ethics lectures 1 and 2 2012

8/19/2019 Ethics Lectures 1 and 2 2012

1/60

Ethics

Oslo and Akershus

University College

and

Oslo University

Start January 16 2012

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


2/60

Course Goals

• Knoledge. Know key forms and issues of ethics

• Criticis!" Be able to argue for or against a roosition

• Constructive" Be able to suggest simle ethical guidelines

• #nternational. Transose those guidelines to an

international ersective

• A$$lication. !se guidelines in daily work

Tore Audun Høie

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3/60

"ecture # #ntroduction

%hy ethics

%hat is ethics&

%hat is the di''erence (eteen ethics and !orals&

%hat is a Code o' Ethics&

Sy!!etrical ethics) and assy!etrical ethics

O$en and closed syste!s#nstru!ental and $rinci$le (ased ethics

Other ethical $rinci$les

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


4/60

%hy ethics 'or organisations&

$ A (asis 'or values and visions

* +o !otivate e!$loyees

* ,erha$s de!anded (y custo!ers

* -or good relationshi$s to stakeholders

* An overall check on $lans

* +o avoid various e.$osures and risks

* ,art o' governance

* Sustaina(ility

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


5/60

%hy ethics ##

$ +he 'inance crisis

* A nu!(er o' cri!es) near/cri!es and transgressions

* anagerialis! o(ert 3ocke4

* anage!ent not contri(uting to organisation groth5health

* ot contri(uting to society

* oney only !anage!ent

* 7Greed is good8

* Short ter! and li!ited $lans

Greed is good" %mbrace it. "ove it. "ive it. &n fact' greed

may be the one thing that can save us. (on)t believe me*

+reed was the foundation for this country. The brave souls

who risked their life to settle in a new country did so out ofself interest. ,ur forefathers recogni-ed the imortance of

selfinterest in the 9eclaration o' #nde$endence where they

emhasi-ed our unalienable right to ursue hainess.

/obert 0agliarini blog' 1oneywatch 23#3

Tore Audun Høie

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6/60

%hy ethics ###

$ Sel'/interest is $ervasive econo!ic idea

* ot su$$orted (y research) as overriding $aradig!

* Country di''erences) in Ja$an a negative $ersonality trait

Other $ersonal goals) so!eti!es !ore i!$ortant:

* -a!ily and 'riends

* ,ersonal develo$!ent e"g" aslo4

* Aestetics) a nice $lace to live

* Contri(ution to society Tore Audun Hø[email protected]


7/60

elevance o' ethics to #C+

$ 9o good ork Aristotle4

* ,lan holistically syste!s theory4

* Consider end use Aristotle4

* Evaluate (oth ends and !eans Kant4

* ;e stakeholder oriented #SO 260004

* +ake care o' the environ!ent #SO 260004

* Contri(ute to knoledge

Tore Audun Høie

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8/60

9e'inition Ethics

oral $hiloso$hy"

9eter!ining rights and rongs) selecting actions to achieve goodresults) evaluating !otives"

atte!$ting to su!!arise several de'initions4

+he achieve!ent o' isdo!) choosing actions that are (ene'ical

and acce$ta(le long ter!< or sustaina(le" +his i!$lies a society

'ocus"

Tore Audun Høie

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9/60

9e'inition orals

;elie's and (ehaviour o' grou$" +he grou$ can (e:

* ation) or geogra$hical area

* Grou$ o' nations

* eligious or li'e vie grou$s) and su(grou$s

* ,ro'ession or si!ilar

* Other organisation) e"g" s$orts) clan) GO"""

#n an international organisation there can (e !any !orals"

Tore Audun Høie


10/60

-or!s o' ethics

#. etaethics hat is good& etc4

2" or!ative ethics hat should e do&4

=" A$$lied ethics ho do e a$$ly ethics to ork and lives&4

>" oral $sychology the (iological and $sychological (ases4

1" 9escri$tive ethics hat !orals $eo$le 'ollo4

&n the course' emhasis on 2 and 4.

