation, short-term air quality forecast)

Air Quality target : global (monitoring, assessment and forecast of global air quality, the oxidising capacity, and the quantification of continental in/outflow)

Climate global

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3

Geographical Coverage Requirements


Consortium

KNMI – lead SRON RAL

Univ. of Leicester FMI BIRA-IASB

IFAC-CNR Noveltis Univ. of Köln

Duration

April 07 – April 09

Camelot Study


complementation of existing geophysical observation requirements with meteorological and possibly other auxiliary data requirements and delivery time requirements

contributions to trade-offs among different observation principles for several chemical species and parameters

derivation of comprehensive instrument performance requirements from the geophysical observation requirements with previously identified observation principles

quantification of the effects of cloud interference as a function of geophysical and observational parameters

contributions to the trade-off between orbit scenarios

support to parallel Sentinel 4&5 phase 0 and phase A system studies

recommendations for changes and additions to the MRD

Camelot Study - Objectives


EU documents on GAS• GAS Orientation paper and workshop report, 12/2006• FP7 Cooperation Work Programme Space, 6/2007 • GAS IG WG4 Draft Report and Summary, 3/2008

GAS precursor projects• FP7 Integrated Project GEMS• GMES Service Element PROMOTE

Environment and climate protection protocols• Vienna convention – Montreal protocol, UNFCCC – Kyoto protocol• UNECE – CLRTAP, EU directives

Related work on observation requirements• IGOS-IGACO Theme report• GCOS implementation plan• WCRP-SPARC long-term observation requirements• EU GMES-GATO report• EU FP projects, e.g. Create-Daedalus, Evergreen• Eumetsat user consultation and studies in the frame of MTG / post-EPS• ESA studies on CO2 monitoring• ESA study on atmospheric chemistry observation requirements• ESA study dedicated to S4&5 requirements (“CAPACITY”) incl. user workshop• ESA study on radiance requirements (“CAMELOT”), ongoing

Major Sentinel 4&5 MRD References


A. Research missions

Envisat, Aura, Odin, Scisat, Mopitt (ongoing)OCO, Gosat (2009)

• Wealth of data for science• Advanced stratospheric component• Pathfinders for tropospheric applications

Main deficiencies: Temporal resolution, horizontal sampling / coverage in nadir Vertical resolution in limb

All expected to stop ≤ 2014, no new plans

Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (1/4)


B. Operational missions

MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASINPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRISMTG 2017 IRSpost-EPS 2019 IRS

OMPS • designed for stratospheric ozone monitoring• considered appropriate for this purpose; OMPS also limb• some contribution to NWP• contributions to tropospheric applications limited, due to insufficient temporal sampling (~ 1/week/geo-location cloud-free) and too coarse horizontal resolution• OMPS not expected to deliver useful tropospheric data (spectral coverage and resolution, SNR)



B. Operational missions (cont’d)

MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASINPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRISMTG 2017 IRSpost-EPS 2019 IRS

GOME-2 • target species O3 profile, total column O3, NO2, tropospheric NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO, aerosol optical depth, clear sky UV index, UV

including clouds and surface albedo … • contributes to NWP• spatial resolution (40 km x 80 km) not optimal for tropospheric applications• near-daily coverage (1920km swath)



B. Operational missions (cont’d)

Infrared Sounders

IASI:• chemical products: H2O, O3, CH4, N2O, CO, HNO3, SO2

• H2O vertical profiles; some vertical info for tropospheric O3, CO

Post-EPS IRS:• instrument not yet defined (phase 0 starting)• primary Eumetsat objective for IRS is NWP• secondary Eumetsat objective for IRS is air quality / chemistry-climate

interaction (requirements harmonised with S4&5)

CRIS:• met instrument (low spectral resolution) – chemistry limited

MTG IRS:• limited contribution – assessment vis-à-vis S4&5 requirements ongoing

Assessment of existing and planned missions (4/4)


High temporal and spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to air quality

Climate gases (CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) and aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL

High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3

A B C

1 A1 B1 C1

2 A2 B2 C2

3 A3 B3 C3


CO2 mission for Kyoto protocol verification : Severe random and systematic measurement error requirements Uncertainties of inverse modelling (transport PBL – free troposphere) Uncertainties in modelling of natural surface fluxes

CO2 considered immature for operational missionas recognised by

• dedicated ESA study (CNRS-LSCE et al.)• Capacity study consortium• Post-EPS atmospheric chemistry AEG.

CO2 mission on natural surface fluxes First significant results from AIRS and Sciamachy available Dedicated research missions to come (OCO, Gosat) Very demanding spec’s → a mission of its own Advanced mission being investigated in Earth Explorer programme

Carbon Dioxide


EUMETSAT Objectives & Mission

The primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological satellites.

A further objective is to contribute to the operational monitoring of the climate as well as the detection of global climatic changes.

Furthermore, environmental issues which drive or are driven by meteorological conditions are considered.

Objectives:

To deliver operational satellite data and products that satisfy the meteorological and climate data requirements of its Member States - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, through decades.

