espaÑol uno capÍtulo 1 apuntes. los sustantivos noun: person, place, thing, idea
TRANSCRIPT
ESPAÑOL UNO
CAPÍTULO 1APUNTES
LOS SUSTANTIVOS
Noun:
person, place, thing, idea
A noun is a word used to identify people, places, things, or ideas.
All Spanish nouns have gender; masculine or feminine.
All Spanish nouns also have number; singular or plural.
Spanish nouns are generally accompanied by an article.
LOS SUSTANTIVOS
Masculine Nouns
ending in –o el chico the boy
el alumno the (male) student
ending in –or el director the (male) principal
el profesor the (male) teacher
Nouns that refer to living things
el hombre the man
ending in –a la chica the girl
la alumna the (female) student
ending in –ora la directora the (female) principal
la profesora the (female) teacher
Feminine Nouns
la mujer the woman
Nouns that refer to living things
Nouns that refer to males, like el
hombre, are generally masculine and end
in
–o or –or.
Nouns that refer to females, like la
mujer, are generally feminine and end in
–a and –ora.
Spanish nouns
Some nouns have almost identical masculine and feminine forms—notice the difference.
el joventhe youth; the young man
el estudiantethe (male) student
la joventhe youth; the young woman
la estudiantethe (female) student
Spanish nouns
ending in –o el cuaderno the notebookel horario the scheduleel número the numberel diccionario the dictionary
Masculine Nouns
Nouns that refer to nonliving things
Feminine Nouns
Nouns that refer to nonliving things
ending in –a la pantalla the screenla pizarra the chalkboardla papelera the garbage canla escuela the school
Because the gender of nouns that refer to non-living things cannot be determined by foolproof rules, you should memorize the gender of each noun you learn.
Spanish nouns
It is helpful to memorize each noun with its corresponding article, el for masculine and la for feminine.
Another reason to memorize the gender of every noun is that there are common exceptions to the rules of gender.
Masculine noun ending in –ael mapa (map)
Spanish nouns
Feminine noun ending in –ola mano (hand)
Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding –s.
el chico los chicosla palabra las palabras
Nouns that end in a consonant add –es.
el profesor los profesores
Nouns that end in –z change the –z to –c, then add –es.
el lápiz los lápicesla luz las luces
Plural of nouns
You use the masculine plural form of the noun to refer to a group that includes both males and females.
1 pasajero + 2 pasajeras = 3 pasajeros
2 chicos + 2 chicas = 4 chicos
Plural of nouns
LOS ARTÍCULOS
Articles.thea(n), some
English often uses definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a, an) before nouns.
Spanish also has definite and indefinite articles—used much more!
Spanish articles vary in form because they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
Spanish articles
Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English definite article the. You use definite articles to refer to specific nouns.
Feminine
Singular la computadora
the computer
Plurallas computadoras
the computers
Masculine
Singularel diccionario
the dictionary
Plurallos diccionarios
the dictionaries
Definite articles
Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English indefinite article, which according to context may mean a, an, or some. You use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified persons or things.
Masculine
Singularun amigo
a (one) friend
Pluralunos amigos
some friends
Feminine
Singular una bandera
a (one) photograph
Pluralunas banderas
some photographs
Indefinite articles
¿el, la, los o las?
1. _____ chico2. _____ chica3. _____ maleta4. _____ cuadernos5. _____ lápiz6. _____ mujeres
¿un, una, unos o unas?
1. _____ autobús2. _____ escuela3. _____ computadora4. _____ hombre5. _____ señoras6. _____ lápices
¡INTÉNTALO! Provide a definite article for each noun in the first column and an indefinite article for each noun in the second column.
ADJ RULE
Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun or nouns modified.
PRONOMBRES SUJETOS
Subject Pronouns.
I, you, he, she, we, y’all, they
In order to use verbs, you will need to learn about subject pronouns.
A subject pronoun replaces the name or title of a person or thing and acts as the subject of a verb.
In both Spanish and English, subject pronouns are divided into three groups: first person, second person, and third person.
Subject pronouns
FIRST PERSON yo I
SECOND PERSONtú you (familiar)
usted (Ud.) you (formal)
THIRD PERSONél he
ella she
Singular
FIRST PERSON
nosotros we (masculine)
nosotras we (feminine)
SECOND PERSON
vosotrosyou (masc.,
fam.)
vosotras you (fem., fam)
ustedes (Uds.)
you (form.)
THIRD PERSONellos they (masc.)
ellas they (fem.)
Plural
Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean you (singular).
Use tú when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well—very informal
Use Usted to address a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such as a superior at work, a professor, or an older person—formal.
Subject pronouns
The masculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros, and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group of males and females.
The feminine plural forms nosotras, vosotras, and ellas can refer only to groups made up exclusively of females.
Subject pronouns
Subject Pronouns
There is no Spanish equivalent of the English subject pronoun it. Generally it is not expressed in Spanish.
Es un problema. It’s a problem.
SINGULAR FORMS
yo soy I am
tú eres you are (informal)
Ud. / él / ella es you are (formal); he /
she is
The verb ser (to be)
PLURAL FORMS
nosotros(as) somos we are
vosotros(as) sois you all are (informal)
Uds. / ellos / ellas son you are (formal); they are
The verb ser (to be)
Unlike English, Spanish does not use the indefinite article (un, una) after ser when referring to professions, unless accompanied by an adjective or other description:
Marta es profesora.Marta es una profesora
excelente.
¡ATENCIÓN!
1. Gabriel _____2. Juan y yo (m.) _____3. Óscar y Flora _____4. Adriana _____5. las turistas _____6. el chico _____7. los conductores _____8. el señor y la señora Ruiz _____
¡INTÉNTALO! Provide the correct present forms of ser.