Tore Audun Høie

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11/60

Codes o' ethics

A$$lying ethics to a $ro'ession or disci$line) e.a!$les:

* #C+

* Engineering

* edicine

* 3a

* Journalis!

* ,sychology

The 5hallenger disaster

Tore Audun Høie

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12/60

Sy!!etrical ethics ? the golden rule

$ 9o to others hat you ant the! to do to you"

* #' you de!and 'ro! others) de!and the sa!e 'ro! yoursel'$erha$s !ore i' you are a leader4

* See yoursel' as the other good even 'or design@4

* E!$athy

the +oldin /ule6 Do whatever is necessary to bring in the maximum gold, without

getting caught

htt677www.kevinmd.com7bloghtt677www.kevinmd.com7blog

Tore Audun Høie

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http://www.kevinmd.com/bloghttp://www.kevinmd.com/bloghttp://www.kevinmd.com/blog


13/60

Assy!etrical ethics

$ %hen one $arty has !ore resources) knoledge) $oer

* O'ten in $ro'essions engineering) nursing) la"""4

* eed to (e care'ul $ro'essional@4

* eed to (e considerate

Tore Audun Høie

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14/60

#nstru!ental ethics

Ethics an instru!ent 'or achieving so!ething else"

ot (ased on $rinci$les or conviction"

7Greenashing8

,hilantro$hy used as an 7e.cuse88

Tore Audun Høie

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15/60

,rinci$le (ased ethics

;ased on $rinci$les like 'ro! e(sites4:

* %e ant to deliver 'irst class design

* %e ant to (e (est in our disci$line

* %e ill contri(ute to society

* %e consider ecological i!$act* %e contri(ute to environ!entalis!

,re'era(ly 'olloed (y action

0icture from www.bouvet.no' design for 9:ømannskirken.

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/http://www.bouvet.no/


16/60

Co!$liance ethics

%ithin e.isting las) standards) guidelines) !orals

ay need a 7co!$liance o''icer8 in large organisations

/ e"g" hat does it !ean to 7'ollo standard8&

Ensures that organisation 7does no rongs8) (ut di''icult

The %thics ; 5omliance ,fficer Association clusively for individuals

resonsible for their organi-ation?s ethics' comliance' and

business conduct rograms. The only organi-ation of its kind'

its members reresent the largest grou of ethics and

comliance ractitioners in the world. The %5,A is credited

with formally founding the ethics and comliance field in

##.

www.theecoa.org (ecember 23#3

Tore Audun Høie

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http://www.theecoa.org/http://www.theecoa.org/http://www.theecoa.org/


17/60

,ositive ethics

* Contri(uting $ositively to:

/ Organisation

/ ,ro'ession

/ Society

/ Environ!ent

/ and other stakeholders

or!ally cannot (alance lack o' co!$liance

Tore Audun Høie

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18/60

,ositive ethics 2011:

%e invite you to su(!it a a !anuscri$t 'or the S$ecial #ssue o' theJournal o' ;usiness Ethics on ,ositive Organiational ,OE4" +his

issue targets the Journal o' ;usiness Ethics vie that ethics

enco!$asses Ball hu!an action ai!ed at securing a good li'e"

+oards this end) !ore research !ust (e directed toard the (est

o' hu!an 'unctioning) es$ecially ithin the conte.t o' todayDsethically challenged (usiness environ!ent and $rotracted econo!ic

donturn"

"strategie/ai!s"co!

Tore Audun Høie

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19/60

+he !oralist

1y life view issuerior

,ther views

are inferior

& have the

answers

& need no otherauthority

+he ethicist

1y life view is based on

reflection

& evaluate life

views

& have uestions

& resect otherviews

Aristotle (384-322)

*

Tore Audun Høie

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20/60

O$enness and $rivacy

O$enness ,rivacy

,u(lish in'or!ation 7,ersonal roo!8) integrity

egister in'or!ation #n'or!ation !ay cause har!

