european commission directorate general...

June 12, 2012

Version : 3.0

EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DIRECTORATE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT

Contract No.

Preparatory Action - Development of Prevention

Activities to halt desertification in Europe -

Service Contract to contribute to the building of

Water and Ecosystem accounts at EU level

Final Report 3

Water Accounts system and results

Preamble

of 36

Summary

1. PREAMBLE .................................................................................................................. 4

2. BUILDING THE SEEAW STANDARD TABLES FOR ASSET ACCOUNTS ................. 5

2.1. ORGANIZATION AND INFORMATION ............................................................................ 5

2.2. WATER RESOURCE CATEGORIES ............................................................................... 5

2.3. PRECIPITATION ........................................................................................................ 6

2.3.a. Calculation of snow melt................................................................................. 7

2.4. EVAPORATION ......................................................................................................... 8

2.4.a. Description of evaporation calculation Tab ..................................................... 9

2.5. INFLOWS ................................................................................................................. 9

2.5.a. Description of Inflows calculation Tab ............................................................10

2.6. INFLOWS FROM UPSTREAM TERRITORIES ..................................................................11

2.6.a. Inflows from other water surface resources ...................................................11

2.6.b. Outflows ........................................................................................................11

2.7. OUTFLOWS .............................................................................................................11

2.8. EXCHANGES ...........................................................................................................12

2.8.a. Exchanges from Soil water to Groundwater...................................................14

2.9. EXCHANGES BETWEEN SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ...............................................14

2.10. ABSTRACTIONS .......................................................................................................15

2.10.a. Flows from the environment to the economy .................................................15

2.10.b. Flows within the economy .............................................................................16

2.10.c. Economic activities classification ...................................................................17

2.11. RETURNS: FLOWS FROM THE ECONOMY BACK INTO THE ENVIRONMENT ......................18

2.12. OPENING STOCKS ...................................................................................................19

3. CONSOLIDATION ........................................................................................................20

3.1.a. Choosing each individual item scenario .........................................................20

3.1.b. Closing stocks ...............................................................................................21

3.2. SEEAW WATER BALANCE MATRIXES ......................................................................21

3.2.a. SEEAW Table6.1 Assets Accounts ...............................................................21

3.2.a. SEEAW Table6.2 Flows between water resources ........................................23

Figures

Figure 1 Main form of NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting ........................................................ 5

Figure 2 Asset table ............................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 3 Precipitation Tab .................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 4 Scenario information ............................................................................................................. 7

Figure 5 Cross tab view of VR_FEC_Distribution table ................................................................... 8

Figure 6 Evaporation Tab .................................................................................................................... 9

Preamble

of 36

Figure 7 Inflows Tab ........................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 8 automation of monthly flow per stretches.......................................................................... 11

Figure 9 Scenario of exchanges between water resource categories for Inflows from other

water surface resources .............................................................................................................. 11

Figure 10 Outflows Tab ...................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 11 Matrix of flows between water resources ......................................................................... 12

Figure 12 Matrix of Exchange filtered on ‘WFD0000051” basin ................................................... 13

Figure 13 Exchanges Tab .................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 14 Exchange from Soil water to Groundwater calculation options .................................... 14

Figure 15 Table of exchange between Surface Water Resources .................................................... 14

Figure 16 Listbox for Resources exchanges scenario ....................................................................... 14

Figure 17 Abstraction Tab .................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 18 Table T_ECO representing the SEEAW breakdown of economic activities ................ 17

Figure 19 Table T_ISIC of ISIC table (rev 4) classification........................................................ 18

Figure 20 Tab for Returns .................................................................................................................. 18

Figure 21 Opening stock Tab ............................................................................................................. 19

Figure 22 Consolidation Tab .............................................................................................................. 20

Figure 23 Multi listbox of consolidation Water Account asset ........................................................ 21

Tables

Table 1 SEEAW 2007 standard Table of Asset account matrix .................................................. 22

Table 2 Excel Crosstab of Asset accounts for Loire basin January 2001 ................................... 22

Table 3 Excel Crosstab of Asset accounts for Loire basin February 2001 ................................. 22

Table 4 SEEAW Table6.2 Flows between water resources .......................................................... 23

Table 5 Excel Crosstab of SEEAW Table6.2 Flows between water resources for Loire Basin

January 2001 ............................................................................................................................... 23

Preamble

of 36

1. Preamble

The production of water resource accounts at the European level requires the combination and aggregation of different data from local to regional level so that the final information is statistically representative, thematically consistent and politically relevant, hence including also socio-economic aspects. Increasing competition for freshwater between agriculture, urban and industrial use as well as population growth results in unprecedented pressures on water resources, with many countries reaching conditions of water scarcity or facing limits to economic development.

The challenge is to produce a full EU-wide set of water volumes over a period covering several years of the late decade.

This assessment aims to reduce the proportion of “approximated” data, mobilizing a specific approach built specifically to bridge the gap between needed datasets and data that can be currently accessed. Irreplaceable data stands for data that do not have a surrogate. The most important data set is the central reference system ECRINS, which is the platform for all calculated water accounts.

