1. P.02

2. 10 500 200 10 2007 3 3. 4 4. (contrast) as opposed to; in contrast to - /- 2 78 85 N N 5 5. 6 6. For Everyone Who Uses this Dictionary Objectives When we run into a word we dont know, we look it up in a dictionary. We can learn the meanings of most words by checking a Japanese-language dictionary. There are words, however, that learners of the language cannot nd in a dictionary. Here are some examples: bakari and wake ni wa ikanai. There are a number of dictionaries in which these expressions cannot be found. This dictionary is designed to help Japanese language learners find patterns that are not in Japanese language dictionaries. The objective of this dictionary is to enable students of the language to learn the meanings and usage of patterns that cannot be found in a general Japanese dictionary, rather than to provide the basics of grammar. We have included sentence patterns ranging from elementary to advanced levels, indicated their meanings, functions, and usage in easy-to-understand examples, and included explanations. The explanations are translated into English, Chinese, and Korean for the convenience of those studying Japanese. Structure and Use of This Text 1) For Everyone Who Uses this Dictionary: 2) Notes on using the dictionary.3)4) 5) 6)ExampleConjugations and Particle Symbols Structure of Each Entry Verb Forms and Entries in this BookMeaning of Various Marks and Symbols etc. Body of dictionary + Cross-references Cross-references: For example, when trying to nd , the user can access the phrase from or from . The cross-reference for the entry indicates the main entry with an arrow. When there is more than one of the same entry, explanations in brackets distinguishing the differences in meaning of each pattern are provided. Multiples of the same entry are listed according to frequency of basic meaning and general use. Verb conjugation chart, lists of special honoric and humble expressions Japanese syllabic index Lists of meanings and functions The meaning and function lists in the index indicate what patterns have similar meanings and usage. They are included for the users reference.7 7. Structure of Each Entry 1) Levels. Numbers to the right of theindicate the level of difficulty of the pattern or function word according to standards of the Japanese Language Prociency Examination. 2) Examples. First, typical examples are provided. As many examples as possible are given of connective particles, tense, situation and topic to elucidate usage and provide a balanced presentation. Simple vocabulary is used in level four sentence patterns, difficult vocabulary in level one example sentences. In some cases special situations are described. Informal language has also been incorporated into the examples. 3) Connectives. The types of forms taken by connectives are indicated. 4) Explanations. The minimum necessary word meaning, usage, and grammatical notes have been provided. * Examples of mistakes. In the explanations, examples of only the most common mistakes are listed, accompanied by an X. Correct sentences are indicated by an arrow. * Marks. Marks are used to indicate written, formal, or spoken forms for word usage and when to use what expression. * Reference. Similar expressions are listed at the end of the explanations.Example: (contrast) as opposed to; in contrast to - /- 2 78 85 N N This indicates that words connect directly to nouns (Example 1) or append to 8 8. after the plain form (Example 3). In the case of -adjectives ( -A ) or nouns (N ), connectives follow after -A- , -A , N , or N patterns. (Example 2). By following these rules you will be able to construct sentences correctly. Examples: In contrast to my older sister, who is lively, my younger sister is the quiet type. In contrast to my younger sister, who is the quiet type, my older sister is lively. In contrast to the Japan Sea side, where a lot of snow falls in the winter, on the Pacic Ocean side, it is often sunny. In comparison with last year, which saw a succession of hot days, this summer is cool.9 9. Conjugations and Particle SymbolsExamples NounDictionary form of verb form of verbNegative of verb form of verb form of verb form of verbVolitional form of verbSubjunctive form of verb form of verb + form of verb + Dictionary form of -adjective Stem of -adjectiveStem of -adjective + Stem of -adjectiveSuru verbNominal of suru verb-u verb-ru verbIrregular verbVerb -adjective10 -adjective NounPolite form -adjective -adjectiveVerbPlain form Noun 10. 1 11 11. (contrast) as opposed to; in contrast to - /- 2 78 85 N N 12 12. 13 13. , . . . , . . , , ( ) , . ( ) , . , , . + : , , . , . , . , 50 ( ) , .14 14. . ( ) , , , , , , . , 4 , 1 , . , .. . , , . , . . , , , . .15 15. (contrast) as opposed to; in contrast to - /- 2 78 85 N N , ( ), . , ( ) ,, . . ( , .) ( , .) ( (or ) , .) ( , .)16 16. - - - - - - + - 17 17. Verb Forms and Entries in this Book Group I Verbs (-u verbs) 5 Group III Verbs Irregular Verbs Group II Verbs (-ru verbs) 1 391 412 When looking up Volitional Form see: (page 391). , When looking up Passive see: (page 412). , 410 When looking up Potential see: (page 410). , 107 When looking up Command Form see (page 107). , In rst and second-level patterns, words that always take certain particles appear with those particles. Examples: , , etc.18 18. Verb Forms Entries in this Book Volitional Form391 Command Form107 Prohibition256 Potential410 Passive412 Respect415 Causative98 101 Causative Passive 97 , 391 , 412 ,391 ,412 , 410 ,410 , 107 ,107 , , , . : .19 19. Meaning of Various Marks and Symbols Usually used as written form Usually used as formal expression Usually used as spoken form Form used to connect patterns 6 Plain form (See: Conjugations and Particle Symbols) page 10 13 17 6 Polite form (See: Conjugations and Particle Symbols) page 10 13 17 Exception Reference example for furthering understanding Correct sentence Incorrect sentence 20 Reference example sentence for person reading translation Not incorrect, but not often used , 20. throughout (the time) - /- 3 Appends to expressions of time, i.e., throughout the entire time. Words expressing continuing action and conditions follow. , . . 8/18/31 8/1 8/31 (From August 1 straight through August 31) 81 831 during; when - /- 3 22 21. Appends to expressions involving length of time meaningbefore the time interval ends. Expressions of momentariness follow. , . . 8/1 8/? 8/31 8/1 8/31 81 831 210 after muchended up, - 2 V N 23 22. To try many things, but end up with adverse result. Often used with emphatics such as , , or rather than about something that happens only once or has insignificant result. The phrase in sentence is an idiom. is similar.give / . , . . . 3 AB A B a person on my side 24 23. giver receiver Expression of receipt in which subject is giver. Giver is speaker or someone psychologically close to speaker. The verb is used when recipient is socially superior, as in sentences and . The verb is used toward animals, as in sentence , and is also used toward one's own family when speaking to people outside of one's inner circle, as in sentence . , . . , . . . 283 315 284comprised of; indispensable to - /- 1 N N1 N2 N1 N2 Emphatic expression meaning N1 is realized because there is N2. 1 2 1 2 . . 2625 24. after - ( )4 V N One action or condition succeeds the other. Second action or condition comes after the rst. When action or condition is continuing, as in sentences and , is used rather than . , ( . . , . so that - / 2 A N 26 25. Certain limits are extreme so result will be either abnormal or negative. Often expressions of emotion precede , as in sentences and . , . . so that / 2 N What follows pattern is extreme in degree, causing unusual result. As in the examples, often adjective stem + follows pattern. . . + . 27in accordance with; is contingent on / 1 27 26. Mainly appends to expressions of difference in level or type. Indicates that something will change or be decided depending on N. In sentence , has same meaning and usage. At end of sentence becomes , as in sentence . Meaning and usage are similar to , but is more formal. , , , . , . . , . in case of / 1 28 27. Mainly appends to words expressing degree or type to indicate some instances among a category. Is part of the usage, and states something is possible among a variety of things. In sentence , has same meaning and usage. Usage is similar to , but is more formal. , , . . . . , . doesn't matter whether 1 No matter what is happening before pattern, result will occur regardless. Usage and meaning are nearly the same as for . , . . 27 2829 28. doesn't depend on whether 1 No matter what is happening before pattern, result will occur regardless. Usage and meaning are nearly the same as for . . . 339 so long as - ( )/ - ( )2 A N Speaker's judgment, decisions, or recommendation ("sincethen naturally"). Phrases expressing the speaker's judgment and volition, or appeal to the listener, recommendations, or prohibitions often follow ( ).30 , , , . , , , . 