Essay Writing

• How to prepare an essay outline• I. Understand the question

– A. Notice what the main idea it’s asking you about it.

– B. Notice the supporting ideas.– C. Notice the context.

• II. An example:– A. “Little Jimmy has the flu. Explain what a

virus is, how it works, and why it gives Little Jimmy symptoms.”• 1. What is the main idea? Supporting ideas?

Context?

Essay Writing

• II. Organizing the outline– A. Use a roman numeral for the topic of your

first paragraph. What, in 1-5 words, is this paragraph about?

– B. Tucked in under the roman numeral, use capital letters for each of the main ideas that are necessary to explain this topic.• 1. Tucked under those, use Arabic numerals for

things you need to know in order to describe each of those ideas. Key definitions, pieces of evidence, connections to the context, etc.– a. If you have some detail you want to be sure to

mention about one of those, use a little lowercase letter.

– C. The numbers and letters go in the order that you’ll write about them in the paper.

Essay Writing• III. After the outline

– A. Once the outline is done, you need to be sure that it works!

– B. Practice writing the essay using only your outline for reference. Notice the places where you have problems.• 1. Where you get stuck• 2. Places that don’t seem to go in a good order• 3. Places where you don’t seem to have topic sentences or

enough detail.– C. Rewrite, subtract, or add to your outline as necessary.– D. It’s also an excellent idea to show your practice essay

to a family member or friend, ideally one who isn’t in biology!• 1. If they can understand the biology based on your essay, you

probably did a good job!

Cancer

• Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that may develop in nearly any body tissue and may affect all ages, even fetuses.

• #2 cause of death in the U.S.• Probability dictates that half of us will

have cancer sometime in our lives. Few people go through life without somebody close to them getting cancer.

– Epidemiology: Knowledge + choice = power. Power + behavior = human welfare.

Cancer

• Your knowledge of the cell cycle allows you to understand cancer - what causes it, what is it, how does it work.

• Cancer, from karkinoma, crab. Hippocrates, 300 B.C., studying breast cancer.

• More than 2,300 years of scientific study! Many answers, but also still many questions.

Life Cycle

• “The Human Cycle”– Explain this

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Life Cycle

• “The Cell Cycle”– Explain this

diagram

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Cell Cycle and Cancer

• Working through packet together via discussions and videos– http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html

– http://science-education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_videos.htm

– http://science-education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_animations.htm

Interphase

• Put this diagram in your notebooks (you don’t need the cell pictures)

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Most of the cell’slife is spent in interphase.

Interphase then has some sub-phases, like how “adulthood” is broken down into “young adult,” “mature adult,” “middle-age,” etc.

Interphase

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G1 (Gap 1) - Cell growth

S (Synthesis) - Copy DNA to prepare for later reproduction

G2 (Gap 2) - Lots of protein synthesis, and ensuring “good health”

G0 (Gap zero) - Resting

Interphase

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How is interphase analogous to a human life cycle?

Organelle Connections

• Where are there proteins doing things?• Where’s ATP moving to and from?• Where does genetic material move to and

from?

• And so on. – Think back through the year’s units.– Double-check that you know what each organelle

does.– The more details you can implant and connections

you can make, the more prepared you are.