■ Essential QuestionEssential Question:

–What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

Reasons for U.S. Expansion■ Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was

focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny

■ Expansion by 1890s was different–New forms of communication led

to a sense of internationalism–Looked to gain more naval bases

& markets in major trade routes–New territories were viewed as

colonies, not as future-states

Reasons for U.S. Expansion■ Why the new focus? New marketsNew markets

–End of the frontier led to fears about economic opportunities

–American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter

–Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European imperialists finished annexing

World Colonial Empires, 1900U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Reasons for U.S. Expansion■ Why the new focus? DarwinismDarwinism

–Social Darwinism promoted white superiority

–“White Man’s Burden” promoted the “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity

■ By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policypolicy”

American Social Darwinism

Superstition

Oppression

Ignorance

Barbarism

Vice

Civilization

Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

The US as a World PowerThe U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin

America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast

potential market for U.S. goods

The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

The U.S. as a World Power: AlaskaAlaska

Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to

annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

The U.S. as a World Power: Latin AmericaLatin AmericaSec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade

U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought

raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses

The U.S. as a World Power: HawaiiHawaiiU.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation

owners who called for U.S. annexation

In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a

republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the

United States to pluck it.”—John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley

Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?

The U.S. as a World Power: ChinaChinaThe U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into

European spheres of influence

The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China

The U.S. as a World Power: JapanJapanThe U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism

But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20th Century

Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904

& gained control of Korea

The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open

Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against

Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

The New Navy■ In order to adequately prepare for

the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred MahanAlfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s:–The initial focus was to create

lightly-armored, fast ships–But by the 1890s, the navy built

new “offensive” battleships–The navy improved from 12th the

world in 1889 to 3rd in 1900

The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland)

1st big, heavy-armor ships 1st submarines

1st smokeless-powder artillery

1st rapid-fire guns 1st torpedoes

The Spanish-American

War

Causes of the Spanish-American War■ U.S. presidents from Jefferson to

McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba

■ The Spanish- American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution

Causes of the Spanish-American War■ By the 1860s, the only remaining

pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines–José Martí led Cubans in revolt

against Spain in 1895

–Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policyreconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

American Involvement ■ Presidents Cleveland & McKinley

both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until:

–Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba

–In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

Pulitzer’s The World &Hearst’s New York Journal

The Spanish-American War■ In April 1898, Congress declared

war on Spain, but added the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba

■ The war led to patriotic outburst:–Ex-Confederates served &

symbolically united North & South –Women & African-Americans

volunteered in mass numbers

“Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we.But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines

Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba

The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from

disease, only 379 died in battle)

“What a splendid little war.”—John Hay, Secretary of State

under President McKinley

Results of Spanish-American War■ U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Treaty of

ParisParis on Dec 10, 1898:

–Cuba gained independence

–U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam

–What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

War in the Philippines■ Filipinos welcomed war with Spain

& aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence

■ Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years: –Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between

50,000 & 200,000 native lives–The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style

brutality: torture, starvation, rape

The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule

War in the Philippines■ McKinley appointed William Taft

to the Philippine CommissionPhilippine Commission:–Built schools, roads, & bridges–Improved taxes & sanitation–Created local governments that

honored Filipino culture–Aguinaldo was captured &

urged an end to the fighting■ Philippines gained independence

on July 4, 1946

The “American Empire” in 1900How should the new lands in the new

“empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting?

Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed

governors & granted U.S. citizenship

The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba

could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time

Our Sphere of Influence

ConclusionsConclusions:The USA as a

New World Power

Impact of Spanish-American War■ Just as the Depression of 1893

led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy:

–The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power”

–Increased the power of the American president