29. 387 284 285 324 285 286 44 on the one hand - ( )2 Contrasts two aspects, such as in sentences and . Also used to show two actions occurring in parallel, as in sentences and . , .will just continue , 2 10 31 30. V Change in condition will continue to proceed in one direction. Connects to verbs expressing change. . . 388 168 on top of that ,( ) - 2 N Adds feeling of also to phrases expressing occurrences with same directionality as in a previous situation (positives with positives, negatives with negatives). Commands, prohibitions, requests, or solicitations do not follow ( ). ( , ) ( , ) . , , , . after having - / - 2 32 31. V N After first doing one thing, another action based on the first will occur. Verbs of volition precede or follow . , . . for, in order to - /- 2 V N After indicating a goal to actively work toward, second phrase explains what is necessary or important to achieve that goal or objective. Does not take verbs of action. , , . . 32533 32. since things have reached such a pass - /- 2 A N Meaning sincethen of course , expresses speaker's resolution or resignation Phrases following indicate corresponding actions of responsibility or resignation. Often used with , , , , , etc Similar to , . . , . , . . . before you know it - /- /- 2 34 33. Links to phrases of continuation; expresses notion that during period of continuation, some unforeseen change occurred. Clause following indicates change in condition. , . . while - /- 2 V V A A N Unless someone does something before what comes ahead of , the subsequent opposite state will make realization of the action dicult. , .can / / 2 35 34. V V V Two readings of the dictionary form: and . When with the , - , or - forms, read as , , and respectively. V meansthat can be done, that is possible. V means something cannot be done or is impossible. Not used to indicate something is impossible because of lack of ability. , , , . , , , . . 35 35 3 polite nominal and adjectival prexes - / - ( ) 36 35. Prexes and append to things or actions (letters, invitations) concerning another person to indicate an honorific or polite attitude towards that person. Prex most often appends to words of Japanese origin, while attaches to words deriving from China ), . ( ) , ( ) . 39 286 420 287 287 37thanks to / / 2 A B A A N N 37 36. Gratitude when a positive result occurs owing to someone's help. In sentence , it is difficult to discern whether the reason stated is the only possible cause of the positive result. in sentence is a common greeting. , . , . .please - /- 3 10 7 V N 1 Concise phrase of suggestion or directions often used in public places. Not used for speaker own requests s in sentence is a special form of . Cannot be used with verbs , , or one-character -ru verbs such as , , , or (go out). 28638 . . , . . 37. the speaker humbly (does verb) - 3 CD CD To elevate the other party, speaker uses humble language for his own actions. Describes actions done for other party Not used for actions without recipient that can be elevated. For words of Chinese origin, such as in sentence , the pattern changes to or . ( ) . . . .there is fear that - 2 39 38. Something bad is likely to happen. Formal expression often used in news and reports. . .the honorable listener does (verb) - 2 Honoric form of V . Concise form of V . The in sentence means . . . .someone does (verb) honorically - 10 8 403 39. Shows respect toward others and third parties. Cannot be used for actions for which honorics are inappropriate, such as or , and for informal words such as or , etc. 3 . ( . 2 whenever there is an occasion - ( )/- Favorable occasion; negative phrasing usually does not follow. Also used as set phrase in letters, such as in sentence . , . . 34041 40. nished ( ) - 3 Completion of continuous action or operation that has beginning and end. Does not usually append to verbs of momentariness, but in cases of actions or operations of many things, such as in sentence , links to such verbs. but - . , , . 4 10 Links phrases of opposite meaning or contrasts.42 . 41. excuse me; I'm sorry, but - 3 AB Here simply connects two clauses. Often used to preface discourse, as in sentences , , and . In sentence , gives subdued, softened impression. 2 . . . 43 eort ofpaid o - 2 10 43 42. Positive result arising from willful action with certain objective. If undesirable result occurs, as in sentences and , takes negative form, . In sentences and is part of a noun phrase since entire clause refers to positive outcome of volitional verb In this usage, always read . . , , . , . .best - /- 3 12 44 43. Something is considered best within certain context. When three or four concrete items are compared, as in sentences and , interrogative , is used in question. When expressing something best among variety of items, is used When expressing something best among indivisible items, is used, as in sentence . . 3 4 , , . , . , . 43 288 288 289 289 290 (range of conditions) so long as - 2 45 44. Expressions of temporal breadth are used before and after when indicating that the state continuing before also continues after it. , . . as much as possible - 2 Do something to the limit. Sometimes used as idiom, as in sentence . . . 257 290 absolutely; extremely / 1 A A N 46 45. Speaker now feels something very strongly. Being an expression of speaker's feelings, is rarely used in the third person. . , 3 . as far as can be deduced from - 2 Delimits range of information needed to make certain judgment. Connects to words that indicate actions attaining information, such as , , or . . . 420 291 47 291 2 partially; in the process of - 47 46. Some action or event has begun and is unnished. Sometimes handled as noun, as in . , , . . 141 3 feel; hear; smell; taste ( ) /( ) /( ) Senses of sound, voice, taste, smell, or feeling. , , , , , .dicult to - /- 2 48 47. V Slightly old-fashioned expression meaning that doing something would be dicult or impossible. Often used with verbs (believe), (forgive), (understand), (imagine),and (accept)Often used as idiom Not used to mean something can't be done because of lack of ability , . . . . . by way of; while happening to; also 1 N 49 48. One action serves to achieve two goals Often used on formal occasions or in interpersonal relations in business settings Verbs of motion, such as , often follow Often used in idioms such as , , , etc. , . . . . 292on account of - - 2 93 24 N N N N N By repeating the noun, expresses notion that because the noun is special, there is ample reason for whatever follows the . , , , .as a sideline; besides , , - ( )1 50 49. V N Continue to do one thing while doing another in tandem. Compared to - , used for action continued over a long interval. Often used when balancing work and separate role. Phrase preceding indicates person's main activity. , , . , . . . liable to; prone to 2 Tendency toward some state, high proportion, or frequency. Usually used for adverse tendencies. Often used in pattern . Other examples include (forgetful), (slothful), (sickly), and (tend to be late). , , . . . , .51 50. take the opportunity to; on the same occasion - / 1 3 0 V N Accomplishing two objectives via one action. Can also mean to produce two results by doing a single action.Verbs of movement, such as or , often follow. . , . , . no sooner than - /- 2 V 52 51. One event directly follows another Phrase ( ) describes actual event. Clauses expressing volitional action or words of volition, such as or , commands, or negatives cannot follow. Cannot be used for the speaker. In sentence , has the same meaning and usage Patterns with similar meanings or usage are: , , . , , , . , . , . , . sothat - 2 Metaphor meaning that something looms large as an extreme situation though in actuality it is not. , . 5253 52. 2 just barelywhen - /- V V V One event happens shortly after another. Phrase describes actual event. Phrases expressing volitional action or words of volition, such as or , commands, or negatives cannot follow. Cannot be used for speaker. Patterns with similar meanings or usage are: , , . , , , . , . . could - /- 2 54 53. V Speaker apprehends result or course of events as having potential of being adverse. , . 2 cannot deal with - /- V Something is difficult or impossible to do because of emotional resistance. Sentence is used in service industry as soft way to say the company cannot meet customer's demands. Sentence is used in formal business situations. , . . . 