espon seminar 21-22 november 2002 mondorf-les-bains, luxembourg

ESPON SEMINAR, 21-22 November 2002

ESPON SEMINAR21-22 November 2002

Mondorf-les-Bains, Luxembourg

Development of

Terrestrial Environment Indicators

at the EEA

Jean-Louis Weber


EEA : the European Environment Agency

“The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe’s environment, through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public”


Main objectives of the EEA 1/2

• To assist the European Community and member countries to:

identify, frame, prepare and implement sound and effective environmental policy measures and legislation

monitor, evaluate and assess actual and expected progress in the implementation and results of such measures.

4

Support to the policy process : the EEA policy constellation

EU EU legislationlegislation

EEAEEA

NationalNationallegislationlegislation

InternationalInternationallegislationlegislation

EU SDSEU SDSInternationalInternational

Organisations Organisations activitiesactivities

EC’c 6th research FP

SectoralSectoralintegrationintegration

Non-member country

activities

EC’s 6EC’s 6thth EnvironmentEnvironmentAction Prog. Action Prog.


I SI S

I EU K

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E E A M e m b e r a n d P a r t i c i p a t i n g C o u n t r i e s

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N e w m e m b e r s

O t h e r c o u n t r i e s

E E A M e m b e r a n d P a r t i c i p a t i n g C o u n t r i e s


Main objectives of the EEA 2/2

• To establish and coordinate the European environment information and observation network (EIONET), based on an information infrastructure for the collection, analysis, assessment and management of data shared with European Commission services, EEA member countries and international organisations, agreements and conventions.

7

The EEA relies on EIONET, the network of national organisations, co-ordinated by NFPs

…


Network of organisations and Individuals with information and expertise of relevance to EEA’s Work Programme

Telematics network based on Internet technology to enable communications and data flows between partners

What is EIONET?


ETC ETC ETCETC EEA ETC

NFPs

NRCs

MCEs

European Topic Centres

National Focal Points

National Reference Centres

Main Component Elements

Elements of the European Environment Information and Observation NETwork

(EIONET)


Role of the National Focal Points

•Coordinate Member State Input to EEA Work Programme

•Support Management Board Member

•Build Telematics Network in Member State

•Coordinate data flows to ETCs and for EEA Reports

•Motivate NRCs and MCEs


•Work under EEA subvention

•Co-ordinate topical networks of NRCs

•Deliver reports, databases

•Improve comparability

•Advise on data gaps

•May support DG ENV when EEA requested

•Represent EEA in various fora

Role of the European Topic Centres


5 European Topic Centers

ETC on TerrestrialETC on Terrestrial EnvironmentEnvironment

ETC on TerrestrialETC on Terrestrial EnvironmentEnvironment

ETC Air and ETC Air and Climate Climate Change Change

ETC Nature Protection

and Biodiversity

ETC Continental and maritime water

ETC Waste and Material

Flows


Lead organisation:

Partners and structure


Terrestrial Environment

Coastal Environment

Soil

Land

T.E. CONCEPT: an integrated approach

Rural…

Urban…


Core set of TE indicatorsCore set of TE indicators

EIONETEIONETETC TE topic databasesETC TE topic databases

CLC 2000

SoilCoastal units

Eurostat/GISCOJRC...

TERRISTERRIS

Integrated Environmental

Assessment

Integrated Environmental

Assessment

ReportingReporting

Other ETCs

Water

Waste

Nature

Air

Sea ConventionsSea Conventions

Setting up the EEA information system

on Terrestrial Environment


Setting up the EEA information systemon Terrestrial Environment

1. Data collection: e.g. CLC20002. Indicators development: the EEA core set process

and the terrestrial environment indicators 3. Integrated assessment: e.g. DPSIR and Land &

Ecosystems Accounts

Conclusion : Importance of the geographical information in the environmental information system


Setting up the EEA information system on Terrestrial Environment:

1. Data collection: CLC2000


Main characteristics of Corine Land Cover (CLC)

• Mapping scale 1:100 000, resolution 100 m • Nomenclature: 44 classes• Minimum mapping 25 ha• Land cover changes >5 ha• Geometric accuracy:

– image data: < 25 m – land cover data: < 100 m

• Thematic accuracy: > 90 %• Updating frequency: every 10 year


CORINE land cover update, year 2000

IMAGE2000 CLC2000Centralised

activity

Decentralised activity

based on national teams

EIONETNational

ReferenceCentres

Land Cover

contractsEO Industry

(SSC,GISAT)


