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PREFACE The Japan Jurists League for Cambodia was established by a group of lawyers and scholars who made their first trip to Cambodia in 1993 when Cambodia just started its journey towards peace and democracy ending more than 20 years of internal strife. The greatest concern shared by all members at that time was how Cambodia could be ensured that the experience of the unfortunate internal conflicts would never return, and towards that end what kind of cooperation we could manage to offer. At that time, the United Nations Transitional Authorities in Cambodia (UNTAC) was dispatched by the United Nations to Cambodia. Unlike other peace-keeping missions of the kind, UNTAC had a Human Rights Component, made up of legal experts from different countries. These experts were devoted to helping create a system that would safeguard human rights thought and human rights protection in this country. The message which we got directly from these experts was that “it is important to establish in this country a system that can ensure that disputes will not be solved by guns but by resorting to law”. We also consulted Cambodian officials from the judicial sector, people in charge of training institutions for legal professions, and students struggling to join the circle of legal professions. They basically gave us the same message. Since then, we have been visiting this country every year. We have been offering our cooperation for the sake of legal education in Cambodia, training of the legal professions and the development of the legal infrastructure in small but scrupulous steps. One of the core activities in this cooperation has been the translation into Khmer of introductory Japanese textbooks on basic laws and their subsequent distributions to Cambodian students, researchers and practitioners. In order to direct our cooperation towards promoting Cambodia’s development as a member of the international community committing to a market economy, we considered it in particular a highly significant attempt to present to you the translation of an introductory book on Japanese Civil Code which had been created by efforts to apply European systems on an Asian environment.

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The greatest chance came when we received the cooperation extended by Professor Ikeda Masao, a renounced Japanese scholar in Civil Code. Thus since year 2000, we have been making Khmer translation of the property law parts of the introductory Japanese Civil Code textbook called “An invitation to the Civil Code” written by Professor Ikeda. The translation has been completed on different chances and the products were distributed to you on a few separate occasions. Since 1999, the Japanese government has been assisting Cambodia in drafting a Civil Code with the cooperation from many Cambodian and Japanese legal professionals. The new Cambodian Civil Code was then adopted last year. On this background, we thought it worth the effort to complete the full translation of Professor Ikeda Masao’s textbook for distributing to students of Cambodian law and officials working in the judicial sector. The many years of our efforts finally bear fruits. The complete translation of Professor Ikeda Masao’s book on “An Invitation to the Civil Code – The Third Edition with Additional Revisions” emerges together with timely updates on the subsequent amendment of Japanese Civil Code. We are therefore now able to present it to you as our publication in cerebrating the 15th year of the establishment of the Japan Jurists League for Cambodia.

We would like to express herewith once again our heartfelt gratitude to Professor Ikeda Masao of the Keio University for his quick consent to the translation and publication of his book, to Associate Professor Kuong Teilee for his devotion to the translation of the book, to Mr. Yasumoto Kenmori for making funds available for the publications. Together with that, we also expect that this book will hereafter play a significant role in Cambodia, where a new Civil Code has most recently been adopted.

March 27, 2008

Japan Jurists League for Cambodia Co-representatives: Attorney Kimura Shinsuke

Attorney Sakuragi Kazuyo

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the Japan Jurists League for Cambodia, I was brought into this translation project at the beginning of the 21st century. It has not been an easy attempt, but with time it has given me a certain level of confidence and courage. It is by no means the confidence in the quality of the work, but the usage which the book will prove to those who have some interests in the field of private law. This is the first ever Khmer translation of a Japanese textbook on Japanese Civil Code. It will be an important invitation, surely not the only one, to those who want to know what Japanese students learn about their own Civil Code. In addition, given the close relationship between the new Cambodia Civil Code and the Japanese experience of more than a century, something like this small book will be a good inviting appeal to more attentions on a comparative understanding of the two systems and, through that, a hopeful window for the dynamic development of the new nascent Cambodian Civil Code. However, since I am not really an expert in this area, the work represents the limits of my knowledge and capacity in this subject. Much thus remains to be done to improve this translation and to promote more work of this sort. Despite its many defects and weaknesses, I hope that this book will be one significant gateway to the promotion of active Cambodian access to the world of Japanese laws and legal thoughts. Finally, I would like to thank friends and colleagues in Phnom Penh and Nagoya who have guided and assisted me in the process. They include H.E. Hy Sophea, Judge You Bunleng, Judge Mong Monichariya and Judge Pen Pichsaly who helped read the earlier version of the translation on chapters dealing with personal rights. Half of this final product is based on those earlier pieces. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr. Phin Sovath, Ms. Ly Sopheap, Ms. Seng Hun, Ms. Kork Boren, Mr. Tep Vichet, Mr. Heng Chhay and other Cambodian researchers and former students at the Nagoya University in Japan who helped me with the initial translation of

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some parts of the book and its subsequent compilation and printing. This final product would not have been possible without the devotion and technical supports from all of them. Last but not least, Mr. Lao Kim Leang’s preceding involving in this translation project has undoubtedly given me a very important place to start. Having benefited greatly from all of their efforts, to all of them I am indebted and for all mistakes I alone should be responsible.

(The online version of the book will be available from May 2008 at masaoikeda.com)

March 2008

Associate Professor at Nagoya University

Dr. Kuong Teilee

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matika

Preface……………………………………………..…………………………………. i-ii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………. i-ii

buBVkfakñúgkare)aHBum<CaPasarExμr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>i-iii buBVkfakñúgkare)aHBum<CaPasarCb:un>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>i-iv CMBUkTI1lMnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 I> ivsalPaBénc,ab;rdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>2 II. TRmg;TUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3

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III. zan³énRkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgRbB½n§énc,ab;TaMgmUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 1> Rkmrdæb,evNIkñúgzan³Cac,ab;mUldæanénnItiÉkCn>>>>>>>>>>>>7 2> c,ab;TUeTA nigc,ab;Biess>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7-8

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V. eKalKMnitkñúgkarsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12

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CMBUkTI2 bTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13

I. critlkçN³énbTbBaØtþiTUeTA niglMdab;lMedaykñúgkarsikSa>>>>>>>>>14-15 II. cMeBaHkarsikSabTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16

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III. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgbTbBØatþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19 1> karsMEdgqnÞ³ nigskmμPaBKtiyutþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19-22 2> karkarBarCnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>22-29 3> karbgðajqnÞ³RbkbedaybBaða>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>30-36 4> tMNag tMNagK μansiT§i tMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB>>37-39 5> emaXPaB nigkarlubecal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39-41 6> l½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMNt;eBl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>41-43 7> GaCJayukal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43-48 8> nItibuKÁl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49-55 9> lMenAdæan nigkar)at;xøÜn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>55-57

CMBUkTI3 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½½kS ¬1¦ RTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>58

I. sBVTsSn_énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>59 1> vtßúCaRTBüsm,tþi nigsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60-61 2> niymn½yénsiT§iRbtü½kSnigeKalkarN_kMNt;siT§iRbtü½kSedayc,ab; 3> RbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>62-64 4> kareRbobeFobrvagRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>65-66

II. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66 1> siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66

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2> karbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>67-79 3> kmμsiT§i>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80-87 4> siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as; nigGaRs½ypl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>87-89 5> siT§ikan;kab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89-93

CMBUkTI4 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul GMBIkic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>94

I. TRmg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>95 1> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCasiTi§eTAelIbuKÁl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>95 2> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCaRTBüFn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>96 3> rcnasm½<n§énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul niglMdab;sikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>97

II> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBTUeTAénkic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>98 1> karbegáItkic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>98-99 2> RbePTénkic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>100-102 3> suBlPaBénkic©snüa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103-107 4> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>108-112

III> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBlMGiténkic©snüa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>112 1> kic©snüalk;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>112-116 2> kic©snüaRbTankmμ ¬kic©snüaeFVIGMeNay¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>117-119 3> kic©snüaCYl ¬Ptisnüa¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>119-121 4> kic©snüax©IeRbI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>122 5> kic©snüax©IbriePaK>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>122 6> kic©snüaemA:kar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>123-125 7> kic©snüaGaNtiþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>125-127 8> kic©snüabeBaØI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>127 9> kic©snüabegáItRkumhu‘n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>127-128

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10> kic©snüaFmμtadéTeTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>128-130 11> karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an>>>131

CMBUkTI5 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul c,ab;sþIBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>132

I. RbPBénkarkekItmansiT§ielIbMNuleRkAkic©snüa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133 II. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133

1> etIGMeBIGnItüanukUlCaGIV?>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133 2> eKalsIþBIsMNgxUcxatbNþalmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl>>>>>>>>>>134 3> l½kçx½NÐkMNt;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>135-139 4> GanuPaBénGMeBIGnItüanukUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>140-141 5> GMeBIGnItüanukUlBiess >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>141-144 6> bTbBaØtiþdéTepSgeTotsIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>145 7> c,ab;sIþBIikarFanasMNgCMgWcitþBak;B½nænwgrfynþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>145 8> c,ab;sIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHplitpl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>146-148

II. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al nigesckIþcMerIn eday\tehtu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>149 1> karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>149-151 2> esckIþcMerIneday\tehtu>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>151-154

CMBUkTI6 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul TidæPaBTUeTA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>155

I. TRmg;énTidæPaBTUeTAGMBIsiT§ielIbMNul >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>155 1> Gtßn½yTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>155

2> lkçN³CamUldæanénsiT§ielIbMNul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>156-157 3> sarsMxan:énbBaØtþienAkñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul

sar³sMxan;enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kic©karGaCIvkmμCak;Esþg >>>>>>>>>>158

- v -

II. karsikSacMnucsMxan;²kñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>159 1> RbePTénsiT§ielIbMNul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>159-162 2> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic©>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>163-167 3> karEfrSaRTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>168-172 4> TMnak;TMngenAkñúgsiT§ielIbMNulEdlmanBhuPaKI >>>>>>>173-184 5> Gnub,TansiT§ielIbMNul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>185-190 6> karrlt;siT§ielIbMNul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>191-197

III. Rkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgkic©karpøÚvc,ab;énshRKas>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>198-199 CMBUkTI7 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRR)atiePaKbtü½kS >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>200 I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>201 1> niymn½yniglkçN³TUeTAénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS>201-203

2> tYnaTIénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS nigzan³énc,ab;sþIBI siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>204-206

II. karsikSaBIcMnucsMxan;²énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>207 1> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüa>>>>>>>>>>>207-218 2> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>219-221 3> R)atiePaKvisamBaØ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>222-228

CMBUkTI8 c,ab;sþIGMBIjati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>229 I. Gtßn½y nigmuxgarénc,ab;RKYsar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>230 II. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIjati>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>231 1> xøwmsarsþIBIc,ab;sþIBIjati>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>231

3> TsSn³TUeTAsþIBIjati>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>232-233

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III. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;s<IBIjati>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>234

1> GaBah_BiBah_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>234-242 2> karElglHKña>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>243-245 3> TMnak;TMngrvag«Bukmþay kUnbegáIt nigkUnciBa©wm>>>>>>>>>246-249 4> GMNacem)a GMNacGaNaBüa)al³ hitUbtßmÖ nigGñkCMnYy>250-258

CMBUkTI9 c,ab;sþIGMBIsnþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>259 I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;s þIBIsnþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>260 1> rcnasm<½n§énsnþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>260-262 II. karsikSaGMBIcMnucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;snþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>263

1> snþtikmμtamc,ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>263-269 2> karyl;RBm nigkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>270-271 3> karEbgEckmt’k>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>272 4> snþtikmμtammtksasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>273-280 5> karbMEbkRTBüsm,tþi>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>281 6> ntßiPaBénsnþtikmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>282

Author’s Profile>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

- 1 -CMBUkTI 1 lMnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI

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CMBUkTI 1 lMnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI

I. visalPaBénc,ab;rdæb,evNI

II. TRmg;TUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un

1> karEbgEckCaKnßIenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un 2> siTi§Rbtü½kS nigsiT§ielIbMNul 3> kMeNIt nigdMeNIrvivtþénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un

III. zan³énRkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgRbB½n§énc,ab;TaMgmUl 1> Rkmrdæb,evNIkñúgzan³Cac,ab;mUldæanénnItiÉkCn 2> c,ab;TUeTA nigc,ab;Biess

IV. lkçN³Bisesénc,ab;rdæb,evNI - eKalkarN_sV½yPaBénqnÞ³ - 1> eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³ nigeKalkarN_esrIPaBk μúgkareFVIkic©snüa 2> bTbBaØtiþtamkarsμ½RKcitþ nigbTbBaØtþiedaybgçM

V. eKalKMnitkñúgkarsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI


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I> visalPaBénc,ab;rdæb,evNI c,ab;rdæb,evNI BuMEmnCac,ab;EdlBi)akyl;;b¤k¾Cac,ab;enAq¶aydac;RsLHBIeyIg

mñak;²enaHeLIy pÞúyeTAvijKWCac,ab;EdlenACab;siñT§nwgCIvPaBeyIgral;KñaCaniic©. dUecñH ehIy)anCaeyIgGacsn μt;)anfac,ab;rdæb,evNIKWCac,ab;mYymansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput.

\LÚvcUreyIgnaMKñaRkeLkemIlGMBITMnak;TMngCak;EsþgenAkñúgmYyCIviténmnusSCa mYynwgc,ab;rdæb,evNICamunsin. mnusSeyIgmñak;²cab;BIéf¶EdlmankMeNItmkRtUv)an TTYlsÁal;famansiT§iCamUldæan ¬smtßPaBTTYlsiTi§¦ sMrab;rs;ranenAkñúgsgÁm rbs;xøÜnrYc eRsceTAehIy. eyIgGacR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYynwgGñkdéTeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnbgábegáIt nUvTMnak;TMngkñúgsgÁmCamYyGñkdéT ¬karbgðajqnÞ³¦)an. bu:EnþenAkñúgv½ykumaredayBMuTan; mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbegáItcMNgpøÚvc,ab; ¬smtßPaBkñúgkareFIVskm μPaB¦ enA eLIyenaH karbegáItTMnak;TMngkñúgsgÁmtamry³qnÞ³kumarRtUvdak;[sißtenAeRkamesckþIKaM BartamrUbPaBmYycaM)ac; dUcCaeyaleTAtamesckþIyl;RBmBI«BukmþayCaedIm ¬karkarBar CnEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaB¦. bnÞab;mk mnusSeyIgmñak;²k¾cab;manrbs;rbreRbIR)as; cat;EcgedayesrIeTAtamcitþrbs;xøÜn ¬siT§iRbtü½kS¦ bnþicmþg². ehIyenAeBleFVIkarsnüa ¬kic©snüa¦ CamYyGñkd_éTtamkarRBmeRBogKñaedayesrIeTAtamqnÞ³erog²xøÜn EdlnwgGac begáIt)anCaGanuPaBc,ab;kñúgkMritmYy eyIgnwgGacmansiTi§TamTar ¬siT§ielIbMNul¦ [PaKI mçageToténkic©snüaGnuvtþskmμPaBGIVmü:ag)an. eRkABIenH k¾RbEhlCamanGñkxøHeBIb RbTHnwgeRKaHfñak;cracr ehIyTamTar[sgkarxUcxatekItecjBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlk¾man. CakarBitNas; mnusSelakBMuEmnGs ©arü\tex©aH ehIyk¾BMumanCIvitGmt³enaHEdr dUecñH edIm,InwgGacbþwgTamTar[eKeFIVskmμPaBGIVmYy b¤TamTarsMNgBIGñkdéT)anenaH k¾Kg;sßit enAeRkamkarkMNt;éneBlevlaEdr ¬GaCJayukal¦. ehIyCaTUeTAmnusSeyIg PaKeRcInnwg CYbRbsBVKURskrrYmrs;CamYyKña¬GaBah_BiBah_¦eTot .enAeBleRkayerobkarehIyKUsVamI PriyaxøHk¾begáItkUn ¬kUnbegáIt¦ ehIyKUsVamIPriyaxøHeTotk¾sMukUneKmkciBa©wm¬kUnciBa©wm¦Edr.


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bnÞab;BIkarRbwgERbgrs;Gs;mYyCIvit ehIyenAeBlsøab;eTA RTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;nwgRtUv Føak;eTAshB½T§ nigkUnEdlCaGñkTTYlsñgmt’k ¬snþtikmμ¦ b¤mYyk¾RtUvcat;EcgeTAtamqnÞ³ rbs;mt’kCnEdl)ansresrCasMbuRtsñamTukCamunkaleKenArs; ¬mt’ksasn_ b¤bNþaM¦.

esckþIerobrab;TaMgbu:nμanxagelIenH KWCargVg;karBarénc,ab;rdæb,evNI ¬BaküEdl sresrkñúgvg;RkckKWCavaküs½BÞkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI¦ . ´eCOfayuvnisiStnigmitþGñkGanR)akd Canwgyl;fac,ab;rdæb,evNI BitCac,ab;EdlCYyedaHRsayerOgr:avénCIvPaBeyIgmñak;²kñúg sgÁmenHEmn .

II> TRmg;TUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un

1> karEbgEckCaKnßIenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un ebIeyIgebIkemIlesovePAkRmgc,ab;rbs;RbeTsCb:un eyIgeXIjfakñúgesovePA

PaKeRcIneKRbmUlc,ab;TaMgLayTak;TgnwgrdæFmμnuBaØ nignItirdæ)al dak;enAEpñkxagmux bnÞab;mkKWCac,ab;EdlTak;Tgnwgrdæb,evNI . Rkmrdæb,evNI manmaRtacMnYnCagmYuyBan; KWCaRkmmYyFMEdlmanmaRtaeRcIn . enHk¾eRBaHEtvamanvisalPaBTUlMTUlay RKbdNáb; elICIvPaBrbs;eyIgRKb;²KñakñúgsgÁm . edayehtufa maRtaPaKeRcInEcgGMBIkaryl;dwg CaTUeTAkñúgsgÁm dUecñHkarcab;epáImsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNImincaM)ac;RtUvmankar)armÖGMBIbBaða maRtaeRcInenaHeT .

Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unRtÚv)aneroberogeLIgedayEckecjCa 5 KnßI GMBIbT bBaØtþiTUeTA siTi§Rbtü½kS siTi§elIbMNul jati nigsnþtikmμ. GaRs½yehtuenH kñúgkarsikSa eKniym[eQμaHKnßIcMnYn 3 xagedIm faCac,ab;sIþBIRTBüsm,tþi ehIy[eQμaH KnßI 2 eTot EpñkxagcugfaCac,ab;sþIBIRKYsar b¤c,ab;sIþBIzan³buKÁl. bTbBaØtþiTUeTAkñúg KnßITI 1 man cMNgeCIghak;dUcCaTak;TgeTAnwgRkmrdæb,evNITaMgmUlk¾eday k¾b:uEnþtamBitesckþIenA kñúgKnIßTI 1 enHBak;B½n§eTAnwgKnIßTI 2 nigTI 3 sIáBIsiT§Rbtü½kS nigsiTi§elIbMNuleTAvijeT dUecñHRtUvcat;TukfaCabTbBaØtiþTUeTAEdlTak;Tgnwgc,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tþieTIbCakarsmRsb.


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enAkñúgesovePAsikSaenH fIVt,itEteyIgepáatxøaMgelIkarbkRsayc,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tþikñúg Rkmrdæb,evNIk¾eday k¾xJúMnwgeFIVkarENnaM[)ancb;GMBIEpñknItiRKYsar ¬edayrab;bBa©ÚlnUv GaBah_BiBah_ kUnbegáIt kUnciBa©wm snþtikmμ nigmtksasn_ EdlmanelIkCa]TahrN_ enAxagelI¦ .

2> siTi§RbtS½kS nigsiTi§elIbMNul dUc)anerobrab;xagelIRsab; KnßIsþIBI {bTbBaØtþiTUeTA} kMNt;nUvbTbBaØtþiTaMgLay

EdlCabBaØtþirYmsMrab;KnßIsIáBI {siTi§Rbtü½kS} nigKnßIsáIBI {siTi§elIbMNul} ¬tYy:agdUc Ca]TahN¾xagelIIEdleyIgeXIjfa smtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ karkarBarCnEdlRtUv)ankRmit smtßPaB karbgðajqnÞ³ ehIynigGaCJayukalCaedIm RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKnßIsIþBI bT bBaØtþiTUeTAenHÉg¦. ehIyKnßIsIáBI {siTi§Rbtü½kS} kMMNt;nUv {siTi§RKb;RKgrbs;mnusS eTA elIvtßúedaypÞal;}. kmμsiTi§KWCarUbPaBtMNageBjeljénsiT §iRbtü½kS. kmμsiTi§krGaceRbI R)as;vtßúCakmμsiTi§rbs;xøÜnedayesrITTYlcMeNjBIvtßúenH ehIyGacmanesrIPaBeBjTI kñúgkarcat;EcgeTotpg.siTi§Rbtü½kSKWCasiTi§dac;xatnigCasiTi§EdlGacRbkasCa]Larwk )anenAcMeBaHmuxRKb;buKÁlTaMgGs; ¬GacbdiesFRbqaMgnwgral;GMeBIraraMg nigeRCotERCk rbs;GñkdéT)an¦. ehtudUecñHehIy)anCaRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;nUvRbePTénsiTi§Rbtü½kS enHy:agc,as;las; ¬eKalkarN_kMNt;siTi§Rbtü½kSedayc,ab;¦ ehIyEdleyIgmñak;²min GacbegáItnUvRbePTfμIdéTepSgeToténsiTi§Rbtü½kSenHeTAtamTMenIgcitþ)aneLIy. bEnßmBI elIenH enAEpñkxagcugénKnßIsáIBI {siTi§Rbtü½kS} c,ab;minkMNt;RtwmEt {siTi§kan;kab;RTBü} b:ueNÑaHeT KWEfmTaMg)anEcgGMBImeFüa)aysMrab;rkSaFanasiTi§elIbMNulEdlGacTamTar cMeBaHbuKÁldéTeTot)anedaykMNt;GMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kSEdlykmkeFVICa {R)atiePaK} sMrab; RKb;RKgelItémøedaHdUrénvtßú ¬]TahrN_ eKGacykvtßúdak;FanaCaR)atiePaKenH TAlk; LayLúgehIyRbmUlluymkvij ebIsinCakUnbMNulminGacsgR)ak;km©Imkvij)aneT enaH¦. bnÞab;mk enAEpñkxagedIménKnIßsáIBI }siTi§elIbMNul} c,ab;)ankMNt;nUvlkçN³ epSg²rbs;siTi§elIbMNulenH nigGMBIdMeNIrkarcab;BIkarbegIát siTi§elIbMNulrhUtdl;kar


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rlt;énsiTi§enHeTAvij ¬EpñkenHCa}bTbBaØtþiTUeTA}énKnßIsIþBI siTi§elIbMNulEdleKniym ykmkbkRsaykñúgemeronGMBIRTwsþIrYménsiT§ielIbMNul¦. rIÉEpñkxagcugénKnßIsþIBIsiTi§elI bMNulvijeK)ankMNt;nUvbuBVehtuEdlnaM[ekItmansiTi§elIbMNulenH ¬eKbkRsayGMBI bBaðaenHkñúgemeronsIþBIRTwsáIlMGiténsiTi§elIbMNul¦. siTi§elIbMNulKWCa }siT§iEdlbuKÁl mñak;EdlGacTamTarbuKÁlmñak;eTot[bMeBjnUvkic©karCak;lak;GIVmYy}. b:uEná eyIgsegát eXIjfabuBVehtuénkarkekItsiTi§elIbMNulenH manEckecjCa 4 RbePT ehIybuBVehtu EdlFMCageKbMputenaHKW kic©snüa ¬eRkABIenH manGMeBIGnItüanukUlCaedIm¦. siTi§elIbMNul manGanuPaBeTAelIEtPaKICaédKUb:ueNÑaHeT. tamry³P¢ab;kic©snüaCamYyKñaedayesrI eyIgmñak;;²GackMNt;esckþIepSg²enAkñúgsiTi§elIbMNulenH)anedayesrI ¬[Etminman lkçN³RbqaMgnwgsgÁmeTenaH¦ ¬enHCaeKalkarN_ esrIPaBénkic©snüa nigCalkçN³ énsiTi§elIbMNulEdlGacbegIáteLIg)anedayesrI¦ .

3> kMeNIt niigdMeNIrvivtþénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unRtUv)anRbkas[eRbIkñúgqñaM 1896 ehIycUlCaFrman

enAqñaM 1898. EpñknItiRKYsar ¬cab;BImaRta 725¦ RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkm μTaMgRsugenAqñaM 1947 bnÞab;BIkarbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTIBIrmk. b:uEná cMeBaHc,ab;sáIBIRTBü Edlman kñúgKn§IcMnYn 3 enAEpñkxagedImvij ¬rab;dl;maRta 724¦ KWswgEt)anrkSaPaBedImdUceBl Rbkas[eRbIenaH rhUtmkTl;eBlfμI²enH ¬ehtudUecñH maRtaTaMgGs;enaHFøab;)anrkSa BaküeBcn_niglMnaMsresrtamEbbburaN¦. enATIbMput eK)anEkERbBaküeBcn_ niglMnaM sresrTaMgGs;énKnßITaMg 3 enaHeTAtamPasasm½ybc©úb,nñenAqñaM 2004.

karEbgEckCaKnßI edaydak;bTbBaØtþiTUeTAenAEpñkxagedImbg¥s;enH KWyktamlMnaM Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsGaløWm:g; ¬eBal[RtwmRtUvKWtamesckIþRBagénRkmenaH¦ maneQμaH ehAfaRbB½n§pan;edkeTn ¬Pandekten¦. k¾b:uEnþ minGacniyay)anfa xøwmsarenAkñúgRkm rdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:undUcKñanwgRkmrdæb,evNIIénRbeTsGaløWm:g;TaMgRsugenaHeT. Ca


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TUeTAeyIgGaceBal)anfa Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un )anTTYl\Ti§BlBIRkmrdæb,evNI énRbeTsGaløWm:g;pg nigRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTs)araMgpg swgEtfaBak;kNþalmñak; . ehIymancMNucxøH eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;nUv\Tii§BlBIRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs)araMg xøaMg Cag\Tii§Bl BIRkménRbeTsGaløWm:g;eTAeTot.

Rkmrdæb,evNIsm½yTMenIbEdl)anerobcMeLIgdMbUgbg¥s;kñúgRbeTsCbu:n sBVéf¶ enHeK[eQμaHfaCaRkmcas;enaH )anRtUveroberogeLIgedaynItiviTU)araMgeQ μaH b‘½sSÚNad (Gustave Emil Boissonade)EdlrdæaPi)almIuCICMnan;enaH)anCYlmk. elak)ancgRkg tamlMnaMRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs)araMg ¬RkmNab:UeLGugqñaM 1804¦ ¬enAkñúgkarcgRkgenH elakk¾)anelIkykRkmrdæb,evNIénbeTsGIutalI nigRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsdéTeTot EdlGnuvtátamRbB½n§c,ab;)araMgenaHrYmCamYynwgyutþisaRsþc,ab;nigRTwsIþsikSaepSg²Edl )anmkBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs)araMg RbmaNBak;kNþalstvtSmkehIy enaH mkBicarNapgEdr. rWÉEpñksIþBInItiRKYsarvij KWRtUv)anRBageLIgedaysmaCikCnCati Cb:unkñúgKN³kmμkarerobcMesckIáRBag¦. Rkmrdæb,evNIcas; ¬Edl)anRbkas[eRbICa dMbUgenAqñaM 1890¦ )anRtUvBnüaeBlehIyBüÜrecalmin)anykmkGnuvtþeT bnÞab;BIman karvivaTcMrUgcMras;ekIteLIgTak;TgnwgRkmenaH. ehIykñúgRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCbu:n sBVéf¶enH Rtg;KnßIBI 1 dl; 3 enAEpñkxagedIm KWCaEpñkEkERbénc,ab;cas; . karEkERbenH RtUv)anGnuvtþeLIgedayeyagtamKMrUénesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs GaløWm:g;Edl manlkçN³fIμCageKnaeBlenaH. fVIt,itEtkarEbgEckCaKnßImanrUbPaBdUcRkmrdæb,evNI énRbeTsGaløWm:g;k¾edayk¾xøwmsarPaKeRcInenArkSaGtßbTedIménRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs; elak b‘½sSÚNad dEdl . Bak;B½n§kñúgkarEkERbenH manelak hUhSÚ‘mIu NUb‘UsIuehÁ ¬Hozumi Nobushige¦ ¬CnCatiCb:undMbUgbg¥s;EdlTTYl)ankarGnuBaØati[RbkbviC¢aCIv³ CaemFavIRbcaMtulakarenARbeTsGg;eKøs¦ CamYyKñanwgelak G‘Uem exnCIrU: ¬Ume Kenjiro¦ nigelak tUmI m:asaGaKIr:a ¬Tomii Masaakira¦ EdlFøab;eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg . ehIyelakTaMg 3 nak;enHKWCasmaCikénKN³kmμkarerobcMesckáIRBag .


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III. zan³énRkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab;TaMgmUl 1> Rkmrdæb,evNIkñúgzan³Cac,ab;mUldæanénnItiÉkCn bnÞab;mkenH eyIgRkeLkmkemIlzan³énRkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab;TaMgmUl

mþg. enAkñúgelakeyIgenHmanc,ab;eRcInEbbeRcIny:agNas; tYy:agdUcCardæFmμnuBaØ b¤c,ab;rdæ)alCaedIm EdlniyaysrubeTAKWCac,ab;Tak;TgeTAnwgrbbRKb;RKgrdæ b¤TMnak; TMngrvagrdænigbuKÁl EdleK[eQ μaHfa nItisaFarN³ . pÞúyeTAvij c,ab;EdlkMNt;nUv TMnak;TMngkñúgCIvPaBrs;enArvagbuKÁlnigbuKÁl RtUv)aneKehAfanItiÉkCn . CakarR)akd Nas;Edlfa tampøÚvc,ab; shKmn_mYydUcCaRkumhu‘nCaedIm EdlRbRBwtþskmμPaBepSg² RtUv)anc,ab;cat;TukdUcCabuKÁlEdr eday[eQμaHfaCa nItibuKÁl . dUcenH c,ab;BaNiC¢km μ EdlkMNt;nUvbTbBaØtiþTak;TgeTAnwgRkumh‘un k¾RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlfaCanItiÉkCnEdr . fVIt,itEt manc,ab;CaeRcInenAkñúgvis½ynItiÉkCnk¾BitEmn Rkmrdæb,evNIenAEtKWCaRKwHmUldæanén c,ab;TaMgGs;enaH ehIyRtUvcat;TukfaCac,ab;mUldæanénnItiÉkCn .

2> c,ab;TUeTA nigc,ab;Biess etIBaküenHmann½ydUcemþcEdr? \LÚveyIgnaMKñaBicarNanUv]TahrN_mYysþIBIkar

EdleyIgsnüaKñaTijniglk;vtßúmYyedaybg;R)ak;. skmμPaBenH)anRtUvRkmrdæb,evNI cat;TukfaCakic©snüalk;. Cabzm bTbBaØtþiTaMgLayTak;Tgdl;kic©snüalk;enH RtÚv)an EcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI . k¾b:uEnþRbsinebIGñkeFVIkic©snüaCaGñkCMnYj b¤k¾Rkumh‘un ehIy karlk;dUrenHKWsMrab;GaCIvkmμrbs;GñkCMnYj b¤Rkumh‘unenaH fVIt,itEtkic©snüalk;enHman lkçN³dUcKñanwgkic©snüalk;xagelIk¾eday k¾vaRtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgénc,ab; BaNiC¢kmμ. Ca]TahrN_mYyeTot cUreyIgBinitüGMBIkrNIrbs;Gñklk;Edl)anmklk; TMnijdl;pÞHeyIgmñak;²CaRbCaraRsþsamBaØ ehIy)aneFIV[mankic©snüalk;rvageyIg nig Gñklk;enaH. eTaHbIenHCakarlk;dUcxagelIk¾eday k¾kic©snüaenHRtUvsißtenAkñúgrgVg;én


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karGnuvtþn_c,ab;sIþBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELk ¬c,ab;sIáBIkaredIrlk;TMnijtampÞHmunkar eFVIviesaFnkmμnaqñaM2000¦. dUecñHfIVt,ItEtCakarTijlk;Fmμtak¾edayebIKUPaKICaBaNiC¢kr suT§saFKWeKRtUvGnuvtþc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ ehIyebIkarTijlk;)anRtUveFIVeLIgkñúgrUbPaBCakar edIrlk;TMnijtampÞHnimYy²vijKWeKRtUvGnuvtþc,ab;sIþBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELk. enAkñúg kal³eTs³enH Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkarTijnigkarlk; Rkmrdæb,evNImantYnaTICac,ab;TUeTA cMENkc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ nigc,ab;sIþBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELk KWCac,ab;rdæb,evNIBiess. c,ab;BiessmanGaTiPaBeTAelIc,ab;TUeTACadrab . enHKWCa viFanEdlGnuvtþenARKb;vis½y c,ab;TaMgmUl. eBalKWmann½yfaCabzmeKRtUvGnuvtþc,ab;BiessCamunsin ehIyevorElg EtKμanbTbBaØtþienAkñúgc,ab;BiessenaHeT eTIbRtÚvgakmkGnuvtþbTbBaØtþiCamUldæanenA kñúgc,ab;TUeTA. )anesckáIfa cMeBaH]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebIKμanbTbBaØtþiEcgkñúg c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμeTenaHeKRtUvRtLb;mkrkeKalkarN_BIkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIvij. ehIyRbsin ebIeKGnuvtþc,ab;sIþBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELkRbTHnwgcMNucEdlBMumanEcgCabTbBaØtþi eTenaHeKRtUveRbIbTbBaØtþisIþBIkarlk;vtßúEdlmankMNt;enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI.tamry³ ]TahrN_xagelI eyIgeXIjfaRkmrdæb,evNI KWCac,ab;mUldæankñúgvis½ynItiÉkCn ehIy CaRKwHsMrab;viFanCaeRcIn nigCa RbPBéneKalKMnitTaMgLayenAkñúgvis½ynItiÉkCn . ehtudUecñH edIm,IsikSaGMBInItiÉkCn[)ansMercpl KWeKBitCaRtUvcab;epþImBIkarsikSa Rkmrdæb,evNIenH .

CakarBitNas;Edlfa karBnül;TaMgGm,almaNxagelIBMuEmnmann½yfa kar swkSaRkmrdæb,evNImaneRbobCagkarswkSac,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ.l. enaHeT eRBaHfaRkm rdæb,evNI nigc,ab;BaNiC¢km μ manlkçN³BiessedayELkTIéTBIKña. c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ RbkbeTAedaykMritbec©keTsx<s;CagRkmrdæb,evNI ehIymankarlUtlas;y:agrh½seTA tamdMeNIrvivtþn_énEbbbTeFVICMnYjenAkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmμeTotpg. rIÉRkmrdæb,evNIvij eyIgBMueXIjmanskáanuBlelatepøaHrebobenHeLIy. mü:agvijeTot Rkmrdæb,evNIman lkçN³Cac,ab;mUldæan ehIyCaRKwHéneKalKMnitenAkñúgc,ab;BiessCaeRcIn dUecñHRkm


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enHmanlkçN³minRtUvpøas;bþÚrERbRbYljwkjyeT ¬vaGacEkERb)an luHRtaEtmankarERb RbYly:agxøaMgkñúgsgÁm¦. GaRs½yehtuenH c,ab;nImYy²rEmgmancrit nigeKalKMnit epSg²BIKña EdltRmUv[eyIgsikSasMrbeTAtamenaHCadrab .

IV. lkçN³BiessénRkmrdæb,evNI -eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³¬s½VyPaBénbuKÁlÉkCn¦=

1> eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³ nigeKalkarN_esrIPaBénkic©snüa enATIenH eyIgelIkyklkçN³BieslcMbgrbs;Rkmrdæb,evNImkBicarNamþg .

dUc)anerobrab;rYcmkehIyfa GVIEdlRkmrdæb,evNIcat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;bMputenaH KW {qnÞ³}rbs;eyIgmñak;²EdlCaPaKIkñúgerOgrdæb,evNI . eBalKWeyIgmñak;²EdlCaBlrdæ minEmnrs;edayeKarBtamviFanEdlGñkdéT)ankMNt;[enaHeT . y:agehacNas;k¾enA kñúgkarksag {TMnak;TMngCIvPaBrvagbuKÁlnigbuKÁl} eyIgnwgbegáItviFaneTAtamqnÞ³rbs; xøÜn ehIyRKb;RKgCIvPaBrbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉgEdr . enHRtUvcat;TukfaCa]támKtirbs;eyIg . enHeKehAfa eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³ b¤ehAfaeKalkarN_sV½yPaBénbuKÁlÉkCn . CakarCak;Esþg viFannImYy² ¬EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsiTi§elIbMNul¦ GacbegáIteLIg)aneday esrI kMu[Etb:HBal;eTAdl;sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmøab;l¥enAkñúgsgÁm . enHeK [eQμaHfaCa {eKalkarN_esrIPaBénkic©snüa} .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot eKBuMRtwmEtGacbegáItviFan)anedayesrIb:ueNÑaHeT viFanenH nwgmantYnaTICMnYsc,ab; ehIymanGaTiPaBelIbTbBaØtþiénRkmrdæb,evNIEfmeTot enAkñúg TMnak;TgrvagPaKIEdl)anbegáItviFanenHeLIg . ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgCemøaHsIþBIkic©snüa lk;CaedIm Rkmrdæb,evNImanbBaØti<sMrab;edaHRsaybBaðafa {etIeKRtUveFIVy:agNa ebIsinCabnÞab;BI)anTijvtßúehIy eKrkeXIjmanvikar³enAelIvtßúEdlBImuneKemIlmineXIj eTenaH?} . enHeKehAfaCakarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFanavikar³ . Tak;Tgdl;karTTYl xusRtUvkñúgkarFanavikar³enH maRta 570 énRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;fa ebIsinCabnÞab;


- 10 -

BI)anTijvtßúehIy eKrkeXIjmanvikar³enAelIvtßúEdlBImuneKemIlmineXIjeTenaH GñkTij GacTamTarsMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat b¤k¾rMlaykic©snüaecal)an kñúgkMLuúgeBlmYyqñaM bnÞab;BI)anRbTHeXIjvikar³enaH . k¾bu:Enþ eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday RbsinebIenAkñúgkic©snüa rbs;xøÜn KUPaKI)ansnüaKñaxusBIbTbBaØtiáénmaRtaEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenaH KWkic© snüanwgmanGaTiPaBCag . eBalKW evorElgEtK μankarsnüaepSgBIenHeT eTIbeKGac ykbTbBaØtþiénRkmrdæb,evNImkGnuvtþ)an . edIm,I[)anyl;c,ab;CagenH eyIgGac elIk]TahrN_mYyeTot)aneday]bmafa mankarlk;TMnijbBa©úHéføCaedIm kñúgkrNIEdl eyIgyl;RBmTijGavmYymanbiTpøakfa {mankarxUcxatxøH EtBMuGacTTYlkardUr b¤sg vij)aneT} enaHmanny½fa kñúgkarlk;nigkarTijenH KUPaKI)anRBmeRBogKña[rYcBI karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFanavikar³rYceTAehIy . kic©snüalk;EbbenHBMumanb:HBal;nwg bBðaaGIVeT ehIymansuBlPaBeBjelj .

2> bTbBaØtiþtamkarsμRK½citþ nigbTbBaØtiþedaybgçM GñkGanxøHRbEhlCayl;fa eyageTAtam]TahrN_xagelI eKBMudågKYreFIVdUcemþc

eTeRkABIeKarBtamqnÞ³énKUPaKIkñúgkarbdiesFminGnuvtátamc,ab;NamYyenaH k¾b:uEnþsUm bBa¢ak;faBMuEmnsuT§EtdUecñHeT . ebIKUPaKI)ankMNt;nUvviFanGIVmYyehIy viFanenaHnwgRtUv ykmkGnuvtþ b:uEnþcMeBaHcMNucNaEdlmin)ankMNt;enaH eKRtUvykbTbBaØtiénc,ab; rdÐb,evNImkGnuvtþedIm,IbMeBjPaBxVHcenøaH . ]TahrN¾dUcCakñúgkrNIfa)ankMNt;témøTMnijEmn b:uEnáBMu)ansMercfaetIGñkNaCaGñkRtUvbg;éføQñÜldwkTMnijeT b ¤k¾faenAeBlRbTH eXIjmanvikar³ ¬søaksñam ¦enAelITMnij etIeKRtUvsMercy:agNaenaHCaedIm .

GaRsy½ehtuenH bTbBaØtþiEdlGnuBaØat[esckþIRBmeRBogrbs;KUPaKImanGaTiPaB CagesckþIEcgenAkñúgmaRtaénc,ab;rdÐb,evNIenH eKehAfabTbBaØtiþtamkarsμRK½citþ . pÞúyeTAvij cMeBaHbTbBaØtþiEdlkMNt;fa eTaHCaKUPaKII)anRBmeRBogKñakMNt;yktam viFanepSgy:agNakáI k¾BMuGacbþÚrsarn½yenAkñúgmaRtaénc,ab;)anCadac;xateTenaH eK


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[eQμaHfaCabTbBaØtiþedaybgçM . enAkñúgEpñkc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNulénRkmrdæb,evNI manbTbBaØtiþtamkarsμRK½citþCaeRcIn . CakarBitNas;EdlfaenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI man tYy:agdUcCakarEcgGMBIRbePTénsiTi§Rbtü½kSCaedIm EdlCasiT§ipþac;muxGnuBaØat[eKGac RbkasnUvsiT§iRKb;RKgvtßúdac;xat ttaMgnwgRKb;ttiyCnTaMgGs;elIelakenH)anenaH ebI beNaþy[mnusSmñak;²GackMNt;siTi§d¾xøaMgenH)antamEtTMenIgcitþxøÜnenaH vanwgnaM[Gñk CitxagrgGMBl;edaysarxøÜnCaBMuxan . dUecñHeyIgmñak;²minGacecHEtbegáItviFanNaEdl xusBImaRtakñúgc,ab;)antamcitþeLIy ¬eKehAfaCa {eKalkarN_kMNt;siTi§Rbtü½kSeday c,ab;}¦ . b:uEná y:agehacNak¾enAkñúgEpñksMxan;²énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul bTbBaØtþi TaMgLayEdlmanEcgkñúgkRmgc,ab; minEmnsuT §Etmann½ydac;xatenaHeT .

enHKWxusKñaTaMgRsugeTAnwgc,ab;RBh μTNÐ b¤c,ab;cracrpøÚveKak . l . EdlCa BBYkc,ab;enAkñúgvis½ynItisaFarN³ . cUreyIgelIk]TahrN’c,ab;cracrmkniyay . c,ab;enH)ankMNt;[mnusSRKb;KñaQb;edIrenAeBl {eXIjePøIgBN’Rkhm} ehIy {ebIeXIjePøIgBN’exovRtUvbnþdMeNIreTAmux}. dUecñHRbCaBlrdæral;rUbRtUvEteKarBtamCa dac;xatebIBMuenaHeT eKminGacrkSasNáab;Fñab;cracr)an ehIynwgbNþal[maneRKaHfñak; BaseBjRbeTsCaBMuxan . ehtuenH CakarBitNas;EdleyIgmñak;²minGackMNt;dak; BN’exov[Qb;ehIydak;BN’Rkhm[eTA)antameRscEtcitþenaHeT . k¾bu:Enþ cMeBaH Rkmrdæb,evNI CaBieslRtg;c,ab;sIáBIsiTi§elIbMNulvij mankEnøgxøH{viFanEdlKUPaKI)an begáItenaHmanGanuPaBxøaMgCagc,ab;} b:uEnáenHminmann½yfa {mineKarBc,ab;} enaHeT .

cMeBaHbBaaðBak;B½n§rvagbuKÁlnigc,ab; c,ab;minmanzan³CaGMNacdac;xateTAelI buKÁleT . b:uEnþc,ab;rkSaTukesrIPaBTUlMTUlay[buKÁlGacbegáItviFanepSg² eyaleTA tamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜn elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIEdlminmankarbegáItviFanedaybuKÁlenaHeT eTIb eKykc,ab;mkGnuvtþedIm,ICYybMeBjkarxVHcenøaH . enHKWCalkçN³BiessCacMbgénRkm rdæb,evNI ¬EpñksIþBIsiTi§elIbMNul¦ . CakarFmμtaeTEdlesrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItviFanenH manEtkñúgTMnak;TMngrvagKUPaKIénkic©snüaEtb:ueNÑaH eBalKWesrIPaBenAEtkñúgrgVg;BiPB


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mYyd¾tUc . fVIt,itEtenAkñúgBiPBd¾tUcdUecñHd¾eday bc©úb,nñenHedayehtufamanekIt eLIgnUvbBaØa)at;bg;smPaBrvagbuKÁlnigbuKÁlenaH eKRtUvkarbBa©ÚlbEnßmnUveKalkarN_ EktRmUvxøHpgEdr ¬kardak;kMritelIeKalkarN’esrIPaBénkic©snüa¦ . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkarsikSa Rkmrd æb,evNI eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtepþatGarm μN’eTAelIeKalKMnitCamUldæanrbs;RkmenH Edl mantYnaTICYybMeBjPaBxVHcenøaHeTAelIviFanEdlbuKÁl)anbegáIt .

V. esckáIsegÐb - eKalKMnitkñúgkarsikSaRkmrdæb,evNI CakarBitNas;Rkmrdæb,evNIKWCac,ab;EdlmanviFankMNt;c,as;las;. eBalKWCa

viFanEdl{manxøwmsarCasñÚl}rbs;xøÜn. k¾b:uEnþviFanTaMgenH mantictYcNas;ebIeRbobeTA nwgc,ab;pgTaMgBYg.enAkñúgEpñksþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAnigsiTi§Rbtü½kSeyIgeXIjfaviFanTaMgenH manGtßn½ysMxan;Nas;Edr. b:uEnþcMeBaHEpñkTak;Tgnwgkic©snüakñgc,ab;sIáBIsiTi§elIbMNul vijeyIgGaceBal)anfabTbBaØtþiTaMgLayenaHRKan;EtCakarRbmUlpþMúnUvviFanénkarbegáIt kic©snüaepSg² EdlmanCaTMlab;Gnuvtþn_hUrEhBImunmkehIy)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRkm edIm,IkMNt;CabTdæansMrab;eFIVkarvinic½äyelIkarsMercqnÞ³rbs;KUPaKIEtb:ueNÑaH. RbsinebI manqnÞ³rbs;KUPaKIc,as;las;eKRtUveKarBnUvqnÞ³enaH ehIyRbsinebIqnÞ³enaHminc,as; las;eT eKRtUvykbTbBaØtþiTaMgLayenAkñúgc,ab;EdlRtUv)ansn μt;tamFmμtafaCaqnÞ³ rbs;PaKIénkic©snüaenaHmkGnuvtþ . Rtg;enHehIyEdleKmin dak;viFanbgçitbgçMeT .

dUecñH eyIgGacniyay)anfa cMNucsMxan;kñúgkarsikSaRkmrdæb,evNI minEmnkar {TenÞj[caMrt;mat;nUvGVI²EdlCaviFanRtUveKarBCadac;xat}enaHeT b:uEnþeyIg{RtUvBinitü BicarNaGMBIxwømsarénviFanepSg² EdlmanEcgCabTdæansMrab;karfwøgEføgrkyutþiFm’CUn PaKIEdlBak;B½n§} . xJMúsUmbBa©b;lMnaMsikSaenATIenH . teTAeTot eyIgnwgcab;epáImsikSaGMBIxøwmsarén Rkmrdæb,evNI .