Co!$are in'or!ation #n'o !ay cause e!(arras!ent

Analyse in'or!ation %rong in'or!ation

-ind !issing in'or!ation %rong use o' in'or!ation

#ssues:

9ata ,rotection

9ata #ns$ectorate

O$en Govern!ent Tore Audun HøieTore.hoie@vikenfibe


21/60

9iscussion

%ikileaks

illains or heroes&

Tore Audun Høie

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22/60

Fuality in'or!ation as a$$lied to e(site4

$ Correct

* +i!ely

* elevant

* #nteresting* Use'ul

Tore Audun Høie

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23/60

,rinci$les 7organisation virtues84:

Already:

O$enness ? $rivacySy!!etrical ? asy!!etrical ethics

Fuality

Also:

3egiti!acyCredi(ility

+racea(ility

Accounta(ility

Steardshi$

O(ectivity

-airness

-le.i(ility

Creativity

Sustaina(ility

Tore Audun Høie

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24/60

Ethics a$$lies to:

• ,ro'essional duties

• E!$loyee care

• Custo!er care) and su$$lier res$onsi(ilities

• Environ!ent care

• Onershi$ $rice) value) o$$ortunities""4

• -inancing

• E.$loration

* / the list is (eing e.tended

Tore Audun Høie

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25/60

Conclusion lecture 1

Ethics i!$ortant) and varied

#ncludes social res$onsi(ility) and governance

eeds ter!inology) and $hiloso$hy

ery relevant to society) no

3ecture 1 needed 'or evaluation in lecture 2

Tore Audun Høie

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26/60

Homework for lesson 2

3ook u$ ,'ier on #nternet" %hat do they do) and ho (ig are

they& %hat does their e(site say a(out social res$onsi(ility andethics& 9o they !ention a recent 'ine& %hat ere they 'ined)

and hy& %hat ha$$ened to the ,'ier CEO) and hy& #s it

easy to 'ind this in'or!ation& %hat is your evaluation o' their

social res$onsi(ility&

Tore Audun Høie

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27/60

3ecture 2 Ethical transgressions and cri!es4

+he lecture ill $resent so!e transgressions

that are ty$ical o' todayHs (usiness and

$olitical environ!ent) and atte!$t to indicatetrends and need 'or action"

Tore Audun Høie

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28/60

Categories o' ethical $ro(le!s

• Cri!es

• Greed

• ,oor Iuality

• #nco!$etence

• Other

Tore Audun Høie

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29/60

,hiloso$hical $ro(le!s

• ;elie's a.io!s4 not clearly e.$ressed

• ot de'ining) or de'ining $oorly e.a!$le C4

• ;elie' that !icroo$ti!isation gives !acroo$ti!isation

• O$ti!isation instead o' satis'iation er( Si!on4

• Overall e''ects seldo! evaluated like co!$etence) !otivation4

• +ransactions instead o' relationshi$s and trust4

• ierarchic structures) to$ don

• oney only) and o'ten short ter!

• Fuality and service ignored or don$layed) including data

Iuality Tore Audun Høie


30/60

An i!$ortant $ro'essional $ro(le!6

An #C+ syste! su$$orting other coordinating ideals than

those anted) can have a contra$roductive e''ect

CKoordination och informationssystem i fDretag och nEtverkC. 0h( thesis. !lf 1elin' "inkDing !niversitet 2332.

you buy the sulier?s assumtions

Tore Audun Høie

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31/60

ConseIuences custo!er:

eed clear e.$ressions o' on $osition

eed to co!!unicate to su$$lier

eed to check that su$$lier has understood

eed to evaluate any deviation 'ro! on nor!

eed to reevaluate on $osition) $erha$s every year

Tore Audun Høie

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32/60

ConseIuences su$$lier:

$ eed to kno custo!er values

* eed to kno on values) and re'lect on the!

* eed to ada$t to custo!er needs) i' not in line ith

on values

* eed to in'or! custo!er i' values unethical or

not sustaina(le

#"e" Su$$lier de$ends to so!e e.tent on custo!er values

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


33/60

Ethical problem in ICT

Texas University found inaccuracy problem2003.

