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Ethics for Building Good Character Researchers

IPB International Convention Center, Bogor October 21st 2015

Professor Dr. Ir. Iskandar ZulkarnainChairman of LIPI

- Intelligence- High curiosity- Thirsty on new ideas- Good research facilities- Sufficient research fund- Competitive environment

ROLE OF ETHICS in BUILDING GOOD RESEARCHER

developedGood ResearcherNoble prize winner

Bad ResearcherEducated Criminal

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• Appropriate way of thinking and acting (for a community): appropriate ethics = based on moral principles

• Related to the quantitative assessment: bad, good, better not about right or wrong

• Next, it will be focused on the researchers’ community

PURPOSES OF CODE OF ETHICS

• To promote the principles of ethics to researchers.

• To ensure the cleanness of ethics duringresearch activities (from planning,implementation, and report) and scientificpublications.

• To avoid the breach of codes of ethics by researchers (KEP) / as a preventive effort.

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THREE COMPONENTS OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS (IN SCIENCES)

CODES OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS

• Regulations in implementation of codes of Ethicsethic sanctions efforts in enforcing the codes of ethics through Perka LIPI No.5/2013

ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

• Ethics compliance independent checkingdevelopment effort through Perka LIPI No. 8/2013

CODES OF ETHICS FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

• An effort to guarantee the quality of scientific publications through Perka LIPI No. 5/2014

EFFORTS OF LIPI AS NATIONAL BUILDING INSTITUTION FOR RESEARCHER

CODES OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS (1)

Three aspects:

1. Codes of Ethics in Conducting Research

Research activities must be conducted in ethical way (based on codes of ethics) and using the correct methods

2. Codes of Ethics in behavior

Researchers’ ethical personal behavior

3. Code of Ethics in Publications

Publishing the research result in ethical way

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CODES OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS (2)

ETHICS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH consist of:

• Always looking for scientific truth

Having specific theoretical framework – gaining legitimate proofs – free from conflict of interest, doing the research because it is needed

• Based on scientific methods

Following the standard methodology – using appropriate and correct procedures

• Using scientific resources

Efficient – safety first – recording the research result

CODES OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS (3)

ETHICS IN BEHAVIOR consist of:

• Honest, Illuminated and Fair

Honest, giving access for verification or advanced research – respecting other peer-researchers’ rights

• Respect and high morality

Respect to research subjects, no discrimination –research cannot be used for data or processmanipulation

• Disclosure

Open an equal opportunity for others to give their opinion and/or suggestion

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CODES OF ETHICS FOR RESEARCHERS (4)

ETHICS IN PUBLICATIONS consist of:

• Author’s responsibility

Responsible for whole content of scientific article – even if contributing only in certain aspect;

• Dissemination of Results

Writing scientific publication – must publish the research result at the first opportunity and only one time;

• Recognizing to other contributors

Giving recognation as co-author, or citation or acknowledgment

MISCONDUCT in CARRYING OUT OF

RESEARCH

Several conditions that leads into misconduct in research:

• Researchers expertise is unmatched with the topics

• Unclear task distribution in researchers’ team

• Invalid approaches or procedures

• Take side, not neutral, influenced by specific relationships with investor (causing bias results)

• Conducting research in hurry

• Final result of research is not matched with the proposal

• Emphasizing on benefit target only, careless on scientific truth

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Bad Behavior

1. Fabrication by writing, taking notes, and/or announcing the result of the research without able to proof based on research activities

2. Falsification by manipulating research materials, tools, process; changing or not mentioning research data inaccurateresearch result

3. Plagiarism by stealing from others during research proposal, conducting, assessing, and reporting research as his own

4. Intended careless in storing research data, data citation, and hiding research data

5. Exploitation of other researchers and researchers’ assistant6. Injustice, by not giving the rights to the righteous ones7. Duplication of the research finding and report it as the original

one in more than one channel

ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS (1)

Goals:

To help researchers in avoiding mistakes in research plan, implementation, and report, and in dissemination of research result (scientific publication) by doing self assessment

Ignoring ethical clearance means breaching the codes of ethics for researchers

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ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS (2)

A. ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH (EACH STAGES)

1. Pre-Research

Covering research organization (human resources, funds,means, infrastructures, and research proposal)

2. Research Conducting

Compiling data and hypothesis/synthesis proofing

3. Post-Research

Reporting and spreading the result of the research

B. ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN PUBLICATIONS

General – title – author – abstract – introduction –methods – results – discussion/conclusion – references –gratitude

Doing self assessment on:

* Fabrication -> Publication fabrication, Author fabrication

* Falsification -> Data falsification, Data removal, Data fabrication, Data deception

* Data Lack of Traceability -> Data storage is not traceable, Data storage is not well maintained, Data storage is closed for the scientific community

* Intended carelessness-> Using/forcing incorrect methods, Unclear research design, Wrong data collection and analyses, Disrespectful behavior toward the research objects

* Plagiarism->Data, table, image, chapter (reprint) collection without permission, Quoting words (sentences, paragraphs) without citation, Taking idea, model, concept, theory, without references, Data retrieval without quotation

ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS (2)

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Doing self assessment on:

● Personal act that disgrace the researchers’ dignity● Inappropriate behavior of senior researcher toward junior

researchers

Irresponsible Behavior

● Misuse of research fund for personal use

● Insensitive behavior on social and cultural norms● Misuse of position as a proposal/manuscript

reviewer/referee due to conflict of interest ● Misuse of information by proposal/manuscript

reviewer/referee for personal use

ETHICAL CLEARANCE IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS (2)

ETHICAL CLEARANCE PUSHES HIGH QUALITY OUTPUT AND IMPACT

OBEDIENCE ON

CODES OF ETHICS

FOR RESEARCHERS

PRAISE SEEKING RESEARCHER

IRRESPONSIBLE RESEARCHER

RESPONSIBLE RESEARCHER

RENTEN SEEKING RESEARCHER

IMPACT- Small- Insignificant- Indistinct

OUTPUT Administrative

Report

OUTPUTScientific Publication

IMPACT- Big-Significant-Distinct

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CODES OF ETHICS FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION (1)

• Code of ethics for scientific publication is more than only standard of scientific publication management. They are closely related on to performance of scientific works based on code of ethics in research and science. Therefore, managing scientific publication must be done with well understanding on code of ethics for researcher;

• It gives clear guidance for every actors in scientific publication management so that they are in harmonious and resulting good quality scientific publication

• Codes of Ethics for Scientific Publications are as clear corridor for the administrators, editors, peer-review (reviewers), authors, as well as sponsorship to fulfill neutrality principals

To guarantee the basic of

• NEUTRALITY

Free from conflict of interest in publication administration

• JUSTICE

Give the authorship rights to the righteous one

• HONESTY

Free from duplication, fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism

CODES OF ETHICS FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION (1)

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CLOSING REMARK

Code of Ethics for Researchers is a part of the science and technology systems. It is needed to create good researcher in giving high contribution to science development, society prosperity and humanity;

Code of Ethics for Researcher only is not enough to build good researcher, it is needed also ethical clearance and high committed scientific publication management;

The head of the institution play an important role to guard the enforcement of the codes of ethics for researchers.