■ Essential QuestionsEssential Questions: – What were the chief similarities and

differences among the development of English, Spanish, Dutch, and French colonies in America?

– How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the New England, & Middle colonies?

– How did environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contribute to regional differences in what would become the British colonies?

The English Colonies in America

The English Colonies■In the 1600s, English settlers arrived

in North America–English colonization differed from

Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World

–Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

America in 1600

■ Spain—Sante Fe (1610)

■ France—Quebec (1608)

■ England—Jamestown (1607)• They had failed to colonize in 1500s due to

internal conflicts: Henry VIII & the English Protestant Reformation, Rivalry between Elizabeth I’s England and Catholic Spain, problems with Catholic Ireland

Elizabeth Energizes England

■ English “seadogs” had two major goals: Protestantism and Plunder

– Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated globe and knighted

■ First attempt to colonize at Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh failed miserably (1585)

– Known as “The Lost Colony”

– Virginia names for “the Virgin Queen”

■ Seeking to get their revenge from the pirating (and acting as enemy of Protestant Reformation), Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588.

Victory

■ Led to colonization and power

■ Characteristics attributing to success:

– Justification for liberating Indians from pope

– Nationalism and national destiny

– Strong unified national state under popular monarch

– Religious unity

– Golden age of literature

– Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900)

On Eve of Empire ■ 1500s—population boom.

■ 1600s:

– High unemployment

– New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming. competition for land

– Urbanization; Large mobile population

– Low wages, increase in prices

– The woolen districts fell upon hard times economically

■ Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land.

British Colonies in North America

British Colonies in North America■ Motivations: Many different reasons

– Economic: Escape poverty/unemployment or gain wealth from cash crop farming, new markets

– Adventure– Religious: For religious freedom & to escape

religious persecution – Political: Fear during the English Civil War &

Glorious Revolution■ As a result, the British colonies were very

different from each other & were never very unified

In 1623, a royal letter promised 200 acres to any emigrant.

In 1623, a royal letter promised 200 acres to any emigrant.

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting by Richard Hakluyt

■ Damage Spanish empire

■ Help natives and rescue from tyranny

■ National power and glory to rival others’ wealth and standing

Migrating to the English Colonies■ America (1600s) was dangerous and unstable ■ Settlers depended on mother country for

protection and economic assistance■ However, still a large number of people willing to

brave New World. – 120,000 in Chesapeake before 1660– 21,000 in New England before 1640– 23,000 to Middle Colonies in late 1600s– Most are young, poor, single men – Indentured servants

British Colonies in North America■Government:

–The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America

–Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists created local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies

–Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

British Colonies in North America■ Economy &

Society: –The societies

& economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled

Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor

farmers, & slave labor

Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor

farmers, & slave labor

New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely

connected by religion & families & were mostly

subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money

New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely

connected by religion & families & were mostly

subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money

Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert,

marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts

over land were common

Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert,

marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts

over land were common

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America

(but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America

(but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)

These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native

Americans already living there

These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native

Americans already living there

The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British

used Frontiers of Exclusion

The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British

used Frontiers of Exclusion

Native Americans initially welcomed Europeans and their goods

Native Americans initially welcomed Europeans and their goods

Metal goods changed farming, hunting, & cooking practices.

Metal goods changed farming, hunting, & cooking practices.

War between tribes was stimulated. War between tribes was stimulated.

Overhunting of beaver and deer forced groups to encroach on others’ territory.

Overhunting of beaver and deer forced groups to encroach on others’ territory.

Pigs and cattle roamed freely and damaged cornfields and gardens.

Pigs and cattle roamed freely and damaged cornfields and gardens.

Depletion of forestsDepletion of forests

Four Colonial Subcultures■The different values of the migrants

dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies

–New England

–Middle Colonies

–The Chesapeake

–The Lower South

European Settlements in North America

by 1660

Chesapeake Colonies:Virginia & Maryland

Chesapeake Colonies

Entrepreneurs in Virginia■ The major obstacle to colonizing in America was

funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue:– Joint-stock companies provided financing for

colonies– The joint-stock company was perfected in the

1600s (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return).

– In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America

The London Company,

1606

The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

The London Company,

1606

Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. (i.e. No one desired long term colonization.)

Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. (i.e. No one desired long term colonization.)

The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the same rights

as Englishmen in Britain.

Why would this cause a problem later?

The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the same rights

as Englishmen in Britain.

Why would this cause a problem later?

Entrepreneurs in Virginia■ Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the

Chesapeake Bay:– the location was unhealthy but easy to defend

from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)

– Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement

– Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy (To find gold, silver, copper or obtain wealth from tobacco, beaver & otter skins)

– They failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America

Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death

Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Colony

Spinning Out of Control■ In 1608, John Smith imposed order in

Jamestown & traded for food with natives

■ But, Jamestown faced difficulties:

–Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time (1609-1610)

–1610: English began destroying Indian crops

–In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhattan Indians

Captain John Smith Captain John Smith

The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River

The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River

Powhatan ConfederacyThe 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347

Including John Rolfe Including John Rolfe

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.

