establishment of epd programme in latvia

8/13/2019 Establishment of EPD Programme in Latvia

1/98

Establishment of EPD Programme in

Latvia:

case of construction industry

Ilze Garda

Master in Industrial Ecology

Supervisor: Annik Magerholm Fet, IT

Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management

Submission date: August 2012

Norwegian University of Science and Technology


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Preface

This study is a master thesis conducted during the last semester in the Master of

Science Industrial Ecology Programme at the Norwegian University of Science and

Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim Norway! The thesis is written in "#$" at the

%e&artment of Industrial Economics and Technology Management under the

su&ervision of the &rofessor 'nni Magerholm et!

The o*+ective of this thesis was to investigate the feasi*ility of the esta*lishment of

an EP% &rogramme in ,atvia *y a&&lying the nowledge and sills gained during my

studies at the NTNU and suggest a solution for an national EP% &rogramme that

com&lies with the current re-uirements and &ractices elsewhere in the Euro&ean

Union.Euro&ean Economic 'rea!

I would lie to than my su&ervisor 'nni Magerholm et for her feed*ac and

guidance as well as encouragement in the wor &rocess!

' s&ecial thans goes to /0nis 12avi34 for the very first introduction to the

sustaina*ility landsca&e of ,atvia and to my dear friend Ieva for her genuine su&&ort

throughout these two years and for her infectious &assion for research!

Il5e 6arda

7iga ,atvia

'ugust 8th "#$"


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Abstract

Environmental assessment re&orting and documentation including Ty&e III

environmental &roduct declarations (EP%s) are *ecoming increasingly im&ortant

internationally and throughout Euro&e! 9hile some countries have *een using EP%sfor several years already other have not yet a&&lied this tool and methodology of

life cycle assessment (,:')!

In March "#$$ a new EU 7egulation was &assed that introduces a new essential

(*asic) re-uirement for construction wors namely sustainable use of natural

resources and refers to the use of EP%s when availa*le! ;ased on these

develo&ments the &ur&ose of this thesis is to investigate the feasi*ility of the

esta*lishment of an EP% &rogramme in ,atvia!

The study has identified several *arriers that slow down the &rocess of ac-uiring

new environmental assessment tools lie EP%s at the national level in ,atvia! Taing

these into account as well as the recent develo&ments towards a common Euro&ean

E:isting schemes is &ro&osed!

's the some of the readers of this study might *e less familiar with the conce&ts

related to EP% &rogrammes and EP%s these are e>&lained in a greater detail than it

would otherwise *e necessary!


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Contents

Preface !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $

'*stract !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ?

:ontents !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8

,ist of igures !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! @

,ist of Ta*les !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A

'**reviations !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! B

$! Introduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $$

$!$! ;acground !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $$

$!"!


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8!$!C! IS< $C#C and IS< $C#@ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ?8

8!$!8! IS< $8?B"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ?A

8!$!! IS< "$B?#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ?B

8!$!@! Summary !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C$

8!"! 7elevant :EN standards !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C"

8!"!$! Introduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C"

8!"!"! :oo&eration *etween IS< and :EN (the Fienna 'greement) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C?

8!"!?! :EN.T:?8# standards !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C?

8!"!C! EN $8A#CG"#$" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C

8!?! :om&arison of IS< and :EN standards for EP%s !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8#

! E>isting EP% &rogrammes in the EU !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8?

!$! %evelo&ment and o&eration of an EP% &rogramme !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8?

!"! 6ermanyG I;U !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8@

!?! SwedenG International EP% System !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #

!C! NorwayG Norwegian EP% oundation !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ?

!8! inlandG 7T Environmental %eclaration !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!! Harmonisation and coo&eration initiatives !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! @

!!$! Euro&ean EP% Platform E:


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List of Figures

igure $! Ste&s of conducting an ,:'

igure "! The structure and the standards of T: "#@

igure ?! The structure and the standards of T: 8B.S: $@

igure C! 7elated IS< standards for Sustainability in building construction

igure 8! Information modules of the EP% according to IS< "$B?#

igure ! 7elated :EN standards for Sustainability of construction works

igure @! Information modules of the EP% according to EN $8A#C

igure A! EP% develo&ment and verification &rocedure under the I;U &rogramme

igure B!


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List of Tables

Ta*le $! IS< standards in the field of environmental la*elling (from ;rady "##8)

Ta*le "! The main o*+ectives in the ,ead Maret 'rea KSustaina*le :onstructionL

Ta*le ?! The overview of the changes in the *asic re-uirements

Ta*le C! The areas of concern for the different as&ects

Ta*le 8! The structure of :EN.T:?8#

Ta*le ! The standards develo&ed *y :EN.T:?8# on Sustaina*ility in construction

Ta*le @! Indicators to *e re&orted according to IS< "$B?# and EN $8A#C

Ta*le A! The contents of the general &rogramme instructions

Ta*le B! The contents of a P:7 document

Ta*le $#! The contents of an EP%

Ta*le $$! 1ey facts a*out the 6erman EP% &rogramme

Ta*le $"! 1ey facts a*out the Swedish EP% &rogramme

Ta*le $?! 1ey facts a*out the Norwegian EP% &rogramme

Ta*le $C! 1ey facts a*out the innish EP% &rogramme

Ta*le $8! Study &rogrammes in environmental science at the ,atvian universities


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Abbreviations

:EN Euro&ean :ommittee for Standardi5ation

:S7 cor&orate social res&onsi*ility

:P% :onstruction Product %irective

:P7 :onstruction Product 7egulation

E: Euro&ean :ommission

EE' Euro&ean Economic 'rea

EP% environmental &roduct declaration

EMS environmental management system

EU Euro&ean Union

6;: 6reen ;uilding :ouncil

6%P gross domestic &roduct

6H6 greenhouse gases

6PP green &u*lic &rocurement

I


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1. Introduction1.1.Background

%evelo&ment *ased on the &rinci&les of neoclassical economics has *een dominating

for many decades! The main goals of such develo&ment are economic growth

(measured *y the countryLs 6%P and increase in 6%P) accumulation of ca&ital and

ever=increasing &roduction and consum&tion! This race for more has however

negative social and environmental im&acts and unlimited e>&onential growth

cannot *e sustained on a finite &lanet with finite resources! Sustaina*ility

sustaina*le long=term develo&ment has *ecome a hot to&ic on the international

&olitical and scientific agenda! Historically &olitics *usiness environment and

human well=*eing have *een treated as different often com&eting areas of interest!

If we are to deal successfully with the environmental and social &ro*lems the society

faces today a holistic and systematic a&&roach is needed!

This study is *ased on the &remises of industrial ecology a multidisci&linary field of

research that aims to com*ine various disci&lines of natural and social sciences in

order to address the current &ro*lems and the idea of sustaina*le develo&ment

from a holistic and systematic &ers&ective! urther a central conce&t is of the

industrial ecology is environmental accounting and assessment that can *e used as

an effectively at the &roduct level organisation level national and even glo*al level!

Environmental assessment and documentation at the &roduct level is of &articular

interest to this study! 7elia*le information a*out the environmental &erformance of

a &roduct is essential for res&onsi*le and informed consumer choices as well as

im&roved &roduction methods and effective recycling strategies! '&art from that

the &olitical initiatives and framewors are crucial in order to develo& the necessary

maret conditions for sustaina*le &roducts!

;oth the &olitical framewors and environmental accounting and documentation

&ractices vary among regions and countries! 7egarding the assessment

documentation and communication of the environmental &erformance at the

various levels it is im&ortant to &oint out the im&ortance of the efforts of the

International


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EU mem*er states has its own rules local re-uirements and traditionsJ for

a&&roaching the issues related to environmental &erformance! In real life this leads

to uncertainties in and different a&&roaches to environmental assessment and

documentation across the EU that in general aims for harmoni5ed re-uirements and

o&en marets among its mem*er states!

urther this study is focused in &articular on the sustaina*ility of the construction

sector and &roduction of *uilding materials! 'ccording to the re&ort from the UNEP

International Panel for Sustaina*le 7esource Management residential and

commercial *uildings are one of the ma+or contri*utors to glo*al greenhouse gas

(6H6) emissions accounting for A of the total amount of these emissions

(Hertwich "#$#)!

Several other ey reasons why the *uilding and construction sector is highly

im&ortant for sustaina*le develo&ment are listed in the international standard ISam&le of such country where conce&ts lie life cycle management and

documentation of sustaina*ility and environmental &erformance are not yet widelya&&lied *oth due to the lac of relia*le region=s&ecific data and the lac of

necessary com&etences!

1.2.Objective and scoe of t!e t!esisisting EP% &rogrammes in the EU.EE' (C re&resentative &rogrammesare chosen)!

8! Investigate the national conte>t for the environmental and sustaina*ility issues in,atvia

! Ma& and analy5e the current conditions (ga&s *arriers and o&&ortunities) foresta*lishment of EP% &rogramme in ,atvia!

@! Suggest a solution for a national EP% &rogramme that com&lies with the currentre-uirements and &ractices elsewhere in the EU.EE'!

1.".Li#iationsirst of all sustaina*ility is often seen as consisting of three main com&onents

environmental economic and social factors! This thesis deals &rimarily with the

environmental im&acts and environmental &erformance of a &roduct leaving adetailed assessment and documentation of social and economic im&acts outside the


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sco&e of this study! urther this thesis focuses on the sustaina*ility issues at the

&roduct level! Processes glo*al and regional material and energy flows are

somewhat addressed where a&&ro&riateO however a more detailed discussion a*out

these levels are outside the sco&e of this wor!

1.$.%tructure of t!e t!esisThe &ro*lem of this study is a&&roached from the system &ers&ective the starting

&oint of this study is the ma&&ing of the current re-uirements for assessment and

documentation of sustaina*ility as&ects in construction industry (cha&ter C) further

the investigation of the standards of the assessment and documentation of

environmental &erformance in this industry in the EU (cha&ter 8)! Then the e>isting

EP% &rogrammes are covered (cha&ter ) *efore e>&loring the national conte>t of

environmental and sustaina*ility issues in ,atvia (cha&ter @)! This is followed *y theconcluding discussion (cha&ter A)!

The relevant *acground theory is given in the cha&ter ?!


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2. &et!odolog'The &rimary goal of research is to &roduce new nowledge or structure and dee&en

understanding of the e>isting theories conce&ts and issues (1othari "##C)! Farious

-uantitative and -ualitative methods e>ist that can *e used in the research surveys

and -uestionnaires o*servations and e>&eriments grou& interviews and individual

interviews all de&ending on the sco&e o*+ective and structure of the study! or the

detailed e>&lanation of the various research methods the reader may refer to for

e>am&le Research Methodology *y 7a+endra 1umar (New %ehliG 'PH &u*lishing

"#$$)!

This &articular study is conducted *ased on literature review (secondary data

sources) and qualitative interviews with experts (&rimary data sources).

2.1.Literature revie(' literature review (


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the fact that the ,atvian economy as well as the whole EU economy is largely *ased

on SMEs!

2.2.)ualitative intervie(sDualitative interviews &rovide means for collecting more in=de&th and -ualitative

information a*out the to&ic of the study (Holme $BB$)! The res&ondent in the

interview is called an informant and he.she normally has a significant nowledge

a*out the to&ic!

Dualitative interviews can also *e conducted with e>&erts! 'n e>&ert according to

9inler and Mc:uen=Metherell ("##A) is someone who is acnowledged as an

authority in a &articular su*+ect or who has had a uni-ue e>&erience with itJ! E>&ertscan *e an im&ortant and valua*le source of -ualitative information almost on to&ic

(i*id)!

There are four ty&es of -ualitative interviews (McNamara $BBB)G

Informal conversational interview usually with no &redetermined -uestions thusensuring a high ada&ta*ilityO

6eneral interview guide a&&roach is meant to ensure that the same general areasor to&ics of information are collected from each res&ondent *ut there is still

significant freedom and fle>i*ility in the interviewO

Standardi5ed o&en=ended interview is characteri5ed *y the same o&en=ended-uestions ased to all intervieweesO such information is easier to analyseO

:losed fi>ed=res&onse interview res&ondents are ased the same -uestions andthey choose their answers from the same set of alternatives!

Primary data for this study were collected through -ualitative interviews of the

e>&erts from the re&resentative staeholder grou&s the ,atvian industry

authorities and academia! The interviews were mostly informal conversational ty&e

although some -uestions were &re&ared *eforehand!


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". Background t!eor'".1.*eneral rinciles of industrial ecolog'

Industrial ecology is a multidisci&linary field of research that aims to com*ine various

disci&lines of natural and social sciences in order to address the current &ro*lems

and the idea of sustaina*le develo&ment from a holistic and systematic &ers&ective!

t of the industrial ecology the systemsthining is manifested *y use of a life cycle (cradle=to=grave) &ers&ective material

and energy flow analysis systems modelling and sym&athy for interdisci&linary

research and analysis all this in order to avoid narrow and &artial analysis leading

to erroneous decisions and unintended conse-uences (,ifset and 6raedel "##$)!

Industrial meta*olism is another im&ortant foundation of industrial ecology and a

&art of systems thining a&&roach within the field! It is defined as &hysical

&rocesses that convert raw materials and energy &lus la*our into finished &roducts

and wastesJ ('yres $BBC)! Thus this conce&t addresses the tracing of material and

energy flows from e>traction of resources through &roduction and consum&tion to


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the final dis&osal and.or recycling of the materials and energy loced in the given

&roduct!

inally a staeholder analysis is a -ualitative *usiness research method that has

*een widely a&&lied in the industrial ecology es&ecially within the areas of

environmental management and cor&orate social res&onsi*ility (:S7)! reeman

($BAC) defines staeholders as any grou& or individual who can affect or is affected

*y the achievement of the organi5ations o*+ectivesJ thus a staeholder analysis

investigates the various grou&s that are directly or indirectly affected *y

organisationLs activities or those can directly or indirectly affect these activities!

'coff ($BAA) goes even further *y considering also the interests of the very young

and those who have not yet *een *orn and &ointing out that in order for the future

generations to *e a*le to decide for themselves their o&tions should *e e&t o&en!

Interests of the various staeholder grou&s are often conflicting so a thoroughstaeholder analysis hel&s to identify and organi5e these various interests assess the

associated o&&ortunities and riss!

".2.%ustainabilit' accounting and environ#ental accountingThe term accountingJ refers most often to the collection analysis and management

of financial information lie &rofit and loss statements income and e>&enses related

to *usiness activities! 7esearch lining the more traditional financial accounting tothe *roader sustaina*ility accounting emerged in the early $BB#s and has since then

received growing interest and attention of academia and &ractitioners (,am*erton

"##8)!

Sustaina*ility accounting aims to ca&ture environmental economic and social

as&ects of organisationLs activitiesO though it is sometimes used synonymously with

environmental accounting (i*id)! Sustaina*ility accounting is often *ased on the

tri&le=*ottom line (Elington $BBA) that covers economic environmental and social

as&ects! ' commonly nown e>am&le of the framewor for sustaina*ility accounting

is 6lo*al 7e&orting Initiative that *ased on these &rinci&les!

Environmental accounting is *ased on the accounting and analysis of the in&uts and

out&uts in form of material and energy flows and economic as&ects of sustaina*ility

are ca&tured *y a&&lying life cycle costing! 'ccounting for the social dimension of

sustaina*ility is more challenging due to its intangi*le -ualitative nature and lac of

consensus on relevant criteriaJ (von 6ei*ler et al! "##)!


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Though not a focus of this &articular study it is also im&ortant to mention life cycle

costing (,::) and total cost accounting (T:') that are methods for assessing the so=

called total cost of ownershi& and for accounting of environmental and social

im&acts in addition to financial e>&enditures while taing into accounting the whole

life cycle of a &roduct! These methods es&ecially ,:: considers all the costs ofac-uiring owning and dis&osing of a given &roduct or system (uller "#$#)! Such

cost accounting methods have relatively recently gained attention *ecause

shareholders as well as staeholders have *egun to realise that environmental

information is relevant to decision maing also from the economic &ers&ective

(Schaltegger and ;urritt "###)! or more detailed discussion of these methods the

reader may refer to Schaltegger and ;urrittLs onte!porary environ!ental

accounting" issues# concepts# and practice!

Motivation for sustaina*ility and environmental accounting were summari5ed asearly as in $BB? *y /ohn Elington a well=nown authority in the field of sustaina*le

develo&ment and cor&orate res&onsi*ility! He wrote that *usinesses engage in such

&ractices in res&onse to new regulations in res&onse to emerging *usiness

re-uirements or in res&onse to changing &u*lic e>&ectations! This is as true in "#$"

and various studies have confirmed these *eing the main drivers for the evolution of

sustaina*ility accounting and re&orting

".".&et!ods for environ#ental accounting and docu#entation".".1. +nviron#ental #anage#ent s'ste#s

Environmental accounting is often considered along with the &ractice of cleaner

&roduction and it is -uantification of all material and energy flows (in&ut and out&ut)

that are further used to assess the im&acts of these flows on the environment (et

"#$#)! Esta*lishing and maintaining of environmental accounts give the o&&ortunity

to further develo& goals &olicies and &rograms for im&rovement of organi5ationLs

environmental &erformance! It also &rovides the *asis for environmental indicators

and their develo&ment over the time as well as the *asis for develo&ment of

environmental management system (i*id)!

'n environmental management system (EMS) is a structured framewor for

accounting and managing significant environmental im&acts of the organi5ation! It

may develo& and certified according to international standards (lie IS


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7easons for im&lementing EMS are often customer re-uirements for the

documented and certified EMS re-uirements of national legislations as well as

&otential for cost savings as a result of &ro&erly monitored and managed

environmental in&uts and out&uts (;rady "##8)! Im&roved trac of environmental

records is also a significant &art of organi5ationLs :S7 strategy that is an im&ortant&art of re&utation *uilding in the maret in the community as well as the e>isting

and &otential em&loyees!

".".2. Life c'cle assess#ent,:' is a very central tool in the industrial ecology! It is a -uantitative method that is

*ased on the conce&t of systems thining and holistic a&&roach to &ro*lems and that

is meant for the accounting of the industrial meta*olism of a &roduct! ' full=scale

,:' considers all the &hases of resource use and environmental releases associated

with a system i!e! a &roduct &rocess or activity and it is first of all intended as a

relative tool for com&arison of alternative &roducts &rocesses or activities (:urran

"##A)!


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,:' ena*les life cycle management (,:M) of &roducts and services since it is a tool

that &rovides valua*le information a*out full im&acts of decisions and choices and

maes it &ossi*le to cover also those im&acts that occur outside of the &roduction or

final consum&tion *ut that are directly influenced *y selection of a &articular&roduct &rocess or service (:urran "##A)! In order to mae an o&timal and well=

*alanced decision ,:' should *e used together with other decision criteria such as

cost and &erformance analysis for e>am&le the life cycle costing method!

Though not a &art of this thesis life cycle costing method is mentioned *ecause it is a

&owerful tool com*ining the economic environmental and social costs of an asset!

,ife :ycle :ost (,::) of an asset is defined as the total cost throughout its life

including &lanning design ac-uisition and su&&ort costs and any other costs directly

attri*uta*le to owning or using the asset (New South 9ales Treasury "##C)!Hu&&es et al ("##C) are even more s&ecific *y stating that ,:: is a cost *orne

directly and indirectly *y &u*lic and &rivate actors involved and &ossi*ly including

cost of e>ternal effectsJ thus taing into account also environmental dimension and

costs that are not always reflected in the maret &rice!

This method is somewhat similar to ,:' since *oth methods are *ased on the

systems thining a&&roach and considers the life cycle &ers&ective only while the

,:' is concerned with environmental im&acts and &erformance the ,:: is

concerned with the monetary costs occurring throughout the entire life cycle!

".".". %ul' c!ain #anage#ent:hristo&her ("##8) defines su&&ly chain management (S:M) as the management of

u&stream and downstream relationshi&s with su&&liers and customers to deliver

su&erior customer value at less cost to the su&&ly chain as a whole! 'gain

traditionally cost has *een considered only in monetary terms while increased focus

on environmental issues has resulted into the cost *eing defined more *roadly!6reen S:M involves introducing and integrating environmental issues and concerns

into su&&ly chain management &rocesses *y selecting su&&liers and auditing and

assessing their environmental &erformance (Handfield et al! "##8)!

S:M &er se is a well=esta*lished issue on the strategic agendaO however green S:M

is an emerging field and fewer &u*lications and research studies are availa*le on

environmental su&&ly chain management and its im&acts or environmental

management activities e>tended *eyond the first tier of e>ternal su&&liers (ortes

"##B)!


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' multinational study *y Testa and Iraldo ("#$#) found that reasons for introducing

green S:M can *e *oth ethical and commercialO it also came the conclusion that

green S:M is strongly com&lementary with other advanced management &ractices

and that it contri*utes to im&roved environmental &erformance however the

effects on financial &erformance are more am*iguous!

'&art from direct customer or legislative re-uirements that affect some of the actors

in the su&&ly chain the green su&&ly chain initiatives are in often cases initiated *y

large organi5ations and cor&orations *ecause of the increased media attention and

coverage the *argaining &ower over su&&liers and the amount of resources the

com&any &ossesses &lay an essential role in initiation and develo&ment of successful

colla*oration &ro+ects!

".".$. Product labelling and +P,sProduct la*elling is a means of communicating the environmental &erformance of a

&roduct or service to the customer and these means are de&loyed *y com&anies as a

result of legislative or customer re-uirements and.or in order to increase the

maret share and im&rove *rand image (;rady "##8)! 9hile in some cases &roduct

la*elling is strict and mandatory (for e>am&le in &harmaceutical industry or for

ha5ardous chemicals) all inds of environmental &roduct la*elling e>ist around theworld! The legislative re-uirements for a&&lying a certain la*el vary significantly from

country to country and due to this variety in la*els and re-uirements for these

there is a high level of misleading use of environmental la*els!

' num*er of standards are esta*lished *y the IS< in an attem&t to define s&ecific

re-uirements for the most common ty&es of la*elling = these are listed in Ta*le $!

Ta*le $! IS< standards in the field of environmental la*elling (from ;rady "##8)

Ty&e I eco=la*els are voluntary schemes and com&anies that want to use the logo of

such a la*el have to demonstrate com&liance with a set of esta*lished criteria and

this com&liance is checed and verified *y a third &arty thus ensuring the credi*ility


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of information (;rady "##8)! E>am&les of the most widely nown Ty&e I eco=la*els

include EU Eco=la*el ;lue 'ngel Nordic Swan and 6reen Seal!

Ty&e II covers self=declared environmental claims and is considered to *e the most

wides&read form of &roviding environmental information! However an im&ortant

criti-ue and weaness of this ty&e is that such claims can easily *e misleading vague

or even untrue! The IS< $C#"$ standard has tried to deal with this &ro*lem *y

esta*lishing rules and guidelines for maing self=declared environmental claims

(;rady "##8)!

Ty&e III environmental declaration &rogramme or EP% is defined *y the IS&anded com&ared to the res&ective re-uirement in the :P% and the definitions

are made more detailed and &recise! 'n im&ortant &recision is the inclusion of the all

life cycle stages when considering im&acts of construction wors on hygiene health

and environment! The res&ective re-uirement in the :P% clearly referred only to

design and *uilding &hasesO the :P7 refers to the entire life cycle of construction

use and demolitionJ (7egulation No ?#8."#$$ '&&endi> $ "#$$)!

The overview of the changes in the *asic re-uirements is &resented in Ta*le ? where

the new amendments are mared in red! The detailed list of changes can *e found in

'&&endi> ? (new amendments and changes are again mared in red)!

Ta*le ?! The overview of the changes in the *asic re-uirements (7eg! No ?#8."#$$ '&&! $ "#$$)

%o &e'!ire#ent $(anges

1 Mechanical resistance and sta*ility No changes

2 Safety in case of fire No changes

3 Hygiene health and environment E>&anded

4 Safety and accessi*ilityin use E>&anded5 Protection against noise No changes

6 Energy economy and Heat 7etention E>&anded

7 Sustaina*le use of natural resources New

's to the assessment and documentation of sustainable use of resources it is stated

in the recital clause (8) of the 7egulation thatG


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)*or the assess!ent of the sustainable use of resources and of the

i!pacts of construction works on the environ!ent Environ!ental +roduct

,eclarations should be used when available.(

The :P7 does not re-uire mandatory use of EP%s it is still voluntaryO however sucha reference is a strong lin towards a common usage and acce&tance of EP%s as a

tool for documentation of environmental im&acts of a &roduct!

9here a&&lica*le the declaration of &erformance should also include the

information a*out the content of ha5ardous su*stances in the construction &roduct

in order to im&rove the &ossi*ilities for sustaina*le construction and to facilitate the

develo&ment of more environmentally friendly &roducts (7egulation No ?#8."#$$

recital clause ("8) "#$$)!

It should *e also noted that the new 7egulation taes a s&ecial notice of small and

medium=si5ed enter&rises (SMEs) that re&resent the ma+ority of the EU enter&rises!

This is done &articularly in two waysG

$) *y sim&lification of the e>isting &rocedures so as to increase trans&arency ofthese and to reduce the costs incurred *y enter&rises in &articular small and

medium=si5e enter&rises (Euro&ean :ommission "#$")O

") *y re-uiring the designation of Product :ontact Points for :onstruction ineach Mem*er State such a :ontact Point should &rovide free of charge

information a*out the national &rovisions and s&ecific national re-uirements

for the construction &roducts and construction wors in the res&ective

Mem*er State (7egulation No ?#8."#$$ "#$$)!

Until /uly "#$" only %enmar had esta*lished such :ontact Point for :onstruction

(Euro&ean Union "#$" and %anish Energy 'gency n!d!)!


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The T: "#@ was esta*lished in $BB? as a res&onse to the UN :onference on

Environment and %evelo&ment in 7io de /aneiro and its call for sustaina*le

develo&ment! It is res&onsi*le for the develo&ment and maintenance of the IS


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The T: 8B.S: $@ is s&ecifically concerned with Sustaina*ility in *uildings and civil

engineering! It was esta*lished in "##" and has *y now &u*lished C standards and

another ? standards are under develo&ment! The structure and woring grou&s of

the T: 8B.S: $@ and the overview of the standards develo&ed *y this T: are

&resented in igure ?! Standards under develo&ment are shown in lighter colour in&arentheses!

igure ?! The structure and the standards of T: 8B.S: $@ (IS


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igure C! 7elated IS< standards for Sustainability in building construction(IS< $8B?" ISt section!

The most essential details a*out the standards related to environmental

management systems life cycle assessment and &roduct la*elling were already

&resented in the sections of cha&ter ?! The following IS< standards are of &articular

interest for the further discussion in this thesisG

-S /021 Environmental la*els and declarations = Ty&e III environmentaldeclarations = Princi&les and &roceduresO

-S /0 9ater foot&rint of &roducts &rocesses and organisations (underdevelo&ment)O

-S /03 :ar*on foot&rint of &roducts (under develo&ment)O -S /1452 Sustaina*ility in *uilding construction 6eneral &rinci&lesO -S 2/540 Sustaina*ility in *uilding construction = Environmental declaration of

*uilding &roducts!

These will *e further discussed in greater detail in the ne>t sections! The standards

for environmental auditing (T:"#@.S:") environmental &erformance evaluation for

organisations (T:"#@.S:C) and the rest of the standards on greenhouse gas

management (T:"#@.S:@) as well as detailed investigations of T:8B.S:$@ standardsfor the assessment of whole *uildings are outside the sco&e of this thesis!


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.1.". I%O 1$02IS< $C#"8G"## Environ!ental labels and declarations 6 $ype --- environ!ental

declarations 6 +rinciples and procedures is a generic international standard that

esta*lishes the &rinci&les and s&ecifies the &rocedures for develo&ing Ty&e III

environmental declaration &rogrammes and Ty&e III environmental declarationsJ

(IS< $C#"8 IS


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im&ortant com&onent that should also *e done in a trans&arent manner! This is

relevant for P:7 review and inde&endent verification of ,:'.,:I on which the EP% is

*ased as well as the final EP% itself!

IS< $C#"8 is a generic standard and as such does not include any sector=s&ecificre-uirements and &rovisions these are left u& to other standards that are *uilt

u&on this for e>am&le IS< "$B?# that is a sector=s&ecific standard addressing

construction industry and in &articular construction &roducts!

7e-uirements for develo&ment and o&eration of an EP% &rogramme including P:7

and EP% develo&ment and contents of the EP% are discussed in more detail in the

section !$! ,evelop!ent and operation of an E+, progra!!e.

.1.$. I%O 1$0$ and I%O 1$0IS< $C#C and IS< $C#@ are two international standards that are currently still

under develo&ment so information a*out these is somewhat limited! However it is

im&ortant to mention them *ecause of the ongoing de*ate on the role of these two

standards for the &roduct assessment and la*elling!

9hile the IS< $C#"8 is a standard for the develo&ment of EP%s *ased on multi&leindicators IS< $C#C 9ife cycle assess!ent 6 :ater footprint 6 Require!ents and

guidelinesand IS< $C#@ arbon footprint of products 6 Require!ents and guidelines

for quantification and co!!unication re&resent single=indicator standards i!e!

standards that addresses in &articular a single im&act category!

= arbon footprintThe issues lie glo*al warming and reduction of car*on emissions are at the to& of

the environmental &olicy agenda today and as unscientific as it may sound termslie Kclimate changeL Kcar*on foot&rintL etc! have *ecome somewhat of a fashiona*le

*u55words (in*einer "##BO 9eidema et al! "##A)! The liely reason is that to the

general &u*lic a car*on foot&rint is a more a&&ealing conce&t than ,:' it is sim&ler

to -uantify easier to gras& and it has *een significantly &romoted outside the

research community (9eidema et al! "##A)! SET': Euro&e ,:' Steering :ommittee

("##A) also &oints out that searching for sim&lification of ,:' methodology that

would allow assessing a large num*er of &roducts in short time is a significant driving

force for car*on foot&rint &o&ularity!


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There are already various standards for 6H6 -uantification and management

including IS< $C#C> series for life cycle assessment that already includes the im&act

category for glo*al warming &otential! In this conte>t it is not sur&rising that the

-uestions lie 9hy do we need another standard s&ecifically on greenhouse

gasesJ arise! 'ccording to '*i='l ("#$") the &ur&ose of this standard is not only toset rules for the -uantification and communication of car*on foot&rint *ut also to

harmoni5e the different national initiatives related to car*on la*elingJ of &roducts

and services! Unifying standards lower *arriers to trade and leads to increased

consistency and credi*ility of environmental claims! ;esides as &ointed out

9eidema et al! ("##A) the the e>isting IS< standards are vague on several crucial

&ointsJ and the am*ition for the new standard should *e that it is *oth rigorous and

easily a&&lica*le in &ractice!

The o*+ective of IS< $C#@ is to develo& internationally acnowledged system toaccount for the car*on foot&rint of &roducts (goods and services)! The standard will

&rovide re-uirements for the -uantification and communication of greenhouse

gases (6H6) associated with &roducts over their entire life cycle! The earlier draft

version consisted of two &arts res&ectively while in the later discussions the

woring grou& &ro&osed to com*ine *oth &arts in a single standard (Panthi "#$$)!

Im&ortantly IS< $C#@ offers a wide range of communication o&tions for *oth

*usiness=to=*usiness and *usiness=to=consumer communication (P: 9orld orum

"#$")G

car*on foot&rint declarationsO environmental claims and la*elsO re&ortingO &erformance tracing!

IS< $C#@ is *ased on the life cycle assessment &rinci&les laid out in IS< $C#C# and

IS< $C#CC *ut it will give a more s&ecific guidance than the underlying IS&anded to include the

develo&ment of standards for the assessment of social and economic &erformance

(life cycle costing) of *uildings!


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The T: consists of several worings grou&s (96) with res&ective res&onsi*ilities and

the structure of the :EN.T:?8# and its areas of res&onsi*ility are given in Ta*le 8!

Ta*le 8! The structure of :EN.T:?8# (:EN n!d!=c)

*orking gro!" +itle and res"onsibility$%-+$ 350-*. 1 Environmental &erformance of *uildings

$%-+$ 350-*. 3 Product level

$%-+$ 350-*. 4 Economic &erformance assessment of

*uildings

$%-+$ 350-*. 5 Social &erformance assessment of *uildings

$%-+$ 350-*. 6 :ivil Engineering wors

;y /uly ?# "#$" the :EN.T:?8# has &u*lished A standards *oth for the

assessment of the whole *uildings and for the develo&ment of environmental

&roduct declarations for construction &roducts! Two standards for the assessment of

*uildings remain still to *e &u*lished! The overview of the wor outcome of

:EN.T:?8# on sustainability of construction worksis &resented in Ta*le !

Ta*le ! The standards develo&ed *y :EN.T:?8# on Sustaina*ility in construction wors (:EN "#$"*)

Standard %a#e of t(e standard Stat!s

Standards for construction products

$%-+& 15941 EP%s = Methodology for selection and use of generic data Pu*lished

% 15804 EP%s = :ore rules for the &roduct category of constr! &rod! Pu*lished% 15942 EP%s = :ommunication format ;="=; Pu*lished

Standards for buildings

% 15643/1 Sustaina*ility assessment of *uildings = Part $G 6eneral framewor Pu*lished

% 15643/2 Part "G ramewor for the assess! of environmental &erformance Pu*lished

% 15643/3 Part ?G ramewor for the assessment of social &erformance Pu*lished

% 15643/4 Part CG ramewor for the assessment of economic &erformance Pu*lished

% 15978 'ssessment of env! &erf! of *uildings = :alculation method Pu*lished

"r% 16309 'ssessment of social &erformance of *uildings = Methods Under

a&&roval

/ 'ssessment of economic &erformance of *uildings = Methods Under

drafting

The wor &rogramme of :EN.T:?8# and the relationshi& among the standards

develo&ed *y it are &resented in igure (only the &u*lished standards are

included)! 's seen from the igure the terms used are slightly different *ut the

structure of the standard family is strongly similar to that of IS< T:8B.S:$@

res&onsi*le for standards on Sustainability in building construction (see igure C)!

'lso the :EN.T:?8# covers sustaina*ility *y looing at the three as&ects of it

environmental social and economic!


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The wor of :EN.T:?8# is closely lined to the im&lementation of the 7egulation No

?#8."#$$ which covers also the technical and functional &erformance! The technical

and functional &arameters are also where the information necessary for

environmental economic and social considerations come from therefore it also

included in the igure for illustrative &ur&oses though the main focus of thesis ofcourse remains on the &erformance as&ects related to sustaina*ility and

environment in &articular!

igure ! 7elated :EN standards for Sustainability of construction works(EN $8B@AG"#$$ :EN "#$$)

or the sco&e of this thesis the :EN standards for the develo&ment ofenvironmental &roduct declarations for construction &roducts are the most

im&ortant es&ecially EN $8A#C that was &u*lished in '&ril "#$" and that &rovides

&roduct category rules for construction &roducts and services and is now the guiding

document for develo&ment of EP%s in Euro&e! This standard and its im&lications are

studied in greater detail in the ne>t section!


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.2.$. +4 190$:2012EN $8A#CG"#$" is a sector=s&ecific standard that lays out the core &roduct category

rules (P:7) for construction &roducts and services and sets the re-uirements for thedevelo&ment and verification of EP%s for these &roducts! The standard was

&u*lished as recently as in '&ril "#$" and it is a &art of Euro&ean harmonisation

efforts (Smith "#$")! If the methods used in the EU are consistent the generated

information can *e transferred from scheme to scheme across Euro&e ena*ling the

use of such consistent EP% for the further assessment of entire *uildings and

lowering *arriers to trade!

The overall goal of the EN $8A#C is to ensure that all environmental &roducts

declarations (EP%) of construction &roducts construction services and construction

&rocesses are derived verified and &resented in a harmonised wayJ (EN $8A#C

:EN "#$")! It also serves a tool for the im&lementation of the new :onstruction

Products 7egulation analysed in the section C!"! in &articular as a tool for the

assessment and documentation of sustaina*le use of natural resources a new

re-uirement introduced *y this 7egulation!

In &ractice the EN $8A#C can *e &erceived as the core P:7 for construction &roducts

in Euro&e that (EN $8A#C clause $ :EN "#$")G

defines the &arameters to *e declaredO defines the life cycle stages and &rocesses to *e includedO defines the rules for the develo&ment of scenariosO includes the rules for calculating the ,:I and ,:I' including re-uirements for data

-ualityO

includes the rules for re&orting environmental and health information that is notcovered *y ,:'O

defines the conditions that ena*les the com&ara*ility of EP%s!The EN $8A#C does not deal with the communication issues contents and the layout

of EP%s! The common re-uirements for the contents and layout of the declarationare &resented in EN $8BC"G"#$$ and a detailed guidance and tem&lates can *e

found in the 'nne> ' of the standard! It is however not &rohi*ited to use another

layout (EN $8BC" :EN "#$$)!

The normative references to other standards include EN $8B@A on ;ssess!ent of

environ!ental perfor!ance of buildings# IS< $C#CC on 9ife cycle assess!ent# ISt in the cha&ter @!

The guidelines and re-uirements for Ty&e III EP% &rogramme develo&ment and

o&eration are given in IS< $C#"8 and an illustrative &rocess scheme on &rogramme

develo&ment and o&eration is &rovided in 'nne> ' of the standard! 'ccording to this

standard an EP% &rogramme can *e o&erated *y a com&any or a grou& of

com&anies industrial or trade association &u*lic authorities or agencies an

inde&endent scientific *ody or other organi5ationJ (IS


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&re&aration maintenance and communication of general &rogramme instructions(contents of the general &rogramme instructions as re-uired *y IS< $C#"8 are

&resented in Ta*le A)O

ensuring involvement of interested &arties in the &rogramme &rocedure and P:7develo&mentO

&u*lishing of P:7s and EP%s within the &rogramme and maintenance of the &u*liclyavaila*le lists and records on theseO

selection of com&etent inde&endent verifiersO monitoring changes in &rocedures and documents and revising own &rocedures an

documents when necessary!

Ta*le A! The contents of the general &rogramme instructions (IS< $C#"8 clause !C IS


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trans&arently that would further ensure the com&ara*ility of these as&ects and

im&acts among &roducts in the same &roduct category (Ingwersen and Stevenson

"#$")! Harmonisation of P:7s across the EP% &rogrammes is therefore very

im&ortant!

The re-uired contents of a P:7 document according to the IS< $C#"8 are &resented

in Ta*le B! To achieve the necessary level for the harmonisation and consistency of

the results the &rogramme o&erators are strongly encouraged to use readily

availa*le P:7s when availa*le! The develo&ment of a new P:7 for the same &roduct

category may *e +ustified in certain situations *ut should not *e *ased on the origin

of the e>isting P:7 (IS< $C#"8 clause !@!$ IS


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7esults from other environmental analysis tools or information modules (for

e>am&le other EP%s) should *e used where relevant (IS< $C#"8 clause !A IS


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Even if most of the EP% &rogrammes are set u& according to the IS< $C#"8 and

develo& their EP%s according to the IS< $C#"8 and IS< "$B?# they still &roduce

different EP%s (Petters "#$$)! The reason for that is that the mentioned ISam&le climate im&act through a climate declaration which

descri*es the emissions of greenhouse gases *ased on ,:' (i*id)!

Initially the Swedish EP% &rogramme with develo&ed in close coo&eration with the

res&ective scheme in ItalyO however the Italian &rogramme uses different

characterisation factors and often refers to a &u*lic ,:' data*ase that does not e>ist

in Sweden (;ogesar et al! "##")! ;y "#$" the International EP% System has issued

XC## EP%s of $A# com&aniesO it has "A mem*er organisations and verifiers in $$

countries around the glo*e (Thorneus and Marino "#$")!


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The general &rogramme instructions are currently under revision and the draft

version of the u&dated document is now availa*le for o&en consultation until 'ugust

?$ "#$"! The new version of the general &rogramme instructions is e>&ected to

a&&ly from /anuary "#$?! Until then the current version of the &rogramme

instructions is valid (IES "#$"d)! The draft version also aims at aligning the currentinstructions with the EN $8A#C though the alignment is not as clear as for e>am&le

in the guiding documents of the 6erman EP% &rogramme!

The organisational structure of the Swedish EP% &rogramme is &resented in igure

$#! The International EP% :onsortium acts as the &rogramme o&erator according to

IS< $C#"8! The &rogramme is further managed and administered *y the steering

committee technical committee and the secretariat (IES "#$"*)! The develo&ment

of new P:7 documents is undertaen *y a P:7 Moderator that coordinates the wor

of e>&erts and the Staeholder :onsultation 6rou&!


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's to the financing the Swedish EP% &rogramme o&erates with annual fees that

cover all EP%s registered *y the res&ective organisation and registration fees (IES

"#$"e)! 'ccording to the information on their we*site the annual fee is $### EU7

for small and medium=si5ed organisations with less than "8# em&loyees and "8##

EU7 for large organisations with more than "8# em&loyees! The registration fee forthe first EP% is $### EU7 and there are discounts for the second third etc! EP%!

's a result of the introduction of the new unifyingJ EN $8A#C the International EP%

System and the 6erman I;U &rogramme has recently agreed on the mutual

recognition of verified EP%s develo&ed and &u*lished *y these two &rogramme

o&erators (Schmine "#$")! This means that the EP%s of *oth &rogrammes are

mutually recogni5ed without additional verification and the declaration holder of

such an EP% may use one or *oth &rogramme logos! The mutual recognition

however is restricted to EP%s of construction &roducts including furniture andte>tiles *uilt into a *uilding (i*id)!

The achievement of mutual recognition is an ongoing &rocess *ut most of the

&rogram characteristics have already the right level of accordance due to the

common reference to the IS< $C#"8 IS< $C#C#.CC and EN $8A#C (in the draft

version)! In addition a num*er of issues have *een identified that still need to *e

aligned (Schmine "#$")!

.$.4or(a': 4or(egian +P, FoundationThe Norwegian EP% oundation or EP%=Norge was officially esta*lished in "##" *y

the :onfederation of Norwegian Enter&rise and the ;uilding Industry 'ssociation

(EP%=Norge n!d!)! The actors currently involved in the wor of the &rogramme

include the authorities e>&erts from the research communities as well as &u*lic and

&rivate organisations (EP%=Norge "#$$)! The ey facts a*out the &rogramme are

&resented in Ta*le $?!

Ta*le $?! 1ey facts a*out the Norwegian EP% &rogramme (from Mageroy "#$$)!

%oray

Progra##e na#e Norwegian EP% oundation

(EP%=Norge)

Progra##e oner :onfederation of Norwegian Enter&rise

(NZringslivets Hovedorganisas+on NH


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The Norwegian EP% oundation is a non=&rofit organisation and it is financed *y the

:onfederation of Norwegian Enter&rise industry associations (EP%=Norge "#$$)

and through the annual fee from the enter&rises that have EP%s verified *y the

Norwegian EP% oundation as well as a registration fee for each &u*lished EP%(EP%=Norge n!d!)! The &rices on the &rogrammeLs we*site are from "#$# the

annual administration fee is set to A### N


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igure $$! Procedure for the develo&ment of EP%s under the Norwegian EP% &rogramme (EP%=Norge

"#$$)

Ferification of the conducted ,:' and the EP% is carried out according to the

guidelines laid out in the IS< $C#"8!


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There is however a P:7 tem&late availa*le for &re&aring P:7s according to the EN

$8A#C! The EN $8A#C and the associated im&lications and challenges were also on

the agenda at the annual meeting that too &lace in /une "#$" (EP%=Norge "#$")!

In general the information in English on the &rogrammeLs we*site is rather limited

and well out=of=date (this holds true also for the we*site in Norwegian) a condition

that might re&resent a significant o*stacle for the non=Norwegian organisations

interested in the develo&ment of EP%s under the Norwegian EP% &rogramme!

..Finland: /T +nviron#ental ,eclarationThe innish EP% &rogramme 7T Environmental %eclaration was founded *y the

;uilding Information oundation 7TS and the :onfederation of innish :onstruction

Industries 7T as early as in $BAA when the Euro&ean Union ado&ted the :onstruction

Products %irective! The innish &rogramme is thus the oldest of the EP% schemes!

The ey facts a*out the &rogramme are &resented in Ta*le $C!

Ta*le $C! 1ey facts a*out the innish EP% &rogramme (from Mageroy "#$$)!

inlandProgra##e na#e 7T Environmental %eclaration

Progra##e oner the ;uilding Information oundation 7TS and

the :onfederation of innish :onstruction

Industries 7T

ear of establis(#ent $BAA

oc!sed on ;uilding &roducts

ased on IS< "$B?#

Even if the innish EP% &rogramme uses the methodology *ased on the international

standards including the IS< "$B?# the &rocedures and terminology used are

significantly different from those o*served in the other EP% &rogrammes! The main

&rogramme document is Methodology for o!piling Environ!ental ,eclarations for

>uilding +roducts and ;ssessing Environ!ental -!pacts of >uildings that &rovides

guidelines for the content and com&iling EP%s or eco=&rofiles of the *uilding

&roducts (7TS n!d!)! 's e>&lained in the methodology document an eco=&rofile

accounts for the environmental im&acts of a *uilding &roduct and it is *ased on the

results from the ,:IO the results cover the stages from cradle to gateJ (FTT "##C)!


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'ccording to the rather scarce information availa*le on the &rogrammeLs we*site

the national methodology is following the *asic &rinci&les stated in the IS< $C#C#

and IS< $C#"# and it considers also the &reliminary results achieved within IS< :%

"$B?# (7TS n!d!)! 7eferring to the IS< "$B?# as a :% (commission draft) indicates

that this information is well out=of=date since the standard has *een &u*lished in"##@!

The 7T Environmental %eclaration is strongly focused on the innish maret and

there is no information availa*le on the ado&tion and integration of the EN $8A#C in

the methodology for the declaration develo&ment under the innish EP%

&rogramme!

..

In Se&tem*er "#$$ the EP% &rogrammes from inland rance 6ermany 6reat

;ritain Italy the Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Sweden and S&ain signed a

Memorandum of Understanding in order to esta*lish a common Euro&ean EP%

Platform called E:


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develo&ed according to the EN $8A#CO it would also *e &ossi*le to &lace additional

information on the EP% according to regional demands! The strength of such system

would mutually acce&ted &rocedures and core content a common -uality control

and consensus=*ased develo&ment! 's the Euro&ean E:am&les of the

&rogrammes strongly oriented towards their res&ective national audiences!

The wor of the 6erman Swedish and Norwegian &rogrammes is *ased on the

international standards IS< $C#"8 and IS< "$B?# (for *uilding &roducts) and all

these &rogrammes show interest in ado&tion of the Euro&ean EN $8A#C (also for*uilding &roducts)! They all a&&ly ,:' methodology for the P:7 and EP%


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develo&ment and a study *y MagerQy ("#$$) also indicates that the Norwegian

Swedish and 6erman P:7s generally com&ly with the re-uirements of IS< $C#"8!

The innish &rogramme claims to follow the IS< $C#C# IS< $C#"# and IS< "$B?#

though the main document for methodology was &u*lished in "##C and does not

seem to *e revised since!

7egarding the ado&tion of the new EN $8A#C the 6erman and Swedish &rogrammes

are the ones demonstrating significant &rogress in the ado&tion &rocess with the

6erman I;U &rogramme clearly leading the race it has already fully u&dated the

general &rogramme instructions and the &roduct category rules for *uilding=related

&roducts and services according to the EN $8A#C! The recently develo&ed I;ULs EP%s

already com&ly with the re-uirements set out in the EN $8A#C and EN $8BC"!

The o*serva*le trend towards coo&eration harmonisation and mutual recognition*etween the e>isting EP% &rogrammes is indeed &ositive and &romising! 'll of the

investigated &rogrammes are listed as the signatories of the Memorandum of

Understanding that aims to esta*lish a common Euro&ean EP% Platform and

facilitate the develo&ment of EP%s with core content according to the EN $8A#C! The

further develo&ment of the common Euro&ean E:


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. %ustainable construction in Latvia.1.Introduction

Issues related to sustaina*ility and environmental im&acts of &roducts services and

organisations have *een out on the Euro&ean &olitical agenda since the term

sustaina*le develo&mentJ was coined in the ;rundtland re&ort in $BA@ and

environmental &roduct declarations (EP%s) have *een develo&ed in Euro&e for more

than two decades already with the very first EP% &rogramme *eing esta*lished in

inland in $BAA!

EP%s are *ecoming increasingly more &o&ular and recogni5ed as the means for

&roviding essential information a*out the environmental and sustaina*ility as&ects

of &roducts and services es&ecially (*ut not e>clusively) in the case of construction

&roducts and services! 7ecently the re-uirement to account for sustaina*ility

as&ects has also *een manifested in the EU legislative framewor through the new

:onstruction Products 7egulation and its re-uirement for sustaina*le use of natural

resources (7egulation No ?#8."#$$ "#$$)! 's to the assessment and documentation

of sustaina*le use of natural resources the 7egulation refers to the use of EP%s

when availa*le (i*id)!

There is also an increasing demand *y the maret for common and consistent EP%s

throughout Euro&e that could *e further used for *uilding assessments (Peters

"#$$)! The first IS< standard on the Ty&e III environmental declarations was

&u*lished in "## followed *y the sector=s&ecific IS< "$B?# for *uilding &roductsO

however the re-uirements of these standards have *een somewhat vague allowing

for the differences among the EP% &rogrammes their P:7s and EP%s to &roliferate!

In '&ril "#$" the Euro&ean :ommittee for Standardisation (:EN) finali5ed their wor

on a sector=s&ecific standard EN $8A#C that is strongly *ased on the earlier IS< wor

and res&ective standards and has a similar structure and contents to the IS< "$B?#

*ut the Euro&ean standard is considera*ly more s&ecific and &recise in its

re-uirements and it &resents a firm *asis for the harmonisation of the Euro&ean

EP% &rogrammes and their EP%s (see in &articular the section [!!!!\ ?ar!onisation

and cooperation initiatives)!

These develo&ments are &articularly im&ortant for those Euro&ean countries where

a systematic assessment and verification of environmental &erformance of &roducts

and &rocesses are not yet well=esta*lished! ,atvia an EU=mem*er state since "##C

is an e>am&le of such country where conce&ts lie life cycle management anddocumentation of sustaina*ility and environmental &erformance are not yet widely


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a&&lied! It is however im&ortant to ee& an eye on the develo&ments in the e>&ort

marets and to *e a*le to meet new re-uirements if ,atvia is a*out to ee& and

e>&and its &osition in the e>&ort marets!

' study *y Schenc ("#$#) identifies the following ey ingredientsJ for a strong EP%

&rogrammeG

conformance with the international standards on EP%s and ,:'s that would ensurethe com&ara*ility and recognition of the EP%s develo&ed under the &rogrammeO

government &rogrammes ena*ling a&&ro&riate legislation a strong life cycleinventory &rogramme and national standardisationO

active &artici&ation of the industry in the develo&ment of sector=s&ecific P:7sO higher education &rogrammes develo& the necessary ,:'.EP% com&etencies (incl!

relevant research) and N6< &rogrammes for education of the general &u*licO

coo&eration with other EP% &rogrammes!

The international and Euro&ean standards and their res&ective re-uirements were

investigated in detail in the cha&ter 8! The same sections also &artly cover the

im&ortance and the re-uirements for the mutual coo&eration and harmonisation

*etween the &rogrammes and the recent initiatives for harmonisation and mutual

recognition were discussed in the section !! The as&ects related to government

&olicies and &rogrammes in ,atvia industry initiatives and the status of education

&rogrammes and com&etences are discussed in the ne>t sections of this cha&ter!

Prior to e>&loring these as&ects a short and general introduction the national

economy and the state of environmental matters in the country is given in the

section @!"!

.2.?e' facts about LatviaThe national economy of ,atvia is a strongly service=*ased economy the main

sectors *eing trade financial services real estate o&erations and construction! The

un*alanced structure of the economy led to a large economic decline caused *y the

glo*al financial crisis in the &eriod "##A"#$# (:entral Statistical ;ureau n!d!)! In

"#$$ the 6%P increased with 88 and this was mainly due to the growth in

construction industry (W$"C) manufacturing industry (W$$@) trade (WA@) and

trans&ortation and logistics (WA#) (i*id)! '&art from the financial downturn in the

&eriod "##A="#$# the ,atvian economy is characterised *y strong economic growth

(increase in 6%P) *ut low &urchasing &ower &arity (Eurostat "#$$)!


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The construction industry in &articular was continuously growing since $BB8O

however it was heavily affected *y the financial crisis in "##B when its share of 6%P

dro&&ed *y around "@ (:entral Statistical ;ureau n!d!)! In the later years the

industry has started to recover and in "#$$ the construction industry accounted for

close to A of the 6%P which is again a&&roaching the &re=crisis level (:entralStatistical ;ureau "#$$)!

The national economy is largely *ased on small and medium=si5ed enter&rises! In

"##B BB8 of all enter&rises felt into this category A" *eing micro=enter&rises

$C = small enter&rises and "B = medium=si5ed enter&rises (Ministry of Economics

"#$"a)! This is an im&ortant factor with regards to the EP% develo&ment *ecause

the high costs the amount of wor and re-uired s&ecific com&etences needed to

conduct an ,:' and create an EP% has *een identified as a ma+or o*stacle for SMEs

to use EP%s (Yacrisson et al! "##A)!

In "#$$ ,atvia was raned as the "nd

greenest country in the world according to the

Environmental Performance Inde> (EPI) *y ]ale UniversityO the trend results for "#$"

show that ,atvia will ee& its &osition (EPI "#$")! 's flattering as it may sound the

closer ins&ection of the methodology *ehind the inde> (EPI "#$$) indicates that the

high raning is not due to thought=out long=term &olicies and &roactive

environmental initiatives *ut rather *ecause of the chosen indicators and rating

criteria that allows ,atvia to score that high *ased the countryLs geogra&hical

location (f! e>! access to drining water water -uantity) lac of industrial activities

(f! e>! indicators related to :


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.$.Fra#e(ork for construction industr' and sustainable

construction

.$.1. Polic' docu#ents and legislative fra#e(orkThe relevant &olicy documents include (Saua "#$$)G

,atvian National %evelo&ment Plan "##@="#$? that defines sustaina*le develo&mentas an integrated and *alanced develo&ment of societyLs welfare as well as of the

environment and economy which satisfies inha*itantsL current social and economic

needs and also ensures o*servance of environmental re-uirements (without

de&riving future generations of the a*ility to satisfy their needs) and &reservation of

*iological diversityJ (,N%P "##)O

:onstruction Industry 6uidelines "#$$="#$8 (draft document *y the Ministry ofEconomics)O

6eneral Princi&les for :onstruction Policy (includes a &rinci&le on environmentally=friendly com&etitive and sustaina*le construction)!

The legislative framewor for construction industry in ,atvia includes the following

legal actsG

the :onstruction lawO the 6eneral :onstruction 7egulationsO :a*inet 7egulation No $A$ on Procedures for the :onformity 'ssessment of

:onstruction Products in the 7egulated S&hereO

regulations issued *y the local munici&alities (locally *inding)!The very *ase of the construction regulation system in ,atvia is the onstruction 9aw

that was ado&ted *y Saeima (the ,atvian Parliament) in $BB8O it a&&lies to all ty&es

of structures! The ,aw determines and regulates the mutual relations rights and

res&onsi*ilities among the actors involved in the construction &rocess as well as the

lia*ility for the end=result and areas of res&onsi*ility *etween the state and localauthorities (The :onstruction ,aw $BB8)! 'ccording to the :onstruction ,aw the

general su&ervision and coordination of construction is &erformed *y the Ministry of

Economics which also develo&s an integrated national &olicy on construction and

ensures its im&lementation (i*id)!

' new :onstruction law has *een under develo&ment for many years! The current

draft of the new :onstruction law states C main &rinci&les of construction wors

including the &rinci&le of sustaina*le construction! However there are no further

inter&retations on how this &rinci&le is going to *e im&lemented and followed=u&

(Ministry of Economics "#$"*)!


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urther the overall construction &rocedural rules are &rescri*ed in the 8eneral

onstruction Regulations ado&ted in $BB@! These 7egulations &rescri*e the

re-uirements for the &re&aration and develo&ment of the *uilding design and the

re-uirements for the &erformance of construction wor as well as the demolition of

structures (6eneral :onstruction 7egulations $BB@)! urther the :a*inet ofMinisters issues more s&ecific 7egulations and ,atvian ;uilding :odes (national

construction standards) = these are the "nd

level legal acts!

The ?rd

level legal acts are regulations issued *y the local munici&alities! These are

*inding for all actors in construction &rocess within the &articular munici&ality! In

order to control and su&ervise construction &rocess at the munici&al level the local

munici&alities shall set u& the onstruction >oard (The :onstruction ,aw $BB8)!

's already mentioned in &art sustaina*le construction is one of the si> marets

in the ,ead Maret Initiative *y the Euro&ean :ommission!


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manufacturers of construction &roducts to meet the re-uirements for the

information on the environmental and sustaina*ility as&ects as laid out in the

:onstruction Products 7egulation!

.$.2. Aut!orities and notified institutions'ccording to the :onstruction ,aw the general su&ervision and coordination of

construction industry is &erformed *y the Ministry of Economics which also

develo&s an integrated national &olicy on construction and ensures its

im&lementation (The :onstruction ,aw $BB8)! The Ministry of Economics also

coordinates and su&ervises the systems of national standardi5ation and

accreditation! 7egarding the testing and certification of construction &roducts there

are four notified testing la*oratories and three notified certification *odies (Egle

"#$")

Meanwhile the sustaina*ility and environmental issues including climate change

&olicy and green &u*lic &rocurement are under the authority of the Ministry of

Environmental Protection and 7egional %evelo&ment (Ministry of Environmental

Protection and 7egional %evelo&ment n!d!) and although the new :onstruction

Products 7egulations &oses an interdisci&linary challenge to *e solved *y the e>&erts

from *oth organisations no such efforts of coo&eration are yet &resent!

.$.". LCA8+P, co#etences in LatviaThe ey com&etences necessary for the EP% develo&ment are e>&ertise in ,:' and

more general nowledge and understanding a*out environmental management and

accounting (main &rinci&les availa*le standards etc!)! The ,atvian universities that

offer academic study &rogrammes in environmental science are listed in Ta*le $8!

Ta*le $8! Study &rogrammes in environmental science at the ,atvian universities (Higher Education

Duality Evaluation :entre "#$")

niersity Progra##e na#e &eceied degree

Bachelor-level programmes

,augavpils @niversity Environmental science ;achelorLs degree in natural sciences

9atvia @niversity of

;griculture

Environmental science ;achelorLs degree in environmental

sciences

Riga $echnical @niversity Environmental science ;achelorLs degree in environmental

sciences

@niversity of 9atvia Environmental science ;achelorLs degree in natural sciences

Master-level programmes

9atvia @niversity of

;griculture

Environmental engineering MasterLs degree in environmental

engineering

Riga $echnical @niversity Environmental science MasterLs degree in environmental


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sciences

@niversity of 9atvia Environmental science MasterLs degree in natural sciences

@niversity of 9atvia Environmental

management

MasterLs degree in environmental

sciences

PhD programmes

9atvia @niversity of;griculture

Environmental engineering %octorLs degree in engineering

ReAekne @niversity ollege Environmental engineering %octorLs degree in environmental

engineering

Riga $echnical @niversity Environmental science %octorLs degree in environmental

engineering

@niversity of 9atvia Environmental science %octorLs degree in environmental

sciences

Most of these &rogrammes are either strongly focused on *iology.environmental

science or engineering courses thus they generally lac a trans=disci&linary

&ers&ective! 9hile the *asic &rinci&les of environmental management are taught at

several universities the only university offering an introductory course in ,:' is 7iga

Technical University (7TU) where the master=level introductory course is taught to

$styear master students!

The course is worth ? E:TS$credits and has ">C8 minute lectures &er wee! It aims

to e>&lain the main &rinci&les and contents of the IS< $C#C# and to give students a

general understanding a*out ,:' the methodology *ehind the most widely a&&lied

environmental im&act categories (7TU "#$")! The *asic calculations are carried outusing MS E>celO SimaPro and :M,:' (,:' software tool from ,eiden University) are

mainly used for demonstrations only so the course remains somewhat theoretical!

Students interested in ,:' can do an ,:' for their master thesisO so far " students

have used this o&&ortunity (;a`*auers $!#@!"#$"!)

' study on the current situation and future &ers&ectives of teaching ,:' at 7TU

indicated that in order to im&rove studentsL com&etences in this field and their

a*ility to &erform ,:'s inde&endently it is necessary to e>&and the course giving

more time for &ractical e>ercises and the actual wor with ,:' software

(Simanovsa "##B)!

.$.$. Potential for sustainable construction in LatviaThe initiative for the develo&ment of the methods for sustaina*ility evaluation in the

construction industry currently comes from the *usiness actors and non=

governmental organisations (as has often *een the case for the esta*lishment of EP%

&rogrammes in Euro&e)! The main drivers for such interest are long=term vision and

e>&ort strategies es&ecially for larger com&anies (Saua "8!#@!"#$"!) The e>&ort=

$E:TS credit &oints in the Euro&ean :redit Transfer System


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authorities do not &lan in the long=termO the financial resources are allocated to as&ecific short=term &eriodO

there is a lac of sim&le environmental criteria that would *e easy to a&&ly and thatwould allow for easy com&arisons (in &articular criteria *ased on ,:' methodology

re-uire significant amount of time and resources maing it difficult to a&&ly *y smalland medium=si5ed com&anies)O

lac of necessary sills for &re&aring green &rocurement documents!


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9. ,iscussion and conclusion%evelo&ment of a national EP% &rogramme is a long=term commitment associated

with significant time and financial resources! The o*+ective of this study has

therefore *een to investigate the feasi*ility of the esta*lishment of such &rogramme

in ,atvia!

This was done *y conducting a literature review consisting of analysis of the

relevant *acground theoryO the investigation of relevant &olicies framewors and

legal actsO analysis and com&arisons of international and Euro&ean standards and

&ractices for develo&ment and o&eration of EP% &rogrammes and creation andverification of EP%s! The -ualitative interviews with the re&resentative e>&erts from

the ,atvian industry authorities and academia were conducted in order to e>&lore

and understand the national conte>t for addressing the environmental and

sustaina*ility issues!

The study has identified three main *arriers for the sustaina*le construction in

,atviaG

the lac of &olitical will to engage &roactively in sustaina*le constructionO the lac of meaningful coo&eration among the various staeholders (manufacturers

su&&liers authorities academia and other)

long=term strategies systems a&&roach and life cycle &ers&ective are unfortunatelyrather un&o&ular conce&ts in ,atvia!

'&art from im&eding the develo&ment of sustaina*le construction &ractices these

issues also significantly slow the &rocess of ac-uiring new environmental assessment

tools lie EP%s!


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Euros

establishment of epd programme in latvia

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