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EU WILDLIFE TRADE 2017Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017

EU Wildlife Trade 2017

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction 3

2. Overview of CITES trade 4 Imports 4 Exports 8

3. Species showing noteworthy trends 13 Methods 13 Taxa selected 13

4. Value of EU trade 20 Value of plant trade 20 Value of animal trade 23

Annex A: Supplementary information 27

Annex B: Valuation methodology 30

EU Wildlife Trade 2017: Analysis of the European Union’s annual reports to CITES 2017Prepared for: The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate F – Global Sustainable Development, ENV.F3 – Multilateral Environmental Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium.

Published: January 2019.

Copyright: European Commission 2019.

Citation: UNEP-WCMC. 2019. EU Wildlife Trade 2017: Analysis of the European Union’s annual reports to CITES 2017.

Contributing Authors: Becky Price, Kelly Malsch, Aly Pavitt, Oliver Tallowin, Sophie Banks, Jessica Vitale, Aude Caromel, Emma Vovk and Pablo Sinovas.

The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity centre of UN Environment, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for 40 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice.

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Executive summary 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report provides a detailed analysis of the trade data submitted by EU Member States in their annual reports for 2017.

The EU continues to be a key importing market for international wildlife trade, with approximately 106 000 import transactions reported in 2017. Almost three quarters of the 3296 taxa imported by the EU in 2017 were plants and almost all imports were for commercial purposes. Live ornamental plants were the commodity imported in the highest quantities by the EU in 2017, predominantly consisting of wild-sourced snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) and artificially propagated cacti, ponytail palms and orchids. Other notable imports of plants included artificially propagated orchid cultures, leaves from the sago palm (Cycas revoluta), stems from the genus Rhipsalis, wood products largely pre-Convention from the genus Dalbergia, timber carvings also largely pre-Convention from Dalbergia sissoo, wax from candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) and bark from African cherry (Prunus africana). Reptile skins and small manufactured reptile leather products were also imported in high levels in 2017.

The EU reported 336 000 export and re-export transactions in 2017, representing slightly higher levels than were reported in 2016 (314 000 transactions). The majority (63%) of these transactions were captive-produced and, similarly to imports, three quarters of the 2068 different taxa involved were plants. Prominent exports included live artificially propagated plants exported by the Netherlands, mainly comprising moth orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.), cacti and snowdrops. High levels of captive-bred sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) bodies, fingerlings and live eggs were also directly exported in 2017. Wild-sourced re-exports include American alligator skins (Alligator mississippiensis), snowdrops and wax from candelilla. As reported in previous years, the main wild-sourced direct export was live small giant clams (Tridacna maxima).

Species levels were assessed against ‘noteworthy trends’ criteria, including: high volume, high volume (globally threatened), sharp increase (global), sharp increase (country level) or trade in endangered species. In 2017, 123 taxa imported into the EU as wild-sourced or ranched specimens met the ‘noteworthy trends’ criteria. The majority of these were corals, followed by plants and reptiles.

In 2017, the estimated financial value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals was EUR 1506 million with the value primarily comprised of American alligator small leather products and skins. The estimated financial value of animal exports from the EU was approximately EUR 2595 million, of which the vast majority of value was from reptile leather products and skin (85%). The value of plant imports in 2017 was approximately EUR 240 million, while plant export values in 2017 were estimated at EUR 262 million. Snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), African cherry (Prunus africana) bark, African teak (Pericopsis elata) sawn wood and candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax accounted for 54% of the total import value. For exports, orchids accounted for 63% and cacti accounted 24% of the overall total value.

2Pterapogon kauderni

1. INTRODUCTIONThis report provides a comprehensive overview of international wildlife trade by EU Member States in 2017. Species under international trade management are listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations,1 which enforce CITES in the EU. The aim of this analysis is to inform future trade management in the EU, in order to ensure that international trade in wildlife is sustainable.

The report comprises a broad overview of the EU Member States’ trade in 2017, a summary of species showing noteworthy trends in imports of wild-sourced and ranched specimens, including those species listed in the EU Annexes but not included in the CITES Appendices, and an analysis of the financial value of EU imports and exports in 2017.

This analysis is based on trade data reported by EU Member States in their annual reports to CITES which was downloaded from the CITES Trade Database (trade.cites.org) on 10th November 2018. The analysis contains data from all 28 Member States. Further details of the data included, along with details of the basis of compilation of annual reports, can be found in Annex A.

For the first time, an interactive online dashboard has been produced as an accompaniment to this report, allowing users to filter the trade data and further explore the trends highlighted in this analysis. The dashboard can be accessed here.

1 During 2017, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 as amended by Regulation (EC) 398/2009 and Commission Regulations (EU) 2016/2029 (until 20 January 2017) and 2017/160; Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as amended by (EC) No 100/2008, (EU) No 791/2012, (EU) No 792/2012 and (EU) No 2015/870; and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2015/736 (until 19 October 2017) and No 2017/1915.

Introduction 3

Galanthus spp.

Pterapogon kauderni

https://trade.cites.org/

http://wcmc.io/EUanalysis2017


2. OVERVIEW OF CITES TRADEThis chapter provides a general overview of international trade in CITES-listed species in the EU, first focussing on imports and then on exports. In both

cases direct and indirect trade are considered together unless otherwise specified.