CLC2000 in progress National inventories to be finalised by Dec. 2003

Co-financing of the programme by COM & Member States

Accession Countries participating on the same basis

Data will be disseminated for free for non-commercial use (e.g. ESPON…)

Commercial use: pricing up to each country


2. Indicators development:

the EEA « core set » process

and the terrestrial environment indicators



Reporting obligations

Legal = Compliance data Assessment of the implementation of the

regulations by the Member states Don’t necessarily inform on state, trends,

effectiveness of policies Moral = the reporting on state & trends

Multiple clients Multiple data flows


The present situation and the need to streamline the process

EC EEA OECD UNEP

The Public and Decision-Makers

ETC

DG

DG

Eurostat EC EEA OECD UNEP

National Institutions

The Public and Decision-Makers

ETC

DG

DG


One EEA Core Set of Indicators Covering Environmental Issues and Sectors Refering to Policies Shared with EIONET, the Commission and

International Organisations, Maintained on the WEB (Reportnet), Accessible to the Public(s) on the WEB Used as a Resource for various EEA Reports

The approach of the EEA, based on indicators


Why indicators? Accountability!

relevant policy questions

indicators

distance to target analysis

accountability of policy makers/environmental managers

0

5000

2010 CLRTAP targe t

ozone pre curse rs

Emissions of ozone precursors, EU15

target


Why indicators? Communication!

Environmental Headline IndicatorsKeys

Good progress towards meeting objective, improvement

No significant change, static

Movement away from objective, declining

? Insufficient data

I ssue Indicator

CCCLLLIIIMMMAAATTTEEE CCCHHHAAANNNGGGEEE 1. Climate Change

Emissions of greenhouse gases

NNNAAATTTUUURRREEE &&& BBBIIIOOODDDIIIVVVEEERRRSSSIIITTTYYY 2. Nature & Biodiversity

Designated “Special Protection Areas”

3. Air Quality

Air pollution - acidifying pollutants

EEENNNVVVIIIRRROOONNNMMMEEENNNTTT &&& HHHUUUMMMAAANNN HHHEEEAAALLLTTTHHH

4. Air Quality

Air pollution - ground level ozone precursors

5. Urban Air Quality

Emissions of air pollutants in urban areas

6. Water Quality

Water pollution - concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus in large rivers

7. Chemicals

Production of hazardous chemicals

WWWAAASSSTTTEEE &&& RRREEESSSOOOUUURRRCCCEEESSS

8. Waste

Municipal and hazardous waste

9. Resource Use

Energy Consumption

10. Water Quantity

European water abstraction

11. Land Use

Land use - arable land, permanent grassland, permanent crops, forest land, built up areas, length of road network


Why indicators? Benchmarking!

relevant policy questions

indicators

country comparison

benchmarking

dissemination of best experiences

Transport CO2 emissions: % change 1990-1999

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

EU14

Ireland

Portugal

Spain

Austria

Greece

Belgium

Netherlands

Italy

Denmark

France

Germany

Sweden

United Kingdom

Finland


Why indicators ? Answering the policy questions

• Environmental issues (clean air, climate change, good water, healthy ecosystems…)

• Integration of environmental concerns in sector policies (transport, agriculture, energy, tourism…)

• Sustainable development reporting


4 basic policy questions

• Type A: “What is happening?”

Environmental state and quality

• Type B: “Does it matter?”

Performance indicators

• Type C: “Are we improving our processes?”

Eco-efficiency indicators

• Type D: "Are policies working?"

Measure of policy effectiveness


Sectoral indicatorsEnvironmentalEnvironmental issue indicators issue indicators

headline indicators

integration process

global assessmentprogress to sustainability

n x 30 ca 100

10+?

env. policy development

economy

sustainability indicators

society

sustainability indicators

Environment

EU Indicator architecture


THE EEA CORE SET OF INDICATORS

TourAgriEnergyTransWMFNPBTE

TourAgriEnergyTransWMFNPBTEACCWTR

Background IndicatorsBackground Indicators

Data SetsData Sets

ACCWTR

EEA CORE SETEEA CORE SET

REPORTNETREPORTNET

Environmental Environmental SignalsSignals

OtherOtherEEA reportsEEA reports

WEB WEB publishingpublishing

INSPIRE GEOINSPIRE GEO--DATADATA

Operational indicators = Short term priorityOperational indicators = Short term priority