This is carried out according to the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Mission:


The EUMETSAT Application Ground Segment

EUM GeostationarySystems

Systems of theEUM/NOAA Cooperation

Centralised processingand generation of products Decentralised processing

and generation of products

Data Acquisitionand Control

Data ProcessingEUMETSAT HQ

Meteorological ProductsExtraction

EUMETSAT HQ

Archive & RetrievalFacility (U-MARF)EUMETSAT HQ

Satellite ApplicationFacilities (SAFs)

USERS

Application Ground Segment

other data sources


EUMETSAT Space Segment Overview

GMES Sentinel 5

96 98 00 02 0497 99 01 03 05 06 08 10 12 1407 09 11 13 15 1716 18

OSTMJason-2

Jason-3

IODC (63° E)

Rapid Scanning (10° E)

Primary Service (0° E) IODC (57.5° E)

3.4° W

0°

Meteosat First Generation

Meteosat-5

Meteosat-6

Meteosat-7

MSGMeteosat-8

Meteosat-9

Meteosat-10

Meteosat-11

MTG

EPSMetOp-A

MetOp-B

MetOp-C

Post-EPS

IODC Backup (67.5° E)

GMES Sentinel 3

GMES Sentinel 4


Meteosat Third Generation (MTG)

The UVS mission was studied at instrument level only (not at system level) during pre-Phase A activities but not studied further

Decision endorsed by Council, however, Council also tasked EUM to coordinate with ESA for Implementation of the UVS within GMES, preserving the role of EUM as Operator. This is reflected in the agreed approach for MTG for the ESA C-MIN-08.

Twin satellite configuration also endorsed by EUMETSAT council with the second platform the MTG-S carrying the IRS

With this, a UVS Mission (as Sentinel 4) shall be accommodated within the design margins offered by the MTG Sounding Satellites

The IRS primarily targets meteorological applications but is also expected to provide information on O3 and CO.


Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Context

Following decisions taken at the 60th EUMETSAT Council (December 2006)

― It is recognised that MTG and post-EPS atmospheric chemistry requirements shall be implemented in the context of GMES

― "According to current plans Sentinels-4 and -5 will be implemented as additional payloads on the Eumetsat MTG and post-EPS missions, and will be operated by Eumetsat as part of the overall MTG and post-EPS management procedures.“

Similar decisions taken at ESA PBEO in September 2006

“ESA-EUMETSAT Working Assumptions on GMES Sentinels-4 and -5” finalised for presentation to EUMETSAT Council and ESA PB-EO by end of 2007, confirmed in 2008 and in use for preparation of C-MIN-08.


Post EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Mission:Approach to Generating Requirements

Generated by a dedicated Application Expert Group (AEG)

Heritage― Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations (IGACO) Report from

the IGOS Atmospheric Chemistry Theme Partners ― ESA commissioned CAPACITY study to define the Geophysical Data

Requirements for an Operational Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring Mission

Requirements specified for satellite observations only

Prioritisation per application remaining aware of observing feasibility


Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Mission: User Data Requirements Tables

Ozone & Surface UV ― Priority 1 (protocol/forecast): O3 stratosphere/UT profile & column― Priority 2 (assessment): stratospheric ClO, BrO, HNO3

& aerosol (heterogeneous chemistry)

Composition – Climate Interaction― Priority 1: O3 & H2O profiles; trop CH4 (emissions)― Priority 2: CO2 (emissions); trop CO & NO2 (chemistry);

stratospheric N2O/CH4 (circulation); AOD & cirrus

Pollution & Air Quality― Priority 1 (regulation/AQ index) O3, NO2, CO, SO2, AOD ― Priority 2 (forecast): H2O, H2CO, aerosol type


Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Candidate Missions

Considering data reqs for the three applications and drawing on the extensive assessment of observing techniques for CAPACITY, four main candidate missions proposed for atmospheric chemistry applications

Nadir-viewing uv-swir and ir spectrometers complementary in (a) near-surface sensitivity and (b) detectable constituents

― Requirements for near-surface observations of trace gases and aerosol addressed by this combination

Limb-viewing mm-wave and IR spectrometers complementary in (a) cirrus sensitivity and (b) detectable constituents

― Requirements for vertical profiling addressed optimally by combination of limb- and nadir-sounding


Overall Status

Phase A

EUMETSAT roadmap

20092008 20112007

Phase B Start Phase C/D

2012 20132010

ESA roadmap

20092008 2011

2007

2012 20132010Council Approved the

MTG PP

Council Full Programme

Approval

ESA C-MIN NOV. 2008

Approval full Programme

Go-ahead for Phase B

PCR

PRR

Phase APreparatoryProgramme

PRRPCR

Council 9 Oct. MTG Payload Complement


GAS WG 4 recommends that: 1. Use of existing data dissemination

infrastructure, such as EUMETCast and GEONETCast, should be encouraged, especially for GAS near real time applications

2. Existing assets such as the Climate Monitoring and Ozone / Atmospheric Chemistry SAFs established by EUMETSAT contribute to the GAS provision as needed.

Recommendations for Use of Existing Infrastructure & Assets

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