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Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dosmaneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech (El estilo directo)Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos elestilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas ydeber ser palabra por palabra.

Ejemplos:I am going to London next week, she said.

"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana que viene,"ella dijo.)Do you have a pen I could borrow, he asked.

"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolgrafo que puedasprestarme," l pregunt.)Alice said, I love to dance.

Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?

Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chrispregunt, "Te gustara cenar conmigo maana por la noche?")

Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesitaser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbalcambia. A continuacin tienes un explicacin de los cambios que sufren los tiemposverbales.A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que hadicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o"whether".

Direct Speech Reported SpeechPresent Simple Past SimpleHe's American she said.

"He's American" she said.

She said he was American.

She said he was American.I'm happy to see you, Mary said.

"I'm happy to see you",Mary said.

Mary said that she was happy to see me.

Mary said that she was happy to see me.He asked, Are you busy tonight?

He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"

He asked me if I was busy tonight.

He asked me if I was busy tonight.Present Continuous Past ContinuousDan is living in San Francisco, she said.

"Dan is living in San Francisco," she said.

She said Dan was living in San Francisco.

She said Dan was living in San Francisco.He said, I'm making dinner.

He said, "I'm making dinner"

He told me that he was making dinner.

He told me that he was making dinner.Why are you working so hard? They asked.

"Why are you working so hard?" theyasked.

They asked me why I was working so hard.

They asked me why I was working sohard.

Past Simple Past Perfect SimpleWe went to the movies last night, he said.

"We went to the movies last night," hesaid.

He told me they had gone to the movieslast night.

He told me they had gone to the movieslast night.

Greg said, I didn't go to work yesterday.Greg said that he hadn't gone to workyesterday.

Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." Greg said that he hadn't gone to workyesterday.

Did you buy a new car? she asked.

"Did you buy a new car?" she asked.

She asked me if I had bought a new car.

She asked me if I had bought a new car.Past Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was working late last night, Vicki said.

"I was working late last night," Vickisaid.

Vicki told me she'd been working lastnight.

Vicki told me she'd been working lastnight.

They said, We weren't waiting long.

They said, "We weren't waiting long."

They said that they hadn't been waitinglong.

They said that they hadn't been waitinglong.

He asked, Were you sleeping when Icalled?

He asked, "Were you sleeping when Icalled?"

He asked if I'd been sleeping when hecalled.

He asked if I'd been sleeping when hecalled.

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect SimpleHeather said, I've already eaten.

Heather said, "I've already eaten."

Heather told me that she'd already eaten.

Heather told me that she'd already eaten.We haven't been to China, they said.

"We haven't been to China," they said.

They said they hadn't been to China.

They said they hadn't been to China.Have you worked here before? I asked.

I asked her whether she'd worked therebefore.

"Have you worked here before?" I asked. I asked her whether she'd worked therebefore.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI've been studying English for two years,he said.

"I've been studying English for twoyears," he said.

He said he'd been studying English for twoyears.

He said he'd been studying English fortwo years.

Steve said, We've been dating for over ayear now.

Steve said, "We've been dating for over ayear now."

Steve told me that they'd been dating forover a year.

Steve told me that they'd been dating forover a year.

Have you been waiting long? they asked.

"Have you been waiting long?" theyasked.

They asked whether I'd been waiting long.

They asked whether I'd been waiting long.Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)I'd been to Chicago before for work, hesaid.

"I'd been to Chicago before for work," hesaid.

He said that he'd been to Chicago beforefor work.

He said that he'd been to Chicago beforefor work.

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)She said, I'd been dancing for years beforethe accident.

She said, "I'd been dancing for yearsbefore the accident."

She said she'd been dancing for yearsbefore the accident.

She said she'd been dancing for yearsbefore the accident.

Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todava es verdad) o que es en elfuturo, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.

Ejemplos:

I'm 30 years old, she said. She said she is 30 years old.

"I'm 30 years old," she said. She said she is 30 years old.Dave said, Kelly is sick. Dave said Kelly is sick.

Dave said, "Kelly is sick." Dave said Kelly is sick.We are going to Tokyo next week, they said. They said they are going to Tokyonext week.

"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. They said they are going toTokyo next week.I'll cut my hair tomorrow, Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.

"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hairtomorrow.

Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto tambin con algunos de los verbosmodales:Direct Speech Indirect SpeechWill WouldI'll go to the movies tomorrow, John said.

"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," Johnsaid.

John said he would go to the moviestomorrow.

John said he would go to the moviestomorrow.

Will you help me move? she asked.

"Will you help me move?" she asked.

She asked me if I would help her move.

She asked me if I would help her move.Can CouldDebra said, Allen can work tomorrow. Debra said Allen could work tomorrow.

Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." Debra said Allen could work tomorrow.Can you open the window, please? heasked.

"Can you open the window, please?", heasked.

He asked me if I could open the window.

He asked me if I could open the window.Must Had toYou must wear your seatbelt, mom said.

"You must wear your seatbelt," momsaid.

My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt.

My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt.She said, You must work tomorrow.

She said, "You must work tomorrow."

She said I had to work tomorrow.

She said I had to work tomorrow.Shall ShouldShall we go to the beach today? Tomasked.

"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tomasked.

Tom asked if we should go to the beachtoday.

Tom asked if we should go to the beachtoday.

What shall we do tonight? she asked.

"What shall we do tonight?" she asked.

She asked me what we should do tonight.

She asked me what we should do tonight.May Might/CouldJane said, I may not be in class tomorrow.

Jane said, "I may not be in classtomorrow."

Jane said she might not be in classtomorrow.

Jane said she might not be in classtomorrow.

May I use the bathroom, please? The boy asked if he could use thebathroom.

"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boyasked. The boy asked if he could use the

bathroom.Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.

Say vs. TellEn espaol podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en ingls se usan estosverbos de maneras distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso de uno sobre el otro eningls, aunque en general usamos "say" para "decir algo" y "tell" para "decir algo aalguien."SaySe usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un objetopersonal, necesitamos usar el preposicion "to".

Ejemplos:Estilo directoI'm hungry, he said.

"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," l dijo.)I need your help, Glen said to Mike.

"I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a Mike.)She said, Do you like to dance?

She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "Te gusta bailar?")Estilo indirectoHe said he was hungry.

He said he was hungry. (l dijo que tena hambre.)Glen said to Mike that he needed his help.

Glen said toMike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su

ayuda.)She asked me if I liked to dance.

She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me pregunt si me gustaba bailar.)TellTambin se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con elestilo directo no es tan comn. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar un objetoindirecto que va detrs del verbo.

Ejemplos:Estilo directoHe told, I need your help.

He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")Glen told Mike, I need your help.

Glen toldMike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to ayuda.")Estilo indirectoHe told that he was hungry.

He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tena hambre.)Glen told that he needed his help.

Glen toldMike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba suayuda.)

Otros usos de "tell":1. Se usa "tell" con ordenes o instrucciones.

Ejemplos:I told him Stop complaining.

I told him, "Stop complaining." (Le dije, "Deja de quejarte.")

She told us Stop complaining.

She told us to hurry. (Nos dijo que nos diramos prisa.)2. Usamos "tell" cuando damos o pedimos informacin.

Ejemplos:Can you tell me your name please.

"Can you tell me your name please." ("Dme tu nombre, por favor.")You told him the address of the office?

You told him the address of the office? (Le dijiste la direccin de laoficina?)

3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir "tell" como"contar" en espaol.

Ejemplos:He told us a great story.

He told us a great story. (Nos cont un cuento maravilloso.)Tell me a joke, she said.

"Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuntame un chiste," dijo ella.)4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell."

Ejemplos:Tell me the truth, she said.

"Tell me the truth," she said. ("Dime la verdad," dijo ella.)Keith never tells lies.

Keith never tells lies. (Keith nunca miente.)5. Usamos "tell" con el tiempo o la fecha.

Ejemplos:Could you tell me the time, please? she asked.

"Could you tell me the time, please?" she asked. ("Podras decirme la hora,por favor?" me pregunt.)Bob told me the date.

Bob told me the date. (Bob me dijo la fecha.)Nota: Hay otros significados de "tell" que veremos en la leccin sobre los verbosfrasales.

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