ethics ©dr. emeric solymossy. introduction emeric solymossy m pronounced: shoi moshi m aka: “dr....
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Ethics
©Dr. Emeric Solymossy
Introduction
Emeric Solymossy Pronounced: Shoi moshi aka: “Dr. E”
Availability / Accessibility Office Hours:
Mondays: 10:30 am – 12:00 pm, 3:15 pm until 3:45 pm (60th
Street) Tuesdays: 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm (60th Street) Wednesdays: 10:30 am – 12:00 pm (60th Street) By appointment
Course Introduction Course Material
Syllabus http://faculty.wiu.edu/E-Solymossy/
“Text” (Required Readings) Assorted reading selections
Available on Line Power Point presentations:
http://faculty.wiu.edu/E-Solymossy/2010-481.htm
Rigor (expectations) Critical 10%
Competencies Values
Standards Behaviors
Tolerance Culture
Shaping of collective behavior
Realistic Course Preview
OUGH
YOU’RE BETTER OUGH
A ploughman with a face like dough and hands rough as
sandpaper, thoughtfully listened to the song "Scarborough Fair."
Soon, though, he slipped into a slough of reverie, in which he
coughed, hiccoughed, and then fell gently asleep.
Cell X
Cell 1
Cell2Cell 3
Awareness
Analysis
Evaluation
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking Awareness (Discernment)
Information Gathering Using all senses
Verbal and written reflection, observation, experience and Reasoning
The information we gather is affected by our perspective (vision)
We cannot recognize what we don’t see We frequently can’t recognize what we do see.
We control how much we see Active / Passive
Critical Thinking Analysis
Break down complexities into manageable elements
Decomposition May involved deductive or inductive reasoning
Re-composition (Greek) to original principles Transformative (or interpretive) (logical form)
Related to Synthesis – which involves reconstruction
Requires understanding in Context May involved structured or unstructured
methods
Critical Thinking Analysis (Continued)
Based on skepticism Seeks justification
While based on intellectual processes, goes beyond informal logic and includes the assessment (likelihood of);
maintained beliefs prejudice, bias, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation, etc.
Critical Thinking Evaluation
intellectual criteria (beyond subject-matter divisions)
Clarity Credibility Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Significance Fairness
Critical Thinking Evaluation (judgment) = action
Systematic Determination
Significance Merit Value Worth
Goal is to provide feedback (guidance) Evaluation implies action
Attitude 3 components
Cognitive What we think
Affective What we feel (believe)
Intention to behave (Not the same as our actual behavior)
What is / are: Management Ethics Critical Thinking (Decision-Making)
Is there such a thing as the “right” view?
“The Judge”
From the Gutenberg Collection
A friend of a friend is pregnantShe already has eight children
three are deaf, two are blind, one is mentally retarded,
She herself has syphilis
Would you recommend that she have an abortion?
Adopted with permission from http://www.Businessballs.com, copyright Alan Chapman, 2003
Socrates, in Plato’s
Symposium
How ethical is the average How ethical is the average adult?adult?
How ethical are you?How ethical is the average
business person?
How ethical is the How ethical is the average adult?average adult?
How ethical is the average business person?
How ethical is the How ethical is the average adult?average adult?
How ethical is the How ethical is the average business average business person?person?
How ethical are you?How ethical are you?
Business Ethics & Golf 97 % of executives believe golf is a good way to
establish business relationships 87% bet money on golf (especially 55+) 82% of Executives admit to cheating on the golf course
87% have played with a someone who cheated 86% admit to cheating in business 82% say they hate people who cheat when they play golf
59% of executives believe how a person plays golf is similar to how they conduct business
73%: shows a person’s “true” character 67%: person cheating in golf would cheat in business 57%: hot head on course would have temper in office 10% of men, 19% women, feign sick to play golf
11% would rather hit hole-in-one than see son hit a home-run
From: Starwood Hotels’ Study: www.hotelonline.com/News/PR2002_2nd/June02_HOTGolf.html
How Ethical?
Source: Harris Poll of 1,256 adults, data printed in USA Snapshots, “USA Today, September 3, 1992, p. 1A Copyright 1994
Reasons Business People Act Unethically
. .