The difficulties for mobilizing large EU data are known as experience has already pinpointed those related to diversity and homogeneity from what is available and what is expected at the EU level, as well as at the national level. Statistical offices will need decades to implement the SEEAW1 based on monitored data and use water and ecosystem accounting to manage water allocations. At the European level the accounts to be produced aim at assessments and not at management decisions. Hence, a certain share of modeled data is acceptable with variable degrees of consistency and reliability.

The Water Account is developed in accordance with rigorous conceptual frameworks. Preparation of the WA is guided by the System of Environmental–Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA–Water).

The standard for report preparation was developed especially with conceptual bases prescribing similar reporting characteristics, namely:

the data items to be reported;

the classification of water asset

the quantification units to be used;

the rules for collecting and aggregating data; and

how the information is to be presented

This report focuses on the consolidation process needed to produce SEEAW standard tables by mixing both water resources volumes and uses & supply volumes (abstraction and returns).

The resulting standard SEEAW accounting matrixes are available per basin and sub basin at a monthly timestep over 8 years period (2001-2008).

1 The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEAW) provides a conceptual framework

for organizing the hydrological and economic information in a coherent and consistent manner. The SEEAW

framework is an elaboration of the handbook Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003

(United Nations et al. 2003), commonly referred to as SEEA-2003, which describes the interaction between

the economy and the environment and covers the whole spectrum of natural resources and the environment.

Both the SEEA-2003 and SEEAW use as basic framework the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993

SNA) (CEC et. al., 1993) which is the standard system for the compilation of economic statistics and

derivation of economic indicators, the most notable being gross domestic product (GDP).

Building the SEEAW standard tables for asset accounts

of 36

2. Building the SEEAW standard tables for asset

accounts In the following chapter, we will explain step by step how to build the standard tables for asset accounts which have been describe above in the document.

The whole process is driven by an application called NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting based on an MS Access database. This application automatically creates the links to both ECRINS geodatabases and EU Water Account databases, involving more than 30 MS Access databases. For large volumes, datasets are stored in a SQL Server. The whole application deals with more than 200 tables.

2.1. Organization and information

The Main form of NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting shown in Figure 1 explains the construction of standard table for asset accounts.

Figure 1 Main form of NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting

The elements of water accounting, those positive for increasing stock first, then those negative are listed lines by lines and are split in in water resources categories by column. There is a specific tab in the form dedicated to each of these elements. For all of them, it is possible to create and calculate a scenario based on entities scale (Basins, sub-basin), period, and data source chosen. The last tab “Consolidation” is used for merging of all elements, that’s to say all individual scenarios for each element. In the following chapters, we will describe how to deal with each of these Tab.

2.2. Water resource categories

The application is built so that most of parameters and classifications are tabuled so that is could be easily possible to modify categories by adding a new one for example. Clicking on view asset categories (blue text button) open the table CR_asset (see Figure 2)


of 36

Figure 2 Asset table

2.3. Precipitation

Precipitation consists of the volume of atmospheric wet precipitation (e.g. rain, snow, hail etc.) on the territory of reference during the accounting period before evapotranspiration takes place. The majority of precipitation would fall on the soil and would thus be recorded in the column of soil water in the asset accounts. Some precipitation would also fall into the other water resources e.g. surface water. It is assumed that water would reach aquifers after having passed through either the soil or surface water (e.g. rivers, lakes, etc.), thus no precipitation would be shown in the asset accounts for groundwater. The infiltration of precipitation to groundwater is recorded in the accounts as an inflow from other water resources into groundwater.

The first element tab in Main form of NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting is dedicated to precipitation. The source of data is in fact a database containing aggregated calculation of daily meteorological data grids disaggregated at FEC scale.

Figure 3 Precipitation Tab proposes several options for fueling WA application Precipitation tables. They are called SCEN_A3 an VR_A3 respectively for precipitation scenario library and values precipitation table. Please note that the table name codification shares the same rule for each element of water resource, here the number 3 being related to the number of the line in Table 1 SEEAW 2007 standard Table of Asset account matrix page 22.


of 36

Figure 3 Precipitation Tab

2.3.a. Calculation of snow melt

Snow melt can be calculated for approximation of transfer between “Glacier, Snow and Ice” (CODE_EA 1314) water resource category to “Soil Water” (CODE_EA 133) and “Rivers” (CODE_EA 1313). User must choose a scenario for Snow melt split down between those water resources categories (in green) and a resources exchanges scenario for storing the results of snow melt transfer.

Figure 4 Scenario information

User must choose a scenario for Snow melt split down between those water resources category.

Values can been seen in a synthetic by clicking on in a way as show on Figure 5 Cross tab view of VR_FEC_Distribution table or editable on flat query if the button “Pivot table for view or flat for edition” is not set to true. Here water resource category “Glacier, Snow and Ice” is transfer in equal part to Rivers and Soil!


of 36

Figure 5 Cross tab view of VR_FEC_Distribution table

Snow melt is calculated using A Swiss based formulae using a Thawing coefficient (mm/°C/day) and a Thawing threshold (°C) set by default to 0 degree.

For the first month of the considered period, snow stocks that can be mobilized for snow melt are parameterized with the field “Select snow falls as origin stock for the ...””

The snow melt transfer calculation can be skipped from Precipitation calculation if the radio button “Calculate snow melt transfer to rivers and groundwater on the selected period” is not checked.

