ethical aspects of health research nursing research ppt

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH RESEARCH

Dr. Jayesh Patidarwww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Ethics Definition: (It has several meanings is common use it refers to).It refers to,a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behaviourthe practices or beliefs of a certain group and the expected standards of moral behaviour of a particular group as described in the groups’ formal code of professional ethics.Bioethics is ethics as applied to life

9/30/2015 2www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

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The need for ethical guidelines

To protect the rights of the human beings

Historical background

The Nazi medical experiments of the 1930’s and 1940’s

In USA Tuskegee syphilis study

In Jewish chronic disease hospital, Brooklyn

1993, Atomic Energy commission, a US Federal Agency.


Ethical dilemmas in conducting research

Does a new medication prolong life in cancer patients?

Codes of ethics

Nuremberg code

Declaration of Helsinki -1964 by the World Medical Assembly

Belmont report


– The principles of beneficence

– The principles of respect for human dignity

– The principles of justice

Ethical Principles in Research


Freedom from harm Freedom from exploitation Benefits from research The risk /benefit ratio Major potential benefits to participants Access to an intervention Increased knowledge Escape from normal routine Share the information with others Chance to discuss their problems Direct monetary or material gains

The principle of beneficence


Major potential costs to participants

o Physical harm

o Physical discomfort, fatigue or boredom

o Psychological or emotional distress

o Loss of privacy

o Loss of time

o Monetary costs


The principle of respect for human dignity

Respect for human dignity includes

The right to self determination are the two

major elements

The right to full disclosure on which

informed

consent is based


The right to self determination

Meaning: The right to self determination means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily on

To participate in a study

To terminate their participation

To refuse to give information

To ask for clarification


The right to full disclosure

Meaning: Full disclosure means that the research has fully described the nature of the study

• The participant’s right to refuse participation, > the researcher’s responsibilities

• The likely risks and benefits


Inability to make well informed to certain individuals

Researcher’s feeling on violation for the research to field meaningful information.

When full disclosure poses the risk of biased results

The researchers sometimes use covert data collection or concealment or use deception

Issues relating to the principle of respect


The principle of justice

This principle includes

The right to fair treatment

The right to privacy


The fair and non discriminatory selection of participants

The non prejudicial treatment of individual

The honoring of all agreements made between the researcher and the participant

Participants’ access to research personnel at any point of time

Participant’s access to appropriate professional assistance

Debriefing or clarifying issues

Respectful and courteous treatment at all times

Features of fair treatment


The right to privacy

This can occur either through

Anonymity

Confidentiality procedures

Steps to be followed to safeguard the participants

Obtain identifying information only when needed

Assign an identification number and attach this rather than other identifiers


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Maintain any identifying information and lists of ID numbers in a locked file

Restrict access to identifying information

Enter no identifying information onto computer files

Destroy identifying information as quickly as is feasible

Get the sign of all research personnel on the pledge of confidentially

Report research information in the aggregate


Informed consent

Meaning: It means that participants have adequateinformation regarding the research, are capable ofcomprehending the information, and have the power offree choice, enabling them to consent to or declineparticipation in the research voluntarily.

The content of informed consent Participant status Study purpose Type of data Nature of the commitment Sponsorship


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Participant selection

Procedures

Potential risks or costs

Potential benefits

Confidentially pledge

Voluntary consent

Right to withdraw

Alternatives

Contact information


Children

Mentally or emotionally disabled people

Physically disabled people

The terminally ill

Institutionalized people

Pregnant women

Vulnerable subjects


External reviews and the protection ofhuman rights

Human subjects committees or research advisory panel

Institutional review board

Research critique is not just a review or summary of a study, rather it is a careful critical appraisal of strengths and limitations of piece of research


Steps in critical appraisal of an article

Purpose:

To develop a balanced evaluation of the study’s contribution to knowledge

Guidelines to consider on research critique

Be sure to comment on the study’s strengths as well as its limitations.


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Give specific example of the study’s strengths and limitations

Try to justify your criticism

Be as objective as possible

Be sensitive in handling negative comments

Suggest realistic alternatives that the researcher might want to consider

Evaluate all aspects of the study


Elements of a research critique

• Substantive dimensions

• Methodologic dimensions

• Interpretive dimensions

• Presentational and stylistic dimensions


Steps • Critiquing research problems research questions and

hypotheses • Critiquing research literature reviews • Critiquing research theatrical and conceptual frameworks• Critiquing research designs • Sampling designs • Data collection procedures • Critiquing data quality and analyses and interpretation • Critiquing ethical aspects of a study • Critiquing the presentation of a research report.


ethical aspects of health research nursing research ppt

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