5655 54. (seems) as if - /- 2 Emphatic expression used as a simile; means something is just like something else even though in actuality the two are dierent In sentence , is idiomatic expression meaning whatever precedes pattern or something belonging to similar category. , . , , . no sooner than - /- 1 V 56 55. Some action occurs shortly after another. Phrase describes actual event. Clauses expressing volitional action or words of volition, such as or , commands, or negatives cannot follow. Cannot be used for speaker. Patterns with similar meanings or usage are: , , . , , , , . , . . (I) want - /- 4 AB A B N 3 57 56. Desires and wishes in the rst person. Used to ask desires and wishes of others, but is best to avoid using directly toward social superiors. Conjugates like adjectives. Cannot be used at the end of sentences in which a third person is the subject. Must be constructed as in sentence , with or . . , . . 3 . . 376perhaps; it may be that - /- 3 Possibility, whether fty-fty, as in sentence ; very high, as in sentence ; or quite low, as in sentence . Used when either looking forward to or dreading an event58 . , , . , . 57. so; since - /- /- 4 Cause or reason Often clauses expressing speaker's volition , etc.or exhortation , , etc.come at end of sentence Best not to use in requests or refusals because sounds too strong. . , . . from; on account of - /- 2 N 59 58. Shows something is a cause of a result. , , . . .extends from , - 1 20 8 0 100 10 Emphasizes large amounts. Added to words expressing quantity. Used nearly the same way as , as in sentence . Becomes when used with prices, as in sentences and . , . . .judging from - /- /- 2 60 59. Used when looking how something would be appraised from certain viewpoint or judged from an individual's standpoint. Also in form , as in sentence , and , as in sentences and . Same meaning and usage as . , . , . , . 60 60 60it is precisely because; that - /- / 2 61 60. Two uses. One emphasizes reasons solely responsible for something, as in sentences to . Often found in pattern . Not used much to stress negative aspects. Second usage as in sentences and , when someone wants to stress reason that goes against common sense. . , . . . , . 2 even Takes up issues that are most fundamental or not normally problematic (even is such, so of course everything else is). Often used in negative appraisals. 63 63 6062 , , . . 61. from the standpoint of - 2 Judgments, positions from which to make appraisals, or focus of something. Shows how to approach issue from particular standpoint. Same meaning and usage as . Also takes forms , as in sentence , and , as in sentences and , , . ( ) . , . , . 63 63 174 2 just becausedoesn't necessarily mean - A B63 62. Different from what is considered norm. Negative forms are usually found at the end of sentence Often, negative endings such as , , or follow Often expresses speaker's judgment or criticism. Becomes in informal speech. , . . . . .fromtill - 2 1970 1980 64 63. Range with a vague beginning and end Successive state of either continuity or intermittency within a range. Similar to , although latter has denite beginning and ending and expresses continuation of certain condition throughout temporal or physical range. Clauses following also indicate continuation rather than one-time discrete events. , , . , . , . 2 now thatthen naturally - / Sincethen naturally. Phrase following often means to carry something through to end. Phrases of volition or of appeal, such as , , , , or often follow. , . , . , , . 6065 64. (he, she, it is) eager to; tends to - /- 3 A A V N N Third person's desires, wishes, physical sensations, or emotionsUses phrases such as (want), V- (want to), (hurt), (happy), or (too bad). Conjugates like -u verbs When attached to , particle becomes . Examples: N N Usually in the form - , but is used to express general trends, as in sentence . Best not to use when subject is social superior. , 3 , , . . , . , . . 420 29266 65. the other side is; in exchange; in lieu of - 2 V V V V Often used as in sentences and to show that something has both merits and demerits, or that the issue has an opposite side. Also used as in sentences and , in which something is done in compensation for something else. In sentence , mutual relationships are contrasted using V , V (in exchange for having something done for me, I will do for someone), or V , V (in exchange for doing something for someone, I will havedone for me) , , , . , , , . . in place of - ( )/- 2 V N 67 66. In sentences and , a proxy or substitute acts on behalf of someone or something else. In sentences through , means to do something other than one's habitual action. , . 293 293 421 293be a little; have a touch of 2 Something does not have strong degree, but there is tendency toward something. Often used for unpleasant situations. Also used in such phrases as (slightly fat), (tends to lack), (tends to get checked by the other team), (prices tend to rise), etc.68 , . . . 67. be liable to; be inclined to - 1 Criticism expressing that something naturally has a tendency toward a negative condition. Used not for external appearances but for fundamental essence of an issue. Often found in the pattern, . . . . from the timehaven'tsince - /- 2 10 V V 69 68. Used in the negative in many cases. Phrase following indicates some state expected next does not occur. Phrase (saw once and only once) in sentence is colloquial. , . . 69ompletely; nish the whole / 2 1,000 V V Adds to verb nuanceto do all, do until the end, (as in sentences and ); strengthen, (sentence ); or make extremely(sentence ). , . 70(do) all / 2 70 69. V V V Adds nuance to verb of being able/ incapable of doing all (sentences and ); or completely able/incapable as in sentence . , . 71 utterly; inexcusably 1 A In forms , , means nothing is morethan, or extremely. Often used in emotional speech Old-fashioned expression. , . . . 325 42171 70. en; make - ( )4 5 Someone willfully changes certain condition to create different situation(Transitive verb) ( ). 72despite the fact that - /- 2 A A N N 72 71. , . , . . .Adversative conjunction. Criticizes someone's faults, feels superior to another, has unexpected feelings, or expresses discontent. Phrases before and after have same subject. in sentence is used in informal discourse. 422 422 76 4 become - Condition of person or thing changes to become something else. (Intransitive verb) ( ).almost 2 73 72. Extent of condition; emphasizes that extent. Often appended to verb form , and verbs that do not express speaker volition. Meaning and usage are s similar to , but is used for both high and low degrees of something. , . , . , , . 2 at least / N A Something is thought lightly of or unimportant Generally, becomes when appended to nouns and with words that conjugate, but is not ironclad rule. 73 7474 , . , . 73. if end up, then; would soonerthan - 2 Speaker wishes to take as an example an action that he considers especially abhorrent to indicate that whatever follows the phrase would be far better by comparison. , , . 75there's nothing/no one more - 2 N A 75 74. Mainly appends to nouns. Used when speaker subjectively feels that what precedes is in superlative degree, and wishes to emphasize the fact. Pattern can be used in place of . Cannot be used for objective facts. , . . . 294gives to speaker 3 A B a person on my side 76 75. giverreceiver Verb of receipt. Receiver is speaker; giver is subject. Receiver is usuallyI, members of the speaker's family or circle of friends. The verb is used when the giver is a social superior, as in sentences and . , ( ) . , . . 295show signs of; look - /- 2 77 76. Describes a person's appearance. Shows feelings. Slightly old-fashioned. Not usually used to describe appearance of social superiors. Mainly connects to -adjectives, or -adjectives, and used overall like -adjectives Also seen in expressions: (meaningful), (sadly), (shyly), (uneasily), (wistfully), etc. Often used with , , etc. . . . . , , . . . 423 78 79 although; nevertheless; but - 3 Links two clauses of opposite or contrasting import. In speech, or the contraction is used rather than .78 . ( ) . 77. (preface, softening) actually; excuse me, but - 3 AB AB Connects two clauses or are often used in speech instead of to soften speech. Often used as preface to statement, as in sentence . As used in sentence , is used to leave lingering impression. . . . . 36 295it is (this time; me; it; etc.) that - 2 A B 79 78. N Emphasizes difference between something important and other factors Not used to emphasize demerits. . . 344 296 296(you) should - 2 10 15 11 10 V V Used in schools or groups to enforce rules and directives (you should, you cannot) by appending to sentence endings. Written on blackboards and in printouts. Sometimes conveyed verbally.80 , . , . 79. How! - 2 10 A A N Something before is of such unusually high level, speaker cannot even imagine it. Often used in patterns , , . , . .there are times - /- 3 81 80. Something isn't always a certain way, but becomes so occasionally. , , .can - 3 19 Possibility. Sentences to show technical or physical ability. Sentences to show that realization of an action through regulations or conditions is possible. The N in N is nominal of verb, such as , , or a noun such as name of foreign language or sport. Can be used in nearly same way as , but sounds more formal. When other words are appended as prefixes or suffixes and the verb is not in its pure form, is often used. 82 . , , . , . , . , . , , . 