Resources exchanges scenario must share the same aggregated scale that the one selected here in this Precipitation Tab!

The button starts the process of calculation and at the end; the new scenario is available in the listbox of existing scenarii.

Please note that the process, despite a huge work done to optimize the speed can long. Besides, the speed of calculation process depends on the version of MS Access used. Our recommendation is that only this MS Access database should be opened and that the MS Access option of opening mode is set to exclusive in the Client option advance tab.

2.4. Evaporation

Evaporation/Actual evapotranspiration is the amount of evaporation and actual evapotranspiration that occurs in the territory of reference during the accounting period. Note that evaporation refers to the amount of water evaporated from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, artificial reservoirs, etc. Evapotranspiration refers to the amount of water that is transferred from the soil to the atmosphere by evaporation and plant transpiration. Evapotranspiration can be “potential” or “actual” depending on the soil and vegetation conditions: potential evapotranspiration refers to the maximum quantity of water capable of being evaporated in a given climate from a continuous stretch of vegetation covering the whole ground and well supplied with water. Actual evapotranspiration, which is reported in the accounts, refer to the amount of water that evaporates from the land surface and is


of 36

transpired by the existing vegetation/plants when the ground is at its natural moisture content that is determined by precipitation. Note that actual evapo-transpiration can only be estimated through modeling and may be a rough approximation.

The second tab in Main form of NOPOLU Water Resource Accounting is dedicated to evaporation and uses the same source of data as Precipitation. (The source of data is a database containing aggregated calculation of daily meteorological MARS data grids disaggregated at FEC scale).

2.4.a. Description of evaporation calculation Tab

Figure 6 Evaporation Tab proposes several options for fueling WA application Evaporation tables. They are called SCEN_A6 and VR_A6 respectively for evaporation scenario library and values evaporation table. Please note that the table name codification shares the same rule for each element of water resource, here the number 6 being related to the number of the line in Table 1 SEEAW 2007 standard Table of Asset account matrix page 22.

Figure 6 Evaporation Tab

2.5. Inflows

Inflows represent the amount of water that flows into water resources during the accounting period. The inflows are disaggregated according to their origin: (a) inflows from other territories/countries; and (b) from other water resources within the territory. Inflows from other territories occur with shared water resources. For example, in the case of a river that enters the territory of reference, the inflow is the total volume of water that flows into the territory at its entry point during the accounting period. If a river borders two countries without eventually entering either of them, each country could claim a percentage of the flow to be attributed to their territory. If no formal convention exists, a practical solution is to attribute 50 per cent of the flow to each country. Inflows from other resources include transfers, both natural and man-made, between the resources within the territory.


of 36

They include, for example, flows of infiltration and seepage as well as channels built for water diversion.

2.5.a. Description of Inflows calculation Tab

Figure 7 Inflows Tab proposes several options for fueling WA application inflow tables.

These tables of inflows concern inflows from upstream (4a) and inflows from other water resources category (4b);

SCEN_A4a and VR_A4a respectively for inflows from upstream territories scenario library and values for inflows from upstream territories

SCEN_A4b and VR_A4b respectively for inflows from other water resources categories scenario library and values for inflows from other water resource categories

Inflows from upstream territories as well as inflows from other water resources in surface water categories are calculated from the linearized flow values per stretch obtained with the NOPOLU resources module.

The results of flows per stretch are stored in table w_HYD, values being related to scenario in table CI_HYD_CALC via the calc field representing calculation number. They are shown in listbox “List of flow calculation on river stretches” (Figure 7 Inflows Tab).

We can also already note that as outflows evaluation share the same data source; they can be calculated in a single step with inflows.

Each of these flows calculations per stretch are supposed to represent average flow for a selected month.

Exchanges with Soil water and Ground water are treated in the specific Exchanges Tab.

Figure 7 Inflows Tab


of 36

2.6. Inflows from upstream territories

Inflows from upstream territories scenario are created with the same type of information’s as for precipitation and evaporation; beginning date and ending date as well as aggregation scale.

Aggregation scale is by default Sub basin but you can change it to Basin.

As soon as Dates boxes are filled, the system automatically search in existing available monthly flow calculations per stretch those belonging to the period selected as show on Figure 8.

Figure 8 automation of monthly flow per stretches

2.6.a. Inflows from other water surface resources

If the radio button “Fuel also Inflows and Outflows from other resources per basin for exchanges between surface water” is check as default, user must select a scenario for water exchange. (Figure 9)

Figure 9 Scenario of exchanges between water resource categories for Inflows from other water surface resources

2.6.b. Outflows

Outflows calculation are preferably processed at the same time as inflows and radio buttons from Figure 9 allows to disable these evaluation is needed for a specific checking.

The button stars the inflows (and eventually outflows) calculations.

2.7. Outflows

Outflows represent the amount of water that flows out of water resources during the accounting period. Outflows are disaggregated according to the destination of the flow, namely (a) to other water resources within the territory, (b) to other territories/countries and (c) to the sea/ocean. Outflows to other water resources within the territory represent water exchanges between water resources within the territory. In particular, they include the flows of water going out of a water body and reaching other water resources within the territory. Outflows to other territories represent the


of 36

total volume of water that flows out of the territory of reference during the accounting period. Shared rivers are a typical example of water flowing from one upstream country to a downstream country. Outflows to the sea/oceans represent the volume of water that flows into the sea/oceans.