Supplier ell ans!ered that machines !ere

overtaxed.

"ater# lea$y motherboards !as found to be thecause.

ell attempted to hide the problems# even foro!n sta%.

&ot even ell la!yers !ere helped. Tore Audun Hø[email protected]


34/60

ConseIuences o' 9ell $ro(le!

other(oard $roduction as outsourced) hat res$onsi(ilityre!ained ith 9ell&

on/o$enness !ay have contri(uted to $ro(le!"

o (ig 'ine) no re$ercussions 'ro! $ro'essionals) is that ethical&

9ell as 7darling8 o' (usiness schools) have they u$dated

theory&

/ And 9ell as also 'ined 'or accounting 'raud"

9ell (oss as re$laced"Tore Audun Høie

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35/60

Conclusion 'ro! !any #C+ $ro(le!s

any ethical challenges ithin #C+

any unre'lected $roects

Knoledge is so!eti!es inco!$lete or !issing

#C+ as a knoledge disci$line needs re'ine!ent

,hiloso$hy !ay have a !aor $ositive e''ect on #C+

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


36/60

Damning BP verdict points to cost cuts

Years of cost-cutting and lack of investment led to BP's

Texas City refinery fire that killed 15 workers a watchdoghas said

!n ad from 1"""#

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

http://timesonline-emails.co.uk/go.asp?/bTNL001/mCDOCE3/qLV6LE3/uU7ZZ4/x64R66http://timesonline-emails.co.uk/go.asp?/bTNL001/mCDOCE3/qLV6LE3/uU7ZZ4/x64R66


37/60

;, Alaska

;, 'ined in 1 'or o''shore du!$ing) agreed to $ro(ationary

action

,i$e corrosion ides$read) 'or!al arnings in 2002 and 200>

Oil leak in ,rudhoe ;ay 2006) ins$ectors 'ound several !iles o'

(ad corrosion"

Engineer 'ired 'or corrosion arning) case $ending 2010

-our !ore accidents 200L/200

Tore Audun Høie

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38/60

;, acondo 'ield

E.$losion 20 A$ril 2010) 11 $ersons died

;loout $reventer did not ork) re!ote (loout $reventer not

installed"

;, as in charge o' the drilling) +ransocean oned the drill)alli(urton ce!ented ell" Uncertainty a(out accounta(ility"

Several decisions regarding drilling) ce!enting and technology

solutions in'luenced (y cost and ti!e considerations"

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


39/60

;, oray

-ire 1= July 2011" o(ody hurt) (ut ork stalled 'or eeks"

,etroleu! Sa'ety Authority oray says reason as $oor

!aintenance) 10 issues ere outstanding and not a!ended"

A general $ro(le! in the orth Sea is ageing eIui$!ent"

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


40/60

+he trade organisation:

&n 1ay 23## the American 0etroleum &nstitution had the following

statement on its website6

$%when spills occur, the United States employs world-leading

preparedness planning and response capabilities to minimize

environmental harm"

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


41/60

General consideration) $erha$s valid outside oil:

Sa'ety don$rioritied and not even ell understood4

aintenance not done till too late

,rioritiing cost and ti!e4

Short ter! $ers$ective) little re'lection

A $ervasive culture) that is di''icult to change

egulations eak and so!eti!es not o(served

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


42/60

-ake !edical ournals

&n a la suit in Australia 200 it (eca!e knon that the$u(lisher Elsevier) and the ,har!a co!$any erck had

coo$erated to $u(lish the Australasian Journal o' ;one and

Joint edicine AJ;J4) the ournal is a$$arently dedicated to

$ro!ote erck $roducts"

+he AJ;J as distri(uted to 20000 doctors) it is unclear to

hat e.tent they (elieved the ournal as authentic"

3ater L 'urther 'ake ournals ere 'ound" Elsevier re'uses toin'or! ho $aid"

Tore Audun Høie

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43/60

ElsevierHs vie$ooint

Elsevier has o''icially regretted the incidents) and have

a$$arently re'or!ed:

7We are committed to ensuring that advertising, reprint or other

commercial revenue has no impact or influence on editorial

decisions" "elsevier"co! anuary 20114

#n addition) Elsevier ill ork closely ith other $u(lishers

and industry associations to set standards 'or (est $ractices on

ethical !atters) errors and retractions//and are $re$ared to$rovide s$ecialied legal revie and counsel i' necessary"

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

http://www.elsevier.com/http://www.elsevier.com/


44/60

erckHs vie$oint

+he ournal $ro!oted erckHs $roduct io.. 'or uses that itas not a$$roved 'or"

+his has caused $ersonal $ro(le!s and $erha$s death o'

$atients"

erck 'ailed to share research shoing the dangers o' io.."

erck layer (eca!e the ne (oss"

Tore Audun Høie

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45/60

;ook vie$oint:

#n a ne (ook) MAll +he Justice oney Can ;uy)D 'or!er ational ,u(lic adiore$orter Snigdha ,rakash) ho as e!(edded ith a tea! o' $lainti''sD layers

'or one o' those trials) descri(es legal !achinations) strategies and (attles that

eventually led erck to reach a N (illion settle!ent

Tore Audun Høie

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46/60

,ro'essional vie$oint

erck has (een a generous su$$orter o' !edical $ersonnel

es$ecially nurses"

erck $aid nurses to $rovide $otential $atients 'or io..

erck a$$arently dre u$ a 7hit list8 to 7neutralie8 ordiscredit $ersonel criticiing io.. +he #nde$endent 6 arch

20104"

#t is di''icult to 'ind criticis! 'ro! $ro'essional organisations

3ittle !edia coverage) es$ecially in the US

Tore Audun Høie

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-i i i


47/60

-inance crisis

#n 2006 s$eculators started to ithdra 'ro! overheated US

housing !arket"

;anks o''ered (etter ter!s) 'or instance o #nco!e) o Assets

loans) later called #JA loans"

3oans ere (undled into 7instru!ents8 that ere Iuality

controlled (y credit rating agencies and sold to other (anks"

#n 200 the #nternational onetary -und esti!ated that thecu!ulative losses o' (anks and other 'inancial institutions

e.ceeded > trillion US dollars

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

,ro'essional issues


48/60

,ro'essional issues

isk !anage!ent raised issues) and as overridden due to

!arket and !oney considerations"

Credit rating as $aid (y custo!er (anks)

Auditors a$$arently did not $oint to $ro(le!s

;oards did not intervene

;onuses ere (ased on 7e''iciency8) a(ility to handle large

a!ount o' loans

-inancial !odels did not 'orecast crisis) and one as called a

7recei$e 'or disaster8Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

Ethical $ro(le!s


49/60

Ethical $ro(le!s

+he overhel!ing e!$hasis on !oney

isk and sa'ety don$rioritied

E!$loyees 7doing their duty8 acted unethically unknoingly

ecruiting 'inding the rong $eo$le

aysayers ignored

o(ody looking a'ter the 'inancial syste!) a !eta/issue

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


50/60

+he Ara( S$ring ? and ethical re'lection

+he Ara( ,eo$le did not have Ali Kadri 2011) 3ondon School

o' Econo!ics4:

* -ull sovereignty over natural resources) including sel'/

deter!ination and $o$ular $artici$ation in develo$!ent<

* +he right to ork


51/60

;ackground

So!e Ara( countries have oil" #n 200 it constituted >0P o' Ara(

G9," 9es$ite the high $rice o' oil 200=/2010 B poverty levels rose,

income inequality widened and unemployment rates responded

poorly to economic growth…slightly more than fifty percent of the

population subsists at below two dollars per day" Ali Kadri 20114"

+he general $ro(le! is according to Ali Kadri that the ruling elite

derive the (ene'its) and 'or their on good) ith 'e trickle don

e''ects" +he esti!ated Be.cess savings are esti!ated at so!e 'ive

trillion dollars over >0 years) invested a(road) !ostly in UStreasury (ills"

