eu enlargement and the constitutions of central and...

EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE

CONSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL AND

EASTERN EUROPE

In the wake of the EU’s greatest enlargement, this book explores theadaptation of the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe for mem-bership in the European Union. In response to the painful past, these newconstitutions were notably closed to the transfer of powers to internationalorganisations, and accorded a prominent status to sovereignty and inde-pendence. A little more than a decade later, the process of amending theseprovisions in view of the transfer of sovereign powers to a supranationalorganisation has proved a sensitive and controversial exercise. This bookanalyses the amendments against the background of comparative experi-ence and theory of sovereignty, as well as the context of political sensi-tivities, such as rising euroscepticism ahead of accession referendums. Itconcludes with a broader inquiry into the role and rationale of the nationalconstitutions in the process of European integration. The book also con-siders the implications of the European Constitution, in the framework ofthe debate on European constitutionalism and post-national governance.

anneli albi is a lecturer in European Law at the University of Kent.She obtained her Ph.D at the European University Institute in Florence,where her research focused on the adaptation of Central and Eastern Euro-pean constitutions for EU membership. In 2003–04, she was a GeneralRapporteur of the Asser Institute and the Netherlands Foreign MinistryMATRA multicountry project ‘The Impact of Accession on the NationalLegal Orders of Candidate Countries’.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84541-0 - EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern EuropeAnneli AlbiFrontmatterMore information

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CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN EUROPEAN LAWAND POLICY

This series aims to produce original works which contain a critical analysis of the stateof the law in particular areas of European Law and set out different perspectives andsuggestions for its future development. It also aims to encourage a range of work on law,legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe, including ‘law in context’ approaches.The titles in the series will be of interest to academics; policymakers; policy formers whoare interested in European legal, commercial, and political affairs; practising lawyersincluding the judiciary; and advanced law students and researchers.

Joint EditorsProfessor Dr. Laurence GormleyRijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands

Professor Jo ShawUniversity of Edinburgh

Editorial advisory board

Professor Richard Bellamy, University of Reading; Ms. Catherine Barnard, Universityof Cambridge; Professor Marise Cremona, Queen Mary College, University of London;Professor Alan Dashwood, University of Cambridge; Professor Dr. Jacqueline Dutheilde la Rochere, Universite de Paris II, Director of the Centre de Droit Europeen, France;Dr. Andrew Drzemczewski, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France; Sir David EdwardKCMG, Q.C. former Judge, Court of Justice of the European Communities, Luxem-bourg; Professor Dr. Walter Baron van Gerven, Emeritus Professor, Leuven & Maastrichtand former Advocate General, Court of Justice of the European Communities; ProfessorDaniel Halberstam, University of Michigan, USA; Professor Dr. Ingolf Pernice, Directorof the Walter Hallstein Institut, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin; Michel Petite, DirectorGeneral of the Legal Service, Commission of the European Communities, Bruxelles;Professor Dr. Sinisa Rodin, University of Zagreb; Professor Neil Walker, University ofAberdeen and EUI, Fiesole.

Books in the series

EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern EuropeAnneli Albi

Market Freedom and Social Rights in the European Economic ConstitutionStefano Giubboni






EU ENLARGEMENT AND

THE CONSTITUTIONS OF

CENTRAL AND

EASTERN EUROPE

ANNELI ALBIUniversity of Kent






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

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any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






CONTENTS

List of tables page viiiSeries Editors’ Preface ixAcknowledgements xiTable of cases xiiTable of treaties, laws and other instruments xviiList of abbreviations xxxii