ImportsThe EU is a key import market for international trade in CITES-listed species, with more than 106,000 import transactions in 2017 (records of import as included in annual reports submitted by EU Member States to CITES). As in previous years, almost all transactions were reported for commercial purposes (94%) and transactions were dominated by plants, accounting for 74% of the 3296 different taxa that were imported into the EU in 2017.

Imports into the EU in 2017 comprised of over 28 million items which could be equated to one individual2 (Figure 2.1) and approximately 8.5 million kg of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.2). Key commodities imported by the EU are summarised in Table 2.1 and included:

• Live ornamental plants, totalling over 26 million plants, predominantly wild-sourced green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii). All live snowdrops were imported by the Netherlands, primarily originating in Georgia. Other live plants were predominantly artificially propagated, including cacti from China, ponytail palms from Guatemala and orchids from Taiwan, Province of China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan, PoC).

• More than one million reptile skins for commercial purposes, including wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) from the United States of America (hereafter referred to as United States), wild-sourced Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) from Malaysia and Indonesia, and ranched Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), predominantly from Zimbabwe.

• Over one million artificially propagated orchid cultures imported by France, predominantly from Taiwan, PoC. More than 1.1 million artificially propagated leaves from the sago palm (Cycas revoluta) imported by the Netherlands, mainly from Costa Rica. Approximately 2.1 million artificially propagated stems from the genus Rhipsalis imported for commercial purposes by the Netherlands, largely from the United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania).

• More than 602 000 live corals comprised predominantly of wild-sourced corals for commercial purposes and mainly imported by France from Indonesia and Australia.

Orchidaceae spp.

2 Trade in skins, skulls, bodies, trophies and live reported without a unit.

Overview of CITES trade 5

In addition, large quantities of commodities reported by number which do not equate to one individual were imported in 2017 (Table 2.1):

• Approximately 980 000 reptile small leather products predominantly imported by France. The majority of these small leather products were wild-sourced American alligator imported for commercial purposes.

• Over 815 000 wood products, largely comprised of pre-Convention wood from the genus Dalbergia imported for commercial purposes by France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as United Kingdom) from China and India.

Additionally, large quantities of commodities reported by weight which do not equate to one individual were also imported in 2017 (Table 2.1):

• More than 5.7 million kg of timber carvings, predominantly pre-Convention Dalbergia sissoo from India imported by Germany.

• Approximately 570 000 kg of wild-sourced candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax for commercial purposes, largely imported by France and Germany from Mexico.

• More than 568 000 kg of wild-sourced African cherry (Prunus africana) bark for commercial purposes, imported largely by France from Cameroon and Uganda.

Alligator mississippiensis


Figure 2.2: Main groups imported by weight (in tonnes) in 2017. Total = 8500 tonnes. Plotted data represents 98% of this total.

Figure 2.1: Main groups imported as number of individuals (live, skins, skulls, bodies, trophies) in millions, in 2017. Total = 27 million individuals. Plotted data represents 96% of this total.


Table 2.1: Imports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 500 000 units in 2017, listed in decreasing quantity by group (all sources excluding source 'I'). Source code 'A' = artificially propagated; 'W' = wild-sourced; 'O' = pre-Convention. All numbers reported to the nearest whole number.

Group Term (unit) Quantity imported

Main source

Trend 2016-2017

No. of taxa involved

Main (re-)exporter

Main taxa (%)

Plants live 26134573 W (56%) 31%+ 2282 Turkey (58%) Green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii) (56%)

Timber carvings (kg) 5731716 O (86%) N/A* 9 India (>99%) Dalbergia sissoo (>99%)

Plants stems 3081854 A (>99%) 56%+ 27 Tanzania (64%) Mistletoe cactus (Rhipsalis baccifera) (27%)

Plants cultures 1126377 A (100%) 15%+ 205 Taiwan, PoC (64%) Moth orchid hybrid (Phalaenopsis hybrid) (72%)

Plants leaves 1117779 A (>99%) 22%- 42 Costa Rica (99%) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (>99%)

Reptiles skins 1045448 W (70%) 13%- 29 United States (33%)

American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (40%)

Reptiles small leather products 979579 W (93%) 7%+ 29 Switzerland (52%) American alligator

(Alligator mississippiensis) (83%)

Timber wood products 815178 O (57%) N/A* 25 Indonesia (39%) Dalbergia latifolia (80%)

Coral live 602906 W (56%) 19%+ 147 Indonesia (53%) Acropora spp. (27%)

Plants wax (kg) 573553 W (100%) 11%- 1 Mexico (81%) Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) (100%)

Timber bark (kg) 568766 W (>99%) 43%- 2 Cameroon (67%) African cherry (Prunus africana) (>99%)

*Substantial increases in imports of timber carvings and wood products were reported in 2017, as 2017 was the first year in which Parties were required to report on the import of Dalbergia and Guibortia species after the Appendix II listing for these genera came into effect on 02/01/2017.

Figure 2.3 shows the main EU imports from the six CITES regions. In general, the composition of imports from these regions was similar to 2016, with Europe the main exporting region, followed by Asia and then Africa.

However, due to their listing at CoP17 in 2016, 2017 was the first year in which imports of pre-Convention Indian rosewood from Asia and ponytail palms from Asia and Central and South America and the Caribbean were reported in large quantities.

Acropora spp.