Tore Audun Høie

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Ethics %estern ,oers (e'ore Ara( S$ring


52/60

Ethics %estern ,oers (e'ore Ara( S$ring

$ Su$$orting so!e autocrates) even 'inancially

* E.$orting ea$ons to the autocrates

* Esta(lishing and running (usiness in autocratic countries

* Only 6 countries hel$ed the re(ellion in 3i(ya

* UK accused o' returning 7terrorists8 to Ghada''i

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

ard(all


53/60

ard(all

7+o $lay ard(all !eans (eing aare o' hen you are entering

the 7caution one8 / that area so rich in $ossi(ility) that lies

(eteen the $lace here society clearly says you can $lay the

ga!e and the $lace here society clearly says you cannot8

7-akes are an acce$ted $art o' (usiness li'e and good 'akers areto (e ad!ired"

General otors is ad!ired"

9talk' +eorge ; "achenauer' /ob ardball! Harvard Business 9chool 0ress 233F.

Tore Audun Høie

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54/60

Ethical vie

7;ordering on the unethical8 -inancial +i!es4

Close to 7'ind/the/loo$hole8 !anage!ent

+he !anager ill (e (usy ith la and (orderline issues)

'orgetting strategy like G4"

E.tre!e e!$hasis on co!$etition) ith Iuality) risk and

ethics not in inde."

%ritten (y to ;oston Consulting Grou$ consultants (ut the;CG has changed vies according to the e(site4"

Tore Audun Høie

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55/60

easons 'or disaster engineering4

#. ,oor design not necessarily (ad design4

2" Shoddy !aintenance=" #nsu''icient) illegi(le or unavaila(le docu!entation

>" #nco!$etent sta'') !isunderstandings) tiredness

" #nsu''icient training

6" o or little testing o' disaster situationsQ" -ailing !easure!ents) or 'ailing to !easure

L" -ailing co!!unications

" A non/Iuality culture) o(edience) 'ear o' s$eaking u$

10" Organisation 'ailures

11" +i!e constraints) so!eti!es $olitical12" ;udget constraints) cost cutting

5hiles' Games /. "nviting Disaster . HarerBusiness 233#Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


56/60

Overall disaster conclusions Chiles 20014

All disasters had !ore than one cause

All disasters gave $rior arnings

3ack o' training central

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]

Su!!ing u$ cha$ter


57/60

Su!!ing u$ cha$ter

$ any transgressions only 'e covered here4

* oney considerations very i!$ortant -inancial +i!es

uses the e.$ression 7greed8 in Ca$italis! in Crisis

January 20124

* isk and sa'ety don$rioritied) so!eti!es ignored

* ,ro'essionalis! and e$utation a$$arently not i!$ortant

* e'lection not ides$read) $erha$s even in acade!ia"

* Enor!ous losses) even 'inancially) and so!eti!es

a threat to society"

Tore Audun Høie

Case 'or technologists:


58/60

Case 'or technologists:

#SO 22000 ,rovenance• -olloing 'oods 'ro! source to delivery

• -ollo u$ $rocessing o' 'oods

• 9eter!ine age o' 'oods

• ,resenting history and origin 'or re$eat sales4

and should this (e li!ited to 'oods&

Select a 'ood) and descri(e ho you ould i!$le!ent an #C+

syste!" %ill this lead to increased or decreased sales& o is

this related to ethics&Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


59/60

#t is he ho knos the hatness o' the

thing ho has understanding in thehighest degree

Aristotle:

a$$iness is a virtuous activity o' the soul

oral virtue is a !ean or (alance4

Tore Audun Høie

[email protected]


60/60

Homework for lecture 4

%ho as Aristotle& %hen and here did he live&

a!e at least to !aor (ooks that he authored"

%hat li'e vies did he have&

%hat can he teach us&

a!e at least to other $hiloso$hers 'ro! the sa!e $eriod) and

their in'luence today

ethics lectures 1 and 2 2012

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