Introduction 1

1 Overview of the accession process 5

2 Constitutional adaptations in the ‘old’ Member States 9Transfer of sovereign powers: main models 9

Other EU amendments 14

3 Some idiosyncrasies of CEE constitutions 18Constitutional history of CEE countries 18

Prominence of the constitutions in CEE legal orders 22

‘Souverainist’ character 24

4 Constitutional issues in the pre-accession period 36Europe Agreements in CEE legal orders 36

Extent of harmonisation and adoption of EU obligations 44

Judicial harmonisation 52

Pre-accession adaptations in the light of sovereignty and legitimacy 56

Issues of democratic deficit in the pre-accession adaptations 61

5 Revision of CEE constitutions for EU membership 67Wider package of EU amendments 67

Slovakia 67

Czech Republic 70

Slovenia 72

Some common observations 75

v






vi contents

Medium package of EU amendments 78

Poland 78

Hungary 82

Minimal EU amendments 87

Estonia 88

Latvia 94

Lithuania 98

Developments in Romania and Bulgaria 103

Romania 103

Bulgaria 107

Some overarching trends in the EU amendments 110

Assessment in the light of the rationale of a constitution 114

6 Theoretical views of sovereignty and democratic legitimacyin CEE 122Delegating sovereignty, preserving independence? 122

Popular sovereignty: from an ethno-cultural to a post-national

concept? 130

7 Referendums 138Referendum experience: frequent and unsuccessful 138

Public opinion and euroscepticism 146

Accession referendums: procedural ‘manoeuvres’ 149

Implications for the EU treaty amendment procedure 159

8 Membership of NATO and other internationalorganisations 163NATO 163

Other international organisations 168

9 Role of Constitutional Courts 170Ultimate arbiter debate and CEE Constitutional Courts 170

Towards a ‘European constitutional order’? 175

10 Implications of the European Constitution 179EU’s constitutional reform and involvement of candidate countries 179

A constitution or a treaty? 182

National constitutional limits to integration 183

‘Constitutional’ elements of the European Constitution 186

Changes consolidating the position of Member States 193

National responses 194

Incremental transition towards sovereignty of ‘the peoples

of Europe’? 196






contents vii

Epilogue: ‘Taking constitutions seriously’ in the processof European integration 206

Bibliography 211Appendix 232Index 248






TABLES

3.1 Adoption of new constitutions page 233.2 Provisions on sovereignty and independence and their

safeguards 267.1 Minimum turnout requirements in CEE referendums 1407.2 Referendums in CEE (other than EU referendums) 1427.3 Public support for joining the EU 1477.4 EU accession referendums 150A1 Constitutional amendment procedures 232A2 Amendments of the CEE constitutions (other than those

pertaining to EU accession) 235A3 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovakian

Constitution 238A4 EU provisions and application of international law in Czech

Constitution 240A5 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovenian

Constitution 241A6 EU provisions and application of international law in Polish

Constitution 242A7 EU provisions and application of international law in Hungarian

Constitution 243A8 EU provisions and application of international law in Estonian

Constitution 243A9 EU provisions and application of international law in Latvian

Constitution 244A10 EU provisions and application of international law in Lithuanian

Constitution 245A11 EU provisions and application of international law in Romanian

Constitution 246A12 Application of international law in Bulgarian Constitution 247

viii






SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

The enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 to bring in tennew Member States, eight of which are in Central and Eastern Europe,marked a historical shift in the EU. No longer could it be seen as primarilya creature of Western Europe (plus elements of Southern Europe). On thecontrary, the tumultuous events which accompanied the ending of theCold War, including the break-up of several federations (Soviet Union,Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) opened the way for the EU to becomesomething much closer to a pan-European polity.

Accession involves constitutional change, both on the part of the EUand on the part of the acceding state or states. This study by Anneli Albicomprises the first full length study of the impact of accession upon theconstitutions of the acceding states. Although the perspective is primarilya bottom-up one, looking at the constitutional change in terms of whatwere essentially ‘new’ and relatively ‘closed’ constitutions of the post-Communist era, Albi also brings in constitutional change – EU-style –in the form of the Constitutional Treaty signed in Rome on 29 October2004, and due in turn for ratification in each of the twenty-five MemberStates. It is clear that change and adjustment, including formal constitu-tional amendment but also involving the role of numerous judicial actors,especially constitutional courts, will continue for the foreseeable futureas the EU enters the critical post-enlargement stage.