Saved by a “Stinking Weed”■By 1612, John Rolfe introduced a

tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

16181618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco

16221622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack (First Anglo-Powahatan War), 60,000 pounds produced

16271627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco

16291629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

Early Colonial Tobacco

Saved by a “Stinking Weed” ■In 1618, headrightsheadrights were used to

encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown:– A 50-acre lot was granted to

each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony

– Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

Virginia’s growth

was due largely to

headrights

English Migration, 1610-1660

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake

settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses■In 16191619, Virginia colonists created

a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances

■The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

How Many Slaves?■In 16191619, the 1st African slaves

arrived in Jamestown–In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves

arrived in the New World per year–Through the 18th century,

5.5 million arrived in America–By 1860, 11 million slaves were

brought to the New World–Before 1831, more African slaves

came to America than Europeans

Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750

Time of Reckoning■ Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a

deadly place to live. 80% of the 3,000 immigrants to travel to Jamestown died within their first few years in Virginia – Many died from disease– Numerous Powhatan attacks – Indentured servants were treated badly &

cheated out of land when servitude ended– Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or

reproduction difficult– Orphans were common

Corruption and Reform■In 1624, James I dissolved the

Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony –But colonists continued to meet

in the House of Burgesses –VA was divided into 8 counties

each with a county court■Very little changed; Jamestown

colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

Jamestown Colonization

Pattern, 1620-1660

The Maryland Colony

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■ Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord

Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics–In 1632, Charles I granted a

charter for Maryland –Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but others came with the opportunity to acquire their own land.

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■ Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to

relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & many indentured servants:– Maryland had few large tobacco

plantations– Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters)

lived in scattered riverfront settlements– Tension between Protestants and

Catholics

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649

■Guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians

■Decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

New England Colonies

New England Colonies, 1650

Reforming England in America■ Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation of Anglican

& Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists: – CatholicsCatholics (many settled in Maryland)– PuritansPuritans who wanted Anglican Church

stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)• Calvinist theology • Puritans: only “visible saints” in church • Group of extreme Puritans, called

Separatists, wanted to break away entirely from Church of England

The Pilgrims in Plymouth ■ Pilgrims were Separatists who refused to

worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland in 1608 to avoid compromising religious beliefs

■ 1620: On Mayflower, migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England– Fewer than half were Separatists

■ Formed the Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)– Form government and submit to will of

majority

The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion

■What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact?

■Is this a religious or a political document? Explain

Reforming England in America■ Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620

– Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit• 1621 was first fall harvest• Fur, fish, and lumber

– Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues

– William Bradford, self made scholar• Governor 30 times • Worried about non Puritans

– In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

The origins of Thanksgiving

“The Great Migration”■ Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims

& wished to remain within the Church of England:– Believed in predestination, fought social

sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church

– In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England when he dismissed Parliament and sanctioned anti-Puritan persecutions

■ From 1630-1640, John WinthropJohn Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony – elected governor for 19 years

■ Royal charter

The Great Puritan Migration

About 70,000 refugees left England during this time. Not all were Puritans. More Puritans went to Barbados.

“A City on a Hill”■Winthrop emphasized a common

spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness

■New England experienced unique demographic & social trends:–Settlers usually came as families –NE was a generally healthy

place to live –Settlers sacrificed self-interest

for the good of the community

“A City on a Hill”■ As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston,

towns began to develop their own unique personalities:– Each town was independently governed by

local church members (CongregationalismCongregationalism)– Allowed voting by all adult male church

members (women & blacks joined but could not vote)

– Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents

– However, congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will

Massachusetts Bay Colony

■ Not a democracy – Governor Winthrop feared and distrusted the

common people, calling democracy the “meanest and worst” of all forms of government.

– Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership.

– Worldly (ate, drank, loved) but still, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught kissing in public Blue Laws

“A City on a Hill”■NE town gov’ts were autonomous

& most people participated due to common religious values

■Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: –Passed a legal code called the

Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order

–Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams■Puritans never supported religious

toleration, esp Roger Williams:–Williams was a separatist who

questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives

–Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas

■Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson■Anne Hutchinson believed she

was directly inspired by God:

–Believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (AntinomianismAntinomianism)

–Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders

■She was banished to Rhode Island

Mobility and Division

■After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:

–New Hampshire

–Rhode Island

–Connecticut

–New Haven

Mobility and Division■ New HampshireNew Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very

slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay■ ConnecticutConnecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile

lands; resembled Mass Bay– Reverend Thomas Hooker initially founded

Hartford in 1635– 1639: Fundamental Orders was model of

civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)

Mobility and Division■ New HavenNew Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan

leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state

■ Rhode IslandRhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams)

– People were not similar, just unwanted

New England Colonies,

1650

New England Confederation.