CORE SET OF INDICATORS / TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

MAIN POLICY ISSUES

Regional Policy and Sustainable Land Use Urban Environment Coast Protection and Integrated Management Soils Protection and Sustainable Use Terrestrial Dimension of Specific Environmental Issues Sector Policies and Sustainable Land Use



SPECIFIC POLICY ISSUES (1)

Regional Policy and Sustainable Land UseREG1 State and changes of land use and land cover patterns in EuropeREG2 Environmental dimension of the European spatial integrationREG3 Environmental dimension of rural and urban interaction




Urban EnvironmentURB1 Sustainable use of land by urban systemsURB2 Citizen access to nearby public open areas: green areasURB3 Local mobility and passenger transportation: trips, time & distanceURB4 Noise pollution in urban areas




Coast Protection and Integrated ManagementCOAST1 Sustainability of the coastal developmentCOAST2 Water and waste management in coastal zonesCOAST3 Impact of land use on coastal biodiversityCOAST4 Coastal erosionCOAST5 Risks to the coastal zones




Soils Protection and Sustainable Use SOIL1 Soil erosionSOIL2 Decline in organic matter in soilSOIL3 Diffuse soil contaminationSOIL4 Local soil contaminationSOIL5 Soil sealingSOIL6 Other threats to soil




Terrestrial Dimension of Specific Environmental Issues WATR River basin management BIODV Spatial dimension of biodiversity conservation CLIM Impact of land use on climate changes RISK Spatial analysis of risks to human health & the environment




Sector Policies and Sustainable Land UseTRAN Transport impact on the environmental landscapeTOUR Tourism impact on the environmental landscapeAGRI1 Agriculture impact on the environmental landscapeAGRI2 Agriculture sustainable use of soilFORST Spatial dimension of the sustainable development of the forests


3. Integrated assessment:

e.g. DPSIR, Land & Ecosystems Accounts



Reminder :

• An indicator is a dataset which tells something = is more than the dataset itself

• An indicator tells about interactions, causes and effects


Driving Forces

Pressures

State

Responses

Impact

QualityNatural resources

Health of ecosystems, population, economy

Economic& SocialDrivers

PollutantsResource useLand use

Environment& Sectors Policies, Participation…

The story : DPSIR


The story: Land and Ecosystems Accounts

• Previous experiences : – UN-ECE working group on physical environment accounts,

– Eurostat,

– France, Great-Britain, Germany, Chile

• SEEA Chapter « Land and Ecosystems Accounts »

• Common project EEA-ETCTE-Eurostat, based on CLC

• Test areas :– The coastal zones of Europe

– 4 PHARE countries


Conceptual basis of stock & flow accounts (after Haines-Young)

Opening balance

+ / _Rows of table

define structure of world in terms of

elements of natural capital

Closing balance

Flow account

Columns define process which affect

row elements

Indicators


Land & Ecosystem Accounting

• Basic Accounts, common for all, describing land use and land cover changes

• « Supplementary Accounts » targetted to priority poicy issues; specific but connected with the Basic Accounts

• A set of nomenclature for bridging with the National Accounts

• Spatial Analysis: Analytical and Reporting Units, Landscape Types


Structure of the basic set of land cover/land use accounts(SEEA 2000 - Figure 8.7)

A. Stocks B. Changes

Land cover x land use matrix Land cover changes matrix

La

nd

us

e

La

nd

co

ve

r (i

nit

ial

stat

e)

Land cover core accountLand use x activities matrix

economic decisions

natural causes

multiple causes

Ac

tiv

itie

s/

se

cto

rs

La

nd

co

ve

r

Final state

Changes (gross or net) imputed to

Land cover

Land use

Land cover (final state)

Initial state


Land cover account, Great Britain 1990 to 1998Thousand hectares

Wo

od

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on

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Broadleaved and mixed woodland 1 371.2 132,4 13,5 -22,2 -42,1 -0,8 -12,9 -0,4 1 438.7Coniferous woodland 1 369.3 67,2 -13,5 -9 -48,3 -0,6 -5 0 1 360.2