-13-CMBUkTI 2 bTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI

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CMBUkTI 2

bTbBaØtþiTUeTA én

Rkmrdæb,evNI

I. critlkçN³énbTbBaØtþiTUeTA niglMdab;lMedaykñúgkarsikSa II. cMeBaHkarsikSabTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI

1¦ cMNucsMxan;²énbTbBaØtþiTUeTA niglMdab;sikSa 2¦ bBaØtþidMbUgénbTbBaØtþiTUeTA

III> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI 1¦ karsMEdgqnÞ³ nigskmμPaBKtiyutþ 2¦ karkarBarCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaB 3¦ karbgðajqnÞ³RbkbedaybBaða 4¦ tMNag tMNagKμansiTi§ tMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB 5¦ emaXPaB nigkarlubecal 6¦ l½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMNt;eBl 7¦ GaCJayukal 8¦ nItibuKÁl 9¦ lMenAdæan nigkar)at;xøÜn


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I. critlkçN³énbTbBaØtþiTUeTA niglMdab;lMedaykñúgkarsikSa CMBUkmun)anerobrab;GMBIrcnasm<½n§eroberogRkmrdæb,evNI nig)anBnül;faRkm

rdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un RtUv)anEckecjCa 5 KnßI Edlman bTbBaØtþiTUeTA siTi§Rbtü½kS siTi§elIbMNul jati nigsnþtikmμ. ehIycMeBaHKnßITaMg 5 enH kñúgkarsikSa eKehAKnßI 3 enAEpñkxagedImfaCa c,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tþicMENkÉKnßI 2 enAEpñkxagcugRtUv)anehAfaCa c,ab;sþIBIRKYsar b¤c,ab;sþIBIzan³buKÁl. enARtg;enH k¾mankarGFib,ayfabTbBaØtþiTUeTA kñúgKnßITI 1 mancMNgeCIghak;dUcCaTak;TgeTAnwgRkmrdæb,evNITaMgmUlk¾eday k¾b:uEnþ tamBitesckþIenAkñúgKnIßTI 1 enHBak;B½n§eTAnwgKnIßTI 2 nigTI 3 sIþBI siT§Rbtü½kS nigsiTi§elI bMNuleTAvijeT dUecñHRtUvcat;TukfaCabTbBaØtþiTUeTAEdlTak;Tgnwgc,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tþi eTIbCakarsmRsb. dUecñH eyIgGacKitfatamlMdab;lMedaykñúgkarsikSaeKRtUvcab;epþIm BIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAenHmun ¬kñúgesovePAsikSa eKniymehAfa bTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI¦ eTIbCakarsmehtusmpl. ehIytamkarBitenAtammhaviTüal½yCaeRcIn eK)anerobcM kmμviFIsikSaRsbtamviFIenH. k¾b:uEnþ manbBaðaBi)akmYy KWfakarsikSaRkmrdæb,evNIeday cab;epþImBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAenHminsUvCaTICk;citþb:un μaneT. xJúMmanGarmμN_EbbenH cab;taMgBI eBlenACanisSitenAeLIy. sBVéf£enH k¾mannisSitcMnYnminticeTEdl)anerobrab;GMBIkar cab;GarmμN_enH. ehIyerOgenH minEmnfaKμanehtuplsmRsbeT .

kñúgCMBUkmun mankarerobrab;ehIyfa karEckCaKnßI edaykMNt;bTbBaØtiþTUeTAenA xagedImenH KWCakaryktamTRmg;rbs;Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsGaløWm:g; ¬eBal[RtwmRtUv KWyktamesckIþRBagénRkmenaH¦ maneQμaHehAfaRbB½n§pan;edkeTn ¬Pandekten¦ . enAeBlEdltak;EtgRkmrdæb,evNIbc©úb,nñénRbeTsCb:un kalBIcugstvtSTI 19 ¬Cakar EksMrYlelIRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;elak b‘½sSÚNad¦ enaH eK)anGnumtiyktamRbB½n§Eck KnßI EdlmankñúgesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsGaløWm:g; EdlkMBugRtUv)anerobcMeLIg CaRkmrdæb,evNITMenIbbMputnasm½yenaH ¬b:uEnþkñúgCMBUkmunk¾mankarerobrab;rYcehIyEdr KWeKminGacniyay)anfa xøwmsarenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unmanPaBdUcKñanwg


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Rkmrdæb,evNIIénRbeTsGaløWm:g;TaMgRsugenaHeT. CaTUeTA eyIgGaceBal)anfa Rkm rdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un )anTTYl\Ti§BlBIRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsGaløWm:g;pg nigRkm rdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTs)araMgpg swgEtfaBak;kNþalmñak;. ehIymancMNucxøH eyIg eXIjy:agc,as;nUv\Tii§BlBIRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs)araMg CagRkménRbeTsGaløWm:g;eTA eTot¦. CakarR)akdNas; RbB½n§kMNt;bTbBaØtþirYmenAEpñkxagedIménRkmenH man lkçN³ RsbtamtkáviC¢aEmn.b:uEnþebIsinCaeKRtUvsikSaGMBIbTbBaØt<iTUeTAenHCaemerondMbUgenaHKW )anesck<Ifa CakarsikSaGMBIbTbBaØtþirYmmunnwgmancMeNHyl;dwgGMBIrebobedaHRsay bBaðaCak;EsþgnImYy²eTAeTot. dUecñH nisSitk¾minmanCMerIsGVIeRkAGMBIkarcab;GarmμN_fa karbkRsayemeronxVHPaBCak;Esþg ehIyCakarsikSaEdlminnaMmk[mankaryl;dwg GMBIPaBBitCak;EsþgeT .

edIm,IeCosvagnUvbBaðaenH manmtimYyyl;eXIjfa karcab;epþimBIemeronTak;Tg nwgkic©snüa ¬eBalKWsiTi§elIbMNul¦ EdlCaRbPBnaMmk[manTMnak;TMngénsiTi§ikñúgrUbPaB Cak;Esþg dUc)anFøab;elIkeLIgenAkñúgCMBUkmunsMrab;bkRsayGMBIcMNucBiessbMputén Rkmrdæb,evNIenaH KWCaviFIEdleFVI[RsYlyl; ehIyRbkbedayPaBCak;Esþgpg . eKnwg sikSaGMBIbBaðaénkic©snüakñúgkarlk;nigkarTijnUvvtßúGIVmYy ehIyTnÞwmnwgeBlenaHeFVIkar sikSabnþicmþg²GMBIxøwmsarEdlmanEcgkñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTA EdleRbIrYmsMrab;TaMgsiTi§Rbtü½kS nigsiTi§welIbMNulpgenaH ¬xJMúFøab;sresresovePAmYyk,al; mancMNgeCIgfa }cMNuc cab;epþIménsiTi§elIbMNul} enA 1995 EdlCaesovePAsMrab;cab;epþImsikSaRkmrdæb,evNI edayyktamKMnitxagelIenH ¦. b:uEnþ eTaHCaeyIgniyayy:agenHk¾eday kMufaeLIy kñúgmuxviC©asikSaGMBIerOgrdæb,evNIenAkñúgsalanitisaRsþénmhaviTüal½y sUm,IEtkñúg salaesdækic© nigsalaBaNiC¢saRsþk¾eKkMNt;ykbTbBaØtþiTUeTATukCaEpñkTImYyEdr . ehtudUecñH ebIsinCakñúgkrNIEdlnisSitTaMgLayRtUveronRkmrdæb,evNI edayEp¥ktam kmμviFIsikSarbs;salaenaH KWmanEtviFIsikSaedaycab;epþImBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAenHeT Edl GaceCosvag)annUvkarxatbg;eBlevla. em:øaHehIy kñúgCMBUkenH xJMúnwgbkRsayemeron


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edayykcitþTukdak;elIbBaðafa etIeyIgRtUvcab;Garm μN_elIcMNucNa ehIyRtUvsikSatam lMdab;EbbdUcemþc edIm,I[mankargayyl;nigcab;citþ)an ebIsinNaeyIgRtÚvsikSaRkm rdæb,evNIedaycab;epþImBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAenH .

vamanBIcMNuc. TImYy ebIeyIgyktamGVIEdl)ansresrxagelI ehIyKitbRBa©as mkvij eyIgyl;faeyIgRtUvsikSabTbBaØtþiTUeTAedayCanic©kalnwkKitdl;]TahrN_Cak; Esþg. TIBIr eyIgRtUveFIVkarsikSaedayEsVgyl;fa etIbTbBaØtþirYmTaMgenH mansar³ sMxan;nigzan³y:agNaEdrenAkñúgRkbx½NçénRkmrdæb,evNITaMgmUl. b:uEnþ eTaHCaniyay y:agenHk¾eday tamBiteTA esovePAsikSaGMBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI Edlmankar cab;GarmμN_RKb;RKan;elIcMNucTaMgBIrenHhak;dUcCaminmaneRcIneT. ehtudUecñHCabnþ eTAeTot xJMúnwgeFIVkarbBa¢ak;bMPøWGMBIlMdab;lMeday nigPaBcaM)ac;.l. kñúgkarsikSaGMBI bTbBaØtþiTUeTAtamEdlxJMúyl;eXIj ehIyTnÞwmKñaenaH xJúMnwgsakl,geFVIkarbkRsayeday ykcitþTukdak;GMBIcMNucTaMgBIrEdl)anCMrabCUnxagelI. CakarCak;Esþg xJMúnwgeFVIkar bkRsayBnül; edayelIkeLIgCa]TahrN_GMBIkic©snüalk;enAkñúgbribTepSg²CaeRcIn tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an .

II. cMeBaHkarsikSabTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI 1> cMNucsMxan;²énbTbBaØtþiTUeTA niglMdab;sikSa ´sUmrMlwkmkvijnUvGtßn½yénCMBUkTI 1 sþIBIlMnaMsikSa. Rkmrdæb,evNIpþl;GaTiPaB

TImYyeTAelIeKalkarN_sV½yPaBénqnÞ³rbs;eyIgmñak;². GaRs½yehtuenH kñúgcMeNam bBaØtþiTaMgLayénKnßIsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI eyIgRtUvsikSaGMBIbBaðadUcteTA . TI1 {smtßPaBkñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³} rbs;buKÁlmñak;² ehIynig {smtßPaBkñúgkarGnuvt< skmμPaBnanaEdlbegáItCaTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab;CamYyGñkdéT} . kñúgcMNucenH cMeBaH


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CnEdlK μansmtßPaBeFVIkarvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉg eKmanviFankarCYykarBardl;CnTaMgenaH edayGaRs½yelIGñkd¾éTepSgeTotEdlCYybMeBjb®gÁb;karbgðajqnÞ³ .

TI2 bBaðaepSg²EdlekItmaneLIgBIkarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngKtiyutþ tamry³karbgðaj qnÞ³eTAvijeTAmk rvagCnEdlmansmtßPaBeFVIkarvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉg . enHGacCaEpñk Edlmansar³sMxan;CageKbMput enAkñúgKnßIsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI . BIeRBaH EpñkenHcab;ep<ImBIbBaØtþiEcgGMBIskmμPaBKtiyutþ EdlGacnaM[ekItmaneLIgnUvGnuPaBc,ab; RsbtameKalbMNgedIm sMercedayGMNacénqnÞ³EdlbuKÁl)anbgðaj[eXIjenaH . ehIynwgmanbBaØtþiEcgGMBIviFIedaHRsayral;bBaðaepSg² EdlecaTfaetIeKRtUveFVIy:agdUc emþckñúgkrNIénCnNamñak; EdlfVIt,itEteKmansmtßPaBeFVIkarvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉgk¾eday Et)anbgðajqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnedaysarkarP½nþRcLM ¬kMhus¦ b¤k¾RtUv)anGñkdéTe)ak[bgðaj qnÞ³EdlxusBIcitþKMnitedImrbs;xøÜn ¬karqe)ak¦ ¬Ca]TahrN_Cak;Esþg viFIedaHRsay KWmankarEcgCabBaØtþisþIBIGanuPaBénkarcat;TukCaemaX³ b¤karlubecal . enATIenH Baküfa }GanuPaB} EdlmaneRbIkñúgRkmrdæb,evNICaedIm KWsMedAeTAelIlT§plGVIm:üag EdlekItmaneLIgkñúgkrNIGnuvtþbTbBaØtþi b¤rbbc,ab;NamYyenaH minEmnsMedAelI bBaðaRbsiTi§PaBénc,ab;eT¦ . eRkABIenH k¾mankarEcgnUvbBaØtþiTak;TgnwgkarbgðajqnÞ³ CMnYsGñkdéTeTotpgEdr EdlehAfaCarbbGñktMNag .

TI3 bBaðaBak;B½n§nwgGaCJayukal . edayehtufaGaCJayukalenHekItmancMeBaH siT§iRbtü½kSpg nigcMeBaHsiTi§elIbMNulpgenaH Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;bBaØtþirYmsþIBI GaCJayukalenH enAkñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTA . ehIynig TI4 bBaðaBak;B½n§nwgnItibuKÁl . tamBit eTA bBaØtþiBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaenHmankMritsμúKsμajhYsBIbBaØtþidéTeTotenAkñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTA EdlsUm,IEtnisiStTUeTAénsalanitisa®sþk¾eday k¾´yl;faKb,ITukvaeFVICaemeroncug eRkaykñúgkarsikSaGMBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTAenHeTIbRbesIr . k¾bu:EnþcMeBaHnisiSténsalaesdækic© b¤salaBaNiC¢sa®sþEdlsikSaGMBIshRKas nigcMeBaHCnTaMgLayEdlmancMNab; GarmμN_xøaMgeTAelIc,ab;Tak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμvij RbEhlCaGaccab;yl;GMBIEpñkenHgay


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RsYlCagnisSitenAsalac,ab;k¾mindwg . edayKitfa vanwgmanTMnak;TMngCab;eTAnwg karsikSanaGnaKtpgenaH eyIgKYrTukEpñkenHsMrab;sikSa[)anhμt;ct;enATIcugeRkay .

2> bBaØtþidMbUgénbTbBaØtþiTUeTA bnÞab;BI)ancaMTukkñúgcitþnUvcMNucsMxan;²sMrab;sikSaehIy ´nwgelIkykbBaØtþiEcg

CadMbUgenAkñúgbTbBaØtiþTUeTA eBalKWmaRtaTI 1 nigmaRtaTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNI mkBnül; RtYs²TukCamunsin . enATIenH manEcgCabBaØtþipþl;CamenaKti nigbBaØtþiCamUldæan ehIymanlkÐN³CaTUeTA sMrab;ykmkGnuvtþenAkúñgkrNIEdlbBaØtþid¾éTeTotBuMGacedaH RsaybBaða[)andac;RsLHEtÉgeTenaH . bTbBaØtþipþl;CamenaKti ¬EdlmanEcg kñúgmaRta 1 kfax½NçTI 1 fa {siT§iÉkCnRtUvGnuvtþ[)anRsbeTAtamsuxmalPaB saFarN³{ nigmaRta 2 fa {c,ab;enH RtUvbkRsaykñúgeKalbMNgeKarBPaBéføfñÚrrbs; buKÁlnigPaBesμIKñaBitR)akdrvagCnTaMgBIrePT{¦ TaMgenHmansar³sMxan; b:uEnþBMusUvTak;Tg nwgkarbkRsayCak;Esþgbu:nμaneT. Rtg;enH BaküfasiT§iÉkCnRtUvGnuvtþ[)anRsbeTA tamsuxmalPaBsaFarN³ KWCakarGHGagfa karTTYlnigGnuvtþsiTi§rbs;buKÁledayesrI KYrEtsRmbsRmYleTAnwgkarrIkcMerInsmRsbrbs;sgÁm b:uEnþBuMEmnniyayfaGMNac saFarN³GaceRbIedIm,IkMritsiTi§rbs;buKÁlenaHeT . cMENkmaRta 2 vij KWCabBaØtþiEdl caM)ac;RtUvEcgTuk .

rIÉbBaØtþiCamUldæanehIymanlkÐN³CaTUeTA eBalKW maRta 1 kfax½NÐTI 2 Edl QrelIeKalkarN_énPaBsucritnigPaBesμaHRtg; nigmaRta 1 kfax½NÐTI 3 EdlCa bBaØtþiQrelIeKalkarN_Tak;TgnwgkareRbIsiTi§edaybMBanvij KWniyayGMBIRTwsþITUeTA ¬ehA fa}maRtaTUeTA{¦ . naeBlbkRsayCak;Esþg maRtaenHrEmgykmkGnuvtþCaviFIbkRsay cugeRkaybg¥s; edIm,IsRmYlkic©karenAkñúgkrNIEdlbBaØtþiCak;lak;nImYy²BMuGacedaH RsaybBaðacb;sBVRKb;)an ¬]TahrN_dUcCakarGHGagfa {enAkñúgsßanPaBya:genH min RtUvGnuBaØat[eRbIc,ab;edayviFIenH)aneT eRBaHvamanlkçN³RbqaMgnwgeKalkarN_énPaB


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sucritnigPaBesμaHRtg;{ b¤k¾fa }enAkñúgsßanPaBenH minRtUvGnuBaØat[eRbIsiTi§EbbenH)an eT eRBaHvaCakareRbIsiTi§edaybMBan{¦ . CaBiessenAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg eKalkarN_ énPaBsucrit ¬eKalkarN_énPaBsucritnigPaBesμaHRtg;¦ RtUv)anykmkbkRsayCa jwkjy ehIyecaTCabBaðasMxan;xøH dUcCafaetIeKKb,IBwgEp¥keTAelI {maRtaTUeTA} enH dl;kMritNaenAkñúgkarGnuvtþtambec©keTsc,ab;? enATIenH eyIgsikSaRtwmEt[)anyl; Casegçbbu:eNÑaHsin .

sUmbBa¢ak;fa maRta 1 nig maRta 2 enH )anRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlCadMbUgenAkñúg KnßIsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTA naeBlmankarEkERbTaMgmUlnUvKnßITI 4 nigKnßITI 5 énRkm rdæb,evNIenAqñaM 1947 . eBlenaH eK)anEcgCamaRta 1 nigmaRta 1 PaK 2 b:uEnátamry³énkarEksRmYlBaküeBcn_bþÚrCaPasabc©úb,nñkñúgqñaM 2004 eK)anbþÚrmkCa maRta 1 nig maRta 2 vij . ¬kñúgkarbEnßmmaRtafμIenH edImI,ecosvagkarelatelxerogén maRtadéTeTotkñúgRkmTaMgmUleTIbeKsMercbg;elxCamaRta 1 PaK 2 dUecñaH . maRta 1 énRkmrdæb,evNInaeBlGnum½tdMbUgkñúgqñaM 1896 EdlEcgfa }siTi§ÉkCnRtUvTTYl)an cab;epþimBIeBlcab;kMeNIt} enaH )ankøayeTACamaRta 3 kfax½NçTI 1 énRkmbc©úb,nñ¦ . III. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evN I 1> karbgðajqnÞ³ nigskm μPaBKtiyutþ

bnþeTAenH eyIgnwgelIkykcMNucsMxan;²EdlRtUvsikSaCacaM)ac;enAkñúgbTbBaØtþi TUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI mkeFVIGtßaFib,ayeTAtamlMdab;lMedayénlMnaMsikSadUcEdl eyIg)anerobrab;Rsab; ¬fVIt,itEtmankarxusKñabnþicbnþÜcBIlMdab;elxerogénmaRtakñúgRkm rdæb,evNIk¾eday ¦ .


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1>1> karbgðajqnÞ³ CadMbUg eyIgnaMKñasikSaCamunsinnUvBaküfa karbgðajqnÞ³ EdleRubICajwkjyenA

kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI . karR)ab; b¤bgðaj ectnarbs;xøÜneTAédKU kñúgkarBüayambegáIt CaTMnak;TMngCak;lak;tampøÚvc,ab;enaH ehAfaCa karbgðajqnÞ³ . cUrcgcaMfa karN_Edl kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIehAfaCa karbgðajqnÞ³ enaH KWsMedAelIGVIEdlmanGanuPaBkñúgkarbegIát eLIgCaTMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab;RsbTaMgRsugeTAtamqnÞ³EdlRtUv)anbgðaj . dUecñH minEmnfa ral;karR)ab;nUvGVI²EdlxøÜnyl;eXIjeTAédKUTaMgb:unμan suT§EtCakarbgðajqnÞ³ kñúgn½y énRkmrdæb,evNIenaHeT . ]TahrN_fa eyIg)aneBalBaküeBcn_esñhaerobrab;nUv menaseBa©tnaeTAsgSarrbs;xøÜn enAeBlenaH eTaHbICaeyIg)anniyayedaymankar sMerccitþemaHmuty:agNak¾eday TaMgenHminEmnmann½yfaCakarbgðajqnÞ³dUcEdl)an eFVIGtßaFib,ayenaHeT . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdleyIg)anhucR)ak; 1000 eroleTA [m©as;tUblk;GIv:an;enAÉsßanIy×rtePøWg ehIyniyayfa }[sárenHmk´{ enHKWCakar bgðajqnÞ³d¾RKb;lkçN³ . BIeRBaHfa vaCasMeNIedIm,IbegáItkic©snüaTijsárkñúgtMél 1000 erol RbsinebIGñklk;yl;RBmtamsMeNIenH KWkic©snüaRtUv)anbegIáteLIg ehIy cMNgCapøÚvc,ab;k¾nwgekItmaneLIgrvagGñklk;nigGñkTij naMmk[mankatBVkic©nigsiTi§elI bMNulrvagPaKITaMgBIr . mann½yfa sMeNITijsárkñúgtémø 1000 erolk¾CakarbgðajqnÞ³ ehIykaryl;RBmlk;tamsMeNIenHk¾CakarbgðajqnÞ³Edr . ehIycMeBaHkarbgðajqnÞ³ tamry³sMbuRtsñamCaedIm nwgcat;TukfamanGanuPaBcab;BIeBlEdlsMbuRtenaHeTAdl; PaKIEdlCaédKU ¬eKalkarN_epJIdl; . maRta 97 kzax½NçTI 1¦ .

1>2> skmμPaBKtiyutþ bnÞab;mkeTot eyIgsikSaGMBIBaküfa skmμPaBKtiyutþ mþg. BaküenHeyIgrEmg

RbTHCjwkjyenAkñúgkarsikSaRkmrdæb,evNI k¾b:uEnþminEmnCaBaküEdlBi)akyl;Nas; eT . skmμPaBKtiyutþ RtUvykkarbgðajqnÞ³Edlmanerobrab;xagelImkeFVICaFatupSM


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eBalKWCa skmμPaB EdlbegáIt[manGnuPaBtampøÚvc,ab; edayGnuelameTAtamqnÞ³ EdlRtUv)anbgðaj . GaRs½yehtuenH tYya:gdUcCa kic©snüa Edl)anerobrab;xagelI RtUvcat;TukfaCaskmμPaBKtiyutþ . cMeBaHkic©snüa edaymankarsuxcitþTijvtßúenHkñúgtMél b:ueNÑH nigsuxcitþlk;vtßúenHéføb:ueNÑH KWCaskm μPaBKtiyutþekIteLIgedaysarkar bgðajqnÞ³BIr mkBITispÞúyKña ehIy)anrmYllμÜtCamYyKña . eRkABIenHenAman skmμPaaBKtiyutþEdlCa skmμPaBÉketaPaKIpgEdr tYya:gdUcCamt’ksasn_CaedIm . eKehAskmμPaBenHfaCa skmμPaBÉketaPaKI BIeRBaHfaGnuPaBtampøÚvc,ab;nwgekIt eLIgedayRsbTaMgRsugeTAtamqnÞ³énm©as;bNþaM Edl)anbgðajEtmñak;Ég enAkñúg sMbuRtbNþaMrbs;xøÜnfa nwgRbKl;vtßúeTA[GñkenH b¤GñkenaH . rYcehIyenAman RbePTmYyeTotkñúgskmμPaBKtiyutþKW skmμPaBrYm . skmμPaBenH ]bmadUcCakar mUlmtiKñarvagbuKÁleRcInrUb Edl)anbgðajqnÞ³epSg²kñúgeKalbMNgEtmYydUcKña edIm,I begáItRkumh‘unCaedIm . dUecñH BaküfaskmμPaBKtiyutþenH sMedAeTAelIIkic©snüapg skmμPaBÉketaPaKIpg nigskmμPaBrYmpg k¾b:uEnþPaKeRcInKWniyayGMBIkic©snüa . dUecñHehIyeyIgeXIjfa fVIt,itEteyIgkMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalsikSaGMBIbBaØtþisMxan;² enAkñúgbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNIk¾eday CakarCak;Esþg eyIgeCosminputBIkarKit dl;bBaðaénkic©snüaenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkatBVkic©enaHeT .

1>3> skmμPaBKtiyutþpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmøab;l¥ dUc)anerobrab;rYcehIyfa eyaleTAtameKalkarN_esrIPaBénkic©snüa eyIgral;

KñaGackMNt;xøwmsarénkic©snüa nigbegáItnUvsiT§ielIbMNulepSg² )anedayesrIk¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþminGacP¢ab;kic©snüaEdlmann½yRbqaMgnwgsgÁm)aneLIy . Rtg;cMNucenH Rkm rdæb,evNI)ankMNt;kñúgmaRta 90 énKnßIsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTA edayEcgfaskmμPaBKtiyutþ NaEdlmaneKalbMNgpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmøab;l¥ nwgRtUvcat;Tuk CaemaX³ . kñúgkarKitBicarNaGMBI]TahrN_Cak;Esþg sþIBIkarpÞúynwgmaRta 90 enH


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Kb,IykcitþTukdak;RbugRby½tñfa skmμPaBdUcCakarCk;eRKOgejonCaedIm KWBitCakar RbqaMgnwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigTMenomTmøab;l¥ k¾b:uEnþenHminEmnCaskmμPaBKtiyutþ EdlekIteLIgedaymankarbgðajqnÞ³CaFatupSMenaHeLIy . mann½yfa vaRKan;EtCaGMeBI b¤CaskmμPaBEdlekIteLIgCak;EsþgEtb:ueNÑaH . edayehtufa kic©snüaKWCabBaðatMNag énskmμPaBKtiyutþ \LÚvenHcUreyIgelIkyk]TahrN_Cak;EsþgGMBIkic©snüaEdlpÞúynwg sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmøab;l¥mkBicarNamþg . ]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüa RbKl;R)ak; edaybgÁab;[Cnmñak;RbRBwtþbT]RkidæNamYy b¤kic©snüaTijb¤lk;eRKOgejon EdlRtUvhamXat;CaedIm TaMgenHKWCaskmμPaBKtiyutþpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nig TMenomTMlab;l¥TaMgGs; ¬karelIk]TahrN_fa³ {karCk;eRKOnejónEdlc,ab;hamXat;} CaskmμPaBelμIsmaRta 90 énc,ab;rdæb,evNIenaHminRtwmRtUveT {karP¢ab;kic©snüalk; eRKOgejónEdlc,ab;hamXat;} eTIbCacemøIyRtwmRtUv¦ . ehIykic©snüaPñal;Kñadak; luyelgEl,gsIusg k¾pÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTMlab;l¥Edr . kic©snüa TaMgenHCakic©snüaemaX³ dUecñHBuMmankarekItecjCasiT§ielIbMNulGVIeLIy . enH)an esckþIfa ebIeTaHCaeK)ansnüafanwgbg;R)ak;enAeBlcaj;El,gsIusgk¾eday tampøÚv c,ab;KWBuMmankarekIteLIgnUvkatBVkic©[bg;R)ak;enaHeLIy .

2> karkarBarCnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB 2>1> smtßPaBbgðajqnÞ³ nigsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskm μPaB

\LÚveyIgsikSaGMBIBaküfa smtßPaBbgðajqnÞ³ nig smtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB mþg . dUc)aneFVIGtßaFib,ayrYcmkehIyfa mnusSeyIgmñak;²edIm,Inwgrs;CamnusSdUceKÉg cab;BIeBlekItmkPøam KWc,ab;)anTTYlsÁal;famansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ eBalKWman lkÐN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; sMrab;eFVICaRbFanénsiT§inigkatBVkic©tampøÚvc,ab;. b:uEnþ bEnßm elIenH eyIgmñak;²RtUvkarnUvsmtßPaBkñúgkarsMercqnÞ³edayxøÜnÉg edIIm,IR)ab;eTAGñkdéT GMBIqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnEdl)aneFVIeLIgedayesrIenaH kñúgbMNgbegáItTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab; .


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kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI eKeGayeQ μaHsmtßPaBenHfaCa smtßPaBxagqnÞ³ . cMeBaHCnEdl manvibtþisti minGacBicarNayl;dwgdUcFmμta)an eBalKWCnKμansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³enaH Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;faCa GsmtßCnxagqnÞ³ . kñúgkrNIEdlGsmtßCnxagqnÞ³)an eFVIkic©snüaCamYyGñkdéTk¾eday kic©snüaenHnwgBuMmansuBlPaBeLIy . mann½yfa K μan karekIteLIgnUvTMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab;NamYytamry³kic©snüaenHeT .

k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIeKRtUvEtelIkykRKb;krNInimYy² mkBicarNabBa¢ak;fa etIbuKÁl Namñak;man b¤KμansmtßPaBbgðajqnÞ³eTenaH eKnwgRtUveFVIkic©kareRcIn\tKNna ehIy nwgCYbRbTHCamYykrNIEdleFVIkarvinicä½ysMercminekItpgCaBuMxan . enATIenH Rkm rdæb,evNI)ankMNt;nUvbTbBaØtþisþIBIbTdæanCak;lak; sMrab;EbgEckCnEdlman nigCn EdlKμansmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB eBalKWCasmtßPaBsMercnUvskmμPaBKtiyutþrbs; xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg. CnEdlxVHsmtßPaBbgðajqnÞ³ b¤CnEdlxVHsmtßPaBeFVIkarvinicä½y eday xøÜnÉg RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaB. kñúgeKalbMNgkarBarCn RbePTenH eKTTYlsÁal;[CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBTaMgenHGnuvtþnUvskmμPaBKtiyutþ RtwmEtmYycMENkb:ueNÑaH b¤min[Gnuvtþ)aneTRbsinebIKμankaryl;RBm b¤kareRCamERCg BIGñkNamñak;epSgeToteTenaH ¬cab;BImaRta 5 dl;maRta 19 teTAenH maRtaEdlbgðaj enAkñúgrgVg;RkckKWCamaRtaenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNITaMgGs;¦. b:uEnþmü:ageTot c,ab;k¾caM)ac;RtUv EtEcgTukCabBaØtþipgEdr sMedAkarBarGñkEdl)aneFVIkic©snüaCamYyCnNaEdlxøÜnBuM)an dwgfaCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBeTenaH ¬sUmGan maRta 20 nigmaRta 21¦ .


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k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIeKRtUvEtelIkykRKb;krNITaMgGs;mkBicarNabBa¢ak;fa etICn

enaHman b¤KμansmtßPaBbgðajqnÞ³enaH eKnwgRtUveFVIkic©kareRcIn\tKNna ehIynwgCYb RbTHCamYykrNIEdleFVIkarsMercminekItpgCaBuMxan. enATIenHc,ab;rdæb,evNI)ankMNt

smtßPaBTTYlsiTi§CakarBitNas; mnusSeyIgmñak;² cab;taMgBIeBlekItmk RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faman

smtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ EdlCalkÐN³sm,tþisMrab;køayCaRbFanénsiT§i nigkatBVkic© . enHman n½yfa TarkEdlenAkñúgeBaHmþayBuMTan;mansiT§iTTYlmt’k)aneLIy kñúgkrNIEdl«BukxøÜnTTYl mrN³PaBenAmuneBlTarkcab;kMeNItenaH ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 9 sIáBIsnþtikm μ¦ . müa:geTot kñúg krNIEdlmrN³PaBén«BukenaH ekIteLIgedayeRKaHfñak;cracrbNþalmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 5 ¦ CaedImkþI k¾TarkEdlminTan;RbsUtenaH BuMGaceTACaRbFanénkarbþwgTamTar sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxatenaH)anEdreT . edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðadUcenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)ancat;Tuk TarkEdlenAkñúgeBaHmþay fadUcCaTarkEdl)anRbsUtrYcehIyEdr enAkñúgkrNIénsMNg xUcxatmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬maRta 721¦ snþtikmμ ¬maRta 886¦ nigGc©½yTan ¬maRta 965¦ . sUmbBa¢ak;fa CaeKalkarN_smtßPaBTTYlsiTi§enHk¾RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHCnCatibreTs pgEdr ¬maRta 3 kfax½NçTI 2¦ .

CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaB Edlnwgmanerobrab;teTAenH RKan;EtsMedAelIkarkMrit cMeBaHsmßtPaBkñúgkareFVIskm μPaBb:ueNÑaH minEmnkardak;kMritelIsmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§enaHeT .

2>2> CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB EdlRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;y:agCak;Esþg manCa

4 RbePT ³ GnItiCn ¬maRta 4 kMNt;faCaCnmanGayuticCag 20 qñaM¦ nItiCn enAeRkamGaNaBü)al CnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ nigCnenAeRkamkarTMnukbMrug . enARtg; cMNucenH rhUtmkTl;ExemsaqñaM 2000 Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;Cn 3 RbePTKW GnItiCn CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü nigCnEdlRbhak;RbEhlnwgCn RtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü edayehAfaCa GsmtßCnkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB . CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü mann½yfaCa CnEdlTTYlkarhamXat;


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mineGaycat;Ecg b¤RKb;RKgelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn cMENkÉCnEdlRbhak;RbEhlnwg CnRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü KWCaCnEdlkMBugsßitkñúgsßanPaBRbhak; RbEhlnwgCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü . b:uEnþkareRbIBaküTaMgenH hak;dUcCamanlkÐN³RCYlbnþic BuMsUvCaRbéBr_eLIy RBmTaMgxVHlkçN³CarbbmYyEdl pþl;kic©karBardl;CnTaMgenaHpg . bEnßmelIenH RsbKñanwgeBlEdlRbCaCncas;Cra kMBugmancMnYnekIneLIgkñúgsgÁmenaH PaBcaM)ac;kñúgkic©karBarCnCraEdlfmfykMlaMg sμartIkñúgkarvinicä½yrbs;xøÜn k¾)anecaTCabBaðaEdr . edayyl;eXIjdUecñH nigkñúg eKalbMNgbegáInsuxumalPaBcMeBaHCnCranigCnmanvibtþiTaMgenH eTIbmankareFVI viesaFnkmμelIRkmrdæb,evNI sMedAbegáItrbbGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCn ¬sMercenAExFñÚ qñaM1999 cab;GnuvtþenAExemsa qñaM2000¦ . tamry³énviesaFnkm μenH Baküfa { GsmtßCnkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB} )anRtUvbþÚrmkCa {CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB } vij .

bnÞab;BIviesaFnkmμmk¬BaküGnItiCnTukenAdEdl¦ CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúg karRKb;RKgRTBü RtUv)anbþÚrmkCa nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBü)al ehIyCnEdlRbhak; RbEhlnwgCnRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü RtUv)anbþÚrmkCa CnenAeRkam hitUbtßmÖ ehIy)anbEnßmRkbx½NÐfμImYyeTotsMrab;CnenAeRkamkarTMnukbMrug . srubTaMg Gs;eKehAfaCa CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB . ]TahrN_dUcCacMeBaHCnEdlman vibtþisμartI BuMGacvinicä½yelIkic©karGVI)an tulaRKYsarRtUvviniqä½ykMNt;kic©cab;epþImeFVI GaNaBüa)alsMrab;CnenaH RbsinebImankaresñIsuMBIsamIuxøÜn shB½T§ b¤sac;jatiCitNa mñak;CaedIm . bnÞab;BIkarsMercrbs;tulakarmk CnenaHRtUvehAfa nItiCnenAeRkam GaNaBü)al ehIyRtUvmanGñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCn mñak;GmCamYy . Gñk GaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCn rUbenH GaclubecalskmμPaBKtiyutþrbs; nItiCnenAeRkam GaNaBü)al)an ¬maRta 8-10¦ . mYyvijeTot eTaHbICamindl;fñak;RtUvcat;TukfaCa nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBü)alk¾eday cMeBaHCnEdlc,as;CamankarxVHxatxagkarvinicä½y kic©karedayxøÜnÉg GaRs½yeTAtamesckþIsMercrbs;tulakarkMNt;[cab;epþImhtUbtßmÖ


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CnenaHRtUv)ancat;TukCaCnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ ehIyRtUvmanhitUbtßmÖk³GmCamYy . Cn enHRtUvTTYlkaryl;RBmBIhitUbtßmÖk³CacaM)ac; munnwgGnuvtþskmμPaBmYycMnYnEdl c,ab;)ankMNt; . cMeBaHskmμPaBNa EdlKμankaryl;RBmenHeT skmμPaBenaHGac nwgRtUv)anlubecal ¬maRta 11 maRta 12 nigmaRta 13¦ . ehIycMeBaHCnEdl xVHxatkarvinicä½ykñúglkçN³Rsalvij edayGaRs½yeTAtamesckþIsMercrbs;tulakar CnenaHGacnwgkøayeTACaCnenAeRkamkarTMnukbMrug ehIyRtUvmanGñkCMnYyGmCamYypg . enAkñúgk6arGnuvtþskmμPaBKtiyutþmYycMnYnEdlKUPaKI)ankMNt;TukCamunenaH eKGactRmUv [CnenAeRkamkarTMnukbMrugTTYlkaryl;RBmBIGñkCMnYyk¾)anEdr ¬maRta 15-17¦ .

2>3> karkarBarCnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB

2>3>1>karlubecalskmμPaBrbs;CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB CameFüa)ayCak;EsþgkñúgkarkarBarCnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB c,ab;)ankMNt;

nUvbTbBaØtþisþIBIkarGaclubecal)annUvskmμPaBKtiyutþ rbs;CnEdlRtÚv)ankMrit smtßPaB. karlubecal dUcEdlmaneFVIGtßaFib,ayxageRkamenH mann½yfa CakaresIerIRtLb;fyeRkayvij edaycat;TukfaskmμPaBenaHmiin)anekIteLIgtaMgBIdMbUgTI ¬sUmGanvKÁTI 5 ³ emaXPaB nigkarlubecal¦ . Cabzm ebIniyayGMBIGnItiCn etIeKRtUvedaHRsaydUcemþc RbsinebIsisSviTüal½ymñak;)aneFVIkic©snüaTijvtßúmYymantémø rhUtdl;eTArab;Ban;duløa edaysarkarGnÞgBIGñklk;? ebIeyIgBicarNa]TahrN_enH edayeyagelImaRta 5 énRkmdæb,evNI eyIgnwgdwgfaGnItiCnEdlRbRBwtáskmμPaB KtiyutþNamYy tYy:agdUcCaic©snüaCaedIm RtUvEtTTYlkaryl;RBmBIGñktMNagEdl c,ab;)ankMNt;Cadac;xat eBalKW «Bukmþay ¬CnmanGMNacem)a . kñúgkrNIminman CnmanGMNacem)aeT RtUvFøak;eTAGñkGaNaBüa)al¦ . kñúgkrNIRbRBwtþskmμPaBKtiyutþ edayKμankaryl;RBmBIGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;eTenaH samIuxøÜn b¤«Bukmþayrbs; samIuxøÜn Gaclubecaledaycat;TukfaK μanskmμPaBenHtaMgBIdMbUgTI)an ¬cMeBaHCnEdl


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GaclubskmμPaBenHecal)an eBalKW CnmansiT§ilubecal maRta 120 )ankMNt;fa KWCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBxøÜnÉgpÞal; nigGñktMNag RbtisiTi§ b¤GñkmansiTi§yl;RBm¦ . edayehtufa GñkmanGMNacem)a KWCaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; eKBuMRtwmEtman GMNacRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþirbs;samIuxøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT . CnenHGactMNageGaysamIuxøÜn edayGnuvtþskmμPaBKtiyutþ ¬dUcCaeFVIkic©snüaCaedIm¦ eTAelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;samIuxøÜn CaCMnYs)an ¬nwgmankarerobrab;GMBI tMNag enAxageRkay kñúgvKÁTI4 ³ kartMNag kartMNagedayKμansiT§i nwgkartMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarYbPaB¦ . CaBiess GnItiCn GaceRbIR)as;edayesrItamTMenIgcitþxøÜn)an nUvRTBüsm,tþiEdl«BukmþayGnuBaØat[eRbI R)as; eTaHbICamankardak;TisedAfaeGayeFVIenH b¤eFVIenaH b¤K μankardak;TisedAy:agNa k¾eday dUcCakrNIénkarpþl;R)ak;cayvaybnþicbnþÜcCaedIm ¬maRta 5 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ . GnItiCnEdlerobGaBah_BiBah_ehIy nwgRtUvcat;TUkCanItiCn ¬maRta 753¦ .

müa:geTot dUc)aneFVIGtßaFib,ayxagelIRsab; cMeBaHnItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al nwgmanGñkGaNaBüa)alGmCamYy cat;CaGñktMNagREdlc,ab;)ankMNt; ¬maRta 8¦ . skmμPaBKtiyutþrbs;nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alk¾Gaclubecal)anEdr ¬k¾b:uEnþ kar TijRbdab;RbdaeRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶ nigskmμPaBBak;B½n§nwgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶TaMgb:un μan minGac lubecal)aneLIy . maRta 9¦ . cMeBaHCnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ nwgmanhitUbtßmÖk³ GmCamYy ¬maRta 12¦ . kñúgkrNIrbs;CnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ samIuxøÜnGacGnuvtþ skmμPaBmYyPaK)anedayxøÜnÉg k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIGnuvtþskmμPaBsMxan;²Bak;B½n§nwgRTBü sm,tþivij RtUvEtmankaryl;RBmBIhitUbtßmÖk³ ¬maRta 13 kfax½Nç 1¦ . kñúgkrNI EdlskmμPaBNamYyRbRBwtþeLIgedayKμankaryl;RBmBIhitUbtßmÖk³ b¤K μanesckþIGnuBaØat BItulakarCaCMnYskaryl;RBmeTenaH skmμPaBenH Gaclubecal)andUcKña ¬maRta 13 kfax½NçTI 4¦ . viesaFnkmμRkmrdæb,evNIenAqñaM 1999 )anpþl;GMNaclubecaleTA hitUbtßmÖk³ kñúgkrNIEdlCnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖGnuvtþskm μPaBEdltMrUv[mankarTTYl karyl;RBm EtEbrCaeFVItamTMenIgcitþxøÜneTAvij ¬maRta 120 kzax½NçTI 1¦ . bEnßmelIenH


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tamry³énkarsMercrbs;tulakar siT§itMNagk¾nwgRtUvpþl;eTAhitUbtßmÖk³pgEdr enAkñúg krNIEdlsamIuPaKIBak;B½n§)anesñIsMu nwgeFVIkareRCIserIskMNt; nUvskmμPaBKtiyutþmYy cMnYn RbKl;eTAtMNagenaH ¬skmμPaBenH RbsinebIesñIsMuedayGñkdéTeRkABIsamIuxøÜnenaH RtUvTTYlkaryl;RBmBIsamIuxøÜnCacaM)ac; . sUmGanmaRta 876 PaK 4 kfax½NÐTI 1 nigTI 2¦ . enAkñúgrbbTMnukbMrugEdl)anbegáItfμIenH cMeBaHskmμPaBKtiyutþNamYy Edl samIuxøÜn)anesIñsMu nigeFIVkareRCIserIskMNt;ehIyenaH tulakarGacsMercpþl;siT§ItMNag b¤siT§iyl;RBm ¬siTi§lubecal¦ dl;GñkCMnYy)an ¬maRta 17 kfax½NçTI 1 maRta 876 PaK 9 kfaxNÐTI 1 . edaysarQrelITsSn³eKarBsiT§isMercedayxøÜnÉg enHk¾tMrUv[man lkÐx½NçénkaresIñsuM b¤karyl;RBm BIsamIuxøÜnpgEdr . maRta 17 kfax½NçTI 2 nigmaRta 876 PaK 9 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . 2>3>2>karkarBarPaKImçageTotrbs;CnEdlRtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB

ebIdUecñH PaKImçageTotEdl)aneFVIkic©snüarYceTAehIy Etmin)annwkPñkesaHfa GñkEdlxøÜn)aneFVIkic©snüaCamYyenaHCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBeLIy RtUvrgcaM TaMgkgVl; edayBuMdwgfaetICnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBnwglubecalkic©snüab¤y:agNa eTenaH . enHnwgnaM[PaKIEdl)aneFVICMnYjCamYyCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBenaH RtUv Føak;kñúgsßanPaBKμanlMnwgCaGEgVgBuMElgeLIy . edIm,IeCosvagsßanPaBcaj;eRbobenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)andak;bBaØtþi TuklT§PaB[PaKIEdlCaédKUénCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaB enaHGacetOnbgçM[CnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBbBa¢ak;tameRkayfa TTYlsÁal; b¤min TTYlsÁal; cMeBaHGnuPaBkic©snüaEdl)aneFVIenaH .

Cabzm kñúgkrNIEdleRkaymkCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBenaHkøayCasmtßCn vij ¬]TahrN_dUcCaenAeBleFVIkic©snüa CnenaHCaGnItiCnenAeLIyeT EteRkaymk eBjGayuCanItiCnCaedIm¦ eKGacdas;etOn[CnenaHeqøIyfapál; b¤minpál; sc©anumtielI skmμPaBEdlGaclubecal)anenaH kñúgGMLúgeBlelIsBImYyExbnÞab;BI)ankøayeTACa smtßCn . RbsinebIKμankareqøIytbkñúgGMLúgeBlenaHeT RtUvcat;TukfaCnenaH)an


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pál;sc©anumtielIskmμPaBenaHrYcehaIy ¬maRta 20 kfax½NçTI 2¦ . cMeBaHkrNIEdl CnRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBenaH enAbnáCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaBdEdl eKGaceFIVkar das;etOndUcKña)anEdr eTAGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; hitUbtßmÖk³ b¤GñkCMnYy GMBI skmμPaBEdlsßitenAkñúgTMhMénsiTi§rbs;GñkTaMgenH . ehIyRbsinebIKμankareqøIytbeT RtÚvcat;Tukfa)anpál;sc©anumtidUcKñaEdr ¬maRta 20 kfax½NçTI 2¦ . bEnßmelIenH PaKImÐageTotGacdas;etOn[CnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ b¤CnenAeRkamkarTMnukbMrug Edl)an TTYlesckIásMercrbs;tulakarRsbtammaRta 16 enaH TTYlyksc©anumtiBIhitUbtßmÖk³ b¤GñkCMnYyrbs;xøÜn kñúgGMLúgeBlelIsBImYyEx . RbsinebICnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ b¤Cn enAeRkamkarTMnukbMrugmin)anCUntMNwgfa xøÜn)anTTYlsc©anumtikñúgGMLúgeBlenaHeT RtUv cat;Tukfa skmμPaBenaHRtUv)anlubecal ¬maRta 20 kfax½NçTI 4¦ .

mü:ageTot RbsinebICnEdlRtUv)ankMritsmtßPaB )aneRbIR)as;meFüa)ayqe)ak edIm,I[PaKICaédKUeCOfa xøÜnCasmtßCnenaH c,ab;)anbTbBaØtþifaskmμPaBenHminGac lubecal)aneT ¬maRta 21¦ . 2>3>3>RbB½n§GaNaBüa)altamkars μ½RKcitþ RBmeBlCamYynwgkareFVIviesaFnkmμelIRkmrdæb,evNI Edl)ansMercenAqñaM1999 {c,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcitþ} ¬c,ab;sþIBIGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RK citá¦ RtÚv)anGnum½t ehIydak;eGayGnuvtþenAExemsa qñaM2000 dUcKña . enH)anesckþIfa elITsSn³eKarBsiT§isMercedayxøÜnÉg buKÁlGaceqøóteBlenAmankMlaMgRKb;RKan;sMrab; eFVIkarvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉgenaH sMercerIsykCnNaEdlGacRbKl;Parkic©[TTYlkic©kar GaNaBüa)al)anenaeBlEdlxøÜnRtÚv)at;bg;kMlaMgvinic½yänaéfJGnaKt ¬GñkGaNaBüa)al tamkarsμ ½RKcitþ¦ ehIyeFVIkic©snüaCamYyCnenaHTukCamunsin . eKk¾GacsMercpþl;nUvsiT§I GMNacGVIxøHeTA[CnenaH)antamcitþEdr tamry³énkic©snüaenH . enHeKehAfa RbB½n§ GaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcitþ .


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3> karbgðajqnÞ³RbkbedaybBaða 3>1> esckþIepþIm

sUm,IEtnItiCnTUeTA EdlmansmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB ehIyGaceFVIkarvinicä½y edayBuMmanbBaðak¾eday k¾Kg;maneBlxøHbgðajqnÞ³EdlBuMc,as;las;RtwmRtUv dUcCa krNImanvikar³eRcIneBkkñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³ b¤k¾krNIBuMmanqnÞ³GVITal;EtesaHEdlTak;Tg eTAnwgkarsMEdgenaHCaedIm . enAkñúgkrNITaMgGs;enH eKminRtUvTTYlsÁal;nUvsuBlPaB énkarbgðajqnÞ³enH)aneT . Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;TuknUvviFansMrab;lubecal nig karBarkuM[ekItmansuBlPaBcMeBaHkarbgðajqnÞ³enH .

3>2> karbgðajqnÞ³tamkarqe)ak b¤tamkarKRmamkMEhg Cabzm eKGaclubecal)annUvkarbgðajqnÞ³ EdlekItmaneLIgedaysarkar

qe)ak b¤karKRmamkMEhg dUcCakñúgkrNIeBalBaküfanwglk;pÞHEdlxøÜnKμanbMNgnwg lk;esaHCaedIm ¬maRta 96 kfax½NçTI 1¦ . RbsinebIkarbgðajqnÞ³RtUv)anlub ecal ]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüalk;pÞH EdlCakic©snüaekIteLIgBIPaBRtUvr:UvKñarvag karbgðajqnÞ³ BIr KWkar{suxcitþTijkñúgtMélb:ueNÑH} nigkar{suxcitþlk;kñúgtMélb:ueNÑH} ehIyedaysar karbgðajqnÞ³mçagRtUv)anlubecal dUecñHeKRtUvKitRtLb;fyeRkayvij edaycat;Tukfa Kμankic©snüaGVIesaHtaMgBIdMbUgTI . enH)ann½yfa kic©snüalk;min)anekIt maneLIgeT . edayehtufa kic©snüamin)anekItmaneTenaH RbsinebI)anRbKl;pÞHeTAehIy KWkar RbKl;enHnwgRtUvlubecalvij b¤RbsinebI)anbg;R)ak;éføpÞHeTAehIy KWRtUvsgR)ak;enaH mkvij ¬enHeKehAfa kareFVIbdiTan )ann½yfakareFVI[dUcsßanPaB edImmkvij¦ .