■ 1643: four colonies banded together in defense against foes

■ Each member had 2 votes ■ Mostly Puritans

– 2 Massachusetts colonies: Bay Colony and Plymouth

– 2 Connecticut colonies: New Haven and scattered valley settlements

■ Weak but first step towards colonial unity■ Charles II took throne after serious neglect due

to Civil War

New England Confederation.

■ 1660: Charles II took throne after serious neglect due to Civil War – Wanted active role in colony management

■ Contrary to colonial ideas of independence ■ Punished Mass. By giving Connecticut its

charter, which legalized squatter territory and a charter to Rhode Island

■ In 1684: revoked Bay Colony charter

Complete the following chart then identify the Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences most significant similarities & differences

between the Chesapeake & New England coloniesbetween the Chesapeake & New England colonies

Chesapeake New England

Political

Economic

Social

■Essential QuestionEssential Question:

–How did differences in values affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, SouthernSouthern, & Middle coloniesMiddle colonies?

The Middle Colonies:New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware

The Middle

Colonies, 1685

New York■ NY was established as “New Netherlands” by

the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain)

■ Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch

■ In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance – Charles II gave territory to brother, Duke of

York– New Amsterdam renamed New York

New York

■After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York

–Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level

–James gained little profit from the colony

New York■ Very autocratic: Inhabitants had no political

voice beyond the local level

■ Aristocratic—English governors gave land to favorites

■ Land owning families had political power

■ Discouraged Europeans from coming

■ Dutch architecture & city names: Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate.

■ Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.

Pennsylvania■Pennsylvania founded by a radical

religious sect called Quakers ■Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:

– Rejected idea of original sin & predestination

– Believed that each person could communicate directly with God

– All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)

Penn's "Holy Experiment"■ Quakers were persecuted in New England for

their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment” – As a society run on Quaker principles that

promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less

– Disliked slavery – Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German

immigrants

– Penn’s treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.

William Penn & Native

Americans

Quick Discussion Question:Quick Discussion Question:In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”

Settling Pennsylvania

■Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population

■Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered

■In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

Urban Population

Growth: 1650-1775

Middle Colonies

■ All had fertile soil and broad expanse of land.■ All except for Delaware exported lots of grain.■ The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of

the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls.

■ Landholdings were generally intermediate in size

■ More ethnically mixed than other colonies■ A considerable amount of economic and social

democracy prevailed.

The Lower South

Settling the Lower

South

Carolina■ Although Carolina relied on slave labor &

agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to:– Diversity of settlers

• Populated by English landed families deprived of inheritance

• Religious toleration diversity of French Protestant refugees, Jews, and others

– Environment very different from the Chesapeake

Proprietors of the Carolinas■ Carolina was granted a charter in 1663,

formally established in 1670, to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty:–Proprietors were inspired by John

Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens

–But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years

Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy

The Barbadian Connection■English planters from the

Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town:

–Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code with them

–Demanded greater self-gov’t within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas

Indians as slaves in Carolina was

protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West

Indies to work, as well as New England.

Indians as slaves in Carolina was

protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West

Indies to work, as well as New England.

Africans worked on rice plantations due to

• resistance to malaria• familiarity with rice

North Carolina

■ Most are from Virginia –poverty stricken or religious dissenters

– Called “squatters,” and had no legal right to soil

■ Reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates

– Resistant to authority

■ Officially separated from South Carolina in 1712

■ Similar to Rhode Island – democratic, independently minded, and least aristocratic

The Carolinas

and Georgia

Founding of Georgia■ Georgia was founded in 1732 by James

Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida

■ Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England– Defended it from Spanish attacks

■ All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians. – John Wesley was one of them

■ Georgia grew slowly■ By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a

slave-owning plantation society

Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of

the lowest English citizens

Plantation Colonies

■ Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies.■ The growth of cities was often stunted by

forests.■ The establishment of schools and churches was

difficult due to people being spread out.■ In the South, the crops were tobacco and rice,

and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC.■ All the plantation colonies permitted some

religious toleration.■ Confrontations with Native Americans were

often.

The Proprietary Colonies■Most English colonies were created

by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals:–MarylandMaryland (1634)–CarolinaCarolina (1663)–New YorkNew York (1664)–New Jersey (1665)–New Hampshire (1680)–PennsylvaniaPennsylvania (1681)–Delaware (1704)

By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics 8 proprietors hoped

to create a politically democratic colony

A secretary of one of the proprietors was

John LockeGiven as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of

King Charles II)

Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a

land of religious freedom

Conclusions■All the colonies faced early an

struggle to survive

■Distinct regional differences intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period

■It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people