Figure 10 Outflows Tab

2.8. Exchanges

Exchanges of water between water resources are also described in more detail in a separate Table. This table, which expands the information in rows 4.b and 7.c of standard table for asset account, provides information on the origin and destination of flows between the water resources of a territory of reference allowing for a better understanding of the exchanges of water between resources. This table is also useful for the calculation of internal renewable water resources and for reducing the risk of double counting when assessing separately this indicator for surface and groundwater due to the water exchanges between these resources (FAO/AQUASTAT, 2001). Table of exchanges between water resource categories assists in identifying the contribution of groundwater to the surface flow as well as the recharge of aquifers by surface runoff as shown Figure 11 Matrix of flows between water resources.

This part was not specifically included in the contract but as interaction for some water resource category exchange where already assess, it was important to build a structure being able to deal with future challenges. The Figure 13 Exchanges Tab proposes a set of option for fueling and managing some of those types of exchanges but will need to be extended (noticeably for type ox exchanges D1, D2, and D4).

Figure 11 Matrix of flows between water resources

In Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. sustainable water abstraction which, broadly speaking, is the level of abstraction which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of


of 36

future generations to meet their own needs, can be specified for each water resource. This variable is exogenous to the accounts and it is often estimated by the agencies in charge of water management and planning in a country. Its estimation takes into account economic, social and environmental considerations.

The button allows the same type of view (see Figure 12 Matrix of Exchange filtered on ‘WFD0000051” basin) which looks the same if filtered on one basin and one month.

Figure 12 Matrix of Exchange filtered on ‘WFD0000051” basin

Figure 13 Exchanges Tab


of 36

2.8.a. Exchanges from Soil water to Groundwater

As mentioned earlier, it is assumed that water would reach aquifers after having passed through either the soil or surface water, thus no precipitation would be shown in the asset accounts for groundwater. In fact, the infiltration of precipitation to groundwater is recorded in the accounts as an inflow from other water resources into groundwater. Exchange from soil water to Groundwater is assessed via a simple rule using two tables:

One table for splitting down the water flow from Water soil between Rivers and Groundwater.

Another for modulate, meaning time modulation to modulate monthly exchanges.

For each month, the volume of precipitation minus evaporation for the selected scenario (precipitation & evaporation) in Soil water is split down between Rivers and Groundwater based on the Water resource distribution scenario coefficients and modulated per month following the modulation rate. A global specific minimum percentage set by default to 5% is compared to the value (precipitation - evaporation)/ precipitation in order to apply or not the breakdown. A query called Soil_deltavol_source is created to calculate those values.

The button launches the calculation. If values for Exchange from soil already exist for the Exchanges scenario selected, a message asks if the user want to delete them and go on calculation.

Figure 14 Exchange from Soil water to Groundwater calculation options

2.9. Exchanges between surface water resources This has already been treated in the Inflows and Outflows chapters. On the exchange Tab, results obtained can be view by selecting D3 on the form (see results Figure 15).

Figure 15 Table of exchange between Surface Water Resources

The Exchange scenario is first select vie the Figure 16 Listbox for Resources exchanges scenario.

Figure 16 Listbox for Resources exchanges scenario


of 36

2.10. Abstractions

The Water account provides detail on how abstracted water is supplied and used within the economy. Water is abstracted from the environment, generally by the water supply industry, and supplied to users, including households and businesses. Water is abstracted for own use (primarily in the agriculture industry) and by the water supply industry for supply to the economy.

Assessment of abstractions concerns Flows from the environment to the economy. Hereafter are reminded some important consideration about the abstractions flows and also about the exchange of flows between the economy which is not part of this contract development but which is important to keep in mind in order to understand the structure of the application. Returns flows representing Flows from the economy back into the environment is the dual system of abstraction and in fact, the NOPOLU WA module has been developed so that all of these items could be assess in a same process. The Abstraction Tab of the application pilots most of menu options.

For assessing these flows related to the economy, a development of the NOPOLU IEI application has been the best choice to be able to deal with complex relation between where water is abstracted and by who to who use it and where water is return which is partly directly to the environment and to sewage systems. A huge conceptual work has been already done for implementing NOPOLU IEI application which is dedicated to assessment of pollutant loads with linked driving force, pressure and impact. One of the most particular characteristics of NOPOLU IEI application was the ability (and necessity) to take into account flow as the vector of pollution for assessment of the loads to the environment. It was then a natural idea to develop the framework of water use in the economy on the basis of IEI application structure.

We will not explain in this document the NOPOLU IEI information system but only the developments and adjustments realized in order to understand where it is important to fuel to dataset in order to be taken into account by NOPOLU WA application and specifically by the Tab concerning Abstractions.