This book is the first in a new CUP series, Cambridge Studies in Euro-pean Law and Policy, edited by Laurence Gormley of the Rijksuniver-siteit Groningen and Jo Shaw of the University of Edinburgh. Albi’s studyresponds amply to the series’ aims, namely to produce original works inEnglish which contain a critical analysis of the state of the law in a partic-ular area of European Law understood in its widest sense and set out theperspectives and suggestions for its future development, and to encouragea range of work on law, legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe,including ‘law in context’ work as well as more doctrinally focused expos-itory work. Of critical importance to Albi’s study are the key political

ix






x series editors’ preface

markers of sovereignty and democracy, in the latter case in the form ofthe referendums which were held on accession in each of the new MemberStates. Albi’s approach – like many on the EU – is to treat it as a sui generispolity, which cannot simply be assimilated to national or internationalmodels. However, the interest of the book lies in the unavoidable chal-lenge of statist concepts and ideas, and whether they continue to have animportant role to play in post-enlargement Europe and in an increasinglyglobalised and interconnected world.

Laurence GormleyJo Shaw

4 March 2005






ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to the publishers for their kind permission to incorporatematerial from the following articles:

Hart Publishing Ltd for sections from A. Albi, ‘Post-modern VersusRetrospective Sovereignty: Two Different Sovereignty Discourses in theEU and Candidate Countries?’ in N. Walker (ed.), Sovereignty in Transition(Hart, Oxford, 2003), pp. 401–22, and A. Albi, ‘Referendums in the CEECandidate Countries: Impact on EU Treaty Amendment Procedure’ inC. Hillion (ed.), EU Enlargement: A Legal Approach (Hart, Oxford, 2004),pp. 57–76.

Sweet and Maxwell Ltd for sections from A. Albi and P. Van Elsuwege,‘EU Constitution, National Constitutions and Sovereignty: An Assess-ment of a “European Constitutional Order” ’ (2004) European Law Review(forthcoming).

Kluwer Law International for sections from A. Albi ‘ “Europe” Articlesin the Constitutions of Central and Eastern European Countries’ (2005)Common Market Law Review pp. 399–423.

xi






CASES

European Court of Justice

Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1 118

Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 118

Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1970] ECR 1125 170

Euratom Ruling 1/78 [1978] ECR 2151 118

Case 106/78, Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629 170

Case 270/80, Polydor and RSO Records [1982] ECR 229 40

Case 294/83, Les Verts [1986] ECR 1339 187

Case 152/84, Marshall [1986] ECR 723 53

Case 12/86, Demirel [1987] ECR 3719 38

Case C-192/89, Sevince [1990] ECR I-3461 44

Case 18/90, Kziber [1991] ECR I-199 40

Case C-159/90, Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685 177

Case C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR I-5889 54

Case C-295/90, Parliament v. Council [1992] ECR I-4193 55

Opinion 1/91, EEA [1991] ECR I-6079 40

Case C-168/91, Konstantinidis [1993] ECR I-1191 174

Case C-450/93, Kalanke [1995] ECR I-3051 177

Case C-262/96, Surul [1999] ECR I-2685 38

Case C-285/98, Tanja Kreil v. Germany [2000] ECR I-69 17

Case C-63/99, Gloszczuk [2001] ECR I-6369 37

Case C-235/99, Kondova [2001] ECR I-6437 37

Case C-257/99, Barkoci and Malik [2001] ECR I-6557 37

Case C-268/99, Jany [2001] ECR I-8615 37, 39

Case C-353/99, Hautala, Opinion of Advocate-General Leger of 10 July 2001, [2001]

ECR I-9565 188

Joined Cases C-20 and 64/00, Booker Aquaculture and Hydro Seafood, Opinion of

Advocate-General Mischo of 20 September 2001, [2003] ECR I-7411 188

Case C-162/00, Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer [2002] ECR I-1049 37, 39

xii






table of cases xiii

Permanent Court of International Justice

S.S. Wimbledon, PCIJ Ser. A. No. 1 (1923) 25 9

Bulgaria

Constitutional Court Decision No. 7, 2 July 1992, on the interpretation of articles

85(3) and 148(1.4) of the Constitution, Durzhaven Vestnik 56/92 44, 109, 172

Constitutional Court Decision No. 5/99, 22 April 1999, on the passage of NATO

aircraft, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm

167

Constitutional Court Decision No. 6/99, 3 May 1999, on the Agreement between

Bulgaria and NATO regarding Transit of NATO Aircraft, summary at

www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm 167

Constitutional Court Decision No. 8/99, 16 June 1999, on Cooperation Agreement

with Turkey in Energy Sector, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/

summaries99.htm 173

Constitutional Court Decision of February 2003, on authorisation for fulfilling

obligations under NATO 167

Constitutional Court Decision of 10 April 2003, on the mode of constitutional

amendment 108

Czech Republic

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 19/93, on Lawlessness of the Communist Regime

