ESSENTIAL LINUX COMMANDS

DBAsGökhan Atıl

GÖKHAN ATIL

➤ DBA Team Lead with 15+ years of experience

➤ Oracle ACE Director (2016)ACE (2011)

➤ 10g/11g and R12 OCP

➤ Founding Member and Vice President of TROUG

➤ Co-author of Expert Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c

➤ Blogger (since 2008) gokhanatil.com

➤ Twitter: @gokhanatil

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INTRODUCTION

➤ This session will cover only the tools shipped with Oracle Enterprise Linux 7 (no external repositories required).

➤ Power user tools / “root” privileges are not required.

➤ There are three main sections:

➤ Quick System Health Check (USE Method)

➤ Profilers & Tracing

➤ Other Useful Stuff

QUICK SYSTEM HEALTH CHECK

USE (THE UTILIZATION SATURATION AND ERRORS) METHOD

➤ For every resource, check:

1. Utilization: busy time

2. Saturation: queue length or queued time

3. Errors

➤ You may check Brendan Gregg’s website: http://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html

RESOURCE UTILIZATION (%)

Saturation

Errors

o o x o x o

CPU RAM Storage Network

UPTIME

➤ Average number of processes (runnable + uninterruptable) for the past 1, 5 and 15 minutes.

➤ Check if load is higher than CPU count.

➤ Useful to see the trend of “load”.

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1

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3

4

FREE

➤ Displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers and caches used by the kernel.

➤ Check available memory and swap usage

➤ Information is gathered by parsing /proc/meminfo

TOP

➤ The top utility provides the same information with “uptime” and “free”, and it also shows who’s consuming CPU

➤ Short-lived processes can be missing entirely!

TOP (CONT’D)

➤ us, user: time running un-niced user processes

➤ sy, system: time running kernel processes

➤ ni, nice: time running niced user processes

➤ id, idle: time spent in the kernel idle handler

➤ wa, IO-wait: time waiting for I/O completion

➤ hi: time spent servicing hardware interrupts

➤ si: time spent servicing software interrupts

➤ st: time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor

TOP (CONT’D)

➤ PID: Process Id

➤ PR: The priority of the process. The highest priority is -20 and the lowest is 20.

➤ NI: Nice value, is a way of setting your process' priority.

➤ VIRT: Virtual Memory Size (KiB)

➤ RES: Resident/non-swapped Memory Size (KiB)

➤ SHR: Shared Memory Size (KiB)

➤ S: Process Status ('R' = running, ’S' = sleeping, ’Z' = zombie )

➤ TIME+: Total CPU time the task has used since it started.

➤ COMMAND: Start top with the -c flag to see the full command line that launched the process

TOP (CONT’D)

➤ Press “f” key to modify visible columns and sort order

VMSTAT

➤ vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, disks and CPU activity.

➤ The first line of output shows the averages since the last reboot.

VMSTAT (CONT’D)

➤ if the r (number of runnable processes) is generally higher than number of CPUs, there’s possible a CPU bottleneck

➤ if the si + so (Swap-ins and swap-outs) are not zero, your system needs more memory.

➤ If the wa (time waiting for I/O) column is high, there’s possible a disk bottleneck.

IOSTAT

➤ iostat shows CPU and I/O statistics for devices and partitions.

iostat -x 1 100

➤ avgqu-sz: The average queue length of the requests that were issued to the device. Higher numbers may indicate saturation!

➤ await: The average time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests.

MPSTAT

➤ mpstat command reports activities for each available processor,

mpstat -P ALL 1 100

➤ Check for an imbalance. If some CPUs are busiest than others, there could be a single-threaded application

PIDSTAT

➤ pidstat reports statistics for Linux tasks.

pidstat 1 100

pidstat -d 1 100

SAR (SYSTEM ACTIVITY REPORT)

➤ sar displays CPU, memory, disk I/O, and network usage, both current and historical.