2.10.a. Flows from the environment to the economy

Flows from the environment to the economy involve the abstraction/removal of water from the environment by economic units in the territory of reference for production and consumption activities. In particular, water is abstracted from the inland water resource system (which includes surface-, groundwater and soil water as defined in the asset classification), and from other sources. Abstraction from other resources includes abstraction from the sea (for example, for direct use for cooling, or for desalination purposes) and collection of precipitation which occurs (for example, in the case of water roof harvesting). The supplier of these flows is the environment and the user is the economy, more specifically, the economic agents responsible for the abstraction. It is assumed that the environment supplies all the water that is abstracted; hence the equality between supply and use is satisfied.

The use of water as a natural resource excludes the in-situ or passive uses of water, which do not entail a physical removal from the environment. Examples include the use of water for recreation or navigation. In-situ uses of water, although not explicitly considered in the supply and use tables, could be included as supplementary items in the accounts, in particular in the quality accounts as they can have a negative impact on water resources in terms of water quality. In addition, in-situ uses can also be affected by activities of abstraction and water discharge: for example, upstream over-abstraction may affect navigational and recreational uses of downstream waters.

Water is abstracted either to be used by the same economic unit which abstracts it (in which case, we refer to it as abstraction for own use) or to be supplied, possibly after some treatment, to other economic units (abstraction for distribution). The industry which abstracts, treats and supplies water as a principal activity is classified under class 36 of ISIC Rev. 4, Water collection, treatment and supply.

There may be, however, other industries which abstract and supply water as a secondary activity.


of 36

2.10.b. Flows within the economy

Flows within the economy involve water exchanges between economic units. These exchanges are usually carried out through mains pipes, but other means of transporting water are not excluded. The origin and destination of these flows corresponds to those of the monetary SUT of the SNA, namely the agent providing water is the supplier and the agent receiving it is the user. There is only one exception to this correspondence with the monetary SUT, which involves the flows of wastewater: the industry collecting wastewater is a “user” in the physical SUT while in the monetary tables it is a “supplier” of wastewater collection and treatment services.

Most of the water is generally supplied by the industry ISIC 36, Water collection, treatment and supply; however, it can also be supplied by other industries and households. This includes the cases, for example, when water is supplied by industries and households for further use or is supplied to treatment facilities before being discharged into the environment. Note that the physical supply of water by households generally represents a flow of wastewater to ISIC 37, Sewerage.

The collection of wastewater by ISIC 37, Sewerage, is recorded as use of wastewater by ISIC 37 and a supply of wastewater by the industry or households generating the wastewater. The corresponding monetary transaction is recorded instead in the opposite way: ISIC 37 supplies the service of wastewater collection and treatment which is in turn used by the economic units who physically generate wastewater.

During distribution of water (between a point of abstraction and a point of use or between points of use and reuse of water) there may be losses8 of water. These losses may be caused by a number of factors: evaporation when, for example, water is distributed through open channels; leakages when, for example, water leaks from pipes into the ground; and illegal tapping when users illegally divert water from the distribution network. In addition, when losses during distribution are computed as a difference between the amount of water supplied and received, they may also include errors in the meter’s readings, malfunctioning meters, theft, etc. In the SUT, the supply of water within the economy is recorded net of losses during distribution. Furthermore, the losses during distribution are recorded as return flows when they are due to leakages and as water consumption in all other cases.

The use table describing the flows within the economy shows the destination of these flows: water can be used by industries to produce other goods and services (intermediate consumption), by households for their own use (final consumption) and by the rest of the world (exports). Other economic uses, i.e. change in inventories, will be neglected for water, since these are usually negligible given that water is a bulky commodity.

The basic SNA supply-and-use identity is satisfied also for flows of water within the economy, as the total water supplied by the national economy plus imports equals the sum of water uses for intermediate consumption, final consumption and exports.


of 36

Figure 17 Abstraction Tab

2.10.c. Economic activities classification

The SEEAW breakdown of the economic activities, classified according to ISIC Rev.4, distinguishes the following groups:

ISIC 1-3 which includes Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; ISIC 5-33, 41-43 which includes: Mining and quarrying, Manufacturing and Construction; ISIC 35 - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; ISIC 36 - Water collection, treatment and supply; ISIC 37 – Sewage system; ISIC 38, 39, 45-99, which corresponds to the Service industries.

Figure 18 Table T_ECO representing the SEEAW breakdown of economic activities

Another important classification table is the ISIC table (rev 4) implemented in table T_ISIC (see Figure 19) which is relate with T_ECO with the field WRAcode. All industrial activities all classified upon ISIC so that NOPOLU WA application is capable of aggregation at WA level.


of 36

Figure 19 Table T_ISIC of ISIC table (rev 4) classification

2.11. Returns: Flows from the economy back into the environment

Assessment of abstractions concerns Flows from the economy back into the environment. Hereafter are reminded some important consideration about the return flows.

Figure 20 Tab for Returns

Flows from the economy back to the environment consist of discharges of water by the economy into the environment (residual flows). Thus the supplier is the economic agent responsible for the discharge (industries, households and rest of the world) and the destination of these flows is the environment. The environment is assumed to use all the water that is returned (supplied) to it. Hence, for these flows, use equals supply.


of 36

Flows from the economy to the environment are described in accounting terms in the supply table as a supply of an economic unit to the environment. Each entry represents the amount of water generated by an economic unit and discharged into the environment (in the SEEAW discharges of water back to the environment are also referred to as returns or return flows).