(1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law 149 117

High Court of Olomouc, Decision 2A6/96, Skoda 54

Constitutional Court, Decision III.US 31/97–35, Skoda 54

Denmark

Supreme Court, Carlsen v. Rasmussen, judgment 6 April 1998, [1999] CMLR 855 170,

174, 184, 185

Estonia

Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. III-4/A–5/94, 30 September 1994,

on the constitutionality of Property Law Enforcement Act, in English at

www.nc.ee/english 55






xiv table of cases

Constitutional Review Chamber, Dissenting Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision

No. 3-4-1-3-97, 24 March 1997 on seafarers’ passports, in English at

www.nc.ee/english 55

Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. 3-4-1-1-98, 5 February 1998, on

Language Law, in English at www.nc.ee/english 134

Constitutional Review Chamber, Concurring Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision

No. 3-4-1-4-98, 27 May 1998, in English at www.nc.ee/english 55

Constitutional Review Chamber, Vilu and Estonian Voters Union, Decision

No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 24 September 2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 156

Constitutional Review Chamber, Kulbok, Decision No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 29 September

2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 155, 196

France

Constitutional Council, Maastricht, Decision No. 92-308 DC, 9 April 1992 15, 185

Germany

Constitutional Court, Solange I, BVerfGE 37, 271 (1974) 170, 174

Constitutional Court, Solange II, BVerfGE 73, 378 (1986) 170, 174

Constitutional Court, Brunner, BVerfGE 89, 155 (1993), [1994] CMLR, 57 121, 130,

135, 170, 174, 175, 183–5, 186, 191, 197, 198, 203, 209

Hungary

Constitutional Court, Resolution No. 2/1993 (I.22), (1996) 3 East European Case

Reporter of Constitutional Law 26 117

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 4/1997 (I.22) AB (ABH 1997, 41) 173

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 52/1997, on referendums, reproduced in

L. Solym and G. Brunner (eds), Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy:

The Hungarian Constitutional Court (Michigan University Press, 2000),

pp. 371–8 158

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 30/1998, on the Europe Agreement (VI 25) AB,

Magyar Kozlony 56, 172, 173

Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 September 2003, on referendum on sale of land

to foreigners 158

Supreme Court, Decision of 26 March 2003, on EU accession referendum

156






table of cases xv

Ireland

Supreme Court, Crotty v. An Taoiseach [1997] IR 713 11

Italy

Constitutional Court, Frontini, Decision No. 183, 1973 170

Constitutional Court, Granital, Decision No. 170, 1984 170

Latvia

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 04-02(99) of 6 July 1999 172

Constitutional Court, Dissenting Opinions of Justices A. Endzins, J. Jelagins and

A. Usacka in Case No. 2000-03-01, on compatibility of the Saeima Election Law

with the Constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights 55

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 2001-04-0103, 21 December 2001, on spelling

names in Latvian, in English at www.riga.lv/minelres/NationalLegislation/

Latvia/Latvia.ConstCourt2001.English.htm 134

Lithuania

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 8/95 on the constitutionality of Law on

International Treaties, (1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional

Law 254 44, 173

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 14/98, 21 October 1999, on spelling names in

Lithuanian, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1021a.htm 134

Constitutional Court, Decision of 9 December 1998, on the constitutionality

of the death penalty, in English at www.Irkt.lt/1998/n8al209a.htm 54

Constitutional Court, Decision of 6 October 1999, on the constitutionality of the

Telecommunications Law, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1006a.htm 54

Constitutional Court, Decision of 18 October 2000, on the constitutionality of the Law

on the Reorganisation of the Joint-stock Petrol Companies, in English at

www.lrkt.lt/2000/r001018.htm 54

Constitutional Court, Decision of 5 February 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law

on Higher Education, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020205.htm