81. from the fact that - /- 2 A A N Origin of thing's name, or basis for judgment. Nuance that there are other external reasons is added when in pattern Sentence shows origin; sentences and , reason; sentence , basis for judgment. , . . , . like; as - /- /- 1 83 82. Somewhat old-fashioned written form. Nuance in sentences to is that though reality is different, simile holds true. In sentences and , is used to indicate examples. Pattern is N when following nouns, and N in all other cases. . , . . , . 84like; as - /- 1 Indicates matching content. Same meaning and usage as . Old written form. In sentence , has connotation ofas written above;sentence meansa schedule like what follows. . . , . 83 (deep emotion) how very! - 2 30 84 83. A A Speaker's feelings of surprise or impressions about some fact. Often appends to adjectives that express emotions. . . 2 (advice, admonition) (you) must V V Used by social superiors to offer to social inferiors personal opinions or appraisals as advice on what to do or avoid. Not used toward social superiors. , . . 326 326since - /- 2 85 84. A A N N Indicates insignificant reasons. Gives impression that there are other reasons for some event as well. Similar to , but slightly more polite and emphatic. . . , .how! 2 A A In , , shows speaker's strong feelings about something. Adjectives expressing emotions inserted between and . Also used with , , , (all meaninghow). , . . .on account of the fact that - /- 1 A N 86 85. Formal and slightly old expression. Often used to give reasons for apologies or to seek forgiveness. Also found in expressions: (on account of not being accustomed to) and (on account of being elderly). . . . 89when it comes to; when the subject turns to - /- 2 Attitude diers from the usual concerning certain topic or issue. Sometimes appends to dictionary form of verb, as in sentence . , . .without - 2 87 86. V (I) usually do (or) end up doing, but in this case (I) didn't. Formal pattern, not used with everyday expressions. , , , . . 276 terribly; extremely - /- 2 A Speaker's emotions are indeicated before , the inversion putting emphasis on speaker's feelings. Words expressing emotions come before ; no expressions of speaker's intentions follow. Somewhat more common in written language.88 . , . . 87. make up one's mind to - 3 3 Indicates whether speaker has decided to undertake a certain action. Can also say: V , V . , . . 2 - the case that; the custom that 50 89 88. V V Something must be certain way because of a variety of rules, customs, or schedules. Formal version: . Often used together with , , when describing rules. , , . . . (decision) has been decided that - (- ) 3 Something has been decided independent of speaker's volition. Can also be used euphemistically when it is speaker who has decided something, as in sentence .90 . , , . 89. will end up - /- 2 Something has been decided independent of the person's volition. sentences In and admonishes against likelihood of undesirable result In sentences and has nearly same meaning as (means that). . , . 258it's true thatbut - 2 A N 91 90. Same phrase is repeated before and after to indicate speaker acknowledges fact but does not consider it particularly important. When speaking about past, sometimes tense before and after diers, as in sentence : . , , , . .no need to; shouldn't - 2 V Response to someone's concern that something must be done. Response constitutes advice that there is no reason for action to be taken. Often used in patterns (certainly no need to) or (no need to go to the trouble of). Response ofno need tocan shift into a criticism when used as in sentences and . ? , . . , . 259 423 92 91. when; on the occasion of - /- 2 To be in a special condition or when something has become a certain state. Same meaning as , but because it is a formal expression, is not usually used in everyday speech. , . , . 296 in the middle of - ( )/- ( )2 To be just in the midst or middle of some action. . 9393 92. even - 2 Cites an extreme case to express that naturally there are other factors. Often appends to the nominative as , as in sentence . . .whenever; if only - /- 2 V N V A A 94 93. For the situation following the pattern to occur, conditions before the pattern must be realized Indicates that nothing external is necessary. , , , . 297 297 24 96let me - 3 V Used to ask someone to permit the speaker to do something. Takes a causative verb + . In many cases the speaker is certain he will obtain permission. Note who does action. . . . . 95 94. won't you let me? - 2 Polite way to ask someone to permit the speaker to do an action Becomes in informal conversation, as in sentence . . . 2 would you mind letting me? - 96 95. Polite request to ask permission of someone to do something. Note who does action. . . be made to /- 3 3 0 97 96. Causative passive. Expresses notion of someone receiving a command or directive and then being compelled to do the action, as in sentences to . In sentences to speaker does not receive any directives, but result or psychological impact ends up the same In either case, subject is speaker or someone psychologically close to the speaker who feels unhappy about the fact. , , , . , , . , ( , ) . make to do / 3 Usually used when a social superior compels or persuades a social inferior to do an action. Not used to ask something of social superiors. 98 , , . . 97. induce to - 3 3 Something is a direct cause of a psychological change in someone or draws out an emotional response. Also used with other emotive verbs such as , , , , , and . , . .99 98. let - 3 Indicates granting permission to someone to do what they wish. It also indicates good will on the part of the person making the appeal Note person doing action In sentence , continuous action is granted in the pattern V .100 , . , . . , , . 99. ended up making - 2 . . .Speaker feels responsible for being the cause of some adverse situation arising for someone else. Often used in pattern V . Also used in idioms, as in sentences and . to cause - 2 101 100. Used when speaker wishes to focus on main component of some condition that has arisen There is no transitive verb; a corresponding intransitive verb is used in its causative form to act as transitive verb. Can also be seen in Chinesederived intransitive verbs such as (improve), (develop), (advance), (complete), and (realize). , , , . ( ) . 345 377 2 but - /- cannot avoid; have no choice V 102 101. Used when situation cannot be avoided even though person involved does not want to do the action. is old term meaning (not). Pattern has a stronger sense of (must even though doesn't want to) than (no way not to). , . . , . 3 and, besides - Explains more than one reason. Conveys less of a causal eect than either or . Even when only one reason is used, as in sentence , the sentence imparts feeling that other reasons do exist. . . . 357can't but, can only - /- 2 103 102. Expresses resignation that there is no way out of doing something. . as soon as; the moment that - /- 2 V Often used to convey volition to do something as soon as something else happens. , .the case that - /- 2 A 104 103. Result has occurred because of a certain reason or circumstances that speaker rst explains. Becomes in mid-sentence, as in sentence . , . . 105depends on - ( )/ - 2 Mainly links to expressions of dierence in degree or type. Conveys notion of change in response or decision depending on that dierence. Factors preceding decide what follows it. Meaning and usage are same as for , but is more common in daily conversation. Becomes at end of sentence, as in sentence . , , . . , , . . depending on - 2 105 104. Links mainly to expressions of dierence in degree or type to indicate that in some situations certain events happen. Usage belongs to the pattern. Describes one instance out of a variety of possibilities. Same meaning and usage as for , but more common in daily conversation. , . . . , , . 297 298 298 299 424 300 299 302 424106 105. turn out badly; end up ( ) / / 1 V Shows process of events going from bad to worse. Often used with words such as (ultimately), and (in the end). . . 193 185 186 194 195 (command) do! - 3 107 106. Sentences that end in command forms are mainly strong commands said by men. Sometimes used as in sentence , for men inviting friends or making recommendations. Used by men and women alike in directions on tests or when used in indirect speech in the middle of a sentence, as in sentence . , . . , , , . 