Rtg;enHKYrbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa Bak;B½n§nwgkarbgðajqnÞ³EdlekItmkBIlT§plénkar qe)ak b¤karKRmamkMEhgenH Rkmrdæb,evNImankMNt;bTbBaØtáiRtwmb:uNÑwg . )anCaeRbI Baküfa}Rtwmb:uNÑwg} KWmkBIfa CnEdlqe)ak b¤KRmamkMEhg KWCaCnTuc©rit dUecñH R)akdCamanmtixøHfaKYrpþnÞaeTasCnTaMgenaH . k¾b:uEnþ sUmbBa¢ak;faenHminEmnCabBaða rbs;Rkmrdæb,evNIeT ¬ebICaerOgqe)ak KWvasßitenAeRkambBaØtáiénRkmRBhμTNÐmaRta


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246 EdlRtUvelIkmkBiPakSafaRtUvCabTqe)akEmn b¤minEmn ehIyRbsinebICabTqe)ak Emn eKeFVIkarpþnÞaeTaseTAtamenaH¦ . eyIgKYryl;fa eRBaHEteKaledArbs;Rkm rdæb,evNIKWsßitenARtg;sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³rbs;samIuxøÜn dUecñHebIsinCakarbgðajqnÞ³ enH)anGaRs½yelIqnÞ³sMercedayesrIrbs;samIuxøÜn KWeKcat;TukfamansuBlPaB ebIBMu)an GaRs½yelIqnÞ³enaHeT KWeKnwgdak;kMhwtcMeBaHsuBlPaBenaHeTAvij .

mYyvijeTot tamFmμtaPaKeRcInénkarqe)akEtgekItmaneLIgedayPaKImæageTot kñúgkarCYjdUrCamYyKña ¬]bmadUcCaeQ μaH x e)akeQμaH y [lk;pÞHmkxøÜn kñúgtMélefakCaedIm¦ b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNIxøH ttiyCn eBalKWCnepSgedayELk CaGñk qe)akk¾manEdr ¬]bmadUcCaeQ μaH z e)akbeBaäateQ μaH y [lk;pÞHeTAeQ μaH x edaytMélefak¦ . enAkñúgkrNIenH luHRtaEtPaKICaédKU ¬RbsinebIkarbgðajqnÞ³ RbkbeTAedaybBaða Carbs;eQμaH y PaKICaédKURtUvCaeQμaH x¦ )andwgGMBIerOgqe)akrYc eRscCamun eTIbkarlubecalenaHGaceFVIeTA)an ¬maRta 96 kfax½NçTI 2¦ .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot mankarkMNt;fa karbgðajqnÞ³tamkarqe)akminGacykmk edIm,IttaMgnwgttiyCnEdlsuT§citþ)aneLIy ¬maRta 96 kfax½NçTI 3¦ . enATIenH Baküfa {ttiyCnEdlsuT§citþ} KWCndéTepSgeTotEdlmin)andwgGMBIGgÁehtuEdlekIteLIg ¬sUm GankarBnül;BaküKnøwH }sucrit nigTuc©rit}¦ . ]bmadUcCa eQμaH A RtUvcaj;e)akeQ μaH B

ehIylk;GclnRTBürbs;xøÜn[eTAeQμaH B RBmTaMg)anepÞrkarcuHbBa¢IkmμsiT§ieTotpg rIÉeQ μaH B vij fVIt,itEt)anniyayfanwgbg;R)ak;éføGclnRTBüenaHk¾eday k¾enAEtmin bg;[dEdl . eTaHCaeQμaHA elIkykkarqe)akenHmkeFVICamUlehtulubecal kic©snüaehIykþI eQ μaH B )anykGclnRTBüenaHeTAbegIáthIub:UEtkdak;CaR)atiePaK edIm,Ix©IR)ak;BIeQ μaH C edaycat;TukfaGclnRTBüenaHCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn . enAkñúg krNIenH ebIeQ μaH C min)andwgGMBIkare)akrbs;eQμaH B eTenaH eQ μaH A minGacyk GnuPaBénkarlubecal mkttaMgCamYynwgeQ μaH C )aneT ¬edayehtuEteKminGac niyayeTAkan;eQ μaH C fa)anlubecalkic©snüarYcehIyenaH dUecñHminGac


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bdiesFsiT§irbs;eQ μaH C eTAelIhIub:Uetk)aneT¦ . eyIgyl;fa RbEhlCanwg manmtixøHKitfa ebIy:agdUecñHEmn KWvaCakarKY[GaeNacGaFmμeBkehIy cMeBaH CnNaEdlRtUveKqe)ak k¾b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijeKk¾RtUvEtkarBareQμaH C pgEdr Edl)an eFVICMnYjedayBuM)andwgerOgGVIesaH ehIyEdl)anKitfaGclnRTBüenaHCarbs;eQ μaH B

Emn ¬manTaMgkarcuHbBa¢IepÞrkmμsiT§iEfmeTotpg¦ . eKKYrKitfa GñkEdlGñkEdlRtUveK qe)akenaH k¾mankareFVsRbEhsxøHEdr . enAkñúgkrNIenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt; nUvbTbBaØtþiTaMgLay edayQrelIkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’sMrab;samIuCnEdlBak;B½n§TaMgGs; ¬enAkñúgkrNIenH eKRtUvkarBarPaKITTYlkarqe)akbnøMk¾BitEmn b:uEnþk¾minRtUvkarBarGñk enaHeRcInRCul rhUtTal;EteFVI[ttiyCnEdl)aneFVICMnYjedaydwgGMBIerOgqe)akGVIbnþic eLIyenaHTTYlrgBlIkmμpgEdreT . rIÉkarKRmamkMEhgvij eKBi)aknwgKitfaCnEdl RtUveKKRmamkMEhgenaHmankareFVsRbEhs b¤ mankMhusEdrb¤eTenaHNas; eTaHbICnTI 3 CattiyCnRbkbedaysuT§citþk¾eday . eKRtUvEtkarBarCnEdl)anbgðajqnÞ³edaykar KRmamkMEhgenaHCadac;xat . edaysarehtuenHehIy EdlmaRta 96 kfax½NçTI 3 kMNt;nUvbTbBaØtþieTAelIEtkarqe)akEtb:ueNÑaH¦ .

sucrit nigTuc©ritenAkñúgBiPBc,ab; GVIEdlehAfa suc©rit KWkarmin)andwgnUverOgehtuGVIesaHeLIy rIÉTuc©rit

vij KWkar)andwg)anB¤GMBIerOgehtuEdl)anekIteLIg ¬enAkñúgkrNIxøH suc©ritminsMedARtwmEt karmin)andwgerOgehtuub:ueNÑaHeT KWmanrhUtdl;kareCOTukcitþeTotpg ¬]bmadUcCakareCOfa PaKIEdlxøÜneFVICMnYjCamYyenaH CaCnmansiT§iBitR)akdCaedIm¦ edaysarBuM)andwgerOgehtu EdlekIteLIgenaH . dUecñH Cnsuc©rit enATIenHminEmnsMedAelICnRbkbedaycitþl¥viess visalenaHeLIy . pÞúyeTAvij TwkcitþkñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[GñkdéTrgTukçRBYy enaHmin ehAfaTuc©riteT ehAfa {qnÞ³Büa)aT} . l . eTaHCaBuMmanbMNgskmμkñúgkareFVI[GñkdéT TTYlrgeRKaHk¾eday b:uEn<ebIsnCa)andwgfaCndéTepSgeTot)aneFVIkic©snüarYceTAehIyedIm,I TijvtßúGVImYy ehIyfVIt,itEtmankaryl;c,as;fakardeNþImTijvtßúdEdlenaHGacnwgeFVI[Gñk TijmunenaHrgGMBl;k¾eday k¾enAEtdeNáImTijykeTot . enHeKehAfaCa {Tuc©ritEdl rMelaPelITMnukcitþ} .


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3>3> karbgðajqnÞ³edayP½nþRcLM etIeKedaHRsayy:agdUcemþc cMeBaHkrNIEdlmanbBaðarwtEtF¶n;F¶rCagenHeTAeTot

dUcCakrNIEdlsamIuxøÜn)anbgðajqnÞ³EdlminEmnCaqnÞ³BitR)akdrbs;xøÜneT edaysar mankaryl;xusTaMgRsugcMeBaHerOgGVImYyenaH? Rkmrdæb,evNIehAenHfaCakarP½nþRcLM . kñúgkrNIEdl)anbgðajqnÞ³edayK μanectnaGVIesaHenaH ]TahrN_dUcCakrNIlk;vtßú edaysresrtémøxVHelxsUnümYyxÞg;CaedIm karbgðajqnÞ³enHRtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³ ¬maRta 95¦ . edayQrelICMhreKarBsV½yPaBxagqnÞ³rbs;samIuxøÜn ebIsinCaesckIábgðaj mankarxVHTaMgRsugnUvPaBsIuKñanwgqnÞ³BitR)akdrbs;samIuxøÜn ¬eKehAfaCa karxVHqnÞ³¦ eKcat;TukenHCakarbgðajqnÞ³EdlK μanGanuPaBtaMgBIdMbUgTII ¬ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkar bgðajqnÞ³tamkarqe)akEdl)anerobrab;xagelI eyIgeXIjfaenAkñúgkrNIénkarqe)ak kareBalBaküfa {nwglk;vtßúenH} KWCakarcg¥úl[eXIjnUvvtþmanénqnÞ³rbs;GñkeBalBakü enaHenAkñúgcitþpgxøÜnrYcCaeRsc ¬ehAfaqnÞ³manGanuPaBCaGtþenamti¦ fa{nwglk;vtßúenH} eTaHbICakarbgðajenHekIteLIgBIkarqe)akk¾eday . pÞúyeTAvij cMeBaHkarP½nþRcLMvij KWBuMmanvtþmanénqnÞ³EdlmanGanuPaBCaGtþenamti enAkñúgcitþrbs;samIuxøÜndUctamesckI< Edl)anbgðajecjenaHeT dUecñHehIyeTIbc,ab;kMNt;GMBIemaX³PaBEdlmanGanuPaB c,ab;xøaMgCagkarlubecaleTAeTot¦ . k¾b:uEnþ edayehtufa karbgðajqnÞ³EbbenH CH\T§iBlxøaMgeTAelIPaKICaédKU c,ab;minGacTTYlsÁal;edaygayRsYlnUvemaXPaB bNþalmkBIkarP½nþRcLMenH)aneLIy . maRta 95 )andak;l½kçx½NÐkMNt;fa enAeBlEdlmanktþaP½nþRcLMenAkñúgFatupSMénskm μPaBKtiyutþ ¬PaKeRcInKWkic©snüa¦ kar bgðajqnÞ³enaHRtUvcat;TukCaemaX³ . ehIyenAkñúgbdiBaØtþiénmaRtadEdl)anEcgfa enA eBlEdlGñkbgðajqnÞ³)anRbRBwtþkMhusF¶n;F¶r GñkenaHminGacGHGagGMBIemaXPaBénkar bgðajqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg)aneLIy ¬b:uEnþBuMmanecaTCabBaðaeT RbsinebIPaKImçag eTotmanbMNgcat;TukkarbgðajqnÞ³enHCaemaX³¦ .


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GaRs½yehtuenH edIm,IbBa¢ak;faenHCakarbgðajqnÞ³edayP½nþRcLMenaH CadMbUg eKRtUvbgðajCacaM)ac;nUvGVIEdlmanPaBCak;Es<gc,as;las; sMKal;GMBIkt<aP½nþRcLMman enAkñúgFatupMSénskmμPaBKtiyutþ eBalKWkarbBa¢ak;fa KgVagrvagqnÞ³nigkarbgðaj qnÞ³)anekItmaneLIgEmn eFVI[eXIjfa ebIminmankarP½nþRcLMeTenaH KWeKmuxCamin bgðajqnÞ³y:agdUecñHeT . rYcehIyeKcaM)ac;RtUvbgðajEfmeTotnUvPaBK μankMhusGIVF¶n;F¶r kMu[EtmankarecaTfa RbsinebIGñkbgðajqnÞ³BitCa)aneFVIkarRbugRby½tñEtbniþcenaH KWBMumaneFøaHeFøaydUecñHeT . luHRtaEtmankarbMeBjtamRKb;l½kçx½NÐTaMgBIrenHehIy eTIbeKGacsnidæan)anfamanemaXPaBedayehtumkBIkarP½nþRcLMBitEmn.

karP½nþRcLMmandUcCa karpþl;tavkalikedayRcLM b¤k_karsresrGkSrxusCaedIm . b:uEn<mankarecaTeLIgCabBaðacMeBaHkarP½nþRcLMmü:ag EdleKehAfaCakarP½nþRcLMxag mUlehtu . ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIénkarTijesHmYyk,al; EdlGñkTij)anKitfa esHenHmanépÞeBaH ¬edaymUlehtuenHehIy eTIb)anCaTijesHenaH¦ b:uEnþtamBiteTA esHenaHKμanépÞeBaHeT ¬ebIdwgCay:agdUecñHEmn KWeKminTijesHenaHeT¦ . yutþisaRsþ c,ab;k¾)ancat;TukkarP½nþRcLMEbbenHfa GackøayCakarP½nþRcLMénFatupSM)anEdrRbsin ebImankarbgðajGMBImUlehtuenHCamun . karKitdUecñHk¾)anTTYlnUvkarriHKn;pgEdr . edayehtufa y:agehacNas;k¾eKRtUvkarBarPaKImaçgeTotEdrEdlmin)anTTYlkarCUn dMNwgGMBImUlehtuénkic©snüaeTenaH dUecñHKMnitEdlGHGagfakarP½nþRcLMenHGackøay eTACakarP½nþRcLMénFatupSM)an TMngCamann½yRtwmRtÚv luHRtaEtkñúgkrNIEdlmankar bgðajTukCamunfa{TijesHenHeRBaHvamanépÞeBaH} .


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lkçx½NÐ nigGanuPaBenAkñúgBiPBc,ab; sßanPaBy:agNamYyEdlRtUvmanCacaM)ac; edIm,IGacGnuvt<)an

nUvbTbBaØtiþNamYy ¬edIm,I[bBaØtþic,ab;enaHGaceRbIkar)an¦ eKehAfaCa l½kçx½NÐ ¬PasaCb:unehAfa {y:ekn{¦ . lkçx½NÐsMrab;eFVIkarGHGagnUvemaXPaBedayehtuén karP½nþRcLMenaH KWcaM)ac;RtUvmankarP½nþRcLMCaFatupSM ehIynigKμankMhusGVIF¶n;F¶rBIGñk bgðajqnÞ³ ¬rIÉBaküfa {l½kçx½NÐ{ kñúgn½ymYyepSgeTot EdlPasaCb:unGanfa {tüÚ:ekn{ enaHvij KWsMedAelIkarkMNt;lkçx½NÐtamc,ab;kñúgTMrg;Xøafa {Rbsin ebI{ dUcCakareBalBaküfa {RbsinebIRbLgCab;mhaviTüal½yeyIgnwg CUnrfynþ enHCargVan;} CaedIm¦ . }GanuPaB}KWCaGVIEdlnwgRtÚvekItmaneLIgbnÞab;BIeBlEdl)an bMeBjcb;rYcral;eTAtaml½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;TaMgLay nig)anGnuvtþtamc,ab;bBaØtiþehIy enaH . dUcenH Baküfa}GanuPaB}¬CaPasaCbu:nehAfa }eXaka} eRbIkñúgc,ab; minmann½y dUcBaküfa }KIKIem:} kñúgPasaCb:un Edlmann½yfa }RbsiT§iPaB} dUckñúg krNIeBalBaküfa }manRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarkat;bnßyTMgn;} enaHCaedIm .

3>4>zbnIypøÚvcitþ mYyvijeTotmnusSeyIgk_mankarniyayPUtPredaymancitþectnapgEdr . cMeBaH

krNIenH etICakarRtwmRtUvEdrb¤eTEdlcat;TukkarbgðajqnÞ³EbbenHfaBMumanGanuPaBeT enaH? enAkñúgkrNIenH PaKIédKUEdlmin)andwgGMBIerOgr:avGVITal;EtesaH muxCanwgeCO eTAelIBaküeBcn_TaMgenaHCaBMuxan . Rkmrdæb,evNIehAbBaðaenHfa CazbnIypøÚvcit< ¬mann½yfamankarbMrugTukCaeRscenAkñúgcit<¦ ehIycat;;TukkartaMgcitþniyayelg kMEbøg b¤PUtPr edaydwgfaeKnwgeCOelIsMdIrbs;xøÜnenaH faCakarbgðajqnÞ³Rbkbeday


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suBlPaB . k_b:uEnþ RbsinebIPaKICaédKU)andwgCamunfaBaküeBcn_TaMgenHCakarniyay elgkMEbøgenaH KWRtÚvcat;TukfaK μansuBlPaBeT ¬maRta93 rYmnwgbdibBaØtþi¦ .

3>5>karbgðajqnÞ³minBitedayXubXitKña

kñúgkMritmYyEdlritEtsIuCeRmAeTAeTot samIuxøÜnGacXubXitKñaCamYynwgédKU BieRKaHKñaehIybgðajqnÞ³edaymankarPUtPr . ]TahrN_dUcCa enAkñúgTMnak;TMng rvageQ μaH A nigeQ μaH B edIm,IedaHxøÜn[rYcBIkarTamTarénm©as;bMNulrbs;eQμaH A

eBalKWkñúgbMNg[eKyl;RcLMfa RTBüsm,tiþrbs;eQ μaH A mantictYceTenaH TaMgBIr nak;)anXubXitKñaeFVICafa)anlk;dIkmμsiTi§rbs;eQ μaH A eTACa[eQμaH B CaedIm . enHeKehAfaCa karbgðajqnÞ³minBit ¬karbgðajqnÞ³minBitedayXubXitKña¦ ehIy RtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³ ¬maRta94 kzax½NÐ1¦ . k_b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNIenH RbsinebIeQμaH C

EdlCaCnsucritmñak;)aneCOsMdITaMgenH nig)anTijdIBIeQμaH B rYceTAehIyenaH ebIcat;Tukfakarlk;TijrvageQμaH A nigeQ μaH B K μansuBlPaBeT KWvanwg naM[eQ μaH C

TTYlrgkarxUcxatCaBMuxan . enAkñúgkrNIenH eQμaH A nigeQ μaH B BMu Gaccat;TukkarbgðajqnÞ³edayPUtPrenHCaemaX³ ehIyelIkykeTAtTl;CamYyeQ μaH C

EdlCattiyCnsucritenaH)aneLIy ¬maRta94 kzax½NÐ2¦ . Gtßn½yedIménbTbBaØtþienH KWedIm,IGnuvtþeTAelIEtsamuIPaKIénkic©RBmeRBogEtb:ueNÑaH eTaHbICamankarRBmeRBogKña xusBIrUbPaBeRkA ¬énkic©snüaCaedIm¦ k_eday b:uEnþsBVéf¶enHRtUv)aneKcat;TukCa bTbBaØtþikarBarCnEdl)aneCOTukcitþþelIrUbPaBeRkA Edlmansar³sMxan;CaBiessenA kñúg{karGnuvtþn_c,ab;edayvIFIeRbobRbdUc}eTAelIvivaTCak;EsþgEdlekItmanenAkñúgkarlk; TijGcrnvtCaedIm ¬sUmGanGMBIkarERbRbYlsiT§Rbt½ükSenACMBYkTI 3 sIþBIRbt½ükS¬1¦ -lkçNHTUeTA-/2>2/g¦ .


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4> tMNag/ tMNagKμansiTi§/ tMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB 4>1> s½VyPaBxagqnÞ³ nigrbbdak;tMNag

QrenAelIeKalkarN_s½VyPaBxagqnÞ³ eyIgral;KñaGacbegáInTMnak;TMngCapøÚv c,ab;CamYyKña eTAtamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnmñak;)anedayesrI . k_b:uEnþvisalPaBénskm μPaB rbs;eyIgmñak;²rEmgmanRBMEdn . m:üageTot dUc)anerobrab;rYcehIyfacMeBaHCnEdl RtÚv)ankMritsmtßPaB edayehtufaCnenHxøÜnÉgpÞal;minGacRbRBwtiþGVImYyedayqnÞ³ bribUrN_ekItenaH CacaM)ac;RtUvmanGñkNamñak;CYybMeBjbRgÁb;qnÞ³enaHCadac;xat . Rtg;cMNucenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbegáItrbbmYy[Cnmñak;eTotbgðajqnÞ³CMnYsm©as; siTi§)an edaycat;TukkarbgðajqnÞ³CMnYsenHfa CakarbgðajqnÞ³rbs;m©as;siTi§pÞal; ehIymanGanuPaBpøÚvc,ab;eTAtamenaH . enHKWCakartMNag . dUecñH eyIgGacniyay)an fa kartMNagKWCarbbmYysMrab;bMeBjbEnßmnUvs½VyPaBxagqnÞ³. 4>2>tMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; nigtMNagtamkarsμ½RKcitþ

tMNagEckecjCaBIr KWtMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; nig tMNagtamkars μ½RKcitþ . cMeBaHGnItiCn «BukmþayKWCaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; edaysarc,ab;)anRbKl; zan³CaGñktMNag . b:uEnþCaFmμta tMNagrEmgeFVIeLIgedaykic©snüaRbKl;siT§tMNag eTACnNamñak;; sMrab;eFVICaGñktMNagtamkars½μRKcitþ . CnEdleTACaGñktMNagRtUvEt bBa¢ak;[c,as;faxøÜnnwgRbRBwtiþedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;siTi§Cadac;xat . ral;skmμPaB KtiyutþEdlGñktMNag)anGnuvtþnwgmanRbsiTi§PaBFøak;eTAelIm©as;siTi§ eBalKWRtÚvTukdUc m©as;siTi§)anGnuvtþdUecñHEdr ¬maRta99¦ . pÞúyeTAvij ebIBuMmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;las;eT ¬ehIyeyagtammCÄdæanCMuvijk_mindwgfam©as;siTi§CaGñkNapgEdrenaH¦ kñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IkarBarPaKImçageTot karbgðajqnÞ³rbs;GñktMNagnwgRtÚvcat;faCakarGnuvtþedIm,I plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñktMNagpÞal;xøÜn rYcehIyGanuPaBnwgmaneTAelIGñktMNagxøÜnÉg pÞal;Etm<g ¬maRta100¦ . k_b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTotdwg)anfa enHCaqnÞ³tMNag


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¬eFVIedIm,Im©as;siTi§¦ rbs;GñktMNagenaH GanuPaBénTegVInwgFøak;eTAelIm©as;siTi§vij ¬maRta 100 bdiBaØa¦ .

mYyvijeTot edayehtufaGanuPaBénkartMNagenHnwgFaøk;;eTAelIm©as;siTi§ dUecñH GñktMNagBMuRtÚvTTYlrgkarxatbg;plRbeyaCn_GVIbniþcesaHeLIy . sUm,IEtCnEdl RtÚv)ankRmitsmtßPaBdUc)anerobrab;xagelI k_GaceFVICatMNagrbs;CndéTeTot)anEdr ¬maRta 102¦ . k_b:uEnþ CnEdlmansmtßßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB EdlkMBugEteFVICa GñktMNag[eKenaH nwgRtUvbBa©b;zan³CatMNagenH RbsinebIxøÜnRtUvtulakarsMerc[dak; enAeRkamrbbGaNaBüa)aldUcmanerobrab;xagelI . CakardUcKñaEdr cMeBaHkrNI EdlGñktMNagRtUvTTYlFnkS½y b¤m©as;siTi§TTYlmrNPaB b¤GñktMNagTTYlmrN³PaB ¬maRta 111 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . fVIt,itEtGanuPaBénkartMNag RtUvcgcMeBaHm©as;siTi§ k_BitEmn b:uEnþCakarCak;EsþgkarbgðajqnÞ³KWeFVIeLIgedayGñktMNag . dUecñHkñúgkrNI EdlmanecaTCabBaðaekItecjBIvikar³ b¤BIPaBsucritþ b¤PaBTuc©crit enAkñúgkarbgðaj qnÞ³enaH CaeKalkarN_ KWRtUveFVIkarvinicä½yeTAtamkrNIrbs;GñktMNagnimYy² ¬maRta 101 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .

karkøayeTACaGñktMNag[PaKImçageTotrbs;xøÜn ¬karcuHkic©snüaCamYyxøÜnÉg¦ b¤ GñktMNag[KUPaKTaMgsgxag sMrab;skmμPaBKtiyutþEtmYy ¬kartMNag[PaKITaMgBIr¦ minGaceFVI)aneT luHRtaEtmankarGnuBaØatBIsamIuxøÜnTukCamunsin ¬maRta 108¦. 4>3> tMNagK μansiTi§ nigtMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB

etInwgeTACay:agNaEdr RbsinebICndéTNamñak;EdlBMu)anTTYlsiT§iCatMNag ¬siT§i[eFVICatMNag¦esaHeLIyenaH )anPUtPrfaxøÜnCaGñktMNag edIm,IeFVIkic©snüaCaedIm? enHeKehAfa kartMNagedayK μansiTi§ ehIyebIK μankarTTYlsÁal;tameRkayBIm©as;siTi§eT KWBMuGacekItmansuBlPaB)aneLIy ¬maRta 113 kfax½NÐTI1¦ . karkMNt;EbbenH k_CakarRtwmRtUvEdr edIm,IkarBarm©as;siTi§ . kñúgkrNIenH PaKImçageTotGacTamTar


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[GñktMNagedayK μansiTi§enHGnuvtþkic©snüaCMnYsm©as;siTi§ b¤sgCMgWcitþ)an ¬maRta 117 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .

k_b:uEnþ eTaHCapÞúynwgkarBitk_eday RbsinebIm©as;siTi§)anbgðajfa)anRbKl;siTi§ CatMNagdl;CnenaH b¤k_fa)anRbKl;siTi§CatMNageTACnenaHEmnb:uEnþCnenaH)aneFIV skmμPaBCatMNagedayhYsRBMEdnénsiTi§Edl)anRbKl; b¤k_fakalBImun)anRbKl; siTi§CatMNagenHdl;CnenaHEmn b:uEnþmin)anR)ab;CnenaHfasiTi§CatMNagRtUv)anrlt; ehIyCaedIm kñúgkrNIenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvkarBarPaKImçageTotEdl)aneCOTukcitþelIkar tMNagGaRs½yelIrUbPaBxageRkAenaH . Rtg;cMNucenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbegáIt rbbmYyehAfatMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB edaykMNt;[m©as;siTi§TTYlxusRtUv kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTotmankareCOTukcitþelIrUbPaBxageRkAenH edayPaBsuc©ritnig minmankMhusGVIesaH . maRta 109 EcgGMBItMNagEdlmanlkçN³CarUbPaB eRkay karbBa¢ak;GMBIkarRbKl;siTi§CatMNag maRta 110 EcgGMBItMNagEdlmanlkçN³Ca rUbPaB GaRs½ykarGnuvtþhYsRBMEdnénGMNac ehIymaRta 112 EcgGMBItMNagEdl manlkçN³CarUbPaB eRkaykarrlt;siTi§CatMNag . ¬maRta 109 cas;minmanEcgc,as; GMBIlkÐx½NçénPaBsuc©rit nigkarminmankMhusenaHeT b:uEnábBaØtiáEcgGMBIlkÐx½NçenH RtÚv)anbBa©ÚlbEnßmenAeBleFVIviesaFnkmμqñaM 2004 . mü:ageTot PaBsuc©ritnigkar minmankMhusNamYybgáeLIgedayPaKICaCnTI 3 eTenaH k¾RtÚv)anbUkbBa©ÚleTAkñúg Baküfa :mUlehtusmRsb : EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 110¦ . 5> emaXPaB nigkarlubecal

enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI BaküfaemaX³ mann½yfaK μankarkekItsuBlPaBtaMgBI dMbUgTI . emaX³EckCaBIreTot TImYy KWkrNIEdlc,ab;cat;TukCadac;xatfaemaX³ dUcCa skmμPaBKtiyutþTaMgLayNaEdlRbqaMgnwgsNaþb;Fñab;saFarN³ nigTMenomTMlab;én sgÁmenAkñúgmaRta 90 mYyeTotKWkrNIEdlPaKIBak;Bn§½TaMgLay cat;TukCaemaX³


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dUcCakrNIénkarP½nþRcLM EdlmankarxVHxatTaMgRsugnUvqnÞ³rbs;GñkbgðajqnÞ³CaedIm . rIÉ karlubecal mann½yfamansuBlPaBBIdMbUg rhUtmkTl;eBllubecal . bnÞab;BI)anlubecalehIy KWeKsn μt;faK μansuBlPaBtaMgBIdMbUgTImk ¬maRta 121¦ eBalKWesIerIRtLb;fyeRkayvij edaycat;TukfaK μan\Ti§BlGVIeLIycab;BIedImTImk ¬ehAfamanGanuPaBRbtiskmμ¦ . ehtudUecñHehIy eKGacTTYlsaÁl;karyl;RBmtam eRkaynUvskmμPaBEdlGaclubecal)an tYy:agdUcCakic©snüalk;Edl)aneFVIeLIgeday Kμankaryl;RBmBI«BukmþayCaedIm «BukmþayGacTTYlyl;RBmtameRkaycMeBaHkic©snüa enH)an ¬ehAfa karTTYlyl;RBmtameRkay¦ ehIykarTTYlyl;RBmenHk_manGanuPaB RbtiskmμEdr ¬maRta 122¦ . k_b:uEnþ skm μPaBemaX³EdlCaskmμPaBKμansuBlPaB taMgBIdMbUgTIenaH eKminGacTTYlyl;RBmtameRkayeFVI[mansuBlPaB)aneLIy ¬maRta 119¦ . ehtuduecñH RbsinebImankaryl;RBmcat;TukkarbgðajqnÞ³edaykarP½nþRcLM [enAdEdlenaH krNIenHminEmnCakaryl;RBmtameRkayeT EtRtUvcat;faenHCakar bgðajqnÞ³CafIμmYyeTot ¬maRta 119 bdiBaØtþi¦ . rYcehIy Rkmrdæb,evNI)anEcg kMNt;GMBICnEdlGaceFVIkarlubecal)an ¬GñkmansiTi§lubecal¦ enAkñúgmaRta 120 ¬KW)anEtCnEdlRtÚv)ankRmitsmtßPaBCasamIuxYnpÞal; dUcCaGnitiCnCaedIm b¤Cn Edl)anbgðajqnÞ³edaysarkarqe)ak RBmTaMgGñktMNagb¤RbtisiTi§rbs;CnTaMgenH¦ . mü:ageTot skmμPaBemaX³minGaceTACamansuBlPaBnaGnaKtkal edaysareBl evla)anknøgputeTAmuxenaH)aneLIy k_b:uEnþskmμPaBEdlsmnwglubecal)an Gacnwg eTACaBMuGaclubecal)annaeBlGnaKt edaysareBlevla)anknøgputeTA ehIyCa lT§pleKRtÚvkMNt;famansuBlPaBk_manEdr ¬ebIBMu)anGnuvtþsiTi§lubecalkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM bnÞab;BIeBlTTYl)annUvkaryl;RbmtameRkaymk b¤ 20 qñaM bnÞab;BIeBlGnuvtþ skmμPaBenaHmkeT siTi§lubecalnwgrlt;edayGaCJayukal . ¬maRta 126 sUmGanEpñkTI 7 kñúgCMBUkenHGMBIGaCJayukal¦.


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6> l½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMNt;eBl

karsnμt; nikarcat;TukkñúgBaküc,ab; karsn μt; mann½yfaCakarsnμt;CabeNþaHGasnñfavay:agdUecñHsin ehIy

eKGnuBaØat[samIuxøÜnrkPsþtambBa¢ak; eBalKWbBa¢ak;GHGagfavaxusnwgkarBitehIylubecal karsnμt;enaH . pÞúyeTAvij karcat;Tuk mann½yfaCakarkMNt;edayc,ab;fay:agenH ehIymin GaclubecaledaybBa¢ak;GHGagpÞúyBIenaH)aneT .

6>1>esckIþepIþm enAkñúgkrNIGnuvtþskmμPaBKtiyutþ PaKIBak;Bn§½Gacmin[skmμPaBenaHcab;man

suBlPaBPøam)an edaykMNt;facaMdl;eBlNamYynaGnaKtkal b¤k_faTal;Etman ehtukarN_NamYyekItmaneLIgkñúgeBlGnaKt eTIb[mansuBlPaB ¬b¤púÞyeTAvij [Gs;suBlPaB¦ k_)an . enHCabBðaaTak;TgeTAnwg l½kçx½NÐnigkarkMNt;eBl . PaBxusKñarvagl½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMNt;eBl sßitenARtg;cMNucfa l½kçx½NÐKWTak;Tgnwg ehtukarN_minc,as;faekItman b¤minekItmanenaHeLIy ]bmadUcCakardak;lkçx½NÐ faRbsinebICab;viBaØabnb½RtKNenyükrCaedIm rIÉkarkMNt;eBlvijKW»kasEdlc,as; Canwgmkdl;BitR)akd ¬karsMercénRBwtþikarN_¦ ]bmadUcCakarkMNt;facab;BIedImqñaM eRkay b¤k_farhUtdl;eBlRKb;v½yCanItiCnCaedIm .

6>2>l½kçx½NÐ l½kçx½NÐmanBIrEbb . l½kçx½NÐNaEdleFVI[mansuBlPaBekIteLIgenAeBlEdl

l½kçx½NÐenaHRtÚv)anbMeBj ¬eBalKWrhUtmkTl;eBlenaH suBlPaBRtÚv)anbg¥g;min [ekItmaneLIg¦ ehAfaCa l½kçx½NÐbg¥g; . rIÉl½kçx½NÐNaEdleFVI[rlt;suBlPaB EdlekItmanrYcehIytaMgBIeBlcab;epþImskm μPaBKtiyutþmk ehAfaCa l½kçx½NÐrMlay ¬maRta 127¦ . kardak;l½kçx½NÐfa {RbsinebIRbLgCab;mhaviTüal½y eyIgnwg


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[GaharrUbkrN_} KWCakarP¢ab;l½kçx½NÐbg¥g;eTAnwgkic©snüaRbTankmμ ehIykardak; l½kçx½NÐfa {[naLikaenHeTAGñkEmn b:uEnþebIBMu)aneLIgfñak;eTRtUvsgmkeyIgvij} KWCa karP©ab;l½kçx½NÐrMlayeTAnwgkic©snüaRbTankmμ . cMeBaHkrNIénl½kçx½NÐEdlKμan lT§PaBnwgbMeBj)an ¬ehAfa l½kçx½NÐEdlKμanlT§PaBnwgbMeBj¦ l½kçx½NÐbg¥g;minGac ekItmanGanuPaB)aneT dUcenHRtUvTukCaemaX³ rIÉl½kçx½NÐrMlayk_minmanlT§PaBlub ecalsuBlPaBénkic©snüa)aneTEdr dUecñHRtUvkøayCaK μanl½kçx½NÐeTAvij ¬maRta 133¦ . m:üagvijeTot kñúgkrNIEdlCnRtUvTTYlrgkarxUcplRbeyaCn_edaysarl½kçx½NÐRtÚv)an bMeBj )anraraMgedayectnamin[mankarbMeBjl½kçx½NÐeTA)anenaH PaKImçageTotGac cat;Tukfal½kçx½NÐenaHRtUv)anbMeBjcb;rYcGs;ehIy ¬maRta 130¦ .

6>3>karkMNt;eBl karkMNt;eBl Tak;TgeTAnwgRBtiþkarN_BitR)akdEdlnwgQanmkdl; . b:uEnþ

karkMNt;eBlenHk_mankarKitCaBIrEbbEdr . karkMNt;eBlR)akdRbCa dUcCafa Kitcab;BIExemsaqñaMeRkayteTACaedIm eBalKWniyayBIry³eBlEdlmankarkMNt;Cak; lak;nUveBlevlaEdlnwgmkdl; . rIÉkarkMNt;eBlminR)akdRbCa KWdUcCafa enAeBlmanxül;BüúH b¤TwkCMnn;CaedIm eBalKWRBwtþikarN_enaHBitEmnCanwgekItmaneLIg b:uEnþmindwgCaeBlNaeTIbekItmaneLIgeLIy . plRbeyaCn_EdlPaKIBak;B½n§TTYl)an munnwgkarmkdl;éneBlkMNt; ehAfaCa RbeyaCn_énkarkMNt;eBl . ]TahrN_fa kñúgkrNIEdleK)ankMNt;ykcugExminaCaéf¶sgbMNul enaHkUnbMNulnwgTTYl)an RbeyaCn_énkarkMNt;eBl edaymin)ac;sgbMNuleTrhUtdl;cugExmina . RbeyaCn_ énkarkMNt;eBlenHGacnwge)aHbg;ecal)an ebImineFVI[xUcxatdl;PaKImçageToteTenaH ¬fVIt,itEtcugExminaCaéf¶Nat;sgbMNulk_eday ebIsgenAcugExkumÖ³k_minTas;Edr maRta 136 kfax½NÐTI 2 ¦ . RbeyaCn_énkarkMNt;eBlenH RtUv)ansniñdæanfaCa plRbeyaCn_sMrab;kUnbMNul ¬maRta 136 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ k_b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdlman


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RBwtiþkarN_ b¤skmμPaBNamYYyeFVI[)at;bg;CMenOeTAelIkUnbMNul enaHRbeyaCn_énkar kMNt;eBlk_nwgRtUvcat;Tukfa)at;bg;Edr ¬maRta 137¦ . Rkmrdæb,evNImanEcgkMNt; GMBIskmμPaBxøH dUcCakarRbkasFnkS½yrbs;kUnbMNulCaedIm b:uEnþkñúgkrNIxøHKUPaKI k_Gacdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©snüanUvkarRBmRBogKñaCamunEdr GMBIkrNIGVIxøHEdlkUnbMNul nwgRtUv)at;bg;RbeyaCn_énkarkMNt;eBl ¬ehAfa lkçniþk³sIþBIkar)at;bg;RbeyaCn_én karkMNt;eBl¦ . 7> GaCJayukal 7>1> GaCJayukalénkarrMlt; nigGaCJayukalénlT§kmμ

bnÞab;teTAenH eyIgnwgGFib,ayGMBIGaCJayukalmþg . eyIgRbEhlCaFøab;dwglW xøHehIyGMBIGaCJayukalkñúgc,ab;RBhμT½NÐ tamry³erOgelçanEdlmanbBa©aMgkñúgTUrTsSn_ CaedIm . rIÉkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIk_manGaCJayukalEdr Tak;TgeTAnwgsiTi§elIbMNul nigsiTi§Rbt½ükS ehIyEdlmanEcgenAkñúgKnßIsIþBIbTbBaØtiTUeTA . GaCJayukalEckecj CaBIrEbbKW GaCJayukalénkarrMlt; nig GaCJayukalénlT§kmμ . GaCJayukalénkar rMlt;RbEhlCamanGtþn½yRsYlyl;Cag . ]TahrN_dUcCa maRta 167 énRkm rdæb,evNI)anEcgfa cMeBaHsiTi§elIbMNulFmμta ¬dUcCasiTi§elIbMNulmkBIkarx©IR)ak; rvagRkummnusSTUeTACaedIm¦ ebITukecalcMnYn 10 qñaM nwgRtUvputGaCJayukal ehIyBMu GacTamTarkarsg)aneLIy . ehIycMeBaHsiTi§elIbMNulBiessvij c,ab;k¾)anEcg GMBIGaCJayukalénkarrMlt;Edlmanry³eBlxIøpgEdr dUcCacMeBaHsiTi§TamTarR)ak;éføeBTü Büa)alCMgWKWman 3 qñaM ehIycMeBaHR)ak;kMérCYlemFavIKWmanEt 2 qñaMCaedIm ¬maRta 170 nigmaRta 172¦ .

pÞúyeTAvijEdlehAfa GaCJayukalénlT§kmμ KWfaebIeRbIR)as;vtßúrbs;GñkdéTeday KitfaCavtßúrbs;xøÜnrab;qñaMCarhUterogmkenaH vtßúenaHnwgeTACarbs;xøÜnEtmþg eBalKW kmμsiTi§kredIménvtßúenaHminGacTamTarkarsgvij)aneLIy . maRta 162 énRkm


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rdæb,evNI)anEcgfa cMeBaHGaCJayukalénlT§km μkmμsiTi§ ebIkan;kab;vtßúGñkdéTeday sniþviFInigCasaFarN³ ¬mann½yfaKμanekIterOgra:v ehIynrNak_dwglWEdr¦ Rbkbeday qnÞ³faCarbs;xøÜn nig)ankan;kab; eBalKWdak;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn ehIy eRbIR)as;Cab;CarhUtcMnYn 20 qñaMehIyenaH nwgTTYl)annUvkmμsiTi§ . bEnßmelIenH enAkñúgkrNIGclnvtßú ebIkarcab;epIþmkan;kab;mundMbUgenaHeFVIeLIg edaysucritRBmTaMg KμankMhus ¬EdlfaedaysucritenH dUcEdl)anGFib,ayrYcmkehIy KWminEmneday citþl¥enaHeT EtenAkñúgn½yfamindwgerOgehtuesaHeLIy sUmGanBaküKnøwH sucrit nig Tuc©rit¦ ehIyenAeBlkan;kab;CadMbUgenaHmin)andwgfa xøÜnBuMEmnCam©as;BitR)akdén GclnRTBüenaHesaHeLIy rYcehIycMeBaHkarmin)andwgCamunenHeTotesat k_minEmn mkBIkMhusrbs;xøÜnEdr eBalKWenAkñúgsßanPaBmYyEdlminmanviFIGVIedIm,I)andwgGMBIkarBit enaHeT . ebIy:agdUecñHEmn bnÞab;BIry³eBl 10 qñaMeTA eKGacnwgeFVIlT§kmμeday GaCJayukal)an ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .

Rtg;enH cUrRby½tñ[c,as;fa cMeBaHkm μsiTi§KWminmankarputGaCJayukalénkarrMlt; enaHeT ¬RbePTsiTi§Rbt½ükSepSgeTotRtUvputGaCJayukalénkarrMlt;ry³eBl 20 qñaM¦ . ehtudUecñH ]bmafa eTaHbICaeQ μaH A )anTukecaldIFIørbs;xøÜnrab;sibqñaMk_eday kmμsiTi§ rbs;eQ μaH A elIdIenaHminrlt;edayÉkÉgeLIy . eTaHbICasøab;eTAedayTukdIenaH TMenrK μaneFVIGVIk_eday dIenaHnwgRtUvsñgedayshB½T§b¤kUnrbs;CnenaHRbsinebIman . k_b:uEnþ RbsinebIeQ μaH B cUleTArs;enAelIdIrbs;eQ μaH A ehIyKμankartva:BIeQμaH A minEtb:ueNÑaHeQ μaH B )anedIrtYdUcCakmμsiTi§krGs;Cag 20 qñaMeTotpg enaHeQ μaH B

nwgTTYl)andIenaHedayGaCJayukal . dUcenH CalT§pleQμaH A minGacR)ab;[eQ μaH B

sgdIxøÜnmkvij)aneLIy ehIy\Ti§BlenHnwgCHRtLb;eTAeQμμaH A eFVI[)at;bg;kmμsiTi§ Etmþg .


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7>2> karKNnaGMLúgeBlGaCJayukal elIkElgEtkrNImYyPaKecj CaTUeTA karKNnaGMLúgeBleFVIeLIgeTAtambT

bBaØtiþEcgenAkñúgKnßITI 1 CMBUkTI 5 énRkmrdæb,evNI ¬maRta 138 . krNImYyPaKEdl RtÚvelIkElgenaH KWkrNIEdlkMNt;edayc,ab;déTepSgeTot krNIEdlsMerceday bBa¢arbs;tulakar krNIEdl)ankMNt;TukCamunedayPaKIBak;B½n§kñúgskmμPaBKtiyutþ rYmmankic©snüaCaedIm¦ .

CaeKalkarN_ viFIKNnaGMLúgeBleFVIdUcteTA³ ]TahrN_dUcCafa enAla¶céf¶ enH)an[ {x©IR)ak;cMnYn 1 Ex} kñúgkrNIenH eKRtUvKNnaedayrab;cab;BIéf¶Es¥keTA eBal KWpat;ecalcMnYnem:agesssl;TaMgb:unμanenAkñúgéf¶enHecj ¬maRta 140¦ . karKit EbbenH eKehAfa{eKalkarN_minKNnabBa©Úléf¶dMbUg} . k_b:uEnþ RtUvelIkElgecj cMeBaHkrNIdUcCafa {cMnYn 3 éf¶cab;BIéf¶TIbIExeRkayeTA}CaedIm krNIEbbenH eKRtUvKitbBa©ÚlTaMgéf¶TI3 EdlCaéf¶dMbUgpg eBalKWRtUvrab;cab;BIéf¶TI 3 dl;éf¶TI 5 ¬maRta 140 bdiBaØtþi¦ .

rYcehIykñúgkrNIKNnaGMLúgeBlKitCas)aþh_ CaEx b¤CaqñaM eKRtUveKarBeTAtam RbRktiTin ¬edayminKitfacMnYnéf¶mankarERbRbYleTAtamExeLIy¦ ¬maRta 143 kfax½NÐ TI1¦ . RbsinebIkarKNnaenaHmincab;rab;BIéf¶dMbUgéns)aþh_ Ex b¤qñaMeT KWGMLúgeBlenaH RtUvcb;eBjeljenAkñúgs)aþh_ Ex b¤qñaMcugeRkay namYyéf¶munéf¶cab;epIþmkarKNna . ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .

BaküeBcn_erobrab;TaMgenHhak;bIdUcCaeFVI[Bi)akyl;Nas; k_b:uEnþCakargay RsYlesaH. ]TahrN_fa R)ak;x©IFm μtaEdlRtUvsgenAéf¶TI 31 ExminaqñaM 1990 ebIecH EtTukrhUt min)ansgGVIeTedayK μankarTarBIGñk[x©IpgenaH GaCJayukal 10 qñaM RtUvrab;cab;BIéf¶bnÞab; eBalKWcab;BIéf¶TI 1 Exemsa EdlCaéf¶cab;eqþImKNna rhUt Tl;éf¶munéf¶TI 1 Exemsaén 10 qñaMeRkay mann½yfaGaCJayukalenHRtÚvcb;CasßaBrenA éf¶TI 31 ExminaqñaM 2000 .


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7>3> karp¥ak nigkarbg¥g;GaCJayukal

GaCJayukal KWCa meFüa)aykMNt;karpþl;siTi§ b¤karrMlt;siTi§ QrelImUldæan eKarBsßanPaBCanirnþn_énehtukarN_NamYy . dUecñH enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankarGHGag GMBIsiTi§BIsMNak;GñkmansiTi§BitR)akd TamTar[sgb¤TamTar[rwbGUs b¤kñúgkrNI GñkEdlBMuEmnCaCnmansiTi§b:uEnþehobnwg)aneFVIlT§kmμedayGaCJayukal b¤kUnbMNul Edlmin)ansgbMNul )anTTYlsÁal;nUvsiTi§rbs;GñkmansiTi§BitR)akdenaH GaCJayukal nwgRtÚvp¥ak eRBaHfaeKElgRtUvkarvaytémøeTAelIsßanPaBCanirnþn¾énehtukarN_enaH eTotehIy ¬maRta 147¦ .

cUrkt;cMNaMfa ebIRtUvp¥akGaCJayukalehIy RTnicénkarKNnaGaCJayukalnwgvil mkelxsUnüvij ehIyenAeBlenaH ebIBMumankareRbIsiTi§NamYyeT karKNnaGaCJayukal nwgRtUvcab;edIrBIelxsUnümþgeTot . mann½yfa ebIGaCJayukalénkarrMlt; Edlman ry³eBl 10 qñaM RtUvp¥akbnÞab;BIcab;epþIm)an 4 qñaMmk . eTaHbICaeRkaymk)anbnþEfm 6 qñaMeTotk_eday GaCJayukalGacnwgcb;CasßaBr)an luHRtaEtbEnßm 4 qñaMbnþBIenaHeTot . mYyvijeTot EdlehAfakarTamTarenATIenH KWcg¥úlelIkarTamTartampøÚvtulakar eBalKW enAkñúgkrNIebIRKan;EtepJIrlixitTamTar edayetOnbgçMEtb:ueNÑaH ¬Baküc,ab;ehAfa {kar CUndMNwg}¦ ehIyebIKμankarTamTartampÚøvtulakarCaedImenAkñúgry³eBl 6 ExeTenaH nwgBMumanGnuPaBp¥akGaCJayukaleLIy ¬maRta 153¦ . cMNucenHk_RtUvcMMNaMTukpgEdr .

rYcehIyk_manrbbmYyeTotRsedognwgkarp¥akGaCJayukalenHEdr KWkarbg¥g; GaCJayukal ¬cab;BImaRta 158 eTA¦ . enHKWCarbbBüÜrmin[GaCJayukalcb;CasßaBrekIt enAkñúgkrNIEdlkmμsiTi§krRtÚvsßitkñúgsßanPaBmYy minGaceFVI[p¥akGaCJayukal)anna eBlEdlGaCJayukalehobnwgcb;eBjeljeTAehIyenaH . enAeBlenH RTnicnaLika RKan;EtQb;es¶ommYyry³b:ueNÑaH minvilmkelxsUnüeT.


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karp¥akeKeRcInEtgayRsYlnwgyl;RcLMNas;cMeBaHBaküfa }p¥ak} . karp¥akGaCJayukal

minEmnCakarbg¥g;mYyry³eBlenaHeT . eRBaHEtm©as;siTi§)ancat;skmμPaB smnwgzan³xøÜn Cam©as;siTi§enaH dMeNIrkarénGaCJayukalRtÚvvilmkPaBedImmágsin . RbsinebIkarGnuvtásiTi§ enHmin)anQandl;TIbBa©b;eT karKNnIRtUvcab;rab;BIkEnøgsUnüeLIgvijCaf μ IeTot .