54

Constitutional Court, Decision of 14 March 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law

on Pharmaceutical Activities, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020314.htm

54






xvi table of cases

Poland

Supreme Court, Decision of 27 April 1995, on free movement of doctors under Europe

Agreement 43

Antimonopoly Court, Case XVII Amr 65/96, 1997.01.08 wyrok s. antym. XVII Amr

65/96 Wokanda 1998/1/60, on public transport tickets 53

Constitutional Tribunal, Case K. 15/97, 29.09.1997 wyrok TK U K 15/97 OTK

1997/34/37, on different retirement age for men and women 53

Constitutional Tribunal, Case VII Anna 39/97, 1997.10.08 wyrok s antynom VII Ama

39/97 Wokanda 1998/9/48, on Antimonopoly Office 43

High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Ld 777/97. 1999.09.09 wyrok NSA I SA/Ld

777/97 Pr.Gosp. 1999/I/40, on customs tax 43

Supreme Court, Case SN N I CKN 1217/98, 2001.05.29 wyrok SN N I CKN 1217/98

OSNAP 2002/1/13, on Polish Bar 42, 53

High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Po 3057/98. 1999.12.29 wyrok NSA

U N I SA/Po 3057/98 ONSA 2001/1/34, on Protocol No. 4 of the Europe

Agreement 42, 43

Constitutional Tribunal, Case K.27/99, 2000.03.28 wyrok TK U K 27/99 OTK

2000/2/62, on different retirement age for men and women 53

Constitutional Tribunal, Decision of 27 May 2003, on referendum turnout 152

Romania

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 356, September 2003 107

Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 October 2003, on constitutional amendment

referendum 156

Slovakia

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 26/97, II. US 31/97, summary in English at

www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm

Constitutional Court, Decision No. 95/99, on the Protection of the Right Guaranteed

by an International Treaty, II. US 91/99, summary in English at

www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm 172

Slovenia

Constitutional Court, Decision No. RM-1/97, 5 June 1997, Uradni list RS, No. 40/97,

on Europe Agreement, in English at www.us-rs.si/en 73, 74, 116, 172, 173






TREATIES, LAWS AND OTHERINSTRUMENTS

European Union

Accession Partnerships 9, 45–6, 48, 50

Agenda 2000: For a Stronger and Wider Union 7, 45, 46, 47, 50, 109

Agreement of the European Economic Area 48, 52, 60, 66

art 6 52

Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 188, 192, 200

Decision 2/96 96/652 of the EC-Hungary Association Council, 6 November 1996 on

the implementation of competition rules 56

Directive 76/207/EEC on equal treatment

art. 5 53

Directive 77/249/EEC to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to

provide services 53

Directive 90/366/EEC on the right of residence for students 55

Directive 90/388/EEC on competition in the markets for telecommunications services

54

Directive 98/10/EC on the open network provision to voice telephone and on universal

service for telecommunications 54

Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (CONV 850/03, 18 July 2003) 117,

159, 178, 180

Preamble 192, 200

art. 1 193, 200

art. 2 200

art. 5(1) 193

art. 6 190

art. 9 193

art. 10 190

art. 19 191

art. 21 191

art. 24 191

art. 24(4) 193

xvii






xviii table of treaties, laws and other instruments

art. 25 192

art. 27 191

art. 33 191

art. 46(4) 192

art. 59 193

art. III-175 191

art. III-197 191

art. III-213 191

Europe Agreements

Bulgaria 7, 36

art. 45 37

Czech Republic 7, 36, 51

art. 64 54

art. 69 45

Estonia 7, 36

Preamble 51

art. 10 40

art. 11 40

art. 12 40

art. 13 40

art. 14 40

art. 37 40

art. 38 40

art. 51 39

art. 63(5) 58

art. 64 40

art. 65 58

Hungary 7, 36, 51

art. 62(2) 56, 58

Latvia 7, 36

Lithuania 7, 36

art. 69 45

Poland 7, 36, 51

art. 1 43

art. 7 40, 43

art. 37(1) 39

art. 38 40

art. 39 40

art. 44(3) 37, 38

art. 44(4) 42

art. 48 37






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xix

art. 55 39

art. 58(1) 38

art. 63 40

art. 65 43

art. 66 53

art. 68 45, 53

art. 69 53

Protocol 4 43

Protocol 4, art. 27 43

Romania 7, 36

art. 8 40

art. 39 40

art. 40 40

art. 63 40

Slovakia 7, 36

art. 120(2) 64

Slovenia 7

art. 65(2) 58

Annex XIII 73

European Community Treaty

art. 19(1) 15

art. 39 55

art. 52 37, 39

art. 81(1) 53

art. 82 54

European Parliament’s Resolution of 1997 on the Abolition of the Death Penalty 54

