european emission standards -

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9/3/2014 European emission standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Simplified chart showing the

progressionof European emission

standards forDieselcars.

Simplified chart showing the

progressionof European emissionstandards forPetrolcars. Note that

until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.

European emission standardsFrom Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia

European emission standardsdefine the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU

member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the

progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons

(NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including

cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For

each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised

test cycle. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles

already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available

technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned

standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.

In the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle

emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being

introduced to align with European introduction dates.

Alsosee theEU-mandated European on-board diagnostics.

Contents

1 CO2emission

1.1 Obligatory labelling

1.2 Obligatory vehicle CO2 emission limits

2 Toxic emission: stages and legal framework

2.1 Emission standards for passenger cars

2.2 Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

2.3 Emission standards for trucks and buses

x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Diesel.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Diesel.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Diesel.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board_diagnosticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonisation_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_test_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board_diagnosticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonisation_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_test_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-methane_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Petrol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euronorms_Diesel.png


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2.4 Emission standards for large goods vehicles

2.5 Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

2.6 Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

2.7 Cycle beating

3 Electrification

4 See also5 Notes

6 References

7 External links

7.1 In the media

CO2emission

Within the European Union, road transport is responsible for about 20% of all CO2emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.[1]

The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Relative CO2emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004,[1][2][3]but currently there are

no standards for limits on CO2emissions from vehicles.

EU transport emissions of CO2currently account for about 3.5% of total global CO2emissions.

Obligatory labelling

The purpose ofDirective 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of

consumer information on fuel economy and CO2emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars[4]is to ensure that information

relating to the fuel economy and CO2emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in

order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union


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In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to

understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more consumer-friendly, colour-coded label displaying

CO2emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (


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Exhaust gases are far less toxic than

they were years ago.

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle category are defined by:[12]

Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation

of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers [13][14]

Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled

motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC

In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) should be replaced by biofuels by 31

December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. However, MEPs have since voted to lower this target in the wake of new

scientific evidence about the sustainability of biofuels and the impact on food prices. In a vote in Strasbourg, the European parliaments environment

committee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015. They also said that a thorough review would be

required in 2015 before the EU could progress to an 8-10% mark by 2020.

Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables.

Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels

have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are

exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection

engines will be subject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or

(PN) is part of Euro 5 and 6, but is not final. The standard is to be defined as soon as possible and at the latest

upon entry into force of Euro 6.

[11]

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date one

year later which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle

models.

European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km

x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directive_70/156/EEC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_tailpipe_emissions_1.jpg


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Tier Date CO THC NMHC NO HC+NO PM P***

Diesel

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18) -

Euro 2 January 1996 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -

Euro 5 September 2009 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -

Euro 6 September 2014 0.50 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 -

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) - -

Euro 2 January 1996 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -

Euro 5 September 2009 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** -

Euro 6 (future) September 2014 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** -

* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicles N1-I

** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

*** A number standard is to be defined as soon as possible and at the latest upon entry into force of Euro 6

Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg (Category N1-I), g/km

x x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conformity_of_production&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-methane_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide


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Tier Date CO THC NMHC NO HC+NO PM P

Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 0.14 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -

Euro 5 September 2009 0.500 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -

Euro 6 September 2014 0.500 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 -

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -

Euro 5 September 2009 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2014 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* -

* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg 1760 kg (Category N1-II), g/km

x x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle


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Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 0.19 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.25 - - - 1.0 0.12 -

Euro 3 January 2001 0.80 - - 0.65 0.72 0.07 -

Euro 4 January 2006 0.63 - - 0.33 0.39 0.04 -

Euro 5 September 2010 0.630 - - 0.235 0.295 0.005 -

Euro 6 September 2015 0.630 - - 0.105 0.195 0.005 -

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 4.0 - - - 0.6 - -

Euro 3 January 2001 4.17 0.25 - 0.18 - - -

Euro 4 January 2006 1.81 0.13 - 0.10 - - -

Euro 5 September 2010 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2015 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* -


European emission standards for light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N1-III & N2), g/km

x x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Goods_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle


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Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 0.25 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.5 - - - 1.2 0.17 -

Euro 3 January 2001 0.95 - - 0.78 0.86 0.10 -

Euro 4 January 2006 0.74 - - 0.39 0.46 0.06 -

Euro 5 September 2010 0.740 - - 0.280 0.350 0.005 -

Euro 6 September 2015 0.740 - - 0.125 0.215 0.005 -

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 5.0 - - - 0.7 - -

Euro 3 January 2001 5.22 0.29 - 0.21 - - -

Euro 4 January 2006 2.27 0.16 - 0.11 - - -

Euro 5 September 2010 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2015 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* -


Emission standards for trucks and buses

Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined by vehicle driving distance, g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by engine energy output,

g/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates

in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one

year).

