European Frequency and Time FonilD11 erne Forum Europeen Frequence et Temps

Neuchatel, Switzerland - March 4-7 1997

including proceedings of the Workshop « New Generation of Space Clocks »

Conference organizer and proceedings publisher:

FSRM

Swiss Foundation for Research in Microtechnology

Rue Jaquet-Droz 1 / Case postale 20

2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland

UB/TIB Hannover 89118 308 556

ONTEN

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIZATION 1997 XXV

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVI

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE XXVII

# = Abstract only

OPENING SESSION

The International Space Station - A challenge for global cooperation 3Jorg Feustel-Buechl, Dieter Isakeit*Director of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity*Head of the coordination office, directorate of Manned Spaceflight andMicrogravityESA/ESTEC - Noordwijk - THE NETHERLANDS

Metrology and relativity 12Bernard GuinotObservatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE

RESONATORS I

1 Influence of the mounting on the mode shape of the thickness shearcontoured resonators 19Jacques DStaint, Bernard Capelle*, Albert Zarka*CNET/DMR - France Telecom - Bagneux - FRANCE*LMCP, Universite Paris VI & CNRS - Paris - FRANCE* i

2 FEM modeling of spectrum and high order thermal sensitivities of flatplates resonators operating in fundamental mode of essentiallythickness shear 24Fanjaharisoa Raoelijaona, Bernard Dulmet, J. T. Stewart*, D. S. Stevens*ENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE"Vectron Technologies Inc. - Hudson, NH - USA

IV

3 Analysis of quartz resonator activity dips with high-degree FEM 29Kaspar TrumpyMicro Crystal, div of ETA S.A. - Grenchen - SWITZERLAND

4 Effect of C-axis misalignement on sapphire disk resonatorperformances 35Orsalo Di Monaco, William Daniau, Y. Kersale, Vincent Giordano,Henri Merigoux*LPMO/CNRS - Besangon - FRANCE*Lab. de Cristallographie de I'Uni. de Franche-Comte - Besancon - FRANCE

5 High overtone bulk acoustic wave composite resonators-review ofmodern state and new possibilities* 39George D. MansfeldInst. of Radioengineering & Electronics - Moscow - RUSSIA

CESIUM STANDARDS

1 Experimental measurement of the shifts of Cs 62 Si/2 hyperfinesplittings due to a static electrical field 43Eric Simon, Philippe Laurent, Andre Clairon, Cipriana Mandache*BNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCEinstitute for Atomic Physics - Bucharest-Magurele - ROMANIA

2 Shift of the caesium hyperfine transition frequency due to blackbodyradiation: experimental verification and related studies 47Rolf Augustin, Andreas Bauch, Roland SchroderPhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - Braunschweig - GERMANY

3 The high C-field Cs beam frequency standard: present status and futureimprovements 53Giovanni A. Costanzo, Enrico Rubiola, S. Therisod, M. Siccardi,Felice Periale, Giovanni Rovera*, V. Barichev**, Andrea De MarchiDipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino - Torino - ITALY*BNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE**VNIIFTRI - Mendeleevo - RUSSIA

4 Frequency evaluation of a miniature optically pumped cesium beamclock 58Bertrand Boussert, Pierre Cerez, L Chassagne, Genevieve TheobaldLHA/CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud - Orsay - FRANCE

V

5 First high performance industrial prototype of optically pumped cesiumbeam frequency standard, first measurements on a complete clock 63Michel BaldyTekelec Temex - Les Ulis - FRANCE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1 How to synchronise telecommunication networks 69Sover WongOscilloquartz S.A. - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND

2 A high performance telecommunications clock supply employing a 76novel phase detection techniqueRalph Urbansky, Harald Walter, Albrecht RommelLucent Technologies GmbH - Nuremberg - GERMANY

3 The applicability of MTIE and TDEV for assessing the quality of telecomservices 81Michael WolfAlcatel Telecom - Stuttgart - GERMANY

4 Robust statistics and diagnostics of timing signal 86Andrzej DobrogowskiPoznan University of Technology - Poznan - POLAND

5 Methods of improving the estimation of long-term frequency variance... 91David A. HoweNational Institute of Standards & Technology - Boulder, CO - USA

OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS

1 Optical frequency standard based on trapped Ca atoms* 103Jurgen Helmcke, F. Riehle, H. Schnatz, B. Lipphardt, Peter Kersten,G. Zinner, T. Trebst, T. KurosuPhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - Braunschweig - GERMANY

2 Wideband optical parametric oscillators for optical frequencymeasurement 104Takeshi Ikegami, Sergey SlyusarevNational Research Laboratory of Metrology - Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki - JAPAN