Framework decision on the European Arrest Warrant 75, 93

Laeken Declaration 179

Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality 194

Protocol on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union 194

Provisional Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe

(CIG 86/04, 25 June 2004) 180

Treaty of Amsterdam 177, 186, 188–9, 196

Treaty of Nice 7, 179, 188–9, 196

Treaty of the European Union (Maastricht Treaty) 9, 15, 183–5, 188–9, 196

art. 48 159, 193, 199, 208

art. O 6

Protocol 17 177






xx table of treaties, laws and other instruments

White Paper, Preparation of the Associated Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for

Integration into the Internal Market of the Union6, 45, 48

International treaties and instruments

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 169

North Atlantic Treaty 163–8

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 172

Constitutions

Austria 10, 11, 14, 25

art. 10(1) 16

art. 23 11

art. 23a 14

art. 23b 16

art. 23c 17

art. 23e 14

art. 23f 17

art. 30(3) 16

art. 117(2) 14

art. 141 16

art. 151(11) 16

Belgium 10, 12, 25

art. 8(3) 14

art. 117(2) 16

art. 168 14

Bulgaria 20, 21, 30, 34

Preamble 28

art. 1(2) 28

art. 1(3) 28

art. 5 171, 172

art. 5(4) 109

art. 5.4 247

art. 9 28

art. 11(4) 169

art. 18(2) 28

art. 18(3) 28

art. 22 109

art. 24(2) 28

art. 25(4) 110






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxi

art. 44(2) 28

art. 51(1) 110

art. 52 110

art. 58(1) 110

art. 65(1) 110

art. 84 167

art. 84(1) 167

art. 84(p5) 144

art. 85 32

art. 85(1) 109

art. 85(2) 173, 247

art. 85(3) 44, 109, 172

art. 93(2) 110

art. 149(1.4) 44, 109, 172

art. 149(4) 110

art. 150 110

Czech Republic 21, 31, 33, 34

Preamble 27–8

art. 1 27–8, 128

art. 1(2) 71, 240

art. 2(1) 27–8

art. 9 144

art. 9(2) 27–8

art. 10 71

art. 10a 71, 72

art. 10a(1) 72, 240

art. 10a(2) 71, 72, 156, 240

art. 10a(3) 72

art. 10b 72

art. 10b(1) 240

art. 10b(2) 240

art. 10b(3) 240

art. 14(4) 77

art. 39(4) 71, 240

art. 49 71, 72, 240

art. 52 71, 240

art. 87(2) 72, 240

art. 89(3) 72, 240

art. 95 72, 240

art. 98(1) 78

art. 100(1) 77






xxii table of treaties, laws and other instruments

Denmark 10, 12, 25

Estonia 21, 30, 34

Preamble 25–6, 88, 134

art. 1 25–6, 32, 58, 88, 89, 133, 168, 196, 243

art. 1.2 25–6

art. 2 243

art. 3 243

art. 15 171

art. 28 93

art. 29 93

art. 30 93

art. 31 93

art. 32 93

art. 34 93

art. 36 93

art. 44 93

art. 48 88, 93

art. 54 25–6, 59, 92

art. 57 93

art. 102 92

art. 105 145

art. 105(2) 146

art. 106 146

art. 111 88

art. 121 32, 168

art. 123 89, 243

art. 123(1) 88, 171

art. 128 168

art. 152 171

art. 156 93

art. 161 92

art. 162 88, 92, 145

art. 163 92

art. 168 146

Finland 10, 12

art. 1 12

art. 2 12

art. 50(3) 14

art. 93 16

art. 93(2) 14






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxiii

art. 96 14