300 301 303 (command) said to do - ( )2 3 108 107. Concisely expresses indirect speech warnings or commands. Direct commands of the indirect statements in sentences listed are: sentence . : Take care of yourself; sentence . : Read books when you are young; sentence . Senior colleague: Now forget what's over and done with/ Forget what's over and done with! Sentence . Grandfather: Look three steps ahead when you walk/ Look three steps ahead when you walk!, etc. 3 3 , . , . 303 2 nally, at last after - V N After doing various things, this is result. Often used with words of emphasis such as , , and The expression (after muchended up) can also be used in this pattern. , . , . . 304109 108. too 3 10 V Negative evaluation indicating a degree crosses a line that was perfect. . .totally immersed in; all in - /- 1 To be filled with something, or one thing after another happens. Used for things, colors, and events. Most often used when a person is inundated in nice things. Other examples: (to treat lavishly), (dripping in jewels), and (immersed in agreeable things).110 , . , , . . , . 109. ended up not - 2 Some intention was not realized because of a psychological, temporal, or physical obstacle. Often appends to verbs of volition. Phrase used as a noun. Often used with words like (ultimately), and (after all). Somewhat colloquial.without - , , , . . . . .3 V V V V 111 110. The V of V is an old form of Used in the same way as V Sentences and show in what state action was taken Sentences and express meaning of "instead of" and "contrast". . . . . 2 just had to - /- V To physically not be able to bear something. Expresses that when speaker sees a situation, cannot suppress strong feeling of wanting to do something about it. As expresses speaker's emotions or physical sensations, necessary to append suxes , , or when using the third person, as in . Same meaning as .112 . , 3 . . 111. 1 can't help but - /- V V A situation or action is made to occur. By using with words expressing emotion, sentence suggests person naturally came to have that feeling. In sentence , has the same meaning and usage. . , . , . 1 - / - will most certainly V V Expresses with strong emotion, desire, or policy the idea that something will not be allowed to go undone. . , , .113 112. 1 / must certainly - V V Considering the situation, conditions of the time and social rules, speaker expresses notion ofmust by all means,orown feeling thatmust be done. Formal expression. even - .1 10 114 113. Gives extreme example of something and then adds that other factors naturally also exist. Used the same way as , but is more literary. When appended to nominals, such as in sentences and , often becomes . . , . , . 304 299 115on account of - /- 2 A A N N 115 114. Some adverse consequence results from some cause. In sentence , has nuance that other factors might have contributed to the adverse consequences. , . , , . 300 301 305 306 307 306 it's said that; I hear that - 3 116 115. Conveys information speaker learned aurally or from reading. Source of information is indicated by , , or . Cannot be used with negatives, past tenses, or interrogatives. Cannot use , , or before , . . , . . it appears that - /- 3 Expresses appearances seen or impressions of speaker. Conjugates like -adjectives ( + noun/ + verb) Not used for things that can be understood objectively at a glance Never appended to nouns. . . . . 117 116. about to (- ) 3 Used when it seems like something is about to occur. Negative form usually becomes , as in sentence . , . . it seems that - 3 118 117. Expresses speaker's judgment, guesses, predictions, or premonitions. Negative of verb form usually becomes . , , , . , . 117 118 307 307 307just as soon as - /- 1 V V Just as soon as one does something, something else happens again and yet again. Often used for undesirable events. , , . . 348119 118. (I) want to - 4 V Expresses speaker's desires and hopes for action Also used to ask about desires and hopes of others Conjugates like an -adjective Transitive verbs, like in sentence , often take particle rather than (drink beer) (I want to drink beer) Cannot be used at the end of sentences expressing desires in the third person Necessary to append expressions such as in sentence : , , and . Best not to use directly toward social superiors or when asking something politely. , . . . . , . . . 308 309 308 309120 119. (I) really want to! - 2 V V V V Emphasizes action of desiring or wanting something by combining and . V means V (I'd really like to). Often used in conjunction with (somehow) or (somehow or other), as in sentences and . In colloquial language, often becomes V , as in sentence . , . . . . 309 309 141 329as much as - /- /- 2 121 120. V Do something to its limit. Also used in idioms, in form of , as in sentence . Besides appending to verbs, can be seen in patterns such as , V , , etc. V . . .as might be expected - /- / 2 10 A B A 10 B A A NN 122 121. Used for admiring or praising someone's achievement as befitting his talent, effort, position, or experience. Used with words that evaluate results, abilities, or characteristics. Often used with . in sentence is informal. Becomes or at end of sentences, as in sentences to . , , , . , , . . . . 122 127 as betting - /- 2 20 A A NN For explaining some suitable result generated from or guessed about based on some reason or condition. Evaluations or judgments often follow. Often used with , as in sentence . , , , . . .123 122. precisely because; contrary to expectations - /- 2 A NN Something is certain way, more than usual, or contrary to expectations. Often used with or as in sentences and , , , , . .be worth - /- 2 5,000 V V N N N corresponds to the action. , . 122124 123. at least - /- 2 A A Suggests worse things were predicted, but at least some bare minimum standard was met, and that even though speaker is dissatisfied, will forgive other party or situation. is -adjective with nuance that event is not good, but is better than some other event that could have been far worse. Slightly colloquial. , , . , . . 3 have the experience of; have - /- 125 124. Indicates experience Often used with phrases such as , , , and . Not used with words indicating near past, or with , , or . . . . , . 3 have the situation ofin the past - 10 Some extraordinary situation occurred in past. Not used with words indicating near past. . . suddenly begin to - 3 126 125. Some action or operation difficult to control through human volition has begun. Often used with adverbs such as (suddenly) and (all of a sudden). Does not express speaker's volition. . . . not onlybut also 1 N Something is not only within particular sphere, but extends far beyond those limits. In daily conversation , , and are used. Other similar forms are: (not merely, but), (not just one, but), (not simply one, but). is a particularly written form. , . . , . .127 126. the only thing that ( )1 Sets limits on something Very formal written expression. ( ) ( ) . . 127 no matter how - 3 V A A N has same meaning as , as . Informal expression. , . . 200128 127. even if / 2 V A A N Even if something does occur, some condition will arise regardless. , , . when - / - 2 V 129 128. Explains formally that when one event occurs, things become certain way. Not used to explain very average phenomena, but to indicate as a result of one thing, another situation developed or speaker learned some new fact. Result indicated is something that happened by chance, and thus cannot reect speaker's volition. When expressing outcome that diers from expectations, becomes , as in sentences and . , . , , , , , . , . 3) . 235supposing; even if - /- 1 2,000 V 130 129. Describes speaker's judgment that even if something does occur, result will defy expectations and end in vain, or level of result can only be low. Often phrase following indicates speaker's subjective judgment or surmise. Past tense cannot be used at end of sentence. As in sentences to , often used with , , , interrogatives, and numerical classiers. , / . , . . . just at the very moment - 2 V 131 130. Some unanticipated event begins to occur almost simultaneously with the ending of another. In many cases the two events are related Since ( ) describes actual events, sentence ending cannot take expressions of willful actions, volitional words such as (try to) or (intends to), commands, or negatives. Cannot be used for speaker. Patterns with similar meanings and usage are: , , . . , , , . , . . 142not at all; not even; even just - 1 30 V A literary term used in idioms. Meaning in sentence is: (I never even dreamed); sentence : (never even imagined); sentence : (even just thinking about). Used as idiom with verbs (think), and (hear) to convey the meaning ofeven just doing, as in sentence .132 . ( ) ( ) ) ( . . 