Woodland sub-total 2 740.5 211,6 0 -31,2 -90,4 -1,4 -17,8 -0,4 2 798.9

Arable and horticultural 5 246.1 -28,8 59,2 118,2 -41,4 -1 -19,3 -0,2 5 332.9Improved grassland 5 538.6 -34,1 341 -118 -232 -0,5 -53,9 -5,3 5 435.5

Intensive agriculture sub-total 10 784.7 -62,8 400,2 0 -273 -1,5 -73,2 -5,5 10 768.4

Neutral grassland 569,5 -24,4 -154 238,9 -18,2 -0,5 -33,2 -0,1 578,3Calcareous grassland 81,4 -1,1 -13,3 3,7 -3,8 0 -0,2 0 66,7Acid grassland 1 470.9 -24 -134 43,3 -34,7 0 -4,6 -0,7 1 316.5Bracken 456,9 -21,8 -8,7 20,4 38,9 0 -0,5 0 485,1Dwarf shrub heath 1 487.1 -24,5 -1,2 13,1 -41,4 0 -3,3 0 1 429.7Fen, marsh, and swamp 456,4 -6,1 -25,1 61 71,3 -0,7 -1,2 -0,6 554,9Bog 2 297.3 -17,9 -0,7 10,5 -10,1 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 2 278.5Montane 49,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49,8Coastal habitats 274,1 -0,3 -0,8 2,6 -2 -0,3 0 0 273,3

Semi-natural sub-total 7 143.3 -120,1 -337 393,5 0 -1,8 -43,2 -1,5 7 032.9

Standing open water and canals 208,4 -0,2 -1 -0,9 5,2 -1,2 0 210,3Rivers and streams 66,7 -0,2 -0,1 -1,4 0,3 -0,1 0 65,2

Water bodies sub-total 275,1 -0,4 -1,1 -2,3 5,5 -1,2 -0,1 275,5

Inland rock 53,6 -0,6 -2,2 -7,6 0 13,2 3,8 0 60,2Built up areas and gardens 1 230.4 -14,2 -12,3 -9,4 -0,7 100 -2,1 -1,2 1 291.0Boundary and linear features 495 -1 -14,5 -7,8 -0,1 21,9 -1,7 -0,1 491,7

Developed sub-total 1 779.0 -15,9 -28,9 -24,8 -0,8 136 0 -1,3 1 842.9

Sea 298,5 0 0 -0,7 0 0 0 297,8Unknown 73,9 -0,3 -1,8 -2 0 0 8,8 78,6Unsurveyed urban land 463 463

Total 23 557.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 558.0

Source: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Areas which are more than 75% built up were not covered by the survey.

1990 S

tock

Types of changes in stock

1998 S

tock

Illustration : Great Britain,Land cover Account based on the CountrysideSurvey


Lowland landscapes dominated by arable

Marginal upland landscapes

Lowland landscapesdominated by pasture

Upland landscapes

Illustration: The Four Major Landscape Types used for the Geographical Disaggregation of the Environmental Accounts

in Great Britain (Haines-Young after Barr et al 1993)


Map ofdominant Land Cover types of Europe as a possible (?) basis for land and ecosystems accounts


Conclusion

Importance of the geographical information in the environmental information system


Needs of spatial data for the EEA indicators - Provisional

A005 Administrative boundaries (NUTS 1 to 5) 103

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A038 Land cover/ CORINE Land Cover 1990, 2000 & land cover changes 82

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A012 Coastal zones management areas 46

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A127 Land analytical and reporting units (urban, coastal, rural, other…) 43

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A055 Transport networks (linear infrastructures (roads, railways, canals) & nodes 40

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A003 Monitoring sites locations 37

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A026 Water catchments 36

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A008 Sea regions and sectors/ Conventions on Sea and national level 35

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A025 Hydrography/ Rivers, Lakes 34