6 Reasons Business People Act Unethically
1. Rationalization2. Bad role models in the organization3. Peer pressure4. Difficulty in defining what is ethical5. Corporate culture6. Pressure from Superiors
From: “What is Ethical: Politics, Circumstances, Excuses Can Blur What is Right” by Michael S. Jones, ABC News.com, Feb. 21, 2002
Factors Influencing Promotion / Firing
Unethical behavior 28%Lack of motivation/work
ethic 18%Inappropriate use of
technology 14%Failure to follow instructions
9%Late for work 8%Missing assignment
deadlines 7%
Failure to take initiative Failure to follow
instructions Late for work Missing assignment
deadlines Poor communication
abilities Ineffectiveness in a team
Now 1990s
Technology: email, blogs, text messaging, cell phones, websites.
Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)
Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant)
Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws) Principles willed into Universal laws Treat people as ends (not means)
Virtues (Aristotle)
Ethics of Character
What is “virtue”
How do you know what is “good” and “right?”
How do you acquire “knowledge?” Can virtue (ethics) be “taught?”
“Can you tell me, Socrates, whether virtue is acquired by teaching or by practice, or if neither, then whether it comes to man by nature, or in what other way?”
“I do not even know what virtue is, much less how it is acquired.” (Plato — Dialogues)
"It is easier to fight for one's principles than to live up to them." (Generally attributed to Alfred Adler, 1870-1937, Austrian-born psychiatrist, colleague of Freud and Jung, founder of 'individual psychology' and first to define the inferiority complex.)
Critical Thinking
Information
Analysis
Evaluation
Time Frame
absolute
Relative
Philosophical framework
Teleology Deontology Virtue
Cognitive Dissonance
Principal Stakeholders
Conventional Principles Care Ethics Tests
Justice Rights Utilitarian Virtue
BEHAVIOR
Rationalization (Justification)
Core Values
P.L.U.S.
The Pyramid of Social Responsibility
Source: Carroll, “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility”, reprinted from BusinessHorizons (July/August 1991), pg. 39-48
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company
Internal
External
Integrity
Honesty
Promise-keeping
Fidelity
FairnessCaring for Others
Respecting Others
Responsible Citizenship
Accountability Openness
Experiences Family Associations
FaithSelf-ConceptBackground
Pursuit of Excellence
Books
Standard How we should behave Measure of character More than what you “must” do Sometimes, not doing what you “want” to
Exercise in self-control Commitment to do what is right, good, and
proper
The Individual in Context
Trust, Respect, Leadership?
Personal Integrity
Stages 1 – 2 (Egocentric)Stages 1 – 2 (Egocentric)Young children & Pre-adolescents
Stages 3 – 4 (Community)Stages 3 – 4 (Community)Teens & most adults
Stages 5 – 6 (Highly Principled)Stages 5 – 6 (Highly Principled)20% of Adults reach this stageOnly 5% - 10% consistently at level 6
Standard How we should behave Measure of character More than what you “must” do Sometimes, not doing what you “want” to
Exercise in self-control Commitment to do what is right, good, and
proper
Determinants of Moral Behavior
Characteristics(Moral Intensity) of the Issue
Social Characteristics
Relationships with “others”
Type of Relationships
Structure of Relationships
IndividualCharacteristics
SituationalCharacteristics
Level of Cognitive Moral Development
Cognitive Dissonanc
e
Recognizethe moral
Issue
Make aMoral
Judgment(establish
Intent)
Engage inMoral
Behavior
Steps towards moral behavior
It is time to elect the world leader, and yours is the deciding vote. Here are the facts on the three
candidates: He associates with crooked politicians and consults with
astrologers. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks up to ten Martinis a day
He was ejected from office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a large amounts of whiskey every evening.
He is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian, doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and hasn't had any extra-marital affairs.
Which of these candidates would be your choice?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston Churchill
Adolph Hitler
A friend of a friend is pregnantShe already has eight children
three are deaf, two are blind, one is mentally retarded,
She herself has syphilis
Would you recommend that she have an abortion?
If yes…. We would be without the music of If yes…. We would be without the music of BeethovenBeethoven
Susan Atkins worked on the assembly line at an automotive parts factory. Although she occasionally found the job tedious, she liked it nonetheless, especially the benefits and good wages guaranteed by her union contract. One day her boss of 12 years, Anthony Trotto, called her in and said he was planning to reclassify her job to one that was not covered by the contract. In the next few weeks, Susan met several times with Mr. Trotto and each time asked about job security. She was repeatedly assured that her job was secure and as long as she continued to work well, she wouldn't have a problem. Unfortunately, Susan's performance evaluations began moving toward the 'unacceptable" range and she was ultimately fired.
If you had been Susan, would you have sued? If so, on what grounds?
If you were the automotive company, what would your defense have been? Can an oral assurance be considered a
contract? If so, what assurances have you made
lately? How would they hold up in court?
How do you think the court would rule in such cases?
Actual Judgement in Similar Situation
Mullins v. Pfizer Inc. Supreme Court held for the plaintiff
(employee) Having announced an early retirement package,
and denying the benefits to retiring employees, the company treated employees unfairly.
The company was found to have misrepresented its intentions
Ethical Leadership
Sure signs that my boss (organization’s leader) exhibits ethical leadership are:1. __________________________2. __________________________3. __________________________
How do you measure ethicity?
What do we expect of: Leaders (Management) Subordinates Colleagues Acquaintances Friends
Close friends Very close friends
Business persons Customers Suppliers
The Surest Signs Of My Ethical Leadership
The surest signs of that my own leadership is ethical include:1. __________________________
and2. __________________________
and3. __________________________
Demonstrating Ethical Leadership Make no advance announcements. Wait until your policy
has been clearly defined. If possible, have an attorney review the policy to ensure
there is no ethical or legal breach. Avoid using phrases such as 'seriously considering' that
may hold false promise for employees. Meet face-to-face with employees to lay out the final
policy and to answer questions they have. Form a rumor-quashing committee to dispel possible
misunderstandings. Issue policy reminders and policy restatements several
different times in several different ways. If your organization does not have specific policies in
effect for various HR issues, assume a leadership position and begin to codify the consequences of changes so that fair and ethical treatment will ensue.
Using the P.L.U.S. Metric
P = Policies• Is it consistent with my organization's policies,
procedures and guidelines?
L= Legal• Is it acceptable under the applicable laws and
regulations?
U = Universal• Does it conform to the universal principles/values
my organization has adopted?
S= Self • Does it satisfy my personal definition of right,
good and fair?
It is time to elect the world leader, and yours is the deciding vote. Here are the facts on the three
candidates: He associates with crooked politicians and consults with
astrologers. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks up to ten Martinis a day
He was ejected from office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a large amounts of whiskey every evening.
He is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian, doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and hasn't had any extra-marital affairs.
Which of these candidates would be your choice?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston Churchill
Adolph Hitler
A colleague asks me if she could use your name for an employment reference. She has been in two of your classes and you’ve worked part time at the same company for a rather long time and know her well – you’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, deep down, you’re very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. You do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. You would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do you do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would you be if you refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All you have to do is answer a few questions and keep your personal opinions to yourself. But if she gets the job and fails, have you really been a friend? Do you give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well – we’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If you give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on you as well. If she doesn't get the job because of you she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do you not give a reference based on the value of honesty?
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If I give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on me as well. If she doesn't get the job because of me she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do I not give a reference based on the value of honesty? There is no "correct" answer to this dilemma. If you place a high value on honesty, the ethical response is not to give the reference and to explain your reasons fully. If you value loyalty, you may write a letter of reference carefully choosing your words to highlight her actual skills.
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Standards of Conduct DoD’s Standards of Conduct
http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/ AITP’s Standards of Conduct
http://www.aitp.org/organization/about/conduct/conduct.jsp ASCE’s Standards of Conduct
https://www.asce.org/pdf/ethics_manual.pdf Engineers Ireland
http://www.iei.ie/ethics/conduct.pasp Engineers teaching ethics (interesting article)
http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/edu/instructessays/davis.aspx Washington’s code of civility
http://www.foundationsmag.com/civility.html
What does it mean? In what context? Why it is so important?
What does it mean? How is it related to “Informed consent”