131. just (nished, did) 3 V V Only a short while has lapsed since action ended. As in sentences , , and , V- (because just), and V (even though just) often describe a condition. Similar in meaning to V , but V only indicates time just after action. V has wider time reference than V , as in sentence . . , . , . , . every time - 2 133 132. When one event happens, another always happens at the same time. , .it would be best to - ( )3 134 133. Proposes or recommends to someone the speaker's own opinion or conventional wisdom. Other party is to decide whether to do what is suggested, but there are cases, such as in sentence , when is nearly command. Not usually used to give instructions to social superiors. , . , , , . . in order to - ( )3 10 V N Objective of an action. Objective is given before , and action to be taken follows. appends to verbs that include volition. . , . . for - 3 40 Hopes that a person or group will benefit from something. .135 134. because of - 3 Cause of result that is uncommon. Often used in writing. If used for normal events, sounds unnatural. Words expressing speaker's volition and requests do not follow. , , , . . . . after - /- 3 V V 136 135. After completion of verb action or operation (future), will do something. This V is not suppositional. Often verb conveys the speaker's volition, thoughts, opinions, or advice. This usage is specic to V . , ( ) , , . . , , . . if - 3 V A N N This indicates supposition that if something occurs, then something else will happen. Sentence endings with can take words expressing speaker's volition or appeal to others. No limitations on sentence endings as with , and . , . , . . 143137 136. if (only) - (- )2 V N Speaker supposes something different from the actual situation, and expresses feelings of regret or gladness that event was not realized. Often phrases such as , , and come at end of sentence. , , , . . why don't (you)? - /- 3 V 138 137. Recommends, proposes, or gives advice to someone. Also used as in sentence to seek advice on best course. Similar constructions are and , but and are spoken. . . . 3 it would be nice if ( ) - AB V A A N Desire or hope that some outcome will occur. Often exclamatory appends to end of sentence. Often when event seems difficult to realize, as in sentences and , , , or are used. Words expressing speaker's volition cannot precede . Possible to interchange with , and . . . . . 212139 138. may I? - 3 30 Speaker seeks direction from listener. Patterninterrogative is almost same in meaning and usage. . . 2 covered in; full of 140 139. Many unpleasant things are visible or on something. Other expressions: , , , , , etc. , . , . 1 ifthat will be the end of it - V Feeling that if someone does some particular action everything will be lost or over. In sentence , has same usage, but is more colloquial. , , , . , . 243 244141 140. 2 would have if - (- ) A N V A A N Supposes an event contravening past or present actuality; suggests some dierent situation would have arisen if contravention had been true. Implies that things did not turn out as hoped. If or are appended to end of sentence, feeling of regret is strengthened. In sentence , speaker implies she can't buy the item because it is actually too expensive In polite speech, becomes , as in sentences and .142 , . . , . . . 141. how about if you - 3 3 10 Suggests plan of action. Is more direct proposal than pattern . In informal speech, becomes or ?, as in sentences and . , . . . 4 doand do - 143 142. Lists up two or three activities or events among several. As in sentences and , describes one person doing several things, or as in sentence , several people doing several things. When only one V is used implies that other activities are being done as well, as in sentence . Can also be used euphemistically, as in sentence . 23 , 2, 3 . , , , . , , , . 3 sometimesand sometimes - A A A A N N Shows unstable situation. Also used with parts of speech other than verbs. Often used in pattern , as in sentences and .144 . . . 143. repeatedly do and - 3 Shows repetition of opposite action or movement. Uses verb antonyms such as / , / , / , etc. . 2 .not even - 1 Emphasizes complete denial by stating that there isn't even one minimal factor. Similar . pattern is . , . . 145 144. has the job of; who is - /- 1 N In pattern N, someone is in certain position so they should act accordingly. Often used in pattern N . Implies that N is highly evaluated by speaker Literary, formal expression. , . . . . 310 probably, most likely - /- 4 10 A N 146 145. Often used to express predictions for future concerning inconclusive or weather forecasts. Used for conjecture about both present and past events, as in sentence .Not used for predicting speaker's intentional actions. Copula is polite form of . In sentence , is used to soften speaker's question while making conjecture. , . , . . . . how very! 2 A A A A NN Expresses deep feelings or strong emotions. Often used with , , , or . , . . 187147 146. I think perhaps - /- 3 50 N Speaker's conjecture or surmise. Expresses speaker's feelings more denitively than . Conjecture can be conveyed with alone, without , and indicates stronger conviction. Not used to predict speaker's intentional action. ( ) , . ( ) . , , . ( ) . 310 191 193 185 186 194 425 311148 147. while; incidentally; at the same time - /- 2 V V N Uses opportunity of one event to conveniently accomplish something else as well. Clause preceding contains originally planned action, while clause succeeding describes supplementary action. , . , . 425 426 311 what was that?/was it? - ?/- ?2 149 148. Draws attention to or confirms speaker's uncertainty about some event when speaking to someone. , , . 312 there's no chance, no way - 2 30 30 V Emphatically denies some possibility. Often expresses possibility and indicates speaker's judgmentSimilar in meaning to patterns and Used in familiar speech. . . . . . 227 even though , - 2 150 149. V V V V Something is done even though such is not expected. Often used when speaker regrets or confesses something. Often found in idioms, such as , . Used the same way as V . . . . . . while - 2 CD V Someone does two things at the same time. Second action listed is main action. Usage is same as for , but more literary. , . . , . 151 150. and; or; nownow - /- 1 500 Explains how verbal action following is carried out. Appends to two contrasting verbs, such as (oat), and (sink). Used idiomatically. . . .(progression) be doing - 2 1 V Some event progresses in a certain direction. Specically denotes something is in process of progression. Rarely used in conversation.152 . . . 151. keep on; do on and on 3 12 Movement, practice, or action continues. Specically stresses length of time of action. , . . 150 (hearsay) they say that - /- 2 A B A B 153 152. The of hearsay or quotation abbreviates to . The (saying) or (is written) that follows has been omitted. Widely used in daily conversation. Sentence means: Sentences to are said with falling intonation. In sentence , repeats what other person said, and then re-asks question. In most cases like this, is said with rising intonation. , . ) . . . . , . . who; what; that - /- 2 APC B A B V A A N PC Denes something or explains its meaning Informal. In written speech, sentence would be p.c. . Sentence would be . PC , . . PC PC . named - /- 3 154 153. N N N NN N In form N is spoken expression Tells names of little known people, things, or places. Forms N and N are also used. Written form is N N. , , . . . 208 209 154 222 219 225 222 1 leave as is / leave on; leave out; V 155 154. After an action is taken, some subsequent action that should be taken is left undone. In sentences and , means the situation continues. Often used in negative evaluations. , . . .-ish; somewhat - / /- 2 20 Used not for frequency, but for quality of something. Often used for adverse things. Other expressions: (masculine), (seems like a lie), (sexy), (blackish), (easily fatigued), etc.156 , . . , . 155. intends to - /- 3 3 0 157 156. Speaker's intention or plan for what to do or not to do in future. Meaning is similar to (I think I'll), but plan is more specic and event more likely to occur. Not often used for events in immediate future. For third person volition, usage is same as . Used in patterns such as , , and . is stronger negation than . Best not to address social superior with . , , . , , . . , , . . . 2 to supposed be, but - /- A N Someone has certain intention, but actuality or result of actual action dier. 312158 , . 157. then - /- 4 3 4 7 V Loosely connects what precedes form of verb to what follows. In sentences and the two clauses are in parallel. Sentences and stand in contrast. , . , . then - /- 4 B C 10 V V V V V V 159 158. Loosely links clauses preceding or following V . In sentences to , action is listed in sequence. V in sentences and are prerequisites for action following. Two V patterns can be used, as in sentence . To express sequence relations more denitively, use V . Negative is V or V . , . . . . . . by; while - /- 3 CD V V V V Loosely connects what precedes and follows it. Sentence describes method and means; sentence describes what happens or what action occurs in what state. Negative is V or V . .160 . , , . . 