eu kids online ii key findings 11 april 2011
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Risks and safety on the internet:The perspective of European children
Full findings from EU Kids Online, January 2011
To enhance knowledge of the experiences and practices of European children and parents regarding risky and safer use of the internet and new online technologies, in order to inform the promotion of a safer online environment for children.
Aim
Classifying risks (exemplars)
ContentChild as receiver(of mass productions)
ContactChild as participant(adult-initiated activity)
ConductChild as actor (perpetrator / victim)
Aggressive Violent / gory content Harassment, stalking Bullying, hostile peer activity
Sexual Pornographic content
‘Grooming’, sexual abuse or exploitation
Sexually harassment, ‘sexting’
Values Racist / hateful content
Ideological persuasion Potentially harmful user-generated content
Commercial Embedded marketing
Personal data misuse
Gambling, copyright infringement
Note: risks in bold are included in the survey
Usage Activities Riskfactors
Harmor
coping
INDIVIDUAL USER
SOCIAL MEDIATION
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Parents School Peers
Child as unit of analysis
Country as unit of analysis
Demographic
Psychological
Culturalvalues
Socio-economicstratification
Regulatoryframework
Educationsystem
Technologicalinfrastructure
Surveying ‘Europe’
Random stratified sample: ~ 1000 9-16 year old internet users per country
Fieldwork in spring/summer 2010
Total: 25142 internet-users, 25 countries
Interviews at home, face to face
Self-completion for sensitive questions
Indicators of vulnerability and coping
Data from child paired with a parent
Directly comparable across countries
Validation via cognitive/pilot testing
National stakeholders consulted
International advisory panel
How dochildren use the
internet?
Usage
Where
How
Amount
Skills
Etc.
What do children do
online?
Activities
Learn
Create
Play
Meet people
Hang out
Try new things
Bully others
Etc.
Whatonline factors
shape their experience?
Opportunities /Risks
Positive contentUser-generated
contentSexual content/
messagesStranger contact
BullyingPersonal data
misuse
Etc.
Whatare the outcomes
for children?
Benefits /Harms
LearningSelf-esteem
SocialityValues
In/excludedCoping/resilienceBothered/upset
AbuseEtc.
Proj
ect s
cope
Project focus
How do children use the internet?
Use at home is high
87% use at home
49% have in bedroom
Privatised use is growing
SES and age matter more than gender
National variation
49
33
37
42
48
57
52
63
67
37
61
41
52
54
62
58
68
57
33
62
74
48
51
66
63
56
38
16
44
42
38
29
35
27
25
56
34
54
43
42
35
39
29
41
65
36
24
50
48
33
36
44
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
TR
HU
ES
RO
LT
EL
PL
PT
IE
BG
FR
UK
EE
IT
FI
SE
SI
BE
CY
DK
AT
DE
NO
CZ
NL
% Own bedroom at home
% At home but not in own bedroom
49
54
50
41
67
52
42
30
50
47
38
42
40
31
23
34
43
55
37
39
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
% Own bedroom at home% At home but not in own bedroom
12
17
11
8
19
13
8
5
13
11
22
23
24
21
28
25
21
14
22
22
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
% Handheld device % Mobile phone but no other handheld device
Mobile access growing
12% via handheld devices
33% via mobile and/or handheld device
Flexible access is growing
Age and SES matter
National variation 12
3
4
3
2
2
13
13
7
15
12
7
5
17
6
9
4
22
8
31
23
15
16
19
26
12
22
5
5
10
18
23
12
17
26
20
24
31
34
22
33
35
41
26
42
19
29
38
39
37
33
66
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
ES
IT
TR
RO
HU
FR
BE
PT
NL
FI
EE
PL
DK
CZ
LT
BG
SE
SI
NO
IE
AT
CY
DE
UK
EL
% Handheld device
% Mobile phone but no other handheld device
Internet embedded in daily life,users are getting younger
60% use every day or almost daily, 93% use at least weekly
88 minutes spent online in an average day (see graph)
SES matters especially for daily use:67% high SES vs. 52% low SES
Age matters also for daily use:33% 9-10 yrs vs. 80% 15-16 yrs
Children first go online at 9 yrs old:at 7 for 9-10 yrs, at 11 for 15-16 yrs
Minutes per day online
88
87
91
84
118
97
74
58
91
85
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
Digital skills growing unevenly
5,85,4 5,3 5,1 5,0 5,0 5,0 4,9 4,8 4,7 4,7 4,5 4,5 4,4
4,2
3,4 3,3
2,6
4,2
3,43,73,8
4,04,64,7 4,7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FI SI NL EE CZ SE NO PT LT AT UK BG FR DK PL ES BE DE IE CY EL HU RO IT TR ALL
64 64 63 56 56 52 51
28
0102030405060708090
100
Bookmark awebsite
Blockmessages
Find info onsafety
Changeprivacysettings
Comparesites
Deleterecords
Block spam Set filter
“I know more about theinternet than my parents”
33
40
32
26
13
22
39
63
32
34
31
33
32
29
31
34
34
26
31
32
36
28
36
46
56
44
28
12
38
34
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
% Not true % A bit true % Very true
Some use the internetto excess
% who have fairly or very often:
Tried unsuccessfully to spend less time on the internet - 13% Spent less time with friends, family or doing
schoolwork because of the internet – 13% Caught myself surfing when not really
interested – 16% Felt bothered when I cannot be on the
internet – 11% Gone without eating or sleeping because of
the internet – 5%
Graph shows that 30% said yes to one or more of the above across Europe
What do children do online?