7>4> karelIkeLIg nigkare)aHbg;ecalnUvGaC£ayukal cMnucmYyeTotEdlRtUvcgcaM KWfaGaC£ayukalkñúgRkmrdæb,evNInwgRtUvcb;CasßaBr

eRkaykarknøgputénGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;k¾BitEmnehIy k¾b:uEnþl½kçx½NÐRtwmb:ueNÑHmin GaceFVI[rMlt;siT§i b¤TTYl)ansiT§iedaysV½yRbvtþienaHeT . Cadac;xat GñkEdlTTYlpl RbeyaCn_BIGaC£ayukalenaH caM)ac;RtUvGHGagGMBIGaCJayukaledIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;xøÜnÉg edayniyayfaxøÜnnwgminsgeT BIeRBaHsiT§iTamTarRtÚv)anrMlt;edayGaC£ayukalehIy b¤k¾favtßúenaH)ankøayeTACarbs;pgxøÜn BIeRBaHGaC£ayukalénlT§kmμ)ancb;eBjelj rYcehIyCaedIm . enHeKehAfakarelIkeLIgnUvGaCJayukal . ecARkmminGackat; famanGnuPaBGaC£ayukal)aneLIy RbsinebIsamuIxøÜnmin)anelIkeLIgeTenaH ¬maRta 145¦ . elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAeRkayeBlGaC£ayukal)ancb;CasßaBrehIykþI eKk¾Gac e)aHbg;plRbeyaCn_énGaC£ayukal)anEdr ¬maRta 146¦ . ]TahrN_dUcCa fa)anx©IR)ak;Cag 10 qñaMmkehIy k¾b:uEnþxøÜncg;sgvijBIeRBaHm©as;bMNulCaGñkman KuNelIrUbxøÜnCaedImenaH cMeBaHkrNIenHeKGacsgR)ak;TaMgenaHedaye)aHbg;ecalnUv plRbeyaCn_énGaC£ayukal)antamcitþ .


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7>5> Gtßn½ysMrab;vtþmanénrbbGaC£ayukal mUldæanénkarerobcM[manrbbGaC£ayukalenHmanCaGaT× eKalbMNgcg;eFVI

[manlMnwgénTMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab;enAkñúgsgÁmedayTTYlsÁal;nirnþrPaBénRBwtþikarN_ b¤kar minpþl;kic©KaMBarcMeBaHCnNaEdledkes¶omenAelIsiT§ i . l . ehIyk¾manmUlehtufa eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TnÞwmnwgeBlevlaknøgputeTA karbBa¢ak;GMBIsiT§inwgCYbkarlM)ak CaBMuxan . cMeBaHkarEdlfaetIkñúgcMeNameyabl;TaMgenH RtUvelIkykeyabl;mYyNa mkGHGagenaH vaGaRs½yeTAnwgTsSn³GMBIGaC£ayukalrbs;GñksikSamñak;² . Bak;B½n§nwg Gtßn½yniglkçN³pøÚvc,ab;énGaC£ayukalenH eyIgsegáteXIjmanRTwsþICaeRcIn .

7>6> ry³eBlkMNt;TukCamun CabBa©b; eyIgnwgniyayGMBI ry³eBlkMNt;TukCamun mþgEdlBMumaneXIjenAkñúg

Rkmrdæb,evNI . enHmann½yRsedognwgGaC£ayukalEdr . b:uEnþry³eBlkMNt;TukCamun RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;edaHRsayvivaT[)anqab;rh½s tYy:agdUcCakarTamTarsMNgxUcxatenA kñúgkrNI)anTijvtßúmansñamqáÚtCaedIm ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIfa {karTamTarsMNg RtYveFVIeLIgenAkñúgry³eBl 1 qñaM}ya:gdUecñH EdlCary³eBl)ankMNt;TukCamun ¬maRta 466 kfax½NçTI 3 . l .¦ . karkMNtry³eBlenH xusKñanwgGaC£ayukalRtg;fa ry³eBlEdl)ankMNt;TukCamunenH BMuGacGUsbnayø[)anyUEfmeTottamviFIp¥ak)an eLIy . ehIykñúgkarsMercrbs;tulakar k¾BMucaM)ac;RtUvkar[mankarelIkeLIgBIsamIuxøÜn enaHeT .


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8> nItibuKÁl 8>1> esckþIepþIm Rkmrdæb,evNI)anRbdUcshRKas . l . eTAnwgbuKÁl eday[zan³Ca }nItibuKÁl}

nigTTYlsÁal;faCa RbFanénskmμPaBtampøÚvc,ab; ¬mYyvijeTot kñúgkareRbobeFob eTAnwgnItibuKáÁl c,ab;ehAbuKÁleyIgmñak;²faCa }rUbvnþbuKÁl}¦ . karTTYlsÁal;faCa nItibuKÁlenH KWCakarRbKl;buKÁlPaBdl;nItibuKÁl b:uEnþkarTTYlsÁal;GMBIlkçN³Ca nItibuKÁlenH KW)anesckþIfa nItibuKÁlGacnwgkøayeTACaRbFanénsiTi§nigkaBVkic©eday ÉkraC dUcrUbvnþbuKÁlEdr . Tak;TgnwgnItibuKÁlenH Rkmrdæb,evNIknøgmk)ankMNt;nUv maRtaCaeRcInenAkñúgKnßIsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTA . k¾b:uEn< tamry³énc,ab;cMnYnbI Edl)anRbkas [eRbInaExmifunaqñaM 2006 edIm,IEkTRmg;RbB½n§énnItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³Edl nwgmanerobrab;enAxageRkamenaH bBaØtþisþIBInItibuKÁlkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIRtÚv)anEkERbmYy kMritFM . KWeKbnSl;TukRtwm 5 maRtaEtb:ueNÑaH edayRbKl;bBaØtþidéTeToteTA[c,ab;sþIBI nItibuKÁlmUlnIFInignItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμTUeTA EdlCac,ab;mYykñúgcMeNamc,ab;TaMg 3 enaH ¬c,ab;TaMg 3 enH nwgcUlCaFrmanenAdMNac;qñaM 2008¦ .

8>2> nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμ nignItibuKÁlmUlniFi

nItibuKÁlenAkñúgvis½yc,ab;ÉkCnEckecjCa nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμ nignItibuKÁl mUlniFi . ebIniyaykñúgn½yTUlay saCIvkmμKWCakarRbmUlpþúMénmnusS ehIymUlniFi KWCakarRbmUlpþúMénRTBüFn ¬CaFmμtaeTEdlfa mUlniFik¾RtUvkarmanmnusSerobcMeLIgCa GgÁkaredIm,IRKb;RKgeRbIR)as;RTBüFnenaHEdr¦ . cMeBaHsaCIvkmμ ebIelIkyk]TahrN_ Rkumh‘unmkBicarNa eyIgnwgeXIjfa saCIvkm μCaRkuménmnusSEdlcaM)ac;RtÚvcat;Tukfa CaRbFanénc,ab; manlkçN³edayELkBIbuKÁlEdlCaGñktMNagénRkumenaH ¬elIkyk kic©snüalk;EtmYymuxmkniyay k¾eyIgeXIjfa minEmnGñktMNagCabuKÁleTEdlTij vtßúenaH eBalKWeKRtUvTTYlsÁal;famankrNIRkumh‘un)ankøayCaGñkTijEtmþg¦ . k¾b:uEnþ


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RkuménmnusSenHminEmnsuT§EteTACasaCIvkmμTaMgGs;eT ¬mankarRbmUlp<úMmnusStam rebobepSgeTotdUcCaRkumh‘unCaedIm EdlmankarbgðajGMBIbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;buKÁlCa GñkcUlrYmxøaMgCagkñúgsaCIvkmμ . sUmGanCMBUkTI 4¦ . cuHehtuGVI)anCaeKcaM)ac;RtUvp<l; lkçN³CanItibuKÁleTA[GgÁkarRbmUlpþúMRTBüFn? enHminEmnedayKitGMBIkrNIRbmUl R)ak;[RbkbmuxrbredIm,IrkcMeNjenaHeT KWKitGMBIkrNIeRbIR)as;RTBüFnmYycMnYn sMrab;kic©karsb,úursFm’’edIm,IplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ ¬edIm,IplRbeyaCn_mnusSeRcInKña edayminerIsmux¦ mandUcCasalaeron b ¤mnÞIreBTüCaedIm . eBalKWpþl;nUvlkçN³Ca RbFanénc,ab;EdlÉkraC [eTAGgÁkarnigmUlniFiTaMgLayNaEdlbMerIdl;eKalbMNg kMNt;xagelI edIm,IsMrYldl;karbMeBjskmμPaBrbs;eK .

CagenHeTAeTot nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμEckecjCa nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμrkkMér nig nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμbMerIkic©karsaFarN³ . krNITImYy KWsMedAelInItibuKÁlsaCIvkm μEdl maneKalbMNgrkcMeNj tYya:gdUcCaRkumh‘unCaedIm EdlsßitenAeRkambTbBaØtþién c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ . ehtudUecñH Rkmrdæb,evNIFøab;)anGnuvtþcMeBaHnItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμEdl maneKalbMNgbeRmIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nignItibuKÁlmUlniFi . bEnßmelIenH enAmannItibuKÁlCaeRcInelIslb;; EdlTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab;BiessepSg² eRkABI Rkmrdæb,evNI nigc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμpgEdr . ehIynItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_ saFarN³ )anRtUv[niymn½yfaCanItibuKÁlmaneKalbMNgbMerIplRbeyaCn_CnPaKRcIn edayminerIsmux Gnuvt<kic©karTaMgLayBak;B½nænwgbuNüTan sasna sb,úrsF’m viC¢asikSaRsavRCav nigbec©kviC¢aCaedIm .

viFanCamUldæansMrab;dwknaMnItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμehAfa lkçnþik³ . kñúglkçnþik³enH ya:gehacNas; k¾RtUvmanEcgnUveKalbMNg namkrN_ TIsñak;kar bBaØtþisþIBIRTBüFn bBaØtþisþIIIBIkarEtgtaMgnigpøas;bþÚrGPi)al bBaØtþisþIIIBIkarTTYl)annig)at;bg;lkçN³sm,tþi CasmaCik ¬maRta 37 kñúgbBaØtþicas;énRkrdæb,evNI¦ . cMeBaHnItibuKÁlmUlniFivij lixitkMNt;nUvviFanCamUldæan k¾RtUv)anEcgkñúgbTbBaØtþicas;faCa {skm μPaBbric©aK} Edr


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b:uEn<c,ab;fμIehAlixitenHfaCa lkçtik³ EdlRtUvkMNt;GMBIeKalbMNg namkrN_ TIsñak;kar bBaØtþisþIBIRTBüFn bBaØtþisþIIIBIkarEtgtaMgnigpøas;bþÚrGPi)al ¬maRta 39¦ .

8>3> nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμTUeTA nignItibuKÁlmUlniFiTUeTA

nItibuKÁlbeRmIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ EdlsßitenAeRkambBaØt<iénRkmrdæb,evNI RtÚvTTYl)annUvrbbGnueRKaHxagBn§ . l . edaysarehtuenH sPaBkarN_énkarGnuvt< edaybMBanelInItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³ EdlmankMNt;kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI )an ekItmaneLIgedaysarPaBekøovkøaénskmμPaBesdækic© bN<al[manbBaðasgÁm . dUecñH eK)aneFVI[mankarEkERbnUvTsSn³CamUldæans<IBInItibuKÁlkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI ehIyEfmTaMg eFVInItikmμbegIátnUvGVIEdlehAfa c,ab;TaMgbIsMrab;kMENTRmg;rbbnItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_ saFarN³ ¬Rbkas[eRbIenAqñaM 2006¦ kñúgrUbPaBCac,ab;s<IBIkarerobcMshKmn_ EdlmankMNt;bTbBaØt<i[)anlMGitCagmun . bTbBaØt<iPaKeRcInelIslb; RtÚv)anepÞr ecjBIRkmrdæb,evNI . c,ab;TImYy KWCa {c,ab;s<IBInItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμTUeTA nignItibuKÁl mUlniFiTUeTA} . c,ab;TIBIr KWCa {c,ab;sI<BIkarTTYlsÁal;nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμbeRmIRbeyaCn_ saFarN³ nignItibuKÁlmUlniFibeRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³} ¬ehAkat;fa {c,ab;s<IBIkarTTYl sÁal;nItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³}¦ . ehIyc,ab;TIbI KWCac,ab;s<IBIkarerobcMc,ab; TaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§ ¬ehAkat;fa {c,ab;s<IBIkarerobcM}¦ .

tamry³enH eK)aneFVIkarEkERbelIRbB½n§GnuBaØatkarbegáItnItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_ saFarN³ EdlknøgmkRtÚvGaRs½yelIqnÞanusiTi§rbs;sßab½nrdæEdlmansmtßkic© ¬maRta 24 cas;énRkmrdæb,evNI¦ kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,ICMruj[mankarGPivDÆn_y:agl¥RbesIr nUvskmμPaBminrkkMéredaymCÄdæaneRkArdæaPi)al . Cabzm karEkERbTImYy KWkarbegáIg nUvRbB½n§mYyEdlsMrYl[nItibuKÁl rYmmannItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμTUeTAnignItibuKÁlmUlniFITUeTA GacRtÚvbegIáteLIg)an edayviFIcuHbBa¢IRtwmRtÚvtamkarbBaØtEtb:ueNÑaH . bnÞab;mkeTot KWkarerobcMbegIátnUvRbB½n§edayELkmYyeTot sMrab;eFVIkarTTYlsÁal;nUvlkçN³beRmI


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RbeyaCn_saFarN³ EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;ERbkøayeTACanItibuKÁlbeRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³ enaH ¬eBalKWfa karbegáItnItibuKÁlGaceFVIeTA)any:aggayRsÜl b:uEn<edIm,I[)anTTYl sÁal;faCanItibuKÁlbRmIRbeyaCn_saFarN³enaH eK)ankMNt;fa caM)ac;RtÚvTTYl)annUv karTTYlsÁal;edayELkmYyeTot EdlmanlkçN³twgrwg¦ .

8>4> GgÁPaBénnItibuKÁl

fVIt,itEtRtUv)anRbdUcfaCabuKÁlk¾eday saCIvkmμ b ¤mUlniFi EdlCanItibuKÁlenaH minGaceFVIskmμPaBedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;ekItenaHeT eBalKWRtUvmanrcnasm<½n§RbtibtþimYy . sßab½nEdlBak;B½n§nwgkargarenH ehAfa GgÁPaBénnItibuKÁl .

¬1¦ cMeBaHsaCIvkmμ GgÁPaBeFVIesckþIsMerc KWCa{mhasnñi)atsmaCik} ebIkeLIgeday{smaCik}énsaCIvkm μ . rIÉkrNIénnItibuKÁlmUlniFivij ¬edayehtufa CakarRbmUlpþúMénRTBüFnenaH¦ edaysarKμaneKalKMnitsþIBIsmaCik b¤mhasnñi)at smaCikeT esckþIsMercnanaRtUveyaleTAtamqnÞ³rbs;GñkbegáIt . ¬2¦ GgÁPaBGnuvt< kargar TaMgenAkñúgnItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμnignItibuKÁlmUlniFi RtÚvCakargarrbs;GPi)al . GgÁPaBenHRtUvEterobcM[manCadac;xat ¬maRta 52 énbTbBaØt<icas;¦ . ¬3¦ GgÁPaB RtYtBinitü KWGñkRtYtBinitü . GgÁPaBRtYtBinitüenH minEmnRtUvEtcat;taMgedayxanBMu)an enaHeT ¬maRta 58 énbTbBaØtþicas;¦ .

smaCik enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI nigc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ BaküfasmaCikmann½yfa {GñkcUl rYmbegáItsaCIvkmμ} . eBalKWBuMEmnsMedAmkelInieyaCit EdlCaGñkRtUvRkumh‘unCYl edayecjebovtS_eGayenaHeT . ]TahrN_dUcCa ebIniyayGMBI {smaCik} énRkumh‘un EdlCanItibuKÁlrkkMér enHKWsMedAeTAelI {m©as;h‘un} .


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8>5> rbbsþIBIkarbegáItnItibuKál

cMeBaHkarbegáItnItibuKÁlTaMgb:unμandUcEdl)anerobrab;mkenH maneKalkarN_ mYycMnYnEbkecjepSg²Kña eyaleTAtamkMritEdlrdæeFVIGn<rKmn_kñúgkic©karbegIátenH . ebIeyIgelIkykrbbegáItnItibuKÁl edayerobeTAtamlMdab;twgrwgénGnþraKmn_BIrdæenaH eyIgeXIjdUcteTA³ ¬1¦ rbbecjGaC£ab½NÑBiess edaybegáItc,ab;BiesssMrab;ral; karyl;RBm[begáItnItibuKÁlNamYy . mankrNIénFnaKarCb:unCaedIm Edl)anbegáIt eLIgeyagtamrbbenH . ¬2¦ rbbpþl;karGnuBaØat Edlsßab½ncMbgmansmtßkic©RtÜtBintü nwgecjkarGnuBaØat[begáIt eTAtamqnÞanusiT§irbs;xøÜn . enHKWCaCMhrrbs;Rkmrdæb,evNI knøgmk Tak;TgnwgnItibuKÁl ¬maRta 34 énbTbBaØt<icas;¦ . ¬3¦ rbbTTYlsÁal; Edl sßab½nmansmtßkic© RtÜtüBinitücaM)ac;RtÚvTTYlsÁal;nUvkarbegáIt RbsinebIeK)anbMeBj tamRKb;l½kçx½NÐEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;TukCamunehIy . karbegáItsalaeronÉkCn KWsßit enAkñúgrbbenH ¬eyagtamc,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItsalaeronÉkCn¦ . ¬4¦ rbbGnuelamtam c,ab; EdltRmÚv[mankarTTYlsÁal;TaMgRsug edayminmankarBinitüCamunBIsMNak; sßab½nrdæeLIy RbsinebI)anerobcMrcnasm<½n§TaMgLayEdl)ankMNt;edayc,ab; ehIy)an cuHbBa¢IrYc . karbegáItRkumh‘unenAkñúgc,ab;BaNiC¢km μ nigkarbegáItshCIB RtÚvsßitenAkñúg rbbenH . nItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμTUeTA nignItibuKÁlmUlniFiTUeTA EdlkMNt;kñúgc,ab;fμI k¾GnuelamtamrbbenHEdr .

8>6>GMeBIGnItüanukUlrbs;nItibuKÁl

edayehtufa nItibuKÁl)anRtUvRbdUcfaCabuKÁl ehIyRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faman smtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaBEdrenaH CaFmμtaeTeKRtÚvkMNt;bBaØtáiGMBIsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVI GMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬GMeBIxusc,ab;EdleFVI[xUcxatdl;GñkdéT edayectnab¤edaykMhus¦ rbs;nItibuKÁl ¬maRta 44 bTbBaØtþicas;énRkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgfa enAeBlEdlGPi)al


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b¤GñktMNagdéTeTot ¬sßab½ntMNag¦ énnItibuKÁl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIGnItüanukUl nItibuKÁlenaH RtÚvTTYlxusRtUv . b:uEn<tamry³énc,ab;f μIEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI eK)anlubbTbBaØt<i enHecjBIRkmrdæb,evNI ehIydak;bBa©ÚlbBaØt<idUcKñaeTAkñúgc,ab;s<IBInItibuKÁlsaCIvkmμ nignItibuKÁlmUlniFiTUeTAvij¦ . b:uEnþRtg; cMNucenH ebIBMuTan;)ansikSaGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬cab;BImaRta 709 teTA¦ énc,ab;sþIBIkatBVkic©enAeLIyeT KWR)akdCanwgminGacyl;)an c,as;eT .

8>7>RTwsþIsikSaGMBInItibuKÁl

enAkñúgkarsikSa manTsSn³yl;epSg²KñaCaeRcInGMBIbBaðanItibuKÁl . manTsSn³ BirExVgKña . TsSn³mYyyl;fa GtßiPaBénnItibuKÁlKWRKan;EtCakarRbDittampøÚvKtiyutþ yktamKMrUénrUbvnþbuKÁlEtb:ueNÑaH . enHCaRTwsþInItibuKÁlRbDit . ehIynigTsSn³mYy eTotyl;fa GtßiPaBénnItibuKÁlmanBitEmn . enHCaRTwsþInItibuKÁlmanGtßiPaBBit . TsSn³xusKñaenHCH\TæiBlxøH²eTAelIkarbkRsay nigkareFVIGtßaFib,ay nUvbTbBaØtþiTaMg LayTak;TgnwgnItibuKÁl . k¾b:uEnþsikçakamEdleTIbnwgcab;epþImf μI minRtÚvrvIrvl;CamYy erOgenHxøaMgeBkeT KYrtaMgcitþcab;yk[)anCamunsinnUvGtán½yTUeTA ¬karbegIát smtßPaB GgÁkarkarrMlt; . l .¦ énbTbBaØtþisþIBInItibuKÁlkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI .

8>8>saCIvkmμEdlKμansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ nignItibuKÁlfñak;kNþal

enAmanRkummYyRbePTeTotEdlminmaneKalbMNgrkkMér ehIyk¾minmanbMNg bMerIkic©karsaFarN³EdreT KWmanEtKitKUrGMBIplRbeyaCn_rbs;RkumGñkedayELkmYyRkum EdlCasmaCikcUlrYmkñúgkarbegIátRkum ¬mandUcCasmaKmsV½yPaBrbs;nisSit smaKm énGtItnisSit nigshKmn_GñkCikxagkñúgsgáat;EtmYy . l .¦ . knøgmkedayehtufa minmanbBaØtiáénc,ab;BiessGVIsMrab;GnuvtþenaH RkumTaMgGs;enHminGackøayeTACa nItibuKÁl)aneT dUecñHRkumenHRtÚv dMeNIrkñúgzan³Ca{saCIvkmμEdlKμansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§}


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¬eTaHCakñúgRkmrdæb,evNI minmanbTbBaØtþiEcgGMBIsaCIvkmμEdlK μansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ k¾eday k¾c,ab;yutiþsaRsþ nigRTwsþIsikSa cat;TukfasaCIvkmμEdlK μansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ GaceTACaRbFanénCMnYjb¤karbþwgbþl;)anedayÉkraCü b:uEnþRtÚvsßitenAkñúgTMnak;Tmng Biess tYy:agdUcCakñúgkrNITijGclnRTBü KWRtÚvcuHbBaöIedayeRbIeQ μaHGñktMNagCa dac;xat . ehIyRbsinCasaCIvkmμEdlKμansmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§enH RtÚvCab;CMBak;bMNul edaysarkareFVICMnYj k¾eKminGacTamTardl;eTAEckRTBüFnrbs;buKÁlEdlCasmaCik enaHEdr . elIsBIenHeTAeTot kñúgkrNIEdlsmaCiklaElgecjBIsaCIvkmμ smaCik enaHminGacTamTar[sgedImTunEdlxøÜneK)anvinieyaKenaHeLIy¦ . c,ab;sþIBInItibuKÁl fñak;kNþalEdl)anerobcMenAqñaM 2001 KWCac,ab;EdlGnuBaØat[RkumTaMgenHTTYl)an lkÐN³sm,tþiCanItibuKÁl kñúgzan³Ca{nItibuKÁlfñak;kNþal} sMrYl[RkumTaMgenH GaceFVIkarRKb;RkgelIRTBüsm,tþi rbs;xøÜn dUcCaGclnRTBüCaedIm . k¾b:uEn<RkumTaMgenH RtÚv)anlubecaledayc,ab;fμInaqñaM 2006 . nItibuKÁlfñak;kNþal RtÚvkøayCanItibuKÁl saCIvkmμTueTA edIm,IbnþeTAéf¶xagmuxeTot . 9> lMenAzan nigkar)at;xøÜn

9>1> lMenAzan bTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNIk¾manEcgGMBIlMenAzanEdr . )anCabTbBaØtþiTUeTA

EcgGMBIlMenAzanenH KWeRBaHEtfalMenAzanCamUldæansMrab;eFVIkarsMercfa etIRtUvGnuvtþ katBVkic©enATINa? ¬maRta 484¦ etIsnþtikmμRtUvcab;epþImenATINa? ¬maRta 883¦ CaedIm . bTbBaØtþienH)anEcgfa kEnøgEdlCaTItaMgénCIvPaBrbs;buKÁlmñak;² RtÚvykeFVICa lMenAzan ¬maRta 22¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlminGacdwgnUvlMenAzan)aneTenaH TIsMNak; RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCalMenAzan ¬maRta 23¦ ¬mankarBnül;eTotfa EdlehAfaTIsMNak; KWCaTIkEnøgEdlbuKÁl)ansñak;GaRs½yenACab;rhUtmYyry³ edayKμanlkçN³Cab;s¥it CamYyTwkdIenaHdUckñúgkrNIénlMenAzanenaHeT¦ . enAmankarCECkKñaeTotfaetI {kEnøg


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EdlCaTItaMgénCIvPaB}manEtmYy b¤k¾maneRcIn? Rtg;enH RTwsþIkMNt;lMenAzaneRcInkEnøg RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTA . ]TahrN_dUcCabuKÁlmñak;rs;enACamYyRKYsarenATIRkugtUküÚ ehIyeFVIkar[Rkumh‘unmYyEdlmankariyal½yenA GUsaka CaedIm . kñúgkrNIenH lMenAzanTaMgBIrRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; GaRs½yeTAelITMnak;TMngKtiyut<nImYy² . dUcCaenA kñúgTMnak;TMngKtiyut<Tak;Tgnwgkargar eKcat;TukGUsakafaCalMenAzan . lMenAzanenH k¾ecaTeLIgCabBaðaEdrkñúgTMnak;TMngCamYysiT§ie)aHeqñat . c,ab;yutþisaRsþrbs;tulakar kMBUl )ancat;Tukfa lMenAzanénnisSitEdlCYlbnÞb;enACamYym©as;pÞH KWTIkEnøgeFVIkar sikSa ¬dUecñHmin)ac;RtLb;eTARsukkMenItenAral;eBle)aHeqñatenaHeT . k¾b:uEnþCaFmμtaeT EdlnisSitRtUveTAcuHbBaöIbþÚrykb½NÑbBaöak;TIlMenAfμ Irbs;xøÜnCacaM)ac;enaH¦ . 9>2>kar)at;xøÜn ¬karRKb;RKgRTBüFnrbs;buKÁlEdlGvtþman¦

buKÁlEdl)anecjBIlMenAzan b¤TIsMNak;rbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlK μanlT§PaBnwg RtLb;mkvijedaygayRsYleTenaH ehAfaCabuKÁlEdlGvtþman . cMeBaHbuKÁlEdl Gvtþman RbsinebIRTBüsm,t<irbs;xøÜnRtUvTukecalminmankarRKb;RKgeT KwminRbéBr_eLIy cMeBaHsamIuxøÜn k¾dUcCacMeBaHm©as;bMNul nigCnEdlRtÚv)ansnμt;faCasn<tiCnEdr . ehtudUecñH Rkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlGvtþmanmin)ancat;taMgGñk RKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜneTenaH tulakarRKYsarGaceRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgRTBüsm,t<i b¤cat;viFankarcaM)ac;epSg²)an tamkaresñIsMuBICnEdlRtÚv)ansn μt;faCasn<tiCn b¤BI buKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_dUcCam©as;bMNulCaedIm b¤BItMNagGyükar ¬maRta 25 kfax½NÐTI 1 EpñkxagedIm¦ .