VI

3 A fast external laser frequency stabilizer 109HaraldR. TellePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - Braunschweig - GERMANY

4 Sub-Hertz stabilisation of CO2 lasers in the 30 THz spectral region 112V. Bernard, Ch. Daussy, G. Nogues, P. E. Durand, L Constantin,Anne Amy-Klein, Christian ChardonnetLaboratoire de Physique des Lasers - Villetaneuse - FRANCE

5 Absolute frequency stabilisation of solid state Er-Yb lasers at 1.5 urn.... 117Elio Bava, Cesare Svelto, Paolo Laporta*, Stefano Taccheo*Dip. di Elettronica e Informazione del Politecnico di Milano - Milano - ITALY"Centra di Elettronica quantistica e strumentazione del CNR Milano - ITALY

SAW FILTERS

1 Main approaches to design of low loss SAW filters for mobilecommunications* 123C. Lambert, Sergei N. Kondratiev, Victor P. Plessky, Thor ThorvaldssonMicronas Semiconductor S.A. - Bevaix - SWITZERLAND

2 A new low impedance balanced drive structure for SAW transverselycoupled resonator filters 124Marc SolalThomson Microsonics - Sophia Antipolis - FRANCE

3 Surface mount hybrid modules with SAW filters for mobiletransceivers* 129Sergei A. Dobershtein, A. V. Martynov, V. A. MalyukhovONIIP - Omsk - RUSSIA

4 A new design of SAW filters for clock recovery application in opticalcommunication systems 130Dong-Pei Chen, A. Vishwanathan, V. Narayanan, D. Mahoney, Bob Potter,C. S. LamVectron Technologies Inc. - Hudson, NH - USA

5 Compensation of waveguiding effects in surface acoustic wave filters... 134Piotr Naglowski, Elzbieta Dabrowska, Bogumila NiewczasInstitute of Electronic Materials Technology - Warsaw - POLAND

VII

COLD CESIUM ATOMS

1 A continuous beam of cold cesium atoms for atomic standards 141Constance Valentin, Eve Aucouturier, Emmanuel Guillot, Pierre Petit,Stefan Weyers*, Noel DimarcqLHA/CNRS - universite Paris Sud - Orsay - FRANCE*Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - Braunschweig - GERMANY

2 An atomic resonator operating with a continuous beam of cold cesiumatoms 146Patrick Berthoud, Pierre Thomann, Gregor Dudle*, Nicolas Sagna**Observatoire cantonal - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND"National Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK**Lab. de Probability Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris - FRANCE

3 A new laser system for the Cs fountain frequency standard at NRLM 151Giovanni A. Costanzo, Shin-lchi Ohshima, K. Hagimoto, Y. Nakadan,Y. KogaNational Research Laboratory of Metrology - Tsukuba, Ibaraki - JAPAN

4 3D cooling of cesium atoms with isotropic light 156Christelle Guillemot, Gh. Vareille, Constance Valentin, Noel DimarcqLHA/CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud - Orsay - France

RESONATORS II

1 Theoretical and experimental study of gravimetric sensitivity oftransverse waves on thin quartz plates 163Sylvain Ballandras, Jean-Bernar. Briot, Gilles MartinLPMO/CNRS - Besancon - FRANCE

2 Influence of electrodes arrangement on the quartz resonator equivalentcircuit* 167Jin Zelenka, Josef Suchanek*Technical University of Liberec - Liberec - CZECH REPUBLIC'Krystaly as - Hradec Kralove - CZECH REPUBLIC* L

3 Characterization of SC-cut resonators operating in anharmonic mode.... 168Roger Bourquin, Bernard Dulmet, Jean-Jacques BoyENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

,******

VIII

4 A preliminary investigation into a novel approach for the removal ofdrive level dependence in quartz crystal resonators 173Robert C. Chittick, D. M. Hyland*C-MAC Quartz Crystals Ltd - Harlow - UK*EPAK Electronics Ltd. - UK

5 Some practical considerations on the problem of intermodulationdistortion and power handling capability in VHF and monolithic crystalfilters 178Branislav Milic, Branislav Martinovic, Milka SamardzijaInstitute Mihajlo Pupin - Beograd - YUGOSLAVIA

TIME AND FREQUENCY COMPARISONS

1 GLONASS time transfer and its comparison with GPS 187Wlodzimierz Lewandowski, Jacques Azoubib, Marc Weiss*, V. Zhang*,V. Hanns*, Arvid G. Gevorkyan**, PyotrP. Bogdanov**, N. Tutolmin'James Danaher***, Gerrit De Jong****, Jorg Hahn*****, Mihran Miranian"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE"National Institute of Standards & Technology - Boulder, CO - USA""Russian Institute of Radionavigation and Time - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA***3S Navigation - Laguna Hills, CA - USA