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m1)

x x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy


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Tier Date Test cycle CO HC NO PM Smoke

Euro I1992, < 85 kW

ECE R-49

4.5 1.1 8.0 0.612

1992, > 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

Euro IIOctober 1996 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25

October 1998 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

Euro III

October 1999 EEVs only ESC & ELR 1.0 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15

October 2000

ESC & ELR

2.1 0.66 5.00.10

0.13*0.8

Euro IV October 2005 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5

Euro V October 2008 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5

Euro VI 31 December 2013[15] 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01

* for engines of less than 0.75 dm swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 per minute. EEV is "Enhancedenvironmentally friendly vehicle".

Emission standards for large goods vehicles

Euro norm emissions for category N3, EDC, (2000 and up)

Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)

Euro 0 19881992 12.3 15.8 2.6 none

Euro I 19921995 4.9 9.0 1.23 0.40

Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15

Euro III 19992005 2.1 5.0 0.66 0.1

Euro IV 20052008 1.5 3.5 0.46 0.02

Euro V 20082012 1.5 2.0 0.46 0.02

x

x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Driving_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_environmentally_friendly_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_test_cycle


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http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_emission_standards#Emission_standards_for_trucks_and_buses 10/15

Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle

Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)

Euro 0 19881992 11.2 14.4 2.4 none

Euro I 19921995 4.5 8.0 1.1 0.36

Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicleor EEVis a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5

tonne in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of Euro V and Euro VI.

Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

The term non-road mobile machinery(NRMM) is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used

primarily on public roadways. This definition included off road vehicles as well as railway vehicles.

European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonize with the US EPA standards, and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I-IV

standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It was implemented in two stages with Stage I implemented in 1999 and

Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further

divided into Stage III A and III B were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards will be enforced in 2014.

Cycle beating

For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving style. It was discovered that

engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical

driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from two

German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NO reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report).[16]

Electrification

x

x
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_emission_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-road_mobile_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne


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As Europe's requirements for its vehicle fleets head toward a goal of 98 grams of CO2per kilometer by 2020, Christian Maloney of the German office

of consulting group McKinsey & Co. says the only way the automakers can get there and make money is with plug-in vehicles. [17][18]

Many EU member states have responded to this problem by exploring the possibility of including electric vehicle-related infrastructure into their existing

road traffic system, with some even having begun implementation. The UK has begun its "plugged-in-places" scheme which sees funding go to several

areas across the UK in order to create a network of charging points for electric vehicles. [19]

See also

ACEA agreement (the voluntary agreement with auto manufacturers to limit CO2emissions)

Biofuels Directive

Emission standards

Energy policy of the European Union

European Common Transport PolicyEuropean Federation for Transport and Environment

European Union Emission Trading Scheme

Life cycle assessment

Motor vehicle emissions

National Emission Ceiling

Portable emissions measurement system

Type approval

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE))

Notes

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Forum_for_Harmonization_of_Vehicle_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_approvalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_emissions_measurement_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emission_Ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_for_Transport_and_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Transport_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACEA_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Co


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1. ^ ab"European Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2emissions from cars. Ref: IP/07/155

07/02/2007" (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en). Europa.eu.

Retrieved 2011-02-02.

2. ^Mulvey, Stephen (2007-02-07). "7 February 2007, EU car CO2fight only beginning. by Stephen Mulvey"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

3. ^Suellentrop, Chris (2013-06-29). "International Herald Tribune. EU to compromise on auto emissions - by Dan Bilefsky, Published: February 6, 2007"

(http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/c arbon.php). International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-07-15.

4. ^"Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel

economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger c ars" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=CELEX:31999L0094:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

5. ^"Resources for the Future, Resources Magazine, Weathervane, One Car At A Time" (http://www.rff.org/news/features/pages/combating-global-

warming-one-car-at-a-time.aspx). Rff.org. 2006-01-10. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

6. ^International Council on Clean Transportation (January 2014). "EU CO2 standards for passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles"

(http://www.theicct.org/eu-co2-standards-passenger-cars-and-lcvs). Retrieved 5 February 2014.