8583
76626261
484444
393131
231818
1611
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Schoolwork
Games (alone)
Watch video clips
Visit SNS
Use IM
Watch/read news
Play games (with others)
Download music/film
Share photos/music/videos
Use webcam
Post messages
Chatroom
File-sharing
Create character/avatar
Virtual world
Blog
Multiple opportunities
Positive content
“There are lots of things on the internet that are good for children of my age”
44% say “very true”, 46% say “a bit true”, 10% say “not true”
Only 34% of 9-10 year olds say “very true”
63 61 59 56 56 56 54 52 52 49 49 48 47 46 45 44 44 42 41 40 40 34 34 3224
44
33 33 37 37 39 40 42 39 43 45 46 45 42 46 50 50 48 4840
5446 53
47 4950
46
4 6 4 7 5 4 5 9 6 6 6 7 11 9 5 6 8 1019
614 13
20 2026
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LT EL BG HU CZ UK AT CY PT PL RO SI DK NL DE IE EE ES BE FI IT FR TR SE NO All
% Very true % A bit true % Not true
Social networking
Online communication
What online factors shape children’s experiences?
23
10
12
14
17
23
24
24
17
24
29
24
28
33
28
30
33
39
35
42
41
45
42
37
37
46
14
4
7
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
17
17
19
20
20
22
25
25
26
28
28
29
29
34
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
DE
IT
ES
HU
IE
UK
CY
TR
PT
EL
PL
AT
BE
RO
FR
BG
NL
SI
LT
SE
CZ
DK
FI
EE
NO
% Seen sexual images on any w ebsites
% Seen sexual images at all, online or off line
Sexual images off/online“In the past year, you will have seen lots of different images – pictures, photos, videos. Sometimes, these might be obviously sexual – for example, showing people naked or having sex. Have you seen anything of this kind?”
23% have seen sexual images online or offline
Who? More older than younger childrenTeenage boys 13-16 most likely to see sexual images online – 24%
Where did they see this? 14% online, 12% on television/film/video, 7% in magazinesMost often seen via accidental pop-ups
What did they see (11+)? 11% - nudity, 8% - someone having sex, 8% - genitals, 2% - violent sex
19
11
9
11
17
14
23
20
16
15
16
19
18
19
21
19
20
26
28
26
21
31
28
25
41
43
6
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
11
12
13
14
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
IT
PT
TR
EL
NL
IE
SI
ES
CY
DE
LT
FI
PL
BG
BE
HU
FR
AT
CZ
UK
NO
SE
DK
RO
EE
% Been bullied on the internet
% Been bullied at all, online or off line
Bullying off/online“Sometimes children or teenagers say or do hurtful or nasty things to someone and this can often be quite a few times on different days over a period of time. It can include teasing someone in a way the person does not like; hitting, kicking or pushing someone around; leaving someone out of things.Has someone acted in this kind of hurtful or nasty way to you in the past 12 months?/ Have you been treated in a hurtful or nasty way on the internet?”