Returns are classified according to the receiving media: a distinction is made between ‘water resources’, which include surface-, groundwater and Soil water and ‘other sources’ such as seas or oceans.

Discharges of water by the rest of the world are those locally generated by non-resident units. These are often insignificant. Even in a country where there is a large presence of tourists, the discharges would generally take place through resident units (i.e. hotels, restaurants, etc.).

2.12. Opening stocks

The concept of a stock of water is related to the quantity of surface and groundwater in a territory of reference measured at a specific point in time (beginning and end of the accounting period). While for lakes, reservoirs and groundwater the concept of a stock of water is straightforward (even though for groundwater it may be difficult to measure the total volume of water), for rivers it is not always easy to define. Water in a river is in constant movement at a much faster rate than the other water bodies: the estimated residence time of world’s water resources is about two weeks for rivers and around ten years for lakes and reservoirs (Shiklomanov, 1999).

To keep consistency with the other water resources, the stock level of a river should be measured as the volume of the active riverbed determined on the basis of the geographic profile of the riverbed and the water level. This quantity is usually very small compared to the total stocks of water resources and the annual flows of rivers. However, the river profile and the water depth are important indicators for environmental and economic considerations. There might be cases, however, in which the stocks of river may not be meaningful either because the rate of the flow is very high or because the profile of riverbed changes constantly due to topographic conditions. In these circumstances, computing the stock of rivers is not realistic and can be omitted from the accounts.

The Tab for opening stocks management is shown on Figure 21.

Figure 21 Opening stock Tab

Consolidation

of 36

3. Consolidation Consolidation involves merging scenario from different assets and calculating closing stocks.

Figure 22 Consolidation Tab

3.1.a. Choosing each individual item scenario

For consolidation, you have to select a scenario in each blue boxes oh each relevant Tab for all these items Lines of Assets.

Once each choice done , just click on the button to see which scenario item are selected, what is the Aggregation scale (that should be the same for all scenario) and what is the common period between all of them (except opening stock for period because other opening stock will be calculate with consolidation process).

If a scenario is not selected, the multi-listbox indicates it.

Besides, information about first Year and Last year of common period is calculated in textboxes, as well as the common scale (if there is one as indicate on example of Figure 23).

Consolidation

of 36

Figure 23 Multi listbox of consolidation Water Account asset

3.1.b. Closing stocks

We have to keep in mind that closing stocks represent opening stocks for the next period (month). They are stored in VR_A9 table.

Closing stocks are calculated in several steps.

Calculate delta volume for each entity on the period and store value in in closing stocks table (with scenario 0)

look for first date of opening stock (VR_A1) selected that share minimum year and month with those just calculated!

Once all items corresponding scenarios has been selected and give a valid period and common

scale, the calculation of closing stocks is launched with the button

The button allows to view how stock evolve on selected period.

The button allows then to update selected scenario Monthly Opening Stocks from Closing Stocks scenario (temporary ref #0). The first Opening stock month updated is the second month of the common period as results.

3.2. SEEAW Water Balance Matrixes

3.2.a. SEEAW Table 6.1 Assets Accounts

The model of SEEAW Table 6.1 asset accounts is shown on Table 1 extracted from SEEAW handbook.

Consolidation

of 36

Table 1 SEEAW 2007 standard Table of Asset account matrix

NOPOLU WA module build specific queries so that an excel file directly extract tabular data and organized them with a crosstab tools in order to produce those typical matrix of asset account, monthly and yearly with the choice of the basin in specific box as shown on Table 2 & Table 3. We can note that closing stocks from January are opening stocks from February.

Table 2 Excel Crosstab of Asset accounts for Loire basin January 2001

Table 3 Excel Crosstab of Asset accounts for Loire basin February 2001

Consolidation

of 36

3.2.a. SEEAW Table 6.2 Flows between water resources

The model of SEEAW Table 6.2 Flows between water resources is shown on Table 4.

Table 4 SEEAW Table6.2 Flows between water resources

Table 5 Excel Crosstab of SEEAW Table6.2 Flows between water resources for Loire Basin January 2001

We developed some automatic tools to export in Word files those matrixes for a single selected basin so that it is easy to produce whole output for further analysis. Some basins examples are given in separated appendixes.

3.3. SEEAW Water Uses and supply matrixes Water account application produce also directly SEEAW table 3.1 as shown below.

Consolidation

of 36

Table 6 SEEAW Table3.1Standart Physical supply and use for water

Table 7 Excel Crosstab of SEEAW Table3.1 Water Use and supply table ( Loire Basin Year 2001)

Consolidation

of 36

3.1. Water Exploitation indexes The conceptual definition of the WEI (demands / resource) implicitly requires that demand is smaller than resource (WEI <1). This is not achievable in practice since the assessment of resource must be done from observable data. The most accurate estimate of resource (since climatic data are modeled and hence more prone to uncertainty) is the discharge at the outlet. However, if the demand is large, the discharge at the outlet reflects the impact of abstractions and may be in many cases smaller that demand. Making annual indicator based on monthly WEI poses conceptual and practical issues.

The next maps present respectively the 90% and 50% monthly normalized WEI based on (sum of abstractions)/(sum of outlets of the territory of reference + abstractions -returns). The improvements are discussed in next section. The 90% is trespassed only 10% of the month and the 50% has equal numbers of larger and smaller WEIs. The WEI computed in this way (noted normalized WEI) are in the {0 – 1} range if no data error.