"NMi Van Swinden Laboratory - Delft - THE NETHERLANDS*DLR - Inst. fur Hochfrequenztechnik - Oberpfaffenhofen - GERMANY

""""""United States Naval Observatory - Washington, DC - USA

2 Modified receiving and data processing system for GLONASS common-view comparisons* 194Arvid G. Gevorkyan, Pyotr P. Bogdanov, 0. Nechaeva, G. Travin,N. TutolminRussian Institute of Radionavigation and Time - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA

3 Improved clock synchronisation with low frequency real-timedifferential GPS 195Jorg Hahn, Hartmut NauDLR-lnst. fur Hochfrequenztechnik - Oberpfaffenhofen - GERMANY

4 A new method for two-way common view synchronization of ground-based atomic clocks with PRARE 200Stefan Bedrich, Jorg Hahn*GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam - Potsdam - GERMANY"DLR - Inst. fur Hochfrequenztechnik - Oberpfaffenhofen - GERMANY

IX

5 Recent work in the field of two-way satellite time transfer carried out atthe TUG 205Dieter Kirchner, Hubert Ressler*, R. Robnik*Technical University Graz - Graz - AUSTRIA"Space Research Institute - Graz - AUSTRIA

RUBIDIUM STANDARDS AND FLYWHEELS

1 Study of the frequency stability of laser pumped Rb gas-cell frequency 211standardsJinquan Q. Deng, Gaetano Mileti**, J. M. Lopez-Romero*, D. A. Jennings**,Fred L. Walls**, Robert E. Drullinger**Wuhan inst. of Physics, the Chinese Academy of sciences - Wuhan - CHINA

Centro Nacional de Metrologia - Mexico City - MEXICONational Institute of Standards & Technology - Boulder, CO - USA

***

2 On the use of a modulated laser for hyperfine frequency excitation inpassive atomic frequency standards 216Filippo Levi, Aldo Godone, Carlo Novero, Jacques Vanier*Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale "Galileo Ferraris" - Torino - ITALY"Dep. de Physique, Universite de Montreal - Montreal - CANADA

3 Dynamical behaviour of an oscillator slaved to a periodicallyinterrogated atomic resonator 221Claude Audoin, Giorgio Santarelli*, Alaa Makdissi*, Andre Clairon*LHA/CNRS - Universite Paris-Sud - Orsay - FRANCE"Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE* / •

4 A novel approach for the development of flywheel oscillators for atomicclocks* 226Lute Maleki, Steve YaoNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Pasadena, CA - USA

5 A miniature ultrastable quartz oscillator with extremely goodperformances 227Raymond J. Besson, Marc MoureyENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

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MATERIALS

1 OH impurities in gallium orthophosphate 233Ferdinand Krispel*0, Peter W. Krempl", P. Knoll* Wolfgang Wallnofer"°AVL List GmbH - Graz - AUSTRIA"Karl Franzens Universitat, Inst. fur Experimentalphysik - Graz - AUSTRIA* L

2 Acoustic waves propagation in langasite under uniaxial stress* 238George D. Mansfeld, Jean-Jacques Boy*Inst. of Radioengineering & Electronics - Moscow - RUSSIA"ENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

3 HF langasite monolithic filters for GSM standard 239Sergey A. Sakharov, A. V. Medvedev, Oleg A. BuzanovFomos Company - Moscow - RUSSIA

4 Some higher order effects in the electromechanical systems based onvolume and surface acoustic waves 243Jaroslav NosekTechnical University of Liberec - Liberec - CZECH REPUBLIC

5 Influence of metal thickness on the temperature of SAW using aperturbation method 249Sylvain Ballandras, Emmanuelle Henry, Emmanuel BiglerLPMO/CNRS - Besancon - FRANCE

OSCILLATORS

1 Transient simulation in quartz crystal oscillators 257Remi Brendel, Nicolas Ratier, Laurent Couteleau, Gilles Marianneau,Philippe Guillemot*LPMO/CNRS - Besancon - FRANCE* Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales - Toulouse - FRANCE

2 Tests of two 10 MHz crystal oscillator designs based on an analogA.S.I.C 263Sfephane Michel, Serge GalliouENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

XI

3 Correlation of predicted and real aging behaviour of crystal oscillatorsusing different fitting algorithms 268Oliver Leibfried, Bernd W. NeubigTele Quarz Group - Neckarbischofsheim - GERMANY

4 Improved BVA resonator-oscillator performances and frequency jumps. 273Kanak Krishna Tuladhar, Gerald Jenni, Jean-Pierre AubryOscilloquartz S.A. - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND

TIME, SPACE, AND RELATIVITY

1 Accuracy of international atomic time TAI 283Claudine ThomasBureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE

2 Applications of highly stable clocks in space 290Robert F. C. VessotSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - Cambridge, MA - USA

3 Satellite test of special relativity using the GPS 298Peter Wolf*, Gerard PetitBureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE"Queen Mary and Westfield College - London - UK

4 A caesium flying clock experiment between NPL and USNO 306John A. Davis, James Me A. SteeleNational Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK

5 DORIS precise orbit determination and localization performances inorbit and preliminary studies of DORIS-NG 311Michel Brunei, A. Auriol, J. P. Berthias, Muriel Costes, J. L. Issler,P. SengenesCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales - Toulouse - FRANCE

GPS APPLICATIONS

1 The architecture of WASS network time (WNT) 321William J. Klepczynski, Gernot M. R. WinklerInnovative Solutions International - Vienna, VA - USA

XII

2 Time and frequency aspects in EURIDIS 325Philippe Gouni, Michel Brunet*, H. Secretan*, Pierre Uhrich**Thomson-CSF - Toulouse - FRANCE"Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales - Toulouse - FRANCE""BNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE

3 The GPS carrier as a practical frequency reference 331Gunter Kramer, W. Klische*Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - Braunschweig - GERMANY* K + K GPS-Entwicklungen - Vechelde - GERMANY

4 Frequency comparison using GPS carrier phase : some experimental 336resultsGerard PetitBureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE

5 Maser clocks for GPS : a joint experiment* 341Giovanni Busca, Robert F. C. Vessot*Observatoire cantonal - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - Cambridge, MA - USA

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

1 Standard uncertainty for average frequency traceability 345Robert J. Douglas, Jean-Simon BoulangerINMS, National Research Council of Canada - Ottawa, Ontario - CANADA

2 A comparison of up-converted PM and AM noise in BJT amplifierconfigurations 350Eva S. Ferre-Pikal, Fred L WallsNational Institute of Standards & Technology - Boulder, CO - USA

3 High time resolution pulsar data acquisition system 355Ian Morison, Christine A. JordanUniversity of Manchester, NRAL - Macclesfield - UK

4 Numerical simulation of a phase modulation noise measurementsystem of quartz crystal resonators 359Fabrice Sthal, Marc MoureyENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

5 Performance assessment of a delay compensation phase noise andtime jitter reduction method 364Michael J. Underhill, M. J. BlewettUniversity of Surrey - Guildford - UK

XIII

POSTERS - PIEZOELECTRICITY

1 Frequency stability in a superconducting transmission lines with bufferlayers 371Farhat Abbas, John C. Gallop, Clifford C. HodgeNational Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK

2 Aluminium and alkali-related hydroxyl defects in quartz crystals andtheir radiation effects* 376Harish BahadurNational Physical Laboratory - New Delhi - INDIA

3 Pure modes in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate that permit accuratedetermination of first-order material properties 377CarlK. Hruska, Arthur Ballato* Peggy NgYork University, Piezoelec. Research Lab. - North York, Ontario - CANADA"US Army Research Laboratory, AMSRL-SE - Fort Monmouth, NJ - USA* i

4 Measurements of elastic and piezoelectric constants of Li2 B4 O7 crystal 382Waldemar SoluchInstitute of Electronic Materials Technology - Warsaw - POLAND

5 Convex and concave corner undercuttings in the micromachining ofquartz and silicon mechanical structures 386Colette R. Tellier, Tijani Messaoudi, Therese G. Leblois, S. DurandENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

6 High stability resonator-thermostat packaged in a TO-8 vacuum holder.. 391Igor Abramzon, Roman BoroditskyValpey-Fisher Corporation - Hopkinton, MA - USA

7 Increasing the loaded Q of GHz range surface transverse waveresonators 394Ivan D. AvramovInstitute of Solid State Physics - Sofia - BULGARIA

8 Suppression of triple-transit signals in broadband SAW filters* 399Evgeniy V. Bausk, Igor B. YakovkinRussian Academy of Sciences - Novosibirsk - RUSSIA

XIV

9 Ageing statistical study on one half year of OCXO in SC-cut glassholder 400Olivier Bignon, Herve Fialaire, Patrick ColletCQE Tekelec Temex - Pont Sainte Marie - FRANCE

10 Drive level crystal oscillators calculation* 404Michael E Bogoush, Peter G. PozdnyakovScientific Research Institute Phonon - Moscow - RUSSIA

11 Design and fabrication wide-band SAW DDL 405V. F. Dmitriev, Igor S. MitrofanovAvangard-Elionica Co. Ltd - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA

12 Direct printing photolithography for the realization of acoustic wavesensors 410Irdne Esteban, Corinne Dejous, Dominique Rebiere, Jacques PistreLaboratoire IXL, Universite Bordeaux 1 - Talence - FRANCE