19% have had someone act in this way, online or offline
Who? Few differences by age, gender or social classTeenage girls 13-16 most experience this online – 9%
How? 13% had this happen in person face to face, 6% had this happen online, 3% by mobile phone calls/textsMost often happens online via SNS or IM
What (11+)? 4% - nasty/hurtful messages, 2% -messages passed around about them, 1% threatened online
12% have bullied others at all, 3% online
15
4
8
9
11
11
11
12
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
22
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
4
1
3
1
1
2
2
4
3
4
3
12
4
3
3
2
10
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
IT
HU
ES
IE
EL
CY
UK
TR
BG
PT
NL
DK
DE
PL
AT
SI
BE
FI
SE
LT
EE
FR
NO
CZ
RO
% Sent or posted sexual messages
% Seen or received sexual messagesSending/receiving sexualmessages online (11+yrs)
“People do all kinds of things on the internet. Sometimes they may send sexual messages or images. By this, we mean talk about having sex or images of people naked or having sex.Have you seen/sent/received/posted a sexual message (words, pictures or video) of any kind on the internet?”
15% have seen/received sexual messages online
3% have sent/posted sexual messages online
Who? More older (22% 15-16 yrs) than younger teens
How? Occurs more by ‘pop up’, IM or SNS
What? 5% saw other people perform sexual acts, 2% were asked to talk about sexual acts online, 2% were asked for photo/video of genitals
30
18
27
28
16
28
20
14
32
25
26
21
31
38
42
49
32
30
34
32
49
46
45
54
52
54
9
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
8
8
9
9
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
15
15
16
18
23
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
ALL
TR
IT
IE
PT
UK
EL
CY
NL
PL
HU
ES
BG
DE
DK
FI
FR
BE
SI
RO
NO
CZ
AT
SE
LT
EE
% Ever gone on to meet anyone face to face that youfirst met on the internet% Ever had contact w ith someone you have not metface to face beforeMeeting new people
“Have you ever had contact on the internet with someone you have not met face to face before?Have you ever gone on to meet anyone face to face that you first met on the internet in this way?”
30% have contact(s) they met online13% of 9-10 year olds up to 46% of 15-16 year olds
9% have met an online contact offline2% of 9-10 year olds up to 16% of 15-16 year olds
More online contacts - more offline meetings
55% who went to a meeting met one or two people this way; 23% met 5+
57% of those who went to a meeting met friend of a friend/family; 48% met a new person
Contact first made usually via SNS or IM
Parental awarenessAmong those children who have encountered the particular risk online …
Seeing sexual images online:40% of parents are not aware of this, 26% say they don’t knowParents are least aware when daughters (46%) andyounger children (54% 9-10 and 11-12 year olds) have seen sexual images online
Being bullied online:56% of parents are not aware of this, 15% say they don’t knowParents are less aware when this involves their 9-10 year olds (65%)
Receiving sexual message online:52% of parents are not aware of this; 27% say they don’t knowParents of younger children, and in higher SES homes, are least aware
Meeting an online contact offline:61% of parents are not aware of this, 11% say they don’t knowParents of younger children, of boys, and in higher SES homes, are less aware
What are the outcomes for children?
32
30
30
39
24
32
42
26
39
4
5
4
5
6
5
3
3
4
5
14
18
13
12
25
16
8
5
16
12
56
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
Seen sexual images on the internet
Bothered after seeing such images
Bothered out of just those that had seen such images
From risk to harm?Sexual images
14% have seen sexual images online
Only 4% (32% of those who saw sexual images online) were bothered by this
Girls and younger children less likely to see such images but more likely to be bothered/upset
Among those who were bothered,41% a bit upset, 28% fairly upset, 16% very upset
Still, most got over it straight away
31
22
32
42
34
27
32
23
37
24
23
25
20
22
30
22
17
23
24
30
36
28
28
27
29
32
40
36
26
15
19
15
10
17
13
14
12
18
13
30
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
% Very upset % Fairly upset% A bit upset % Not at all upset
From risk to harm?Online bullying
Among the 6% who have been bullied online, on the last time this happened:
30% were a bit upset, 24% fairly upset, 31% very upset
Who was more upset?Younger, girls, low SES homes
How long did this last?Most (62%) got over it straight away, 31% still upset a few days later and 6% still upset a few weeks later
17
33
3
4
16
13
Boys
Girls
Seen or received sexual messages on the internet
Bothered after seeing or receiving such messages
Bothered out of just those that had seen or received suchmessages
25
21
23
33
20
25
4
4
3
5
4
3
3
15
17
14
14
22
13
7
41a
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
From risk to harm?Sexual messages
15% have seen/received sexualmessages images online. But only 4% (25% of those who saw sexual
messages) were bothered by this
Girls are more likely than boys to be bothered/upset Teens more likely to receive such messages
but younger children more upset
Among those who were bothered,47% were a bit upset the last time thishappened, 30% were fairly upset,15% were very upset.