ExportsIn 2017, EU countries reported over 336 000 export transactions, of which 54% were re-exports (records of export as included in annual reports submitted by EU Member States to CITES). This represents a slight increase in comparison to 2016. Over 63% of transactions related to captive produced or artificially propagated trade (sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’) and 29% to trade in wild-sourced items. In 2017, 2068 different taxa were exported by the EU, three quarters of which were plants (75%).

Exports by the EU in 2017 comprised approximately 18.8 million items which could be equated to one individual3 (Figure 2.4) and 449 tonnes of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.5). Key commodities exported by the EU are summarised in Table 2.2 and included:

• Approximately 8.5 million live, artificially propagated orchids, 93% of which were moth orchid hybrids (Phalaenopsis hybrid) primarily exported by the Netherlands (7.9 million) and imported by Norway (2.1 million), Turkey (1.9

million) and the Ukraine (1.3 million).

• Over 5.2 million live, artificially propagated cacti, primarily exported by the Netherlands (5.2 million) and imported by Turkey (1.7 million).

• Over 2.0 million artificially propagated live snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), predominantly the common snowdrop G. nivalis and G. ikariae, exported for commercial purposes, and primarily exported to the United States (0.9 million).

• More than one million live fish eggs, primarily captive-bred Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) exported for commercial purposes by France to Iran.

• 265 000 live captive-bred fingerlings, primarily Siberian sturgeon exported by France to the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereafter referred to as Iran).

Figure 2.3: Main groups directly imported by the EU from each of the six CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volumes and icons are shaded by source: black: >75% captive-born (including sources 'C', 'D' and 'F') / artificially propagated; blue: >75% wild; grey: >75% ranched; green: >75% pre-Convention. Arrow width denotes relative volumes.

3 Trade in skins, skulls, bodies, trophies, live and fingerlings reported by number.


Additionally, there were noteworthy levels of exports that did not equate to one individual, including:

• Reptile small leather products (~ 2.2 million), predominantly comprised of wild-sourced American alligator (68%), principally re-exported by France and imported by Switzerland for commercial purposes.

• Reptile skin pieces (~ 993 000), 94% of which were wild-sourced American alligator, re-exported for commercial purposes predominantly to Tunisia and Mauritius.

Additionally, notable exports of commodities reported by weight which do not equate to one individual include:

• More than 87 000 kg of wild-sourced candelilla wax for commercial purposes, largely re-exported from Germany and France, having originated in Mexico, and imported by China and the Republic of Korea.

• Over 83 000 kg of captive-bred sturgeon bodies for commercial purposes, largely exported by Poland to Azerbaijan.

Similarly to 2016 and previous years, when direct wild-sourced trade from the EU is considered, the main species directly exported was the small giant clam (Tridacna maxima), with over 12 500 live clams exported by France4 for commercial purposes in 2017, predominantly to the United States. Wild-sourced direct exports of Critically Endangered or Endangered species (according to the IUCN) solely comprised very low levels of scientific specimens of European eel (Anguilla anguilla), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).

As reported in previous years, with the exception of cacti seeds, exports of Annex A species predominantly consisted of artificially-propagated live orchids and captive-bred live Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni).

4 Tridacna maxima is native to French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Réunion.

Figure 2.4: Main groups exported as number of individuals (live, fingerlings, skins, skulls, bodies or trophies) in millions, in 2017. Total = 18.81 million individuals. Plotted data represents 98% of this total.

Testudo hermanni


Table 2.2: (Re-)exports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 100 000 units in 2017, listed in decreasing quantity by group (all sources excluding 'I'). Source code 'A' = artificially propagated, 'C' = captive bred, 'F' = captive born, 'W' = wild-sourced. All numbers reported to the nearest whole number.

Group Term (unit) Quantity (re-)exported

Main source

Trend 2016-2017

No. of taxa involved

Main destination

Main taxa in trade (%)

Plants live 17902165 A (95%) 6%+ 1137 Turkey (22%) Moth orchid hybrid (Phalaenopsis hybrid) (44%)

Reptiles leather products (small)

2161860 W (85%) 12%- 40 Switzerland (60%)


Fish live eggs 1095000 C (99%) 278%+ 4 Iran (53%) Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) (70%)

Reptiles skin pieces 992971 W (87%) 12%+ 16 Tunisia (31%) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (94%)

Plants medicine 360104 A (95%) 15%- 4 Canada (47%) Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) (95%)

Fish fingerlings 265000 C (100%) 2309%+ 2 Iran (95%) Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) (99%)

Plants cosmetics 250190 A (100%) 10844%+ 1 Thailand (>99%)

Early purple orchid (Orchis mascula) (100%)

Reptiles derivatives 244107 F (92%) 35%+ 4 United States (39%)

Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) (>99%)

Reptiles skins 223830 W (69%) 45%- 25 Switzerland (37%)


Invertebrates live 176058 C (80%) 13%- 14 United States (60%)

Medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) (66%)

Figure 2.5: Main groups exported by weight (in tonnes) in 2017. Total = 448.650 tonnes. Plotted data represents 90% of this total.


Figure 2.6 shows the main commodities directly exported from the EU to each of the six CITES regions. Similarly to 2016, direct exports in 2017 consisted predominantly of plants and sturgeon. Key differences in 2017 compared to 2016 included higher quantities of sago palm exported to Africa, and sturgeon and

snowdrops representing the main exports to Asia instead of parrots and Venus fly-traps (Dionaea muscipula). Additionally, pony-tail palms were reported as exports to Central and South America and the Caribbean for the first time in 2017, due to their recent listing in the Appendices.