159. for; because - /- 3 V A A N Reason or cause. Weak connection. Clause following often contains , , and , or other expressions of emotional or physical conditions or impossibility. Expressions of speaker's volition or appeal to listener do not appear at end of sentence. Sentences like and are used as idiomatic salutations. Negatives take . . . , . 3) . 4) . , . 161 160. both; and - /- 3 10 A A N Loosely connects -adjectives or -adjectives and nouns. Meaning diers depending on what precedes or follows. Sentences , , and are in tandem; sentences and show weak cause; sentence shows contrast. 159 162162 , , , . . , , . . 161. give; do for; be kind and - 3 A B V V V 163 162. Acts of kindness. Person doing the kindness is speaker or someone psychologically closer to speaker than person receiving the act of kindness. If V is used for speaker, speaker's kindness becomes overly emphasized. Not used for situations that call for actions as part of the job. Best not to use toward social superiors. Note that the particles change depending on the verb. V is used when social superiors are recipients of action, as in sentences and . V is used for animals and plants, as in sentence . V is also used about one's own family to people outside the family, as in sentence . . , . , . . . , . . , , , . is; are - /- 4 164 163. Verb is transitive. Result of action taken by someone with an objective continues. As in sentences to , when expressing some situation witnessed, N V is used. In sentences to , when event is not directly witnessed but preparations are already in place for a situation, N V is often used In those cases, people become the subjects, but are often omitted , , . , , . , , . , , . When describing an action that was done with a certain objective in mind. Transitive Verbs + When describing exactly what one sees. Intransitive Verbs+ + 165 164. regardless of - /- 1 N N1 N2 No relationship to.Clause following signies situation stays same regardless of what is listed in preceding clause. Often speaker's subjective judgment or conjecture follows. As in sentence , variation N1 N2 is used. Patterns , and interrogative are also common. N1 N2 , . . . 1 2 . .whether it isor - 1 N N 166 165. Judgment applies to all examples listed. More formal than expressions of same meaning, such as , , and . . . 177 181 205 3 not yet - V V Something should have been completed but is not yet. Used when incomplete result aects present situation. Past tense is used when speaking about simple past. In informal speech, V becomes V , as in sentence . . ( ) . . .167 166. ever since - /- 2 V N Certain state continues after action is completed. Nearly same meaning as . Not used when later action occurs only once. , . . . is -ing - 3 V V 168 167. Progression or continuation of action or operation. Verbs of continuation are used. Also used as in sentences and for natural phenomena. In informal speech V becomes V . . . . . always - 4 V V Practice or repetition of action. For practice and repetition, verbs of momentary action or operation can also be used, as in sentence . Sentences to express occupation or position. In informal speech, V becomes V , as in sentence . . , ( ) . , . .169 168. 4 has been; is - V 170 169. Result of change continues. Uses verbs of momentariness (verbs that express momentary action). In sentences and describes externally certain state, whether someone had a purpose in causing that state or it naturally came about. Sentences and show that action continues unabated. Sentences and describe clothing using transitive verb for clothing + . When explaining nouns, V N can be replaced with V N, as in sentence . Forms V N and V N are interchangeable. Forms V N and V N are interchangeable, but not for action in progress. In informal speech, V becomes V , as in sentence . . ( ) . , , . . + . , , . . . -s, -ing - /- 3 500 Original shape or essence of something. Other expressions include: and . , . . narrative present tense - 2 11 1969 12 171 170. Describes historical events, careers, or experience as a record. , . 235in advance; leave - 3 9 Preparation is done for an action to achieve some purpose. Appends to verbs of volition. Also applies to temporary measures, such as in sentences and . In speech, V becomes V . 172 , . . , . , . 171. after - /- /- 4 V Emphasizes that V action will definitely be done first. Not used for explicit time relationships. Verbs expressing action rather than state of being follow. More than one V cannot be used in a sentence. V , . . , . .4 since - 173 172. A starting point from which change or continuation occurs. Change or continuation of a condition follows. . , .not until after - /- 2 V Something must be done first before something else can be done. Phrases showing difficulty or impossibility follow. Usually follows the form of the verb, but can also append directly to words expressing time, as in sentence . In sentence , also has same meaning and usage. , . , . , , . , . 174 from the time - 1 174 173. V Something creates a chance for a situation after some action or event. Speaker expresses emotions about a dramatic change that occurs later. Meaning and usage of is nearly the same, but addition of makes the phrase exclamatory. . . , . ever since , - 2 V A condition has continued since advent of certain action. Nearly same meaning as . Unlike , cannot be used for independent events. , . . , . 82175 174. please do - /- 4 15 V In sentences to , is used to ask favors, make recommendations, or casually instruct someone. In sentences to , is used to ask someone to refrain from something or prohibit them from doing something. , , , . , , .won't you? - ?4 V V More polite form of request and directive than . 182 176 . 175. go and - 3 12 VDescribes leaving somewhere for temporary time for trivial purpose. No V form of this pattern. . . 3 rst, then , - V Do something somewhere and then move on. , .177 176. has become - /- 3 V V V V describes situation continually changing from past to present (speaker's point of view). V is for action that will continue to change from present (speaker's point of view) to future. Used with verbs that express change. ( ) . ( ) . . have; will continue - 3 178 177. V V V Describes temporal continuation. is present perfect tense; V V is for continuation from present to future. Speaker's focus is on present or specied time. Often used with and . . , . , . . state of movement - 3 V Means of movement, situations, and actions occurring in tandem during motion. , .to; into - 3 179 178. V V V For leaving or approaching speaker or topic by giving directionality to verbs of movement or verbs that have meaning of movement. Verbs of movement include , , , , and . These words have no intrinsic directionality, so V or V are appended for directionality. , , . . , . approaching or leaving the speaker - 3 180 179. For leaving or approaching speaker for verb pairs of motion. Use of or depends on speaker's point of view. In sentences and , speaker is outside classroom. In sentences and , is in classroom. Verb pairs of motion include , , , , , , , , etc. , , . . . . , . come to - 3 V Things or sensations (odors, voices, etc.) approach speaker. No V form of this usage. ) . .start to - 3 V 181 180. Beginning or emergence of change. Used with natural occurrences regardless of speaker's volition. Often used for psychological or emotive sensations. No V form. , . , . , . .does for (me) - 3 Feeling of happiness or gratitude by speaker or someone psychologically close to speaker about another's action. When not for gratitude, passive is used. Also used to describe direction of action. Note use of particles such as , , . V used toward social superiors who do ac tion, as in sentence .182 , . . , . . . 181. V Even for same action, gratitude of speaker is expressed by V , andlack of gratitude by passive. , , . it's only when; by ,( ) - 2 V 183 182. Learn or become something for first time only by doing something. If hadn't tried something, wouldn't have known about it. Often positive evaluations and possibilities follow. , . . . , . 94 163extremely - 2 Speaker cannot repress strong emotions or sensations. Necessary to add to end of sentence , , or for the third person because only describes speaker's feelings, bodily sensations, or demands. Can also be used with reexive verbs such as , or . is spoken form. . , , , 3 . . . 184 184 183. do the whole thing; end up - /- 3 7 3 0 Emphasizes psychologically total and quick completion. When emphasis is not necessary sounds forced. Can be used for future, as in sentence . Used for surprise on speaker's part, as in sentence . In spoken language, V becomes V , as in sentence . ( ) . . . . .185 184. ended up - 3 Speaker's feelings of failure, regret, vexation. Can also be used for future, as in sentence . In speech, V becomes V as in sentences and .186 . . . 