Still, half got over it straight away
11
8
12
14
9
10
19
31
13
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
9
10
6
16
9
4
2
9
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
Ever gone on to meet anyone face to face that you first meton the internetBothered in past 12 months after meeting new people
Bothered out of just those that had met new people in past12 months
From risk to harm?Meeting contacts offline
9% have met an online contact offline,but only 1% were bothered by thisOr, 11% of those who met an onlinecontact offline were bothered or upset
Of those who were bothered in someway, half were ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ upset
9-10 year olds were more likely to bebothered/upset (31% of thosewho went to such a meeting)
Among those bothered by such a meeting,- 30% met someone older (8% met an adult)- 22% had had hurtful things said to them- few said they were hurt physically/sexually
Other risks
21
12
10
7
7
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Has seen such material at all onany websites
Hate messages that attack certaingroups or individuals
Ways to be very thin (such asbeing anorexic or bulimic)
Ways of physically harming orhurting themselves
Talk about or share theirexperiences of taking drugs
Ways of committing suicide
21% exposed to potentially harmful user-generated content
9% experienced personal data misuse
9
7
4
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
One or moretype of data
misuse
Password usedto access
information
Personalinformation
used in a way Ididn't like
Lost money bybeing cheated
55
60
53
55
59
62
57
40
53
57
12
13
12
11
15
12
11
9
11
13
8
11
8
7
9
9
9
6
7
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
All children
High SES
Medium SES
Low SES
15-16 yrs
13-14 yrs
11-12 yrs
9-10 yrs
Boys
Girls
% My child has been bothered by something online(parent)% I have been bothered by something online (child)
% There are things online that bother children my age(child)
Overall subjective harm
“By bothered, we mean, made you feel uncomfortable, upset, or feel that you shouldn’t have seen it”
55% think there are things online that bother people their age
12% have been bothered themselves
8% parents say their child has been bothered
9-10 year olds less likely to be bothered
More children have been bothered in DK, EE, NO, SE, RO
Fewest say this in IT, PT, DE, FR, CY
Coping strategiesJust those who encountered the risk and were bothered by it
Who did they tell? What did they do? Online help?
Sexual images
53% told someone33% friend 25% parent
9% sibling 3% teacher
26% hoped it would go away22% tried to fix it9% felt guilty
26% deleted messages25% stopped using the internet
Bullying 77% told someone50% friend 40% parent
13% sibling 7% teacher
24% hoped it would go away36% tried to fix it12% felt guilty
46% blocked person41% deleted messages
Sexual messages
60% told someone37% friend 29% parent
8% sibling 2% teacher
22% hoped it would go away27% tried to fix it6% felt guilty
40% blocked person38% deleted messages
Meeting contacts offline
70% told s/one first52% went with s/one62% told s/one after
30% hoped it would go away18% tried to fix it12% felt guilty
37% deleted messages34% blocked person
More opportunities, more risks
SENO
DE
HUUKPL
CY
CZ
RO
DKFI
LT
NL
BG
TR
IT
ATSI
EE
BE
IE
PT
FR
ESEL
30
40
50
60
70
5 6 7 8 9
Average number of online activities
% E
xper
ienc
ed o
ne o
r mor
e ris
k fa
ctor
Average for all children
What mediates children’s online experiences?
Parental mediationof use and safety
Parental restrictions
Who suggests ways to use the internet safely?
Sources of advice(children, parents)
Industry
Parents
Civil society
Policy implications
Schools
Government
Children
Specific recommendations
Parents - awareness-raising to alert them to the risks their children may encounter online whilst encouraging parent/child dialogue and understanding. Parents’ preferred sources of information on internet safety are the child’s
school, so greater efforts should be undertaken by the education sector. Schools - digital skills training needs continued emphasis and updating to
ensure all children reach a minimum standard and to promote creative uses. Government (and others) – target resources and guidance where particularly
needed: on ever younger children/newer users and those who are vulnerable. Industry - efforts are needed to support awareness, usability and take up of
internet safety tools to support blocking, reporting and filtering. Industry - under half 9-16 year olds are very satisfied with online provision,
fewer among young children, more age-appropriate positive content is needed. Children, civil society - encourage children to be responsible for their online
behaviour/ safety if possible, promoting empowerment and digital citizenship.
Thank you
More at www.eukidsonline.net