Figure 2.6: Main groups directly exported by the EU from each of the 6 CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volume. All trade was >75% captive-bred/artificially propagated. Arrow width denotes relative volumes. Excludes trade reported in scientific specimens.

Cycas revoluta


Timber case study: Rosewoods and palisanders listed at CITES CoP17

All rosewoods and palisanders came under CITES trade controls following CITES CoP17 (Johannesburg, September 2016), with the listing in Appendix II of the genus Dalbergia (except for species included in Appendix I) and four other species - Guibourtia demeusei, G. pellegriniana, G. tessmannii and Pterocarpus erinaceus. This means that an additional 300+ species are now covered by CITES, including trees whose tropical hardwood is of high economic value and in high demand for luxury furniture and musical instruments. Challenges were anticipated with the EU implementation of these new listings, as the annotation5 would require the issuing of import permits and re-export certificates for large numbers of individual shipments, containing relatively small volumes of timber (e.g. musical instruments and instrument parts, knife handles, chess pieces, handicrafts and other small wooden products). These challenges have been further discussed at the 70th Meeting of the CITES Standing Committee and a proposal to amend to the annotation, to exclude ‘finished musical instruments, finished musical instrument parts and finished musical instrument accessories’, has been submitted by Canada for discussion at CoP18 in 2019. The listings came into effect on 2nd January 2017, and as such 2017 is the first year for which this trade has been captured in CITES annual reports. This case study aims to provide a snapshot of EU trade in these timber species.

The majority of timber imports to the EU in 2017 were in the form of >4.9 million kg of pre-Convention carvings and >811 000 kg of carvings derived from artificially propagated trees, both imported for commercial purposes. These totalled >1000 individual shipments. A further ~2000 shipments of carvings to the EU were reported in cubic metres or number of items.

Virtually all of the pre-Convention carvings were reported by weight and comprised of Indian rosewood (Dalbergia sisso; >99%) exported by India (>99%) to Germany (>99%). Similarly, almost all of the imported carvings from artificially propagated sources and reported by weight were in D. sisso (97%) and were predominantly exported by India (>99%) to Germany (97%). India has a CITES reservation in effect for Dalbergia spp.

In addition to the trade in carvings noted above, >4100 individual shipments of wood products were imported into the EU in 2017 for commercial purposes, including >469 200 items of pre-Convention wood products and >302 300 items derived from artificially-propagated trees. Wood products included D. latifolia from Indonesia and China and D. sissoo from India.

The largest quantity of timber commodities exported by the EU Member States in 2017, consisted of pre-Convention carvings (>65 000) and wood products (> 63 000), both re-exported for commercial purposes. Portugal (60%) and Germany (21%) were the main re-exporters of carvings, which originated in India (67%) and unknown origins (24%), and imported by the United States (47%). The wood products were largely re-exported by France (46%) and the Netherlands (30%) from unknown origins (69%) and imported by the United States (17%), Japan (14%) and Switzerland (10%).

5 Annotation CoP17 #15: All parts and derivatives are included, except: a) Leaves, flowers, pollen, fruits, and seeds; b) Non-commercial exports of a maximum total weight of 10 kg. per shipment; c) Parts and derivatives of Dalbergia cochinchinensis, which are covered by Annotation # 4; d) Parts and derivatives of Dalbergia spp. originating and exported from Mexico, which are covered by Annotation # 6. (Refer to Notification No. 2017/078 for an interim definition of the terms used in paragraph b) of annotation #15).

Species showing noteworthy trends 13

This section provides an analysis of taxa imported by the EU in 2017 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade. Species were selected according to one or more of the following criteria based on 2017 trade levels: high volume of trade, high volume of trade in a globally threatened

species, sharp increase in trade at the global level, a sharp increase in trade from a particular exporting country or trade in an endangered species. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.

MethodsThe selection process followed the methodology that was used for the Review of Significant Trade selection process following CITES CoP17.6

Data includedFor the selection of species, only EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were considered. Terms that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair, and specimens) were not included within the selection process, with the exception of certain terms7 that were considered to be traded in sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny. Conversion factors were applied to all trade data (see Annex A) to make them comparable and more easily equated to numbers of individuals.

Species selection methodologyThe dataset was filtered using a set of criteria to extract the species showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection of species highlighted in this detailed analysis was derived using the following framework:

Trade levels were selected as noteworthy according to five criteria:i) Endangered Species: Species categorised as

Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (any species-country combinations with trade meet the criteria);

ii) Sharp Increase (Global): Taxa showing a sharp increase in global trade in 2017, in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (2012-2016);

iii) Sharp Increase (Country): Taxa showing a sharp increase in trade in 2017 at the country level (for countries of export) in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (2012-2016);

iv) High Volume: Taxa traded at levels considered to be high compared to other taxa in their order in 2017;

v) High Volume (Globally Threatened): Globally threatened,8 Near-Threatened (NT) and Data Deficient (DD) taxa traded at relatively high volumes for their order in 2017.

Taxa selectedA total of 123 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2017 based on the methods detailed above (Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1). Of these, corals had the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy trends (32), followed by plants (31), reptiles (23), mammals

(14), fish (6) and invertebrates (6), timber (5), and birds (3) and amphibians (3) (Figure 3.1). Forty percent of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2016 Analysis, but the remaining 60% were newly selected.

