establishment of the paired-plot density management
TRANSCRIPT
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Mark Coleman, Terry Shaw & Mark Kimsey
Establishment of the Paired-Plot Density
Management network: 2013-2018
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Goal: Improving vigor and adding value to managed
forests of the diverse Inland Northwest landscape.
IFC Goal & Membership
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Obvious need to test site-specific silvicultural options in the INW
Wie et al 2018
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Categorize forest site quality throughout the Inland Northwest
• Define tree and stand responses to treatments across the range of forest site conditions
• First focused on site factors that define maximum stand density
• Density management creates lasting improvements to stand condition
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Utility of Density Management
• Improves stand structure and development through density management
• Enhances resistance to fire, drought, pests & disease
Forgone or delayed thinning :
• Growth opportunity loss
• Extends rotation
• Increases mortality risk
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Stand density relative to normal stands defines
thinning prescriptions for highest stand vigor
ln Density
ln D
iam
eter
100% - Normal60% - Eminent mortality35% - Lower Management Zone25% - Crown closure
Self-thinning
trajectory
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Density Management Research
1. Carrying capacity analysis• Characterize maximum density across the INW
• Species specific
2. Spacing Trials• Validate maximum density models
• Compare growth response to thinning among site classes
• Determine how stand development affects thinning response
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Kimsey et al 2019
Geospatial representation of maximum Stand Density Index
Maximum density frontier models
TopographyGeography
ClimateSoil
Density x Diameterdepends on:
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Spacing Trials
• Identify how stage of stand development affects thinning response
• Measure thinning response across site productivity classes
• Compare among dominate species
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Total stand productivity should reach a broad optimum following canopy closure
Growth phases:
I.No competition
II.Growth decline
III.Constant wide optimum
IV.Competition-caused decline
Langsaeter’s Curve
Δ𝐺
Δ𝐺𝑆=⇩
Δ𝐺
Δ𝐺𝑆= 0
Δ𝐺
Δ𝐺𝑆< 0
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To plateau or not to plateau
• Uncertain width of plateau
• Uncertain effect of site quality
• Gross vs Net production
• Typically noisy data causes uncertainty
Sta
nd
Pro
du
ctivity
Relative Density
Moderate optimum
Continuous increase
0 25 50 75
Growing stock
Gro
wth
Loblolly pineBurkhart 2005
Broad optimum
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Sta
nd
Pro
du
ctivity
Site ClassT
ree
Gro
wth
Site Class
No-thin
Thin
Site class vs. growth
• Stand growth of thinned stands may exceed that of no-thin on high sites
• Growth of thinned trees will always exceed no-thin trees; difference may be greatest on high sites
No-thin
Thin
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Paired Plot Density Management (PPDM)Objectives
1. Describe growth-density function shape
2. Identify optimal time of thinning for small diameter stands
3. Evaluate site effects on thinning response
4. Thinning effects on light, water, and nutrients
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Thinning operations throughout
the Inland Northwest
• 4 site classes x 3 density
classes
• Divided among three forest
types
101 PPDM study
locations
Site Productivity Class
Density 1 2 3 4
I 1 13 13 8
II 10 15 16 4
III 2 8 9 2
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Site productivity10-yr increment estimates
DF PP WL
Minimum 15 10 20
25th 19 14 22
mean 23 18 25
75th 26 23 27
Maximum 31 27 30
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Matrix grid evenly classified site conditions
• Corners were hard to fill
• High density larch not available
• Represents range of forest stand conditions
0
2 5
5 0
7 5
1 0 0D F
15 19 23 27 31
0
2 5
5 0
7 5
1 0 0
P P
Cu
rti
s'
Re
lati
ve
De
ns
ity
10 14 18 2723
0
2 5
5 0
7 5
1 0 0W L
T e n -ye a r H e ig h t G ro w th
20 22 25 27 30
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PPDM within site plotDesign
• 3-4 plots at each location
• No-thin
• Operational thin
• Alternative thin
4.3 m 14 foot
5.5 m 18 foot
No thin, Control
Light to moderate thin, 10-14 foot
Moderate to heavy thin, 16-18 foot
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Establishment results
• Stand structure
• Density distribution
• Dependent site factors
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Structure modified by thinning
• Removal of ingrowth
• Shift mean diameter right
2 4 6 810
12
14
16
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0D o u g la s - f ir
Tre
es
pe
r A
cre
D F T h in
D F N o th in
2 4 6 810
12
14
16
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0 P o n d e ro s a p in e
D ia m e te r c la s s ( in )
2 4 6 810
12
14
16
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0W e s te r n L a rc h
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DF examples
Site 2Den 2
Site 4Den 1
Site 1Den 2
Site 2Den 2
Site 3Den 3
Site 4Den 3
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Composition modified by thinning
• Increased composition of target species to almost 90%
• Little additional effect between spacing levels
• PP was less affected than others N
on
e
Lig
ht
Mo
dera
te
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
D o u g la s - f ir
Sp
ec
ies
Co
mp
os
itio
n (
%)
No
ne
Lig
ht
Mo
dera
te
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
W e s te r n L a rc h
D F
G F
W L
L P
P P
O th e r
T h in n in g T re a tm e n t
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Stand metrics among experimental factors
• Basal Area
• Reflects experimental design
• Increases with density class in no-thin plots
• Decreases with thinning
• BA is not affected by productivity class
I I I I II
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
D e n s ity C la s s
Ba
sa
l a
re
a
(ft
2 a
c-1
)
N one
L ig h t
M o d e ra te
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Stand metrics among experimental factors
• Stand Densityi.e. Curtis’ RD
• Increases with density class
• Thinning decreases density
• RD is not affected by site productivity class
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity I N one
L ig h t
M o d e ra te
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity II
Cu
rti
s'
Re
lati
ve
De
ns
ity
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity III
S ite P ro d u c tiv ity C la s s
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Stand metrics among experimental factors
• Stand Densityi.e. Portion of SDImax
• Increases with density class
• Thinning decreases density
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity I N one
L ig h t
M o d e ra te
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity II
Pe
rc
en
t o
f M
ax
imu
m
Sta
nd
De
ns
ity
In
de
x
1 2 3 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
D e n s ity III
S ite P ro d u c tiv ity C la s s
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Comparison among density metrics
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
2
4
6
ln C u rt is ' R e la tiv e D e n s ity
ln P
erc
en
t o
f M
ax
imu
m
Sta
nd
De
ns
ity
In
de
x
D F
W L
P P
0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0
-1 0 0
-5 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
R e s id u a ls : L in e a r re g . o f % S D Im a x v s R D
D E N S IT Y 0
Re
sid
ua
ls
D F
W L
P P
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Stand metrics among experimental factors
• Diameter
• Low in stand density class I
• Thinning increases mean diameter, thinning from below
1 2 3 4
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
D e n s ity I N one
L ig h t
M o d e ra te
1 2 3 4
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
D e n s ity II
Qu
ad
ra
tic
Me
an
Dia
me
ter (
in)
1 2 3 4
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
D e n s ity III
S ite P ro d u c tiv ity C la s s
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Ten-year Site Productivity explained by Climate and Topography
• Moisture
• Temperature
2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
0
6
7
8
9
1 0
ln E
lev
ati
on
(ft
)
r2
= 0 .2 1
2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
ln A
nn
ua
l D
ry
ne
ss
In
de
x
r2
= 0 .1 7
2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
0
2
3
4
5
6
ln F
ro
st-
Fre
e P
erio
d (
d)
r2
= 0 .2 3
2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
0
3
6
7
8
ln D
eg
re
e D
ay
s >
5o
C
r2
= 0 .0 7
ln T e n - y e a r H e ig h t G r o w t h
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PPDM Establishment Summary
• Rotation-long study designed to validate SDImax estimates
• Addresses where and when to most effectively thin stands
• Includes full range of productivity and stand densities
• Data analyzed through regression analysis or with analysis of variance
• Plot network will serve many purposes