ethical issues in science, research & engineering to dat147/mtrl... · the historical roots of...
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Ethical Issues in Science, Research & Engineering
Christian Munthe Practical Philosophy & Ethics Department of Philosophy, Linguistics & Theory of Science flov.gu.se
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What is Ethics? (What is Engineering & Research Ethics?)
• The systematic attempt to answer moral or ethical questions (regarding science & research)
• Ethical analysis (of research ethical issues) • Ethical theories/ideals/values (applied to S & R) • Ethical review (of S & R) • Ethical codes (for S & R)
• Main areas of ethical inquiry regarding science and research Aims/goals Restrictions Priorities what is good/bad? what is (im)permissible? What is more important? Scientists Scientific Community Society
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Basic Questions & Perspectives
• Why do S, R & E? ==> aim/goal • S, R & E about what? ==> priorities • Forbidden knowledge? ==> restrictions • S, R & E how? ==> restrictions • Evaluating results ==> priorities • Handling results ==> priorities & restrictions
• communication • application • actual use
PERSPECTIVES
Intra-science/engineering Extra-science/engineering
From within the From the point of scientific community view of society
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Specific Aspects of Engineering Research
Engineering is a practice, not only a science Engineering research is to serve the practice, and that practice is motivated by other things than love of knowledge Societal & political goals (health, economy, stability) Not harming people (unnecessarily) Respecting people (autonomy, integrity, justice) Private interests At the same time: these values have been balanced and applied differently though history
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The Historical Roots of Technological Research Ethics
Technology has been seen as potentially problematic from day 1 of the modern scientific revolution The Nazi experiments (later revealed, also Soviet, Japanese and the US): … post WW2 Nuclear weapons: post WW2 …1 1950’s, -60’s Environmental concerns … 1060’s, 70’s Use of technology for opression, violence, war … 1970’s Long term potential risks of great significance (gene tech, nano tech, synbio, geo engineering, computer tech) … 1970’s, -80’s Surveilance, control & manipulation … 1990’s