3. SPECIES SHOWING NOTEWORTHY TRENDS

6 See AC 29 Doc. 13.3 A2 (Rev 1) (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/ac/29/E-AC29-13-03-A2-R1.pdf) and PC 23 Doc. 15.3 Annex 2 (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/E-PC23-15-03-A2.pdf)

7 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax.8 To be considered “globally threatened”, a species must be categorised as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List.


Lama guanicoe

Figure 3.1: Number of taxa within each group showing noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2017; colours indicate the EU Annexes. ‘Invertebrates’ does not include coral taxa as these are considered separately.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

No.

of t

axa

A B C D


Table 3.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2017 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade (global), sharp increase in trade (country) or trade in endangered species.

CITES Appendix Common name (Scientific name) Selection criteria met**

ANNEX A: MAMMALS

I Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) High volume (GT)

I Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Endangered species

I/II African elephant (Loxodonta africana) High volume (GT)

ANNEX A: BIRDS

I Lear’s macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) High volume (GT)

II Boreal owl (Aegolius funereus) High volume

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

II Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) High volume; Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Chile)

II Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) High volume

II Argentine Gray Fox (Lycalopex griseus) High volume

II Bobcat (Lynx rufus) High volume

II Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) High volume

II Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) High volume

II Hartmann’s mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) High volume (GT)

II Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) High volume

I/II African elephant (Loxodonta africana) High volume (GT)

ANNEX B: REPTILES

II American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) High volume

II Yacare caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) Sharp increase (Brazil)

II Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Sharp increase (Malawi)

II Argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens) High volume

II White-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis) Sharp increase (global)

II Pacific monitor (Varanus indicus) Sharp increase (global)

II Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) High volume

II Common water monitor (Varanus salvator) High volume; Sharp increase (Malaysia)

II Pacific boa (Candoia bibroni) Sharp increase (global)

II Solomon ground boa (Candoia carinata) Sharp increase (global)

II Reticulated python (Python reticulatus) High volume

II Minute leaf chameleon (Brookesia minima) Endangered species

II Day gecko (Phelsuma masohoala) Endangered species

ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS

II Phantasmal poison frog (Epipedobates tricolor) Endangered species

II Little devil poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica) High volume (GT)



ANNEX B: FISH

II Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) High volume (GT)

II Arapaima (Arapaima gigas) High volume (GT)

II Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) High volume (GT)

II Tiger-snout seahorse (Hippocampus subelongatus) High volume (GT)

ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORALS)

II Golden birdwing (Troides aeacus) High volume

II Queen conch (Strombus gigas) High volume

II Boring clam (Tridacna crocea) Sharp increase (global)

II Small giant clam (Tridacna maxima) High volume (GT)

II Fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

ANNEX B: CORALS

II Blue coral (Heliopora coerulea) High volume (GT)

II Millepora spp. High volume

II Acropora digitifera Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Japan)

II Montipora danae Sharp increase (global)

II Leptoseris spp. Sharp increase (global)

II Elegant coral (Catalaphyllia jardinei) High volume (GT)

II Cockscomb cup coral (Desmophyllum dianthus) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Chile)

II Anchor coral (Euphyllia ancora) High volume (GT)

II Grape coral (Euphyllia cristata) Sharp increase (global)

II Euphyllia fimbriata Sharp increase (global)

II Torch coral (Euphyllia glabrescens) High volume (GT)

II Branching anchor coral (Euphyllia paraancora) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

II Dendrophyllia spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

II Whisker coral (Duncanopsammia axifuga) High volume (GT)

II Tree coral (Tubastraea micranthus) Sharp increase (Fiji)

II Barabattoia amicorum Sharp increase (global)

II Caulastraea curvata Sharp increase (global)

II Cyphastrea spp. Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

II Echinopora spp. Sharp increase (global)

II Fungia repanda Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

II Acanthastrea amakusensis Sharp increase (Australia)

II Cynarina spp. Sharp increase (global)

II Symphyllia wilsoni Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Australia)

II Galaxea spp. Sharp increase (Australia)



II Ten-ray star coral (Madracis decactis) Sharp increase (global)

II Seriatopora spp. Sharp increase (global)

II Porites spp. Sharp increase (Australia)

II Crater coral (Trachyphyllia geoffroyi) High volume (GT)

II Organ-pipe coral (Tubipora musica) High volume (GT)

II Distichopora spp. High volume

II Stylaster spp. High volume

ANNEX B: PLANTS

II Copao (Eulychnia acida) High volume

II Silver fern (Cyathea dealbata) Sharp increase (global)

II Tree fern sago (Sphaeropteris medullaris) High volume

II Macrozamia moorei High volume (GT)

II Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) High volume

II Giant snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii) High volume (GT)

II Aloe macroclada Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Madagascar)

II Grandidier’s baobab (Adansonia grandidieri) High volume (GT)

II Heart-lipped brassavola (Brassavola cordata) Sharp increase (global)

II Blood-red broughtonia (Broughtonia sanguinea) High volume; Sharp increase (global)

II Bulbophyllum spp. High volume

II Bulbophyllum auriflorum Endangered species

II Bulbophyllum paleiferum Endangered species

II Bulbophyllum sanguineum Endangered species

II Bulbophyllum zaratananae Endangered species

II Schomburgkia spp. Sharp increase (global)

II Eastern sowbread (Cyclamen coum) High volume

II Sowbread cyclamen (Cyclamen hederifolium) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (Turkey)

II Operculicarya hyphaenoides Endangered species

II Operculicarya pachypus Endangered species

II Holy wood (Bulnesia sarmientoi) High volume (GT)