➤ It uses “/var/log/sa/saXX" file to read historical data. XX is the day of the month.

sar -f /var/log/sa/sa16

sar -f /var/log/sa/sa16 -s 07:00:00

SAR (CONT’D)

➤ sar can be used like mpstat:

sar -P ALL 1 100

sar P ALL -f /var/log/sa/sa16

SAR (CONT’D)

➤ sar can be used like iostat:

sar -p -d 1 100

Device names may also be pretty-printed if option -p is used

SAR (CONT’D)

➤ You can use sar to check network load and errors.

sar -n DEV,EDEV 1 100

➤ Possible keywords: DEV, EDEV, NFS, NFSD, SOCK, IP, EIP, ICMP, EICMP, TCP, ETCP, UDP, SOCK6, IP6, EIP6, ICMP6, EICMP6 and UDP6

DMESG

➤ dmesg is used to examine the kernel ring buffer. It’s a good place to start checking if there’s any error on the system:

dmesg -T | tail 50

TRACING & PROFILERS

PERF

➤ perf is a performance analyzing tool in Linux, available from Linux kernel version 2.6.31.

perf record -p XXXX sleep X

perf record program_name

perf report

➤ Performance counter summaries, including IPC:

perf stat program_name

➤ root can give access to regular users:

echo -1 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid

perf top

PERF (CONT’D)

➤ Sample output of the perf report:

STRACE

➤ strace records the system calls and the signals received by a process.

-p: attach a process

-e trace=file,process,network,signal,ipc,desc,memory

-o: write output to a file

-f: trace child processes (fork)

-tt: include time info at the beginning of each line

-c: report a summary of time, calls, and errors for each system call

STRACE

➤ Sample output of strace (tracing oracle log writer):

strace -tt -e trace=ipc -p 3582

LTRACE

➤ ltrace records the dynamic library calls and the signals received by a process.

➤ Its use is very similar to strace.

-p: attach a process

-o: write output to a file

-f: trace child processes (fork)

-e: {[+-][symbol_pattern][@library_pattern]}

-c: report a summary of time, calls, and errors for each system call

-tt: include time info at the beginning of each line

-S: Display system calls as well as library calls

LTRACE

➤ Sample output of ltrace (tracing oracle log writer):

ltrace -tt -e pwrite64 -p 3582

ls -l /proc/3582/fd/25[89]

PSTACK

➤ pstack attaches to an active process and prints out an execution stack trace.

➤ You may want to check Tanel Poder’s “Advanced Oracle Troubleshooting Guide, Part 6: Understanding Oracle execution plans with os_explain”

OTHER USEFUL

STUFF

FILE

➤ file tool is used to determine file type.

file sqplus oracle dbca

➤ It uses magic signature file in /usr/share/misc/magic

DD

➤ dd can copy from a file/device to another file/device.

➤ Becareful about “conv” parameter. It should be set to “notrunc” otherwise it will truncate the output file.

dd if=/dev/zero of=sample01.dbf bs=8192 seek=132 conv=notrunc count=1

dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/null

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc1 count=1

HEXDUMP

➤ hexdump displays file contents in hexadecimal, ascii, decimal or octal.

dd if=datafile.dbf bs=8k skip=1 count=1 | hexdump -C

STRINGS

➤ strings prints the printable characters in files.

strings dbv

FUSER

➤ fuser displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files or file systems.

fuser -u *

➤ fuser can also send signals (-l to list signals, -k to kill processes)

LSOF

➤ lsof lists all open files belonging to all active processes.

lsof *

➤ you can list all open files belong to a user:

lsof -uoracle

IPCS

➤ ipcs provides information on the inter-process communication facilities such as shared memory segments, semaphore sets and message queues.

ipcs

LDD

➤ ldd prints the shared libraries required by each program or shared library specified on the command line.

ldd program_name/library_name

THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING! ANY QUESTIONS?