art. 97 14

France 10, 11, 17, 25

Preamble 13

art. 3 15

art. 88(1) 11, 13

art. 88(2) 15

art. 88(3) 14

art. 88(4) 14

Germany 10, 11, 25

art. 12a 17, 21

art. 16a 17

art. 23(1) 11, 13

art. 23(2) 14

art. 23(3) 14

art. 24(1) 13

art. 24(2) 13

art. 28(1) 14

art. 52(3a) 14

art. 79(3) 184

art. 88 15

art. 108(1) 17

Greece 10, 25

art. 28 11, 12

art. 70(8) 14

art. 80(2) 16

Hungary 20, 30

Preamble 20, 82

art. 2(1) 27, 57

art. 2(2) 27, 57

art. 2A(1) 84, 243

art. 2A(2) 85, 243

art. 5 27

art. 6(1) 27

art. 6(2) 32

art. 7(1) 85, 173, 243

art. 19(2) 27

art. 19(3) 165

art. 19(3f) 85

art. 28B(1) 141, 157






xxiv table of treaties, laws and other instruments

art. 28C(1) 141

art. 28C(3) 141

art. 28C(4) 141

art. 28C(5) 141

art. 32D(1) 85

art. 40B 164

art. 40C 164

art. 51(1) 27

art. 68(1) 27

art. 70(4) 86

art. 70E(1) 86

art. 77(1) 171

Ireland 10

Preamble 29

art. 5 29

art. 29(4) 11, 16

Italy 10, 12, 25

art. 11 12

art. 117 12

Latvia 22, 34

art. 1 26, 87, 94, 95, 136

art. 2 26, 87, 94, 95, 132

art. 3

art. 4 96

art. 6

art. 8 97

art. 68 95

art. 68(2) 244

art. 72 145

art. 73 145

art. 76 87

art. 77 87, 145

art. 78 87, 145

art. 79 95, 145, 244

art. 89 97, 244

art. 98 97, 98

art. 101 97, 98

Lithuania 21, 30, 34

Preamble 26

art. 1 26, 34, 87, 98, 100, 139, 145






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxv

art. 2 26

art. 3(1) 26

art. 3(2) 26

art. 4 26

art. 7 171, 172

art. 9 145

art. 13(2) 103

art. 33 102

art. 34 102

art. 35 102

art. 47 98, 101

art. 47(3) 245

art. 52 102

art. 69(4) 145

art. 105 102

art. 106 102

art. 119 101, 245

art. 125 102

art. 135(1) 26, 245

art. 136 26, 32, 41, 98, 99, 245

art. 136(2) 100

art. 137 168

art. 138 41, 99, 168

art. 138(1.5) 102

art. 138(3) 103, 245

art. 138(4) 168

art. 142 168

art. 147 87

art. 148 87

art. 148(1) 145

art. 149 87

art. 150 32, 102

art. 153 99

Luxembourg 10, 12, 25

art. 1 25

art. 32 25

art. 49bis 13

Netherlands 10, 12, 25, 34

art. 106 16

Norway 24






xxvi table of treaties, laws and other instruments

Poland 19, 21, 31, 34

Preamble 29, 79, 132

art. 1 80, 175

art. 2 175

art. 3 175

art. 4 132

art. 4(1) 29

art. 5 29, 175

art. 8 171

art. 9 80

art. 18 175

art. 18(1) 80

art. 20 175

art. 26 29

art. 52(4) 81

art. 55 81

art. 55(1) 175

art. 60 81

art. 62 175

art. 62(1) 81

art. 67(1) 81

art. 67(2) 81

art. 87 80

art. 88(3) 80

art. 89 80

art. 90 79, 164, 174

art. 90(1) 78, 141, 242

art. 90(2) 79, 242

art. 90(3) 79, 141, 144, 157, 242

art. 90(4) 141, 242

art. 91 79, 80, 164

art. 91(1) 242

art. 91(2) 80, 242

art. 91(3) 80, 242

art. 104(2) 29

art. 116 164

art. 117 164

art. 125(1) 141

art. 125(2) 141

art. 125(3) 144

art. 126(2) 29

art. 130 29






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxvii

art. 133(1) 80

art. 133(1.2) 80

art. 227(1) 81

art. 235 82

Portugal 10, 11, 14, 23

Preamble 29

art. 1 29