7. ^"European Commission > Enterprise and Industry > Sectors > Automotive > Reference documents > Directives and regulations > Directive 70/220/EEC"

(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/documents/directives/directive-70-220-eec_en.htm). Ec.europa.eu. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

8. ^"91/441/EEC Council Directive 91/441/EEC of 26 June 1991 amending Directive 70/220/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States

relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?


9. ^ ab"Directive 2002/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the reduction of the level of pollutant emissions from two-

andthree-wheel motor vehicles and amending Directive 97/24/EC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0051:EN:NOT).

Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.10. ^"Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by

emissions from motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?


11. ^ ab"Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to

emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information" (http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0715:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0715:EN:NOThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31998L0069:EN:NOThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0051:EN:NOThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0441:EN:NOThttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/documents/directives/directive-70-220-eec_en.htmhttp://www.theicct.org/eu-co2-standards-passenger-cars-and-lcvshttp://www.rff.org/news/features/pages/combating-global-warming-one-car-at-a-time.aspxhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0094:EN:NOThttp://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.phphttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en


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Wikisource has original

text related to this article:

European Parliament

resolution on Winning

the Battle Against

Global Climate Change

External links

European emission standards (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm).

European Environment Agency

EEA Glossary (http://glossary.eea.europa.eu)

EEA transport page (http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport).

EurActiv.com - Euro 5 emissions standards for cars (http://www.euractiv.com/en/transport/euro-5-emissions-standards-cars/article-133325)

12. ^"EUROPA > Summaries of EU legislation > Internal market > Single Market for Goods > Motor vehicles > Technical harmonisation for motor vehicles"

(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/motor_vehicles_technical_harmonisation/index_en.htm).

Europa.eu. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

13. ^"Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor

vehicles and their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31970L0156:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-

02.

14. ^"Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the

laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?


15. ^"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 582/2011 (Euro VI), date is for new registrations" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=OJ:L:2011:167:0001:0168:EN:PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-15.

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2006, WHO adds pressure for stricter Euro-5 s tandards" (http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006-02_bulletin146_web.pdf) (PDF).

Retrieved 2011-02-02.

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Calcars.org. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

18. ^"03Sep 2009 McKinsey: EU CO2Regs Are a Death Sentence to Car Makers - But There's a Solution ... SYNOPSIS: Consultants McKinsey in Germany

says there is only one way for car makers to reach the EU's ambitious CO2targets: by selling lots of electric cars" (http://evworld.com/news.cfm?

newsid=21688). Evworld.com. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

19. ^"Recharging infrastructure" (http://www .dft.gov.uk/topics/sus tainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/). Department for Transport. Retrieved 22

December 2011.
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Dieselnet: EU emission standards (http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.html)

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500043002.pdf) The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and

figures.

Commission proposal for Euro 5 (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?

reference=IP/05/1660&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

T&E: No diesel NOX reduction in 13 years due to cycle beating (http://www.transportenvironment.org/Downloads-index-req-getit-lid-421.html)COM 2007/19 Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO 2emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007DC0019:EN:NOT)

European Commission conference (2003): Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning

(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/mac2003/index.htm)

In the media

2007-07-02, Auto Industry: ACEA welcomes EU Environment Councils recognition of need for integrated approach to CO2reduction

(http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/02-07-07_19)

February 7, 2007,BBC: EU car CO2 fight only beginning (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm)

February 7, 2007,European Commission: EU plans legislation to cut CO2emissions from cars (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?

reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

February 6, 2007,International Herald Tribune: EU to compromise on auto emissions

(http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php)January 31, 2007, Transport and Environment: Europe set to clean up fuels but stalls on cars

(http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article353.html)

January 31, 2007,European Commission: EU proposes stricter fuel standards to cut CO 2emissions

(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/120&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

January 24, 2007, The Guardian: Grand plan for a low-carbon Europe goes up in smoke

(http://environment.guardian.co.uk/travel/story/0,,1997422,00.html)

October 19, 2004:European Environment Agency: Poor European test standards understate air pollution from cars
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(http://www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/TERM2004-en)

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