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26

WQ

1W

Q9

A009 River basins districts (WFD) 32

AG

RI1

2A

GR

I13

AG

RI1

4T

E04

9T

E08

7W

EC

8W

EC

9W

EU

1W

EU

13W

EU

16W

EU

17W

EU

18W

EU

19W

EU

2W

EU

3W

EU

4W

EU

5W

EU

7W

HS

_WE

U1

3W

HS

1W

HS

13W

HS

14W

HS

2W

HS

3W

HS

4W

HS

5W

HS

6W

HS

8W

Q1

WQ

13W

Q8

WQ

9

A107 Population 1970, 80, 90, 2000, by NUTS & grid 29

AG

RI3

8A

P10

aA

P10

bA

P11

AP

12a

AP

12b

AP

13A

P14

AP

9B

DIV

11B

DIV

5T

E00

6T

E04

9T

E08

5T

E10

0T

E11

0T

E11

1T

E11

2T

E11

3T

E13

4T

ER

M 0

4T

ER

M 0

5T

ER

M 0

7T

ER

M 1

5T

ER

M 1

6T

OU

R19

bT

OU

R32

TO

UR

5W

MF

8A018 Coastline 25

EE

16E

E17

TE

004

TE

034

TE

049

TE

077

TE

116

TE

119

TE

133

TE

150

TE

153

TE

154

TE

RM

10

TO

UR

24T

OU

R7

WE

C10

WE

U15

WE

U18

WE

U19

WH

S15

WH

S16

WH

S17

WH

S20

WH

S7

WQ

10

A044Monitoring stations of water quality (rivers, lakes, groundwater; incl. drinking water, saltwater intrusion…)

24

AG

RI1

2T

E12

5T

E15

0W

EC

4W

EU

1W

EU

10W

EU

11W

EU

12W

EU

13W

EU

14W

EU

16W

EU

17W

EU

2W

EU

3W

EU

4W

EU

5W

HS

_WE

U1

3W

HS

_WE

U1

4W

HS

1W

HS

18W

HS

2W

HS

3W

HS

4W

Q10

A027 Groundwater bodies/ Aquifers 23

AG

RI1

2A

GR

I13

CC

9T

E06

9T

E08

3T

E12

5T

E15

0W

EC

9W

EU

1W

EU

13W

EU

14W

EU

2W

HS

_WE

U1

3W

HS

_WE

U1

4W

HS

1W

HS

10W

HS

13W

HS

14W

HS

2W

Q1

WQ

10W

Q4

WQ

8

A028 Coastal waters (1 nautic mile from the coastline) 21

FIS

H11

FIS

H6

TE

059

TE

078

TE

154

WE

C_1

1W

EC

1W

EC

2W

EC

3W

EC

4W

EC

7W

EU

18W

EU

19W

EU

4W

EU

7W

EU

8W

HS

5W

HS

6W

HS

7W

HS

8W

HS

9

A082 Traffic by mode 21

AG

RI3

8B

DIV

11B

DIV

5T

E02

3T

E08

1T

E08

5T

E09

2T

E12

7T

E13

8T

E14

3T

E14

5T

ER

M 0

7T

ER

M 1

2T

ER

M 1

3T

ER

M 1

4T

ER

M 1

5T

ER

M 1

6T

OU

R23

TO

UR

33T

OU

R5

WM

F4

NUTS (103)

CLC (82)

Spatial datasetIndicators


Geographical reference data(geometry, topography, administrative limits…)

Core thematic maps(geology, climate, soil,

hydrography, land cover, vegetation, infrastructures,

population, land regulation…)

Regular data collection• Statistical surveys•Administrative registers•Monitoring networks

Analysis, modelling(critical loads, emission to the air, non-

point emissions to water, carbon uptake, soil erosion risk, landscape

wilderness, urban areas, coastal areas…)

Geographical reference data(geometry, topography, administrative limits…)

Core thematic maps(geology, climate, soil,

hydrography, land cover, vegetation, infrastructures,

population, land regulation…)

Regular data collection• Statistical surveys•Administrative registers•Monitoring networks

Analysis, modelling(critical loads, emission to the air, non-

point emissions to water, carbon uptake, soil erosion risk, landscape

wilderness, urban areas, coastal areas…)

Legal reporting

Compliance data

Legal reportingLegal reporting

Compliance data

Assessment, indicators

Nationalstatistics

Regional &local statistics

Voluntary reporting

Geographical data and spatial analysis and modelling in the environment information system


European Environment Agency

Copenhagen · Denmarkhttp://www.eea.eu.int

(See Josiane Riviere BU5 3/63)

http://www.eea.eu.int/

espon seminar 21-22 november 2002 mondorf-les-bains, luxembourg

Documents

eea requestedrepresent

eea subventionco

eea member countries

eea core setprocess

eea reportsmotivate

geographical information

reliable information

information infrastructure