art. 2 29

art. 3(1) 29

art. 7(1) 29

art. 15(5) 14

art. 102 16

art. 161n 14

art. 163f 14

art. 164p 17

art. 197(li) 14

Romania 20, 21, 30, 33, 34

Preamble 132

art. 1 104, 133

art. 1(1) 26, 132

art. 1(5) 106

art. 2 132

art. 2(1) 26

art. 2(2) 26

art. 4(1) 26

art. 8(2) 26

art. 10 32

art. 11 105

art. 11(3) 105, 246

art. 16(4) 106, 246

art. 19(1) 106

art. 19(11) 246

art. 20 105

art. 20(2) 247

art. 35 106, 247

art. 37(2) 26

art. 41(2) 106, 247

art. 51 106, 171

art. 80(1.1) 26

art. 82(2) 26

art. 90 144






xxviii table of treaties, laws and other instruments

art. 91 105

art. 117(1) 26, 166

art. 117(5) 166

art. 136(2) 106, 247

art. 144 105

art. 145 104, 166, 246

art. 145(1) 246

art. 145(2) 105, 246

art. 145(3) 105, 246

art. 145(4) 105, 246

art. 145(5) 106, 246

art. 147 103

art. 147(3) 144, 157

art. 148 103, 107

art. 148(1) 26

Russia 199

Slovakia 21, 31

Preamble 28

art. 1 28

art. 1(2) 69, 238

art. 2(1) 28

art. 2(2) 171

art. 7 32, 68

art. 7(2) 68, 238

art. 7(3) 165, 238

art. 7(4) 68, 69, 238

art. 7(5) 68, 238

art. 11 68, 172

art. 13(1) 69, 238

art. 23(4) 77

art. 29(2) 77

art. 30(1) 69, 77, 238

art. 30(4) 77

art. 34(3) 28

art. 35(3) 77

art. 39(1) 77

art. 56 78

art. 69(3) 69

art. 84(3) 165, 238

art. 84(4) 67, 68, 238






table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxix

art. 86 239

art. 86(j) 165

art. 86(k) 165

art. 86(l) 165

art. 87(4) 69, 239

art. 93(1) 141

art. 93(2) 141, 156

art. 93(3) 141

art. 95(1) 141

art. 96 141

art. 106 28

art. 119 166

art. 119(p) 165

art. 120(2) 69, 239

art. 125a 69

art. 125a(1) 239

art. 125a(2) 239

art. 125a(3) 239

art. 144 69

art. 144(1) 239

art. 144(2) 239

Slovenia 22, 34

Preamble 28, 31

art. 1 116

art. 2 116

art. 3(1) 28, 132

art. 3(2) 28

art. 3a 156, 166

art. 3a(1) 74, 241

art. 3a(2) 241

art. 3a(3) 74, 241

art. 3a(4) 75, 241

art. 8 74, 241

art. 43 77

art. 44 77

art. 47 75, 241

art. 50(1) 77

art. 68 73, 75, 241

art. 86 74

art. 90(1) 144

art. 90(2) 144






xxx table of treaties, laws and other instruments

art. 99(2) 144

art. 153(1) 171

art. 153(2) 241

art. 160(2) 74, 116

art. 169 73

art. 170 144

art. 170(1) 144

art. 170(2) 144

art. 179 73

Spain 10, 25, 34

art. 13(2) 12, 14

Sweden 10, 24, 25

Other national Acts

Bulgaria

Law on the Forms of Direct Democracy 1996 144

Czech Republic

Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 1991 77

Referendum Law 2002 152, 156

Estonia

Act on Supplementing the Constitution of Estonia 2003 90

art. 1 90

art. 2 90

art. 3 90

Criminal Code

art. 62 58

Declaration of Independence 1991 21, 29

Declaration of Sovereignty 1988 21, 29

Law on the Procedure of Constitutional Review 2003 92

art. 12 173

art. 14 173

art. 15 174

art. 15(1.3) 173

Property Law Enforcement Act 55

Referendum Law 2002 145, 151

art. 63 155






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