Figure 24 The 90% normalized WEI based on water accounting data

The first map indicates the usual peak pressure on the resource, and the second the structural pressure on the resource. A last map, based on the non-normalised WEI tells more about the ecological pressure of water uses since it focuses on the abstracted volumes vs. the remaining resource, showing a sort of explicit ratio given by actual uses between the share to economic activities vs. ecological sustainability.

The major issues of monthly WEI are the insufficiency of resource data (represented in the map) where the discharge could not be computed. Several computed sub-basins have however very poor data quality, which may explain the rather questionable WEIs on the Eastern part of Europe. Since the estimate of resource from meteorological data is still uncertain, is seemed inappropriate to combine two sources of resource estimation (discharge and effective rainfall) that would result in heterogeneous assessments.

Consolidation

of 36

Figure 25 The 50% normalised WEI based on water accounting data

Comparing both maps opens to important insights that reflect well the rather spatially extended issue of potential water issue across Europe. Only dark green sub-basins are in significant water sufficiency; however many sub catchments are either in light green (hence in a range of 20% demand vs. resource, generally considered as the problematic ratio, and shift to more much larger ratios in non-infrequent situations (90% percentile on a monthly basis means 12 months worse every ten years on the average, which can be a sign of chronic tension situation).

To assess variability, the ratio of the 90% percentile to the 10% percentile is a good indicator that can be mapped. The 10% WEIb is the smallest being trespassed in 90 of cases and the 90% is the largest, being trespassed only 10% of months.

Consolidation

of 36

Figure 26 variability of demand as from the ratio 90% to 50% raw WEI

Figure 27 Extreme use of resource, as estimated by the 90% percentile raw WEI

Even though some sub-basins results are questionable (Cyprus, Eastern Europe) because a part of data is of poor quality) this map presents, with simplified classification some interesting outputs. The WEI threshold are expressing the remaining resource on natural systems, as expressed (see

Consolidation

of 36

map legend) as percentage of the resource before abstraction, compared to the 10% most scarce resource. Red catchments for example are those where during the 10% driest months, only less than half of the original water remains, hence largely below ecological needs.

Appendixes

of 36

4. Appendixes

4.1. Main basins consolidation over period 2001 2008

Appendixes

of 36

All 7 LOIRE river sub basins area 116 981 km2

1311 :

Reservoirs 1312 : Lakes 1313 : Rivers

1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil

Water Total Total rain

Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 5 844 3 235 9 078

3 : Precipitations 1 360 571 1 385 791 599 864 603 970 603 970 27%

4a : Inflows from upstream territories 373 150 373 150

4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 233 353 190 535 441 418 30 758 787 896 852

5 : Abstractions 1 374 - 503 - 11 134 - 3 361 - 16 371 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 945 - 417 - 1 018 - 438 644 - 441 024 - 162 946

7a : Outflows todownstream territories 373 150 - 373 150 -

7b : Outflows to the sea 224 050 - 224 050 - 37% resti tution

7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 240 725 - 209 710 - 362 358 - 791 - 175 - 83 092 - 896 852 -

Total 8 331 - 19 523 - 149 913 - 0 - 27 221 82 149 68 396 - -11% -42%

All 7 Rhône river sub basins area 96 619 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 6 259 10 513 16 772

3 : Precipitations 6 678 659 2 422 64 846 609 694 684 299 684 299 44%


4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 774 785 237 132 1 029 270 56 803 61 750 2 159 739

5 : Abstractions 4 284 - 821 - 19 684 - 8 988 - 33 776 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 3 162 - 436 - 1 510 - 376 165 - 381 273 - 303 026



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 821 097 - 237 405 - 925 278 - 62 289 - 1 639 - 112 032 - 2 159 739 -

Total 47 080 - 870 - 324 940 - 2 557 46 176 193 760 130 397 - -19% -43%

All 5 Garonne (ex Dordogne) river sub basinsarea 55 703 km2

Étiquettes de lignes

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil

Water Total général Total rain

Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 1 773 2 510 4 283

3 : Precipitations 664 78 860 2 555 285 775 289 932 289 932 27%


4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 200 529 31 476 269 562 15 868 2 417 519 852

5 : Abstractions 1 619 - 98 - 4 458 - 2 059 - 8 235 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 480 - 53 - 632 - 211 766 - 212 931 - 77 001



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 215 103 - 34 317 - 231 690 - 2 440 - 36 302 - 519 852 -

Total général 16 010 - 2 914 - 81 384 - 115 13 810 42 634 43 750 - -15% -57%

Appendixes

of 36

All 7 Seine river sub basins area 75 990 km2

1311 :


132 :

Groundwater

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 7 359 4 945 12 304

3 : Precipitations 1 180 384 738 370 623 372 925 372 925 26%



5 : Abstractions 689 - 1 064 - 5 289 - 6 105 - 13 147 -




7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 608 607 - 295 198 - 940 619 - 1 248 - 50 287 - 1 895 958 -

Total 74 404 24 502 228 746 - 18 774 52 415 58 650 - -16% -60%

Thames area 16 034 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 11 450 144 11 595