185. don't you think? ?4 A B AB A B A B A N As in sentences and , used to seek agreement for speaker's opinion, or as in sentence to express sympathy for listener's feelings or situation. Also used for verication from listener, as in sentences and . Can be used to start a conversation, as in sentence . The copula is mainly used in familiar male speech. , , . . . . 146 147187 186. extremely /- 2 Speaker cannot repress strong emotions or sensations. Necessary to add to end of sentence , , or for the third person because only describes speaker's feelings, bodily sensations, or demands. Can also be used with reexive verbs such as , or . is spoken form. 114188 . , , , 3 . . . 187. 2 be dying to; unbearably - /- Inability to repress strong feelings or physical sensations. Describes speaker's feelings, physical senses, or desires. For the third person, must append , , or to sentence ending. Cannot be used with reflexive verbs such as or . , , . 3 . . even if have to - 2 189 188. V Extreme determination to realize some strong feeling or desire even if must take extreme measures. Sentence endings expressing speaker's desires or hopes are common. , . , . 167 1 - if this isn then what is it? t, Expresses feeling by mentioning abstract noun and saying that it is par excellence. Written form seen in novels, essays, etc.190 , . , . 189. can't help but - 2 V A A Inability to repress emotions or physical sensations that naturally arise. Expresses speaker's emotions, senses, and demands, so in the third person sentence endings must take , , or . Used with reexive verbs such as , , or . Often expresses negative feelings. . , , , 3 . , .alternately didand - 2 191 190. In pattern V V, two actions are performed alternately. Also has usage of V V, V V to emphasize repetitiveness by stating action twice, as in sentence . Phrase in sentence is colloquial . . . 438it's not as though - 1 10 N N Since N is not true, it is only natural that. What follows is speaker's judgment, assertion, advice, or recommendation for listener. Though somewhat oldfashioned, is also conversational. Not used in formal writing.192 N , . , , , . , . . 191. (you) must not - /- 3 Prohibitions and rules used by teachers to admonish students, parents toward children, and in public rules. The in sentence is like in that asks permission, but has nuance of hesitation to ask. In speech, becomes , , as in sentences and . . , . , . . 261193 192. 2 than one can bear - / / doesn't like; be vexed; be more A N Complaint of current grievances and disappointments. Often used with or to describe present situation. The meaning ofdistressingof is appended using for situation. In informal speech becomes , and becomes , as in sentences and . , . . , . , . 194it is/ was not untilthat - 2 194 193. V After speaker does something, becomes an impetus that leads to realization or new development. , , , , . 2 to (my) amazement - !/- ! 1,000 What is described before indicates surprise, amazement, or impression. Written expression used in novels and essays. . . it seems (to me) - /- 2 195 194. Speaker states her judgment before to seek agreement from listener with speaker's judgment or to disagree with listener. In polite speech, becomes , as in sentence ; in informal speech becomes , as in sentence . , , . , .want to happen or be done - /- 2 V V V V V V V 196 195. Speaker has expectation or desire of listener, third party, or thing. Two forms of negation: V and V . V often means V , as in sentence . V is also used to state speaker's expectation or wishes independent of listener, as in sentence . Also used to criticize listener, as in sentence . , . . . . , , . 2 really wish - /- V V V Strong desire that someone else will do what speaker wants. Often used with or as in sentence . In conversation V is common. . . . 197197 196. because I said/did, to save face, I must - /- 2 V Speaker has said or done something unfortunate and feels need to do something to save face. , , .will go so far as to - 2 Takes something extreme and expresses with feeling going to extreme lengths. Clause following often expresses person's volition, assertion, judgment, or evaluation. Also sometimes used to urge listener to do something, as in sentence .198 . . . 197. determined to accomplish - 2 Speaker's strong resolve to indicate working work hard to accomplish something or conviction that speaker can succeed. Used to encourage speaker by telling someone speaker's intentions. Sometimes used to show something through actions, as in sentence , . . . try doing - 3 Try something in order to find out more about it. Follows volitional verbs. , . .199 198. even if - /- 3 V A A N Something that naturally should occur does not (paradoxical supposition). Also used to indicate compromise. Used as negative answer to questions using , , and . Used for suppositions, as in sentences and , for established facts, as in sentences and , and for situations that are both, as in sentence . Often used in patterninterrogative + ,as in sentences and . In informal speech becomes , becomes as in sentences and . 200 200 , , , ( ). . . , , . , . , . 199. may - /- 3 303 V Seeks or grants permission. Generally follows verb; subject is omitted. More common to answer petition with: . V , as in sentence ; , , as in sentence ; V or than with V V . Best not to use toward superiors. , . . . . . 201 200. (I) don't mind if - /- 3 1 Used for compromises. Something is not optimal but still acceptable. In sentence ,interrogative + indicates all possibilities are acceptable. . , . . 201 202 all right to - /- 3 202 201. V Seeks or grants permission. Generally follows verb; subject is omitted. More common to answer petition with: , . V as in sentence ; , or , V when not permissible, than with , V ; , V . Best not to use toward social superiors In sentence ,V asks if speaker's action will bother listener and is more reserved than . , , . . . , , . . , . 203 202. all right with (me) - /- 3 ? Used for compromises Something is not optimal but still acceptable. Sentence uses pattern interrogative + to indicate that all possibilities are acceptable. . . . 202 204 2 even if - /- no problem 204 203. V A A N Means no problem with situation described before . Nearly same as or but conveys more passive granting of permission or compromise, or is more reserved question. . , , , . 204 262have someone do something for (me) - 3 10 205 204. Receipt of act of kindness. Person receiving kindness is speaker or someone psychologically close to speaker. Unlike V , V gives impression of having requested action. is used when person doing V action is social superior, as in sentences and . . , . , , . . from the depths of one's heart 1 V Verbs , , and indicate speaker has held certain strong feelings toward someone for long time. Expresses speaker's feelings; almost never used in the third person. 163 168 171 235206 , , . , . 205. once; when - 3 V V Second action inevitably occurs after first action. Sentence ending is in present tense. Speaker's volition or request does not follow . Speaker's volitional actions can be used for habitual actions such as in sentence , since volition is muted. Sentences and are spoken forms, and as is apparent, can often be used to urge speaker or others by using V to take certain actions in daily life. Negatives such as , , and are omitted after V , , , . . , . , . . . .207 206. (conditions) when - /- 2 V Indicates that as soon as what precedes pattern is completed, second action takes place. Subject of both verbs is same. Speaker's volition or request does not appear in succeeding action. When sentence ending is in present tense, as in sentence , indicates habitual action. , . . , . , . says; said - 3 Direct quotations. Quoted phrase is repeated exactly as spoken, followed by to. Verbs other than can be used, as in sentences and . In conversation, is used, as in sentence .208 . . . . 207. said - 3 Thank you. Indirect quotations. Quotation does not precede . When converting direct discourse into indirect, polite spoken speech or written forms are put into plain form and followed by . With indirect discourse, verbs that reect person or point of view change, e.g., becomes , etc. In speech, is used, as in sentence . . . , . , . . 2 (non-actual supposition) if only - (- ) 209 208. / Using the form / , imagines something contrary to fact and expresses feelings of regret or gladness that fact was not realized. Often words such as or occur at end of sentence. / , , , . . go hand in hand with - /- 1 N Second element is added to rst to increase intensity of result. , . / being - 1 210 209. N Special situation or appearance is described before pattern; resultant situation is described following pattern. Often used to describe speaker's observations. Often used in news. , , . . . if for - /- 1 N Necessary or acceptable because is for someth