eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Prokaryote and Eukaryote
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Cells have evolved two different architectures:Prokaryote styleEukaryote style
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Prokaryote cells are smaller and simplerCommonly known as bacteria.10-100 microns in size. [1000 microns = 1 millimeter]Single-celled (unicellular) .Filamentous (strings of single cells).
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These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
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Prokaryote cells are simply built capsule: slimy outer coatingcell wall: tougher middle layercell membrane: delicate inner skin
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cytoplasm: inner liquid fillingDNA in one big looppilli: for sticking to thingsflagella: for swimmingribosomes: for building proteinsProkaryote cells are simply built
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Prokaryote lifestyleunicellular: all alonecolony: forms a filmfilamentous: forms a chain of cells
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Prokaryote FeedingPhotosynthetic: energy from sunlightDisease-causing: feed on living thingsDecomposers: feed on dead things
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicatedHave organellesHave chromosomescan be multicellularinclude animal and plant cells
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Cell membranedelicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasmfound in all cellsCell Structures
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Nucleusa membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cells chromosomes(DNA)has pores: holesCell Structures
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Nucleolusinside nucleuslocation of ribosome factoryCell Structures
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Mitochondrion makes the cells energythe more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it hasCell Structures
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Ribosomesbuild proteins from amino acids in cytoplasmmade of RNACell Structures
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Endoplasmic reticulummay be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydratesmay be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomesCell Structures
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Golgi Complextakes in sacs of raw material from ERsends out sacs containing finished cell productsCell Structures
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Cell StructuresLysosomessacs filled with digestive enzymesdigest worn out cell partsdigest food absorbed by cell
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Centriolespair of bundled tubesorganize cell divisionCell Structures
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Cytoskeletonmade of microtubulesfound throughout cytoplasmmade of microtubulesgives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.
Cell Structures
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Structures found in plant cellsCell wallvery strongmade of celluloseprotects cell from rupturingglued to other cells next door
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Vacuolehuge water-filled sackeeps cell pressurizedstores starch
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Chloroplastsfilled with chlorophyllturn solar energy into food energy
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Eukaryote cells can be multicellularThe whole cell can be specialized for one jobCells can work together as tissuesTissues can work together as organs
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Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
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Examples of specialized eukayriotic cellsliver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.
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sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell
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Mesophyll cell: specialized to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf
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How do animal cells move?Some can crawl with pseudopodsSome can swim with a flagellumSome can swim very fast with cilia
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Pseudopodsmeans fake feetextensions of cell membraneexample: ameoba
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Flagellum/flagellalarge whiplike tailpushes or pulls cell through watercan be single, or a pair
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Ciliafine, hair like extensionsattached to cell membranebeat in unison
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