13 AC-spice simulation of quartz crystal oscillators with the negativeresistance model 414Detlef GohrigTele Quartz Group - Neckarbischofsheim - GERMANY

14 Performance limits on dielectric loaded HTS resonators as frequencystandards 419Ling Hao, John C. Gallop, Farhat Abbas, Clifford C. HodgeBasic Metrology Group, National Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK

15 Mode-dependent nonlinear behaviors in quartz resonators 424Atushi lobe, Yutaka AbeHokkaido University - Sapporo - JAPAN

16 Wideband HFF IF filter for GSM mobile radio system 429Osamu Ishii, Hideyuk Kanno, Tsuyoshi OhshimaToyo Communication Equipment Co., Ltd - Samakawa-Machi.Kanagawa - JAPAN

17 Master oscillator for long duration space applications 434Alain Jeanmaire, Pascal RochatTekelec Neuchatel Time S.A. - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND

18 Dual-mode crystal oscillator* 439Anatoly V. Kosykh, Sergey A. ZavialovOmsk State Engineering University - Omsk - RUSSIA

XV

19 COM parameter extraction for STW resonator design 440Svetlana Krasnikova, Benjamin P. Abbott*, Rodolfo C. Almar*Institute "Dalniaya sviaz" - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA"Sawtek, Inc. - Orlando, FL - USA*<

20 Theoretical investigations to design new temperature sensor 445Tijani MessaoudiENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

21 Correction of quartz resonators angle of cut. Geometric model andequations for SC cut 450Georgios Pentovelis, Caroline BoudyC.Q.E. Tekelec Temex - Pont Sainte Marie - FRANCE

22 Measurement method for high frequency quartz crystals 453Eberhard SeydelKVG Quartz Crystal Technology GmbH - Neckarbischofsheim - GERMANY

23 Quartz-crystal frequency standard with a long-term agingcompensation* 456Yury S. Shmaly, A. Ph. Kurochka*, A. V. Marienko*"Sichron" Center - Kharkov - UKRAINE"St., Co "IRVA" - Kiev - UKRAINE

24 Effects caused by nonlinear vibrations of resonators* 457Alexander G. SmaginCristal Co. - Moscow - RUSSIA

25 Miniaturization of monolithic piezoelectric filters operating over thefrequency range from 3 MHz to 200 MHz* 458Igor A. Tislenko, I. M. Larionov, V. A. MostiaevScientific Research Institute Phonon - Moscow - RUSSIA

26 The quartz-crystal oscillator with output signal's controlled phase* 459Anatoliy S. Vasilenko, Yury S. ShmalyKharkov Military University & Sichron Center - Kharkov - UKRAINE

27 Electric self-sustained oscillations in layered structures* 460Vladimir A. VyunInstitute of Semiconductor Physics - Novosibirsk - RUSSIA

XVI

28 The mass-loading effects on the parameters of the plan-parallel andcontoured SC-cut quartz resonators 461Irina Mateescu, Jiri Zelenka*, Krzysztof Weiss**, Gabriela PopInst. of Physics & Technology of Materials - Bucharest-Magurele - ROMANIA"Technical University of Liberec - Liberec - CZECH REPUBLIC""Tele & Radio Research Institute - Warsaw - POLAND

29 Miniature SAW duplexer for ISM mobile phones 466Victor P. Plessky,. Sergei N. KondratievMicronas Semiconductor S.A. - Bevaix - SWITZERLAND

POSTERST/F TECHNIQUES AND ATOMIC STANDARDS

T A novel concept for the direct intercomparison of the Allan variance offrequency standards at the 1018 level with application to metrology,global communication and navigation* 473Farhat Abbas, David W. Allan* Neil Ashby**, Clifford C. Hodge, JensHolland***, Dieter Jedamzik***, Conway D. Langham, Lute Maleki****,Thomas Trowles***National Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK"Allan's Time Interval Metrology Enterprise - Fountain Green, UT - USA**Dep. of Physics, University of Colorado - Boulder, CO - USA*** GEC-Marconi Ltd - Borehamwood - UK""""NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Pasadena, CA - USA

2 Time frequency generation from LORAN and GPS systems* 474Gerard Boutteville, CailliezMORS Company - Le Puy Sainte Reparade - FRANCE

3 Time transfer via meteor burst radio link* 475Leonid A. Epictetov, Rustem R. Merzakreev, Vladimir V. Sidorov,A. V. Logashin, L V. VladimirovKazan State University - Kazan - RUSSIA

4 New results in theory relativity effects in satellite synchronizationsystems* 476Eugen ErjominScience Centre of Metrology (Military Standards) - Kharkov - UKRAINE