RbsinebImindwgfa etIbuKÁlGvtþmanenaHenArs; b¤TTYlmrNPaB kñúgGMLúgeBl 7 qñaM tulakarRKYsarGacRbkaskar)at;xøÜnrbs;CnenaH)an tamkaresñIsMuBIbuKÁlEdlman TMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_ ¬maRta 30 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . kñúgkrNIEdl buKÁl)anCYbRbTHnwgeRKaHfñak; dUcCaCiHnavaEdl)anlicCaedIm ehIyBMumandMNwgc,as;


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las;faenArs; b¤TTYlmrNPaBeT kñúgGMLúgeBl 1 qñaMeRkayBIeRKaHfñak;)anknøgputeTA enaH k¾RtÚvGnuvt<dUcKñaEdr ¬maRta 30 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . ebIsinCamankarRbkasGMBI kar)at;xøÜnehIy eKRtUvcat;TukfabuKÁlEdlGvt<manenaH)anTTYlmrNPaB cab;KitBIeBl Edlmin)anmandMNwgc,as;las;faenArs; b¤TTYlmrNPaB Gs;GMLúgeBl 7 qñaMmkehIy enaH b¤BIeBlEdleRKaHfñak;)anknøgputeTA ¬maRta 31¦ .

Baküfa {cat;Tuk} enHxusBIBaküfa { snμt;} ¬sUmGanBaküKnøwHenA 3> 5¦> xagelI¦ . eTaHbICasamIuxøÜnenArs;k¾eday ebIKμankarlubecalnUvkarRbkasGMBIkar)at;xøÜneTenaH GnuPaBénkarRbkasenHnwgmin)at;bg;eLIy . enAkñúgkrNIenH RbsinebItulakarRKYsar lubecalkarRbkasGMBIkar)at;xøÜn tamkaresñIsMurbs;samIuxøÜn b¤buKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMng nwgplRbeyaCn_enaH karRbkasnwgRtUvesIerIRtLb;fyeRkayedaycat;faK μantaMgBIdMbUg TImk . dUecñH CaeKalkarN_ skm μPaBKtiyutþiEdl)anGnuvt<edaysnñidæanelIkarsøab; enHnwgeTACaemaX³ k¾b:uEnþedayehtufa eKminRtUveFVI[mankarxUcxatEdlminGacsμan TukCamun)an eTAdl;CnEdl)anTukcitþelIIkarRbkasGMBIkar)at;xøÜn ehIy)anerob GaBah_BiBah_ b¤)aneFVIkic©snüaCaedIm dUecñHmankarkMNt;fa skmμPaBNaEdl)an eFVIedaysucritenAkñúgGMLúgeBlbnÞab;BImankarRbkaskar)at;xøÜn rhUtTl;eBlmunkar lubecalvijenaH nwgcat;TukfamansuBlPaBdEdl ¬maRta 32 kfax½NÐTI 1 bdibBaØa¦ . buKÁlEdl)anTTYlRTBüsm,t<iedaysarkarRbkasGMBIkar)at;xøÜnenH RtUvsgRtwmEtkMrit énplRbeyaCn_EdlxøÜnkMBugTTYlBitR)akdEtb:ueNÑaH ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .

- 58 -CMBUkTI 3 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS ¬1¦

- 58 -

CMBUkTI 3

c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS ¬1¦ - RTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS

I. sBVTsSn_énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS 1> {vtßú}CaRTBüsm,tþi nig siT§iRbtü½kS 2> niymn½yénsiT§iRbt½ükS nigeKalkarN_kMNt;siT§iRbtükSedayc,ab; 3> RbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kS 4> kareRbobeFobrvagRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS

nigc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS II. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS

1> siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS 2> karbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS 3> kmμsiT§i 4> siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as; nigGaRs½ypl 5> siT§ikan;kab;


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I> sBVTsSn_énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS 1> {vtßú}CaRTBüsm,tþi nigsiT§iRbtü½kS

Rkmrdæb,evNI EcgGMBIbTbBaØtiþEbgEcksiT§iEdleyIgTaMgGs;K ñakan;kab; Ca siT§iEdlmaneTAelIvtßú nigsiT§iEdlmaneTAelIbuKÁl . enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI Rtg;KnßITI 2 sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS manEcgnUvbBaØtiþsþIBIsiT§iEdlmaneTAelIvtßú eKehAfaCac,ab;sþIBI siT§iRbtü½kS .

edIm,I[gayyl;sRmab;GñksikSaxagEpñkviTüasaRsþesdækic© b¤KNenyüviTüa eyIgnwgcab;epþImBIBaküfaRTBüsm,tþi . ]TahrN_ BaküfaRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgn½y KNenyüviTüa hak;bIdUcCasMedAeTAelIsmtßPaBrbs;shRKaskñúgkarrkcMNUlenA eBlGnaKt . b:uEnþ enATIenH eyIgnwgminKitdl;cMNucBi)aky:agenHeT . cUreyIgKit BIcMNucmUldæanénRTBüsm,tþiEdlbuKÁlmñak;man . RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁl rYmman GclnvtßúdUcCa dIFøI GaKar nig clnvtßúdUcCaeRKOgsgðarwm Glgáar pÞaMgKMnUr CaedIm . ehIyelIsBIenHeTot eKmansiT§ielIbMNul eRkamrUbPaBCab½NÑPaKh‘uun KNnIlk;eCO km©I R)ak;beBaØI CaedIm . eRkABIenH eKk¾GacmanR)ak;kak;pgEdr . eyag tamRkmrdæb,evNI kñúgcMeNamRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;enH vtßúTaMgLayEdlmanrUbragCa RbePTGclnvtßú nigclnvtßú eKehAfa vtßú ¬niymn½yénvtßú manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 85 énbTbBaØtþiTUeTAénRkmrdæb,evNI¦ ¬sUmGanBaküKnøwH ³ vtßúcm,g vtßúcMNuH vtßúedIm pl¦ . ehIysiT§iRKb;RKg EdlbuKÁlmñak;manedaypÞal;eTAelIvtßúenaH eKehAfa siT§iRbtü½kS . GaRs½yehtuenHehIy enAkñúgvisalPaBénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS eyIgmineFVIkarBiPakSa eTAelIvtßúEdlCaRTBüsm,tþienaHeT KWeyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIbTbBaØtþiEdlEcgfa etIbuKÁl mñak;mansiT§iRKb;RKgEbbNaxøHeTAelIvtßú .

Bak;B½n§eTAnwgerOgenH Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un cat;TukdI nigGaKarEdlmanenAelI dIenaH faCaGclvtßúEdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCBIKña ¬enARbeTsxøH eKcat;TukdI nigGaKar faCaGclvtßúrYmKñaEtmYy¦ . cMeBaHkrNIenH edImeQIEdlduHenAelIdI CaeKalkarN_


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RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaEpñkmYyéndI ¬maRta 86 sþIBIvtßúP¢ab;¦ elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIEdl bTbBaØtþiénc,ab; b¤qnÞ³rbs;PaKI kMNt;fa edImeQIEdlCakm μvtßúénkarCYjdUrKWCa Gclnvtßúdac;edayELkBIdI .

vtßúcm,g vtßúcMNuH vtßúedIm plenAeBlEdlvtßúBIrmanTMnak;TMngKñaCavtßúcm,gnigvtßúbnÞab;bnSMrbs;vtßúcm,g kñúgn½y

esdækic© nigGaRs½ykt<astüanumti ¬]TahrN_ rvagpÞHnigTVabgÜ¥cxagkñúgpÞH CaedIm¦ enaHeK ehAfaCa vtßúcm,gnigvtßúcMNuH . RtwmkRmitEdlminb:HBal;dl;siT§irbs;ttiyCn vtßúcMNuH RtÚvP¢ab;CaEpñkmYyénvtßúcm,gtampøÚvc,ab; ¬]TahrN_ ebIlk;vtßúcm,genaHvtßúcMNuHk¾RtUvlk; CamYyKñaEdr¦ . vtßúcm,gnigvtßúcMNuH minGacCakm μsiT§iénm©as;epSgKña)aneT ebIeTaHCa vtßúcMNuHRtUvCarbs;ÉkraCBIvtßúcm,gk¾eday ¬eKminGaccat;TukTVar b¤TVarsMNaj; EdlCaEpñkxag eRkAénGaKar faCavtßúÉkraCBIGaKarEdlCavtßúcm,genaH)aneLIy¦ . vtßúEdlekItecjBIvtßúmYy eTot edaymanGtßRbeyaCn_xagesd§kic©enaH eKehAfa pl . cMENkvtßúEdlbegáItpl ehAfavtßúedIm . b:uEnþKYrkt;sMKal;fa plminEmnsMedAEteTAelIEpøeQIb:ueNÑaHeT . vtßúEdl ekItecjBIvtßúedIm tamFmμCati b¤edayviFIsib,nimμ it bnÞab;BImankareRbIR)as;nUvvtßúedImenaH smRsbtamlkçN³esdækic©rYcmk eKehAfa plFmμCati ¬dUcCa s‘ut EpøeQI eramecom Gitæ Er: dIxSac; CaedIm¦ ¬maRta 88 kfax½NÐTI 1 ¦ . cMENkÉR)ak; b¤ vtßúepSgeTot EdlTTUYYl)anCafñÚreTAnwgkareRbIR)as;vtßúedIm eKehAfa plsIuvil ¬dUcCa éføQñÜlpÞH b¤karR)ak; CaedIm¦ ¬maRta 88 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .

2> niymn½yénsiT§iRbt½ükS nigeKalkarN_kMNt;siT§iRbtü½kSedayc,ab; eyIg)aneFVIkarBnül;rYcehIy GMBIcMNucsMxan;²elIniymn½yénsiT§iRbtü½kS ¬CMBUk

TI 1 vKÁ II.2¦ . ]TahrN_ ebIbuKÁlNamñak;mankmμsiT§ielInaLikaédmYy buKÁlenaH GaceRbIR)as;naLikaenaHedayesrI GacTTYlplcMeNjBInaLika nigGac cat;Ecg naLikaenaHedayesrI)an ¬siT§iEdlbuKÁlmñak;GacRKb;RKgedaypÞal;eTAelIvtßúGIVmYy ehA


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fasiT§iRbtü½kS¦ . GaRsyehtuenH siT§iRbtü½kSEdlCasiT§iRKb;RKgedaypÞal;eTAelI vtßúGVImYyenaH RtUvmanlkçN³CasiT§iEdlGacykeTAttaMgCamYyGñkdéT min[eFIVkar lMxandl;karRKb;RKgenaH ehIyGacykeTAGHGagcMeBaHGñkNak¾)anEdrenAkñúgsgÁm . enHeKehAfa PaBdac;xatnigPaBpþac;muxénsiT§iRbtü½kS . edaysarEtsiT§IEdlGac ykeTAttaMgCamYynrNak¾)anenAkñúgsgÁm nwgeFIV[man\T§iBleTAelImnusSCuMvij ebIsin CamnusSmñaGackMNt;xWømsarrbs;siT§ienaH)antamGMeBIcitþrbs;xøÜn karkMNt;xWømsarenH nwgeFVI[ekItCabBaðaminxan . ehtuenHehIy)anCamaRta 175 énRkmrdæb,evNIEcgfa {siT§iRbtü½kSminGacbegáIt)aneLIy eRkABIkarkMNt;edaybTbBaØtþiEdlmanEcgkñúgRkm rdæb,evNInigc,ab;déTepSgeTot}. enHmann½yfa kic©snüaCaedImminGacbegáIt[man siT§iRbtü½kSRbePTepSgBIbTbBaØtþiénRkmrdæb,evNInigc,ab;epSgeTot)aneT ehIyk¾min GackMNt;xøwmsarénsiT§iRbtü½kS [xusBIGIVEdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNInigc,ab; epSgeTotenaH)aneTEdr . enHeKehAfa eKalkarN_kMNt;siT§iRbtü½kSedayc,ab; . GaRs½yehtuenHehIy bTbBaØtþiEdlTak;TgeTAnwgxøwmsar nigRbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kS KWCabBaØtþiEdlGnuvtþedaybg§M ehIytamry³enaH PaKIminGaceFVIkarEkERbtamqnÞ³rbs; xøÜn)aneLIy . cMNucenH xusKñaRsLHBIkarNIEdlsiT§ielIbMNulGacRtUv)anbegáIt edayesrI tamkic©snüaCaGaT× ¬siT§ielIbMNulGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIg eRkamrUbPaB EbbNak¾)anEdr GaRs½yelIkic©snüa kuM[EtpÞúyeTAnwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nig TMenomTmøab;l¥ . edaysarEtsiT§ielIbMNulmanGanuPaBedayeFobEdlcgcMeBaHEt PaKIkñúgkic©snüab:ueNÑaH dUecñHkarN_EdlTuk[PaKIGacbegáItsiT§ienHedayxøÜnÉg)an KWCakarRbesIr¦ .


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3> RbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kS

3>1> kmμsiT§i

\LÚvenH cUreyIgBinitüemIlGMBIRbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kS EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkm rdæb,evNI ¬RbePTénsiT§iRKb;RKgEdlbuKÁlmñak;maneTAelIvtßú¦ . RbePTmYyEdleyIg sÁal;RKb;KñaenaH KWkmμsiT§i . kmμsiT§ikrénnaLikaédmYy mansiT§ieRbIR)as; GaRs½ypl nigcat;EcgnaLikaenaH edayesrIGaRs½yelIqnÞ³ . enHmann½yfa kmμsiT§i KWCasiT§i Rbtü½kSEdlmanlkçN³eBjeljnigTUlMTUlay . rYccuHsiT§iRbtü½kSEdlBuMmanlkçN³ eBjeljnigTUlMTUlayvijenaH etICaGVIeTA ?

3>2> siT§iRbtü½kSmankRmitepSgeToteRkABIsiT§ielIkmμsiT§i

]TahrN_fa elak A mankmμsiT§ielIvtßúGVImYy . kñúgkrNIenH elak B EdlCa buKÁldéT k¾GacmansiT§imYyEpñkeTAelIvtßúenaHEdr . enARtg;cMNucenH KYrkt;sMKal;fa CaFmμta cMeBaHvtßúmYy eKGacmansiT§iRbtü½kSRbePTdUcKñaEtmYyb:ueNÑaHeTAelIvtßúenaH ¬enHeKehAfa eKalkarN_vtßúmYysiT§imYy¦ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlbgb¥Ún ¬BIrnak;¦ kan;kab;vtßúmYyrYmKña km μsiT§ienaHCakmμsiT§iEtmYyrYmKña minGacbMEbkecj)anCakmμsiTi§ rbs;erog²xøÜnenaHeLIy . ehIykarN_EdlkMNt;fa sMrab;vtßúmYyKWmanEtkmμsiT§imYy eTenaH KWmanesck<IfakmμsiT§imanmuxgarrYmbBa©ÚlKñanUvsiT§iTaMgGs; rYmmansiT§ieRbIR)as; siT§iGaRs½ypl nigsiT§icat;Ecgpg b:uEn<mYyEpñkénsiT§iTaMgenHGacEbgEck[buKÁlepSg Kñakan;kab;)an ¬]TahrN_ krNIEdlelak A Cam©as;kmμsiT§ielIdImYykEnøg Etelak B

mansiT§ieRbIR)as;dIenaHsRmab;kardaMduH¦ . enHeKehAfa siT§iRbtü½kSmankRmit b¤siT§I Rbtü½kSepSgeToteRkABIsiT§ielIkmμsiT§i .


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3>3> siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl

RbePTénsiT§iRbtü½kSeRkABIkmμsiT§i EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI Cabzm mansiT§ielIépÞdI ¬Superficies¦ Edltamry³enH buKÁlmñak;Gacsagsg;nigeRbIR)as; edayesrI nUvGaKar b¤sMNg;epSgeTot EdlmanenAelIdIrbs;GñkdéT ¬cab;BImaRta 265¦ . eRkABIenHmansiT§ibgábegáInplCaGciéRn<y× ¬Emphythesis¦ Edltamry³enHbuKÁlmñak;Gac eRbIR)as;dIrbs;Gñkd¾éT)anedIm,IdaMduH b¤ciBa©wmstV ¬cab;BImaRta 270¦ . ehIymansiT§I esvPaB Edltamry³enaHbuKÁlmñak;mansiT§iqøgkat; b¤bgðÚrTwk tamdIrbs;Gñkd¾éT edIm,JIplRbeyCn_éndIrbs;xøÜn)an ¬cab;BImaRta 280¦ . mansiT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþi saFarN³ ¬Commonage¦ Edltamry³enHmnusSmYyRkumkMNt; GaceRbIR)as;dIrYmKña)an ¬maRta 263 maRta 294¦ . xagelIenH KWCasiT§iRbtü½kSmankRmitTaMgbYnRbePT EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;vtßúrbs;Gñkd¾éT . CaTUeTA enHeKehAfa siT§iRbtü½kS eRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl . dUecñH siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl RtUveKehAfaCa siT§iRbtü½kSmankRmit EdlmanxWømsarGnuBaaØt[eRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl elIvtßúEdlCa kmμsiT§irbs;Gñkd¾éT . karGnuvtþn_RtUvmankRmitkMNt;kñúgRkbxNénkareRbIR)as;nig GaRs½yplenH ehIynigmankardak;kRmiteTAelIsiT§ielIkmμsiT§I [)ansmRsgtam RkbxNenHeTotpg .

3>4> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

pÞúyBIcMNucEdl)anerobrab;xagelI k¾manbTbBaØtþiEdlEcgGMBIsiT§iRbtü½kSman kRmitmYyeTot Edltamry³enaH buKÁlEdlminEmnCakmμsiT§ikrmineFVIkarkan;kab; vtßúedayCak;EsþgeT KWRKan;EteRbIR)as;témøénvtßúenaHEtb:ueNÑaH . Cak;Esþg edIm,I CakarFanadl;karGnuvtþsiT§ielIbMNulrbs;xøÜn enAeBl[R)ak;eTAkUnbMNulx©I m©as; bMNulGacTamTarkarRKb;RKgelItémøénvtßúEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;kUnbMNul)an . enHeK ehAfa siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS ¬mann½yfa enAeBlx©IR)ak;BIeK kUnbMNulykRTBüsm,tþi


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rbs;xøÜneTAdak;Fana ehIyebIhYsry³eBlkMNt;ehIyxøÜnenAEtminTan;sgR)ak;eTot m©as;bMNulGaclk;vtßúEdldak;bBa©aM rYcdkR)ak;Edllk;)anedIm,ITUTat;bMNulenaH . kareFVIrebobenHeKehAfa siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS¦ . siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS EdlmanEcg enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI EckecjCaBIrRbePT KWsiT§iR)atiePaKRbt½kStamkic©snüaEdl ekIteLIgtamkic©snüarvagPaKI nigsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kStamc,ab; Edlc,ab;eFVIkarkMNt; enAeBlmankal³eTs³BiessNamYy . enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS tamkic©snüa KWCasiT§ielIkarbBa©aM EdlRtUv)anbegáItelIclnvtßú ¬cab;BImaRta 342 teTA . siT§ielIkarbBa©aM k¾GacRtUv)anbegIátelIGclnvtßú nig siT§ielIbMNulCaGaT× pgEdr¦ nig hIub:UEtk EdlRtUv)anbegáItelIGclnvtßú dUcCadIb¤GaKarCaedIm ¬cab;BImaRta 369¦ . ehIysiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kStamc,ab; manEckCasiT§iXat;Tuk ¬cab;BImaRta 295¦ nig ÉksiT§i ¬cab;BImaRta 303¦ .

3>5> siT§ikan;kab;

enAmansiT§imYyeTotEdlCaExSRsLayénsiT§iRbtü½kSEdrenaH KWsiT§ikan;kab; . Cabzm bBaØtþiEdlEcgenAEpñkdMbUgénKnßIsþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS minEmnCabBaØtþisþIBIkmμsiT§ieT EtKWCabBaØtþisþIBIsiT§ikan;kab; ¬siT§ikan;kab; manEcgenAkñúgbTbBaØtþicab;BImaRta 180 teTA¦ . siT§ikan;kab; manlkçN³xusEbøkKñabnþicbnþÜc GMBIsiT§iRbtü½kSepSgeTot . BieRBaH siT§iRbtü½kSTaMgTLayEdlmanzan³eRkamkmμsiT§i KWCatMNagnimitþrUbénsiT§ICasarFatu GaRs½yc,ab; ¬siT§iEdlnaM[manmUlehtuKtiyutþi¦ EdlbuKÁlmñak;maneTAelIvtßúNamYy edayminKitfaetIvaCasiT§iEdlmanvisalPaBTUlMTUlay b¤visalPaBmYyEpñkenaHeT . edayELksiT§ikan;kab;vij minEmndUecñaHeT . enAkñúgsiT§ikan;kab; eKmincaM)ac;RtUvdwgfa etIbuKÁlenaHmansiT§iCasarFatu b¤BuMmanenaHeT . vaRKan;EtCa RbB½n§sMrab;rkSasßanPaB bc©úb,nñkalCak;Esþg énkarRKb;RKgeTAelIvtßúEtb:ueNÑaH ¬eyIgnwgBinitüGMBIcMNucenH bEnßmeTotenAEpñk II.5¦ .


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GaRs½yehtuenHehIy)anCaKnßIsþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kSénRkmrdæb,evNI manEcgnUv bTbBaØtþiepSg² tamlMdab;lMedaycab;epþImGMBIsiT§ikan;kab; rYcehIyGMBIkmμsiT§i siT§i eRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl nigsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS . muxviC¢asikSaEdlcab;BIsiT§ikan;kab; kmμsiT§i rhUtdl;siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl eKehAfaCac,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS tamn½yceg¥ót b¤faCaRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS . cMENkÉmuxvC¢asikSasþIBI siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSvij eKehAfaCac,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS edaycat;TukvaCa EpñkmYyÉkraC .

4> kareRbobeFobrvagRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS

nigc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS EpñkEdlniyayGMBIRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS manxøwmsarCaRTwsþIeRcInCag

ehIybTbBaØtþiTaMgLaymanlkçN³Biess CabBaØtþiEdlGnuvtþedaybgçM . pÞúyeTAvij c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS manlkçN³BiessCabBaØtþiRbtibtiþ b¤bec©keTs . eKGacniyay)anfavaCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg enAkñúgRbtibtþikarCMnYj hirBaØvtßúCaGaT× ¬enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgEpñkhirBaØvtßú manbBaðaCaeRcIn)anekIteLIg Cajwkjab; Tak;TgeTAnwgEpñkc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS nigRTwsþITUeTAénsiT§IelI bMNul¦ . ebIeBal[RsYlyl; enAkñúgEpñkEdlniyayGMBIRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBI siