essential questions what are the major groups of minerals? how is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron...
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Essential Questions• What are the major groups of minerals?
• How is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron illustrated?
• How are minerals used?
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals
Review• chemical bond
New• silicate• tetrahedron• ore• gem
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Vocabulary
Types of Minerals
Types of MineralsCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Mineral Groups
• In order to study the many minerals on Earth and understand their properties, geologists have classified them into groups.
• Each group has a distinct chemical nature and specific characteristics.
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Mineral Groups
Silicates• Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more
other elements, are known as silicates.
• Silicates make up approximately 96 percent of the minerals present in Earth’s crust.
• The basic building block of the silicates is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. A tetrahedron (plural, tetrahedra) is a three-dimensional shape that resembles a pyramid.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals
Mineral Groups
Silicates• Because silicon atoms have four valence electrons, they can bond
with four oxygen atoms.
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Mineral Groups
Silicates• Individual tetrahedron atoms are strong and can bond together
to form sheets, chains, and complex three-dimensional structures.
• The bonds between the atoms help determine several mineral properties, including cleavage or fracture.
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Visualizing the Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
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Mineral Groups
Carbonates
• Carbonates are minerals composed of one or more metallic elements and the carbonate ion CO3
2–.
Oxides
• Oxides are compounds of oxygen and a metal, such as hematite (Fe2O3).
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Mineral Groups
Other groups
• Sulfides are compounds of sulfur and one or more elements, such as pyrite (FeS2).
• Sulfates are compounds of elements with the sulfate ion (SO4
2–), such as anhydrite (CaSO4).
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Mineral Groups
Other groups
• Halides are made up of chloride or fluoride along with calcium, sodium, or potassium, such as halite (NaCl).
• Native elements are made up of one element only, such as silver (Ag).
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Economic Minerals
• Minerals are used to make computers, cars, televisions, desks, roads, buildings, jewelry, beds, paints, sports equipment, medicines, and many other things.
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Economic Minerals
Ores
• A mineral is an ore if it contains a useful substance that can be mined at a profit.
• The classification of a mineral as an ore can change if the supply of or demand for that mineral changes.
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Economic Minerals
Ores
• Ores that are located deep within Earth’s crust are removed by underground mining. Those near Earth’s surface are obtained from large, open-pit mines.
• The removal of unwanted rock and dirt from mining can be expensive and harmful to the environment.
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Economic Minerals
Gems
• Gems are valuable minerals that are prized for their rarity and beauty.
• Gems such as rubies, emeralds, and diamonds are cut, polished, and used for jewelry.
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ReviewEssential Questions• What are the major groups of minerals?
• How is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron illustrated?
• How are minerals used?
Vocabulary
• silicate• tetrahedron
• ore• gem
Types of Minerals