XVII

5 Comparison of cesium, H-maser and GPS-based timescales 477Pekka Eskelinen, Marko Matola, Juha Nuotio, Anne SalpalaKotka Institute of Technology - Kotka - FINLAND

6 Time transfer and frequency synchronization method for SDH networks 481Mieczyslaw Jessa, Andrzej DobrogowskiPoznan University of Technology - Poznan - POLAND

7 TV network signal as a temporary source for navigation 486Kalevi Kalliomaki, Jari MannermaaUniversity of Oulu, Dept. of Electrical Eng. - Oulu - FINLAND

8 Results and prospects of radio meteor method of time scalecomparison application in Ukraine* 491Boris L Kashcheyev, Yury A. Koval, B. I. Makarenko*Kharkov State Technical Univ. of Radioelectronics - Kharkov - UKRAINE"Institute of Radio Engineering Measurements - Kharkov - UKRAINE

9 Prospects in using GLONASS system for synchronization of timescales with high accuracy* 492Viktor Koutcherov, Sergey Poushkin, Eugene Bykhanov, Michael LebedevKNITS GLONASS - Moscow - RUSSIA

10 Testing Motorola Oncore GPS receiver for time metrology 493Wlodzimierz Lewandowski, Philippe Moussay, Pascal Guerin*,Frangoise Meyer* Michel Vincent*Bureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE"Observatoire de Besancon - Besancon - FRANCE

11 Temperature protected antennas for satellite time transfer receivers 498Wlodzimierz Lewandowski, Philippe Moussay, James Danaher*, R. Gerlach*,E. LeVasseur*Bureau International des Poids et Mesures - Sevres - FRANCE*3S Navigation - Laguna Hills, CA - USA

12 GPS time transfer using geodetic receivers : middle-term stability andtemperature dependence of the signal delays 504Frederic Overney, Leon Prost, U. Feller, Thomas Schildknecht, G. BeutlerAstronomical Institute, University of Berne - Berne - SWITZERLAND"Swiss Federal Office of Metrology - Wabern - SWITZERLAND

XVIII

13 Satellite earth stations for two-way time transfer at the TechnicalUniversity Graz 509Hubert Ressler, Dieter Kirchner*, R. RobnikSpace Research Institute - Graz - AUSTRIATechnical University Graz - Graz - AUSTRIA

14 The time and frequency national service of Ukraine peculiarities oforganization and development* 514Oleg N. VelitchkoCommittee for standardization, metrology & certification - Kiev - UKRAINE

15 A study examining the possibility of obtaining traceability to UKnational standards using GPS disciplined oscillators 515John A. Davis, Joan M. FurlongNational Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK

16 Rubidium frequency standard using the radio navigation systems"GLONASS" and "NAVSTAR"* 520Aleksander Samuilovich KleymanLaboratory of Time and Frequency Measurement - Kharkov - UKRAINE

17 GPS controlled frequency and time standard with high immunity fromtemporary absence of 1 PPS signal 521Aleksander LJsowiec, A. CzarneckiTele & Radio Research Institute - Warsaw - POLAND

18 Design of hydrogen maser for space 525Robert F. C. Vessot, Edward M. MattisonSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - Cambridge, MA - USA

19 Influence of the ionospheric refraction on time transfer using GPS* 529Ren6 WarnantRoyal Observatory of Belgium - Brussels - BELGIUM

20 Influence of the local oscillator frequency fluctuations on themeasurements with DMTD systems 530Mihai P. DincaUniversity of Bucharest - Bucharest-Magurele - ROMANIA

21 A nonlinear approach of the spectrum and stability of frequencylockings 534Serge Dos Santos, J.-F. Mougin, Franck Lardet-Vieudrin,Jacques Groslambert, Michel PlanatLPMO/CNRS - Besancon - France

XIX

22 Nonparametric theory grouped time and frequency standards* 539Eugene ErjominScience Centre of Metrology (military standards) - Kharkov - UKRAINE

23 Low noise 10-5 GHz regenerative frequency divider 540Yannick Gruson, Jacques Groslambert, Vincent GiordanoLPMO/CNRS - Besancon - FRANCE

24 Some approach to computation of ADEV, TDEVand MTIE 544Michal KaszniaPoznan University of Techology - Poznan - POLAND

25 256 Mbps real-time VLBI system using a high-speed ATM network 549Hitoshi Kiuchi, Michito Imae, Tetsuro Kondo, Mamoru Sekido,Shin'ichi Hama, Takashi Yamamoto* Hisao Uose*, Takashi Hoshino*Communications Research Laboratory - Kashima, Ibaraki - JAPAN"NTT Telecommunication Network Lab. Group - Kashima, Ibaraki - JAPAN

26 Estimation of the uncertainty of a mean frequency measurement 553Frangois Vernotte, Michel VincentObservatoire de Besancon - Besancon - FRANCE

27 On the dissipation effect of the random transitions perturbations* 557Nouredine Yahyabey, S. Hassani*Universite Rabelais de Tours - Tours - FRANCE"Centre de Developpement des Techniques Nucleates - Alger - ALGERIA* / •

28 Multichannel discriminators for high accuracy frequency and timeevaluation in large energy range of effective signal* 558Kirill Vadimovitch ZaichenkoState Academy of Aerospace Instrumentation - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA

29 Revision of long-term stability theory of Rb frequency standard* 559Boris D. Agap'ev, V. I. KhutorschikovSt. Petersburg State Technical University - St. Petersburg - RUSSIA

30 Development of a digital cesium clock for space at the U.S. NavalResearch Laboratory 560Ronald L Beard, J. D. White, Fredrick Danzy, Alick H. Frank*,William M. Golding*, Edward D. Powers, J. BradUS Naval Research Laboratory - Washington, DC - USA"SFA - Largo, MD - USA

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31 Improvement of the short term stability of the LPTF cesium beamfrequency standard 564Alaa Makdissi, Jean-Paul Berthet*, Emeric De ClercqBNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE"Virgo, Laser Optics, Universite Paris-Sud - Orsay - FRANCE

32 Improved 3-D molasses for tall Cs fountains 567Jean-Simon Boulanger, Marie-Claude Gagne, Robert J. DouglasINMS, National Research Council of Canada - Ottawa, Ontario - CANADA

33 Progress in development of active and passive hydrogen frequencystandards at IEM "KVARZ" 572Nikolai A. Demidov, V. A. Logachev, A. S. Marakhov, V. A. FedorovInstitute of Electronic Measurements, "KVARZ" - Nizhny Novgorod - RUSSIA

34 Ramsey fringes for unequal interaction times 576Gregor Dudle, Pierre Thomann*National Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK"Observatoire cantonal - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND"

35 Influence of the neighboring transition on polarization gradient cooling. 581Kyouya Fukuda, Atsushi Hasegawa, Noboru Kotake, Takao Morikawa,Masatoshi KajitaCommunications Research Laboratory - Tokyo - JAPAN

36 Cs atom trapping outside of the repump beam 586Atsushi Hasegawa, Kyouya Fukuda, Masatoshi Kajita, Takao MorikawaCommunications Research Laboratory - Tokyo - JAPAN

37 RF-stored Ca+: prospect for a frequency standard in the visible domain. 591Martina Knoop, Jurgen Rink, Guilong Huang, Michel Vedel, Fernande VedelUniversite de Provence - Marseille - FRANCE

38 Rubidium frequency standard goes to deep space 596Rudolf Kohl, Michael Bird*Dornier Satellitensysteme GmbH - Munchen - GERMANY"Radioastronomisches Institut der Universitat Bonn - Bonn - GERMANY

39 A comparative study of the velocity distribution determination methodsin a cesium beam frequency standard 601Alaa Makdissi, Emeric De ClercqBNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE

XXI

40 Cesium magneto-optic trap in Romania 605Cipriana Mandache, M. Bengulescu, T AcsenteNational Institute for Laser - Bucharest-Magurele - ROMANIA

41 Optimised operation of the passive hydrogen maser 610Claudiu D. Mirica, Liviu C. Giurgiu, Octav C. GheorghiuAtomic Clock Team, IFTAR - Bucharest-Magurele - ROMANIA

42 Current progress with the NPL caesium fountain frequency standard 615Massimo Zucco, Gregor Dudle, P. Whibberley, Stephen Nicholas Lea,Dale HendersonNational Physical Laboratory - Teddington - UK

43 A potassium vapor magnetometer optically pumped by diode laser* 618E. Alzetta", Nicolo Beverini"**, C. Carmisciano**, A. Donati*, 0. Faggioni**,E. Maccioni", E. Simeoni*, Franco Strumia"°Dip. di Fisica Dell'Universita di Pisa - Pisa - ITALY"Kayser Italia SpA - Livorno - ITALY""Consorzio Universitario della Spezia - La Spezia - ITALY

44 Diode laser noise conversion in optically thick atomic sample* 619Messaoud Bahoura, Philippe Laurent, Giorgio Santarelli, Andre ClaironBNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE

45 Second-harmonic-generation of Nd : YAG laser for absolute frequencystabilization and spectroscopy of 127I2 hyperfine structure near 532 nm... 620Elio Bava, V. Busetti, Gianluca Galzerano, Fabio MassariDip. di Elettronica e Informazione del Politechnico di Milano - Milano - ITALY

46 Present frequency standards for lasers 623David J. E. KnightDK Research - Twickenham - UK

47 A noise contribution analysis of a light induced microwave oscillatorincluding optical gain 628Stefania Romisch, Andrea De MarchiDip. di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino - Torino - ITALY

48 Piezoelectric effect in coaxial cables 632Enrico Rubiola, M. Bruno*, Andrea De MarchiPolitecnico di Torino - Torino - ITALY"SPIN Electronic Instuments - Torino - ITALY

XXII

49 Two dimensional Raman velocity selection and prospects for lasercooled atomic fountain frequency standards* 636Selma Ghezali, Krysztof Szymaniec, L Cognet* J. Reichel**, S. Bize,Andre ClaironBNM/LPTF, Observatoire de Paris - Paris - FRANCE* IOTA, ESO, Universite Paris 11 - Orsay - FRANCE** LKB/ENS - Paris - FRANCE

WORKSHOP

NEW GENERATION OF SPACE CLOCKS

SESSION 1

1 High precision frequency and time transfer in space 639Robert F. C. Vessot, Edward M. MattisonSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - Cambridge, Ma - USA

2 PHARAO : A compact clock using laser cooled cesium atoms 646Pierre Lemonde, Christophe Salomon, Philippe Laurent*, Eric Simon*,Giorgio Santarelli*, Andre Clairon*, Noel Dimarcq**, Pierre Petit**,Claude Audoin**, Frangois Jamin-Changeart***, Frangois Gonzales***Laboratoire Kastler Brossel - Paris - FRANCE"BNM/LPTF - Paris - FRANCE**LHA/CNRS, universite Paris-Sud - Orsay - FRANCE"""Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales - Toulouse - FRANCE

3a The time transfer by laser link experiment on MIR (T2L2) 651Etienne Samain, Patricia FridelanceObservatoire de la Cote d'Azur - Grasse - FRANCE

3b Scientific applications of the time transfer by laser link (T2L2) 659Patricia Fridelance, Etienne Samain, T. Melliti*Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur - Grasse - FRANCE"Lab. de Gravitation et Cosmologie Relativiste - Paris - FRANCE

XXIII

4 High Q sapphire resonator oscillator development at LPMO* 663Vincent GiordanoLPMO/CNRS, universite de Franche-Comte - Besancon - FRANCE

5 The SHM space borne hydrogen maser: first evaluation of the PEMphysics package 664Laurent G. Bernier, Giovanni Busca, Alain Jornod, Hartmut SchwedaObservatoire cantonal - Neuchatel - SWITZERLAND

6 H-maser for space applications 668B. A. Gaigerov, Y. S. Domnin, L. S. YunoshevInstitute of Metrology for Time and Space - Moscow - RUSSIA

SESSION 2

7 International space station microgravity applications promotionprogramme* 673Hannes U. WalterESA/ESTEC - Paris - FRANCE

8a Fundamental relativistic metrology on the space station 675Alessandro D. A. M. SpallicciUniv. Salerno, Fac. Ingegneria, Gruppo Gravitazione - Salerno - ITALYLeiden Rijksuniv., Kamerlingh Onnes Lab. - Leiden -THE NETHERLANDS

8b Time & frequency science utilization and space station 678Alessandro D. A. M. Spallicci12, H. Drewes3, Jdrg Hahn4, K. H. Ilk5,Christophe Salomon6, M. Soffel7, Karl-Heinz Thief3, Christian Veillef,Aloysius Wehr8, E. Graf10

'Univ. Salerno, fac. ingegneria, gruppo gravitazione - Salerno - ITALY2Leiden Rijksuniv. Kamerlingh Onnes Lab.- Leiden - THE NETHERLANDS3Deutsches Geodatisches Forschungsinstitut - Munchen - GERMANY4DLR - Oberpfaffenhofen - GERMANY^echnische Universitat - Munchen - GERMANY6Ecole normale superieure - Paris - FRANCE7Tech. Univ. Dresden & Lohrmann Obs. - Dresden - GERMANY"institute of navigation, Univ. Stuttgart - Stuttgart - GERMANY9Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur - Grasse - FRANCE10European Space Research & Tech. Centre - Noordwijk - THE NETHERLANDS

9 Performances of new hyperstable BVA oscillators 680Marc Mourey, Raymond J. BessonENSMM/LCEP - Besancon - FRANCE

10 Linear trapped ion clock for a small explorer* 682Lute MalekiNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Passadena, CA - USA

AWARD OF THE EUROPEAN TIME AND FREQUENCY PRIZE 683

MEETING REPORT 684

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 688

LIST OF EXHIBITORS 697

AUTHOR INDEX 698