3 : Precipitations 315 104 123 - - 77 679 78 221 78 221 34%

4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 56 633 20 833 82 948 6 021 - 166 435

5 : Abstractions 3 424 - 760 - 5 368 - 3 123 - 12 674 -



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 57 429 - 21 996 - 70 320 - - 2 898 - 13 792 - 166 435 -

Total 4 114 - 1 886 - 399 - 0 - 13 075 7 473 10% 28%

Severn area 21 246 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 3 009 2 322 5 331

3 : Precipitations 284 28 280 - - 133 652 134 244 134 244 46%

4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 19 803 7 344 55 622 13 166 - 95 935

5 : Abstractions 2 191 - 315 - 2 207 - 1 382 - 6 095 -



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 20 356 - 9 318 - 24 803 - - 11 783 - 29 674 - 95 935 -

Total 2 591 - 2 276 - 19 600 - - 0 - 33 562 9 095 7% 15%

All 5 EBRO sub basins area 85 612 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 2 437 3 332 5 769

3 : Precipitations 1 891 9 1 248 4 307 357 087 364 543 364 543 23%



5 : Abstractions 1 157 - 88 - 7 589 - 1 772 - 10 606 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 1 401 - 8 - 974 - 276 967 - 279 351 - 85 192



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 1 377 368 - 173 - 473 144 - 4 115 - 39 215 - 1 894 014 -

Total 904 875 - 260 - 847 368 192 18 375 48 320 9 120 3% 11%

Appendixes

of 36

All 4 TAJO sub basins area 71 202 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 5 779 5 475 11 253

3 : Precipitations 2 266 63 767 78 273 493 276 666 276 666 23%



5 : Abstractions 3 586 - 68 - 8 687 - 1 672 - 14 013 -




7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 422 799 - 63 043 - 410 796 - 78 - 40 001 - 936 718 -

Total 36 549 4 567 - 80 892 - 0 - 18 645 29 599 666 - 0% -1%

All 5 Duero sub basins area 97 419 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 1 797 1 916 3 714

3 : Precipitations 1 784 37 1 307 57 435 719 438 905 438 905 32%



5 : Abstractions 334 - 27 - 3 032 - 1 257 - 4 650 -




7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 387 045 - 3 064 - 557 709 - 57 - 77 090 - 1 024 965 -

Total général 168 364 499 - 141 255 - 0 35 222 63 602 125 434 29% 90%

All 7 Rhein sub basins area 160 221 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 26 867 11 157 38 025

3 : Precipitations 12 880 323 3 285 50 730 969 499 1 036 716 1 036 716 40%

4a : Inflows from upstream territories 1 089 277 1 089 277

4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 1 848 551 390 673 1 927 319 79 247 48 578 4 294 367

5 : Abstractions 2 336 - 522 - 36 458 - 15 755 - 55 071 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 6 333 - 213 - 2 057 - 617 356 - 625 959 - 410 757

7a : Outflows todownstream territories 1 089 277 - 1 089 277 -


7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 1 776 584 - 296 854 - 1 999 083 - 49 368 - 5 730 - 166 748 - 4 294 367 -

Total 76 177 93 406 649 744 - 1 362 57 763 245 130 175 906 - -17% -43%

Appendixes

of 36

All 4 Weser sub basins area 45 211 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 4 528 1 073 5 602

3 : Precipitations 898 1 546 3 342 246 621 251 409 251 409 35%



5 : Abstractions 378 - 1 - 4 046 - 2 678 - 7 103 -




7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 614 765 - 603 528 - 3 342 - 39 436 - 1 261 071 -

Total 11 275 - 0 - 16 863 - 0 - 18 359 50 149 40 370 16% 45%

All 4 NEMUNAS (NYOMAN) sub basins area 959 925 km2

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 541 1 140 1 681

3 : Precipitations 4 435 461 24 294 200 709 229 899 229 899 34%



5 : Abstractions 105 - 2 - 230 - 1 251 - 1 588 -

6 : Evaporation / Actual Evapotranspiration 3 293 - 340 - 148 754 - 152 387 - 77 512



7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 243 218 - 9 062 - 216 533 - 24 294 - 113 - 23 986 - 517 206 -

Total général 32 065 - 1 837 - 14 174 0 - 9 018 52 795 42 085 18% 54%

Tornionjoki (Finnish part) area 161 557 km2

Étiquettes de lignes

1311 :


1314 :

Glaciers,

snow and ice

132 :

Groundwater

133 : Soil


Total Rain-

EVP

2 : Returns 14 38 52

3 : Precipitations 3 340 50 107 37 275 - 48 272 89 045 89 045 58%

4b : Inflows from resources in the territory 421 565 245 489 377 300 1 938 36 672 1 082 965

5 : Abstractions 33 - 2 - 8 - 18 - 62 -


7b : Outflows to the sea 46 100 - 46 100 - -52% resti tution

7c : Outflows to other resources in the territory 532 135 - 195 642 - 309 099 - 39 420 - 2 794 - 3 875 - 1 082 965 -

Total général 109 554 - 49 860 22 136 2 144 - 874 - 45 734 5 157 6% 10%

Appendixes

of 36

european commission directorate general...

Documents