II Zygosicyos tripartitus High volume

ANNEX B: TIMBER

II Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) High volume (GT)

II Dalbergia oliveri Endangered species

II African teak (Pericopsis elata) Endangered species

II Gonystylus spp. High volume

II African cherry (Prunus africana) High volume (GT)



ANNEX C: MAMMALS

III Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) Sharp increase (global)

III Hog deer (Axis porcinus) Endangered species

ANNEX C: REPTILES

III Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) High volume

III Alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) Sharp increase (global)

III Map turtles (Graptemys spp.) Sharp increase (United States)

III False map turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica) Sharp increase (China)

III Texas map turtle (Graptemys versa) Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (China)

III Reeve’s turtle (Mauremys reevesii) High volume (GT); Sharp increase (global); Sharp increase (China)

III Chinese stripe-necked turtle (Mauremys sinensis) High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Taiwan, PoC)

ANNEX C: FISH

III Zebra pleco (Hypancistrus zebra) High volume

ANNEX C: CORALS

III Red coral (Corallium elatius) High volume

ANNEX D: MAMMALS

III Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) High volume

ANNEX D: BIRDS

- Meller’s duck (Anas melleri) High volume (GT)

ANNEX D: REPTILES

- Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliates) High volume (GT)

- New Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus) Sharp increase (global)

- Radiated ratsnake (Elaphe radiate) High volume

ANNEX D: AMPHIBIANS

- Emperor newt (Tylototriton shanjing) High volume (GT)

ANNEX D: FISH

- Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) High volume (GT); Sharp increase (Sri Lanka)

ANNEX D: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORALS)

- Perlemoen abalone (Haliotis midae) High volume



ANNEX D: PLANTS

- Mountain arnica (Arnica montana) High volume

- Othonna clavifolia High volume; Sharp increase (global)

- Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) High volume

- Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) High volume; Sharp increase (Montenegro)

- Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) High volume; Sharp increase (global)

- Common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum) High volume

- Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) High volume

- Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri) High volume

- Resurrection plant (Selaginella lepidophylla) High volume

**'GT’ = globally threatened. Species were considered globally threatened if they were classified as CR, EN, VU, NT or DD on the IUCN Red List.

Troides aeacus


4. VALUE OF EU TRADEThis chapter provides an estimate of the financial value of the trade in CITES-listed species imported into and exported from the EU in 2017. In many cases, trends in volume and value are closely associated and mirror trends presented in previous chapters.

Financial values for animal products were obtained from species-specific values included in the United States annual report to CITES, while data for plants were collected from retail and wholesale websites from around the world. Further details on the methodology can be found in Annex B.

Value of plant tradeImports The value of EU imports of CITES-listed plants, including timber species reported in 2017 was estimated to be worth EUR 240.8 million.9

The following plant and timber products imported into the EU in 2017 together accounted for 54% of the total trade value (Figure 4.1 and 4.2).

• Live snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) accounted for 16% of the overall value of plant imports in 2017 (EUR 38.9 million).

• Wild-sourced African cherry (Prunus africana) bark reported in weight (kg) accounted for a further 16% of the overall value of plant imports (EUR 38.8 million).

• African teak (Pericopsis elata) sawn wood reported by cubic meter was a high value, low volume commodity which accounted for 11% of the overall value of plant imports (EUR 26.7 million).

• Wild-sourced candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax reported in kilogrammes accounted for 11% of the overall value of plant imports (EUR 26.4 million).

Of the top imported products African teak sawn wood per cubic metre had the highest average value per unit (EUR 3211 per m3), whilst live snowdrops had the lowest (EUR 2.15 per unit).

Pericopsis elata

Galanthus spp.

9 Financial values were estimated for trade in 85% of all CITES-listed plant and timber taxon, term and unit combinations imported into the EU during 2017 (2322 of a total 2719 taxon, term and unit combinations).

Value of EU trade 21

Figure 4.1: Main trade routes of key plant commodities imported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2017 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Lines weighted by relative value of trade.

Mexico

CameroonUganda

Turkey

African cherry bark (kg)(EUR 35.4 million)

African teak sawn wood (m3)(EUR 20.8 million)

Live snowdrops(EUR 29.7 million)

Candelilla wax (kg)(EUR 21.3 million)

Figure 4.2: Plant products imported by the EU in 2017 accounting for the highest proportion of the value of direct and indirect imports (54% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports in EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (source ‘A’ only), wild (source ‘W’ only). Black dots reflect the quantity of product imported.

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Figure 4.3: Main trade routes of key plant commodities exported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2017 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Lines weighted by relative value of trade.

United States of AmericaSwitzerland

Norway

Ukraine

TurkeyRepublic of Korea

Japan

Live orchids(EUR 107.6 million)

Live cacti(EUR 40.7 million)

Indian rosewood carvings(EUR 2.7 million)

Live snowdrops(EUR 4.8 million)

ExportsThe value of EU (re)exports of CITES-listed plant including timber species reported in 2017 was estimated to be worth EUR 261.9 million.10 Trade in live orchids, cacti and snowdrops and Indian rosewood carvings together accounted for 92% of the total trade in plant and timber products by value (Figures 4.3 and 4.4). In particular, live, artificially propagated orchids accounted for 63% (EUR 165.1 million) and live, artificially propagated cacti accounted for 24% of the overall value of plant exports in 2017 (EUR 63.7 million). Trade in Indian

rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) and live snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) each accounted for 2% of the overall value of plant (re)exports (EUR 5.4 million and EUR 6.2 million, respectively).

Of the top exported products the lowest cost per unit was live snowdrops (EUR 1.97 per unit at the genus level; EUR 0.96 per unit for the common snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)) and the highest cost per unit was Indian rosewood carvings (EUR 3211 per unit on average).

10 Financial values were estimated for trade in 84% of all CITES-listed plant and timber taxon, term and unit combinations (re)exported by the EU during 2017 (1188 of a total 1410 taxon, term and unit combinations).


Value of animal tradeImportsThe value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species reported in 2017 was estimated to be worth EUR 1506 million.11 Reptile small leather products, reptile skins, caviar and live long-tailed macaques together accounted for 94% of the total trade value of animal product imports (Figure 4.5 and 4.6).

• Of all CITES animal imports, 83% of the value (EUR 1246 million) was in small leather products and skin derived from a single species: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Small leather products accounted for 92% of the total value in American alligator (EUR 1 147 million), with the remaining value from skins (EUR 99 million).

• Sturgeon caviar reported in weight (kg) was a high value, low volume commodity which accounted for 2% of the overall value of animal imports (EUR 30.1 million). Sturgeon hybrids (54%) and Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) (27%) accounted for the majority of the value in sturgeon caviar.

• Captive-produced live long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) represented another high value, low volume commodity which accounted for 1% of the overall value of animal imports (EUR 18.3 million).

Of the top imported products, captive-produced live long-tailed macaques had the highest average value per unit (EUR 2191 per unit), whilst reptile skins had the lowest (average value of EUR 186 per unit across all taxa).

11 Financial values were estimated for trade in 91% of all CITES-listed animal taxon, term and unit combinations imported into the EU during 2017 (1023 of a total 1127 taxon, term and unit combinations excluding caviar extract).

Figure 4.4: Plant products (re)exported from the EU in 2017 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect exports (92% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of exports in EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (sources ‘A’ and ‘D’), wild (sources ‘W’ and ‘U’) and other (source ‘O’). Black dots indicate the quantity of product exported.

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Figure 4.5: Main trade routes of key animal commodities imported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2017 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Lines weighted by relative value of trade.

United States of AmericaSwitzerland

Tunisia

Mauritius Fiji

IndonesiaSingapore

China

Reptile small leather products(EUR 1 090.7 million)

Reptile skins(EUR 105.9 million)

Sturgeon caviar (kg)(EUR 23.9 million)

Live macaques(EUR 14.1 million)

Figure 4.6: Animal products imported into the EU in 2017 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect imports (94% of total value). Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of exports in EUR, coloured by source: captive-produced (sources ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’), wild (sources ‘W’, ‘U’, and no source specified), ranched (source ‘R’) and other (source ‘O’). Black dots indicate the quantity of product imported.

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Figure 4.7: Main trade routes of key animal commodities exported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2017 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Lines weighted by relative value of trade.

United States of America

Mauritius

Switzerland

Hong Kong, SAR

Tunisia Republic of Korea

American alligator skin pieces(EUR 49.8 million)

United Arab Emirates

Live falcons(EUR 25.7 million)

Reptile small leather products(EUR 1 942.0 million)

Reptile skins(EUR 26.1 million)

Animal exportsThe value of EU (re)exports of CITES-listed animal species reported in 2017 was estimated to be worth EUR 2595 million.12 Reptile small leather products, alligator skin pieces, reptile skins and live falcons together accounted for 86% of the total trade value for animal exports (Figure 4.7 and 4.8).

• Of all CITES animal (re)exports from the EU in 2017, 85% of the value (EUR 2200 million) originated from manufactured products and skin items derived from a single species: the American alligator. Small leather products accounted for over 95% of the total value in American alligator, with skin pieces and skins accounting for a further 3% and 1% of the value, respectively.

• Captive-produced live falcons were a high value, low volume commodity which accounted for 1% of the overall value of animal (re)exports (EUR 31.5 million). Falcon hybrids (Falco hybrid) accounted for the greatest value of the live falcon trade (45%).

Of the top (re)exported products live falcons had the highest average value per unit (EUR 4091 per unit), whilst captive-produced American alligator skin pieces had the lowest (EUR 25 per unit).

12 Financial values were estimated for 89% of all CITES-listed animal taxon, term and unit combinations (re)exported from the EU during 2017 (1113 of a total 1254 taxon, term and unit combinations excluding caviar extract).


Figure 4.8: Animal products exported from the EU in 2017 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect exports. Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of exports in EUR, coloured by source: captive-produced (sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’), wild (sources ‘W’, ‘U’, and no source specified), ranched (sources ‘R’) and other (sources ‘O’ and ‘X’). Black dots indicate the quantity of product exported.

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Annex 27

ANNEX A: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONTable 1: Data included from EU Member States

Member State Received Basis of reporting

Austria 13/06/2018 Actual trade

Belgium 15/06/2018 Actual trade

Bulgaria 13/08/2018 Permits issued

Croatia 15/06/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Cyprus 30/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Czech Republic 30/05/2018 --

Denmark 21/06/2018 --

Estonia 22/06/2018 Permits issued

Finland 20/07/2018 Actual trade

France 16/08/2018 --

Germany 07/06/2018 Actual trade

Greece 22/05/2018 --

Hungary 15/06/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Ireland 19/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Italy 23/08/2018 Actual trade

Latvia 24/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Lithuania 30/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Luxembourg 07/08/2018 Permits issued

Malta 12/06/2018 --

Netherlands 14/06/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Poland 03/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Portugal 22/08/2018 Permits issued

Romania 14/06/2018 --

Slovakia 14/06/2018 Permits issued

Slovenia 10/07/2018 Actual trade / Permits issued

Spain 14/06/2018 Actual trade

Sweden 25/06/2018 --

United Kingdom 13/06/2018 Actual trade


Table 2: Conversion Factors

Converted from Converted to

Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)

Millilitres Litres (l)

Centimetres Metres (m)

Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]

Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]

Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms

Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199913)].

Table 3: Codes for purpose of trade

Code Description

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

E Educational

G Botanical gardens

H Hunting trophies

L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic

M Medical (including biomedical research)

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

P Personal

Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions

S Scientific

T Commercial/Trade

Z Zoos

13 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES Secretariat, Switzerland.

Annex 29

Table 4: Codes for source of specimens in trade

Code Description

AAnnex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

DAnnex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

I Confiscated or seized specimens14

O Pre-Convention specimens

R Specimens originating from a ranching operation

U Source unknown (must be justified)

W Specimens taken from the wild

X Specimens taken in “the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State”

14 To be used only in conjunction with another source code.


ANNEX B: VALUATION METHODOLOGYTo calculate the value of relevant 2017 trade by the EU, we use the methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2014 Analysis report. Financial values for animals have been calculated using the methodology which was updated for the 2014 Analysis and therefore caution should be used when comparing 2017 values with years prior to 2014. Caviar extract, used in cosmetics, is excluded from this valuation. This commodity is imported in very small quantities, and it is unclear whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the extract in its natural form or the luxury commodity containing the extract, both of which are traded. Trade for educational, law enforcement, scientific and reintroduction/ introduction into the wild purposes (purpose codes 'E', 'L', 'S' and 'N') was excluded from the valuation, as this trade does not contribute to national economies in the same manner as trade for commercial or similar purposes. The value of trade for these purposes from animal and plant products was EUR 4.0 million. Confiscated or seized products (source 'I') were also excluded on the basis of potential unstandardized use by reporters. Values of trade are based on direct and indirect trade. The sources of price data for plants and animals differ and are discussed separately in the chapter, as they are not directly comparable.

Data collection: AnimalsFinancial values for animal products were obtained using species-specific values in United States dollars (USD) that are included in the United States annual report to CITES (as transmitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service). All annual reports from 2011 to 2017 were used to compile price data for the analysis, and prices were corrected for inflation.

Data collection: PlantsThe United States annual reports do not report prices for most plant imports so data for plants were collected from retail and wholesale websites from around the world. Google searches for the names of the main plant groups in trade (e.g. orchids, timber) plus the phrases ‘for sale’, and ‘buy’ were carried out to find plants and plant products for sale. In addition, eBay searches for the main plant groups and genera plus terms were carried out. The process was repeated using the names of some of the key genera, species and trade terms that lacked price data after the first phase. All prices were converted to USD. Price data was primarily available for live ornamental plants, meaning value of plant and timber trade is likely to be under reported. Additional searches were carried out in 2018 for the prices of highly valued timber species in trade and adjusted for inflation to supplement the existing price data used in the 2014 to 2016 analyses.

Annex 31

AnalysisThe two datasets were used to calculate the median value for each combination of taxa/term/unit/source for animals, and taxa/term/unit for plants, as the source could not be determined for the majority of retail products. These medians were then multiplied by the reported trade volume of that combination to obtain total values for CITES-listed exports from the region. Only medians for which at least five prices were found were used in the final calculations. In cases where there was an insufficient sample size, a suitable proxy was used. For example, where the sample size at the species level was not large enough, a proxy of the next lowest taxonomic level for which there was a large enough sample size was used (up to order). In cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data were excluded. For timber species, the terms sawn wood, logs, timber and timber pieces were all attributed the same price per unit.

LimitationsThe exclusion of some trade records will reduce the overall estimated value of trade, and this exclusion is likely to be biased towards taxa/term/unit/source combinations that are infrequently traded. In addition, the use of proxies at the family or order level may underestimate trade values at the species level. Retail and wholesale prices for plants and import values for animals may also not be comparable, due to the different sources of these data. Overall figures should therefore be interpreted with some caution.

Retail and wholesale prices for plants and import values for animals may also not be comparable, due to the different sources of these data. Overall figures should therefore be interpreted with some caution.

Image Credits

Cover photo: Cape Aloe Hybrid by Bill Florence, Adobe StockInside cover photo: Pterapogon kauderni by fenkieandreas, Adobe StockPage 3: Galanthus spp. by MariesWorld, Adobe StockPage 4: Orchidaceae spp. by DianaH, Adobe StockPage 5: Alligator mississippiensis by Steve Byland, Adobe StockPage 7: Acropora spp. by damedias, Adobe StockPage 9: Testudo hermanni by adrian_am13, Adobe StockPage 11: Cycas revoluta by PIXATERRA, Adobe StockPage 14: Lama guanicoe by elnavegante, Adobe StockPage 19: Troides aeacus by Stéphane Bidouze, Adobe StockPage 20: Galanthus spp. by Pavlo Vakhrushev, Adobe StockPage 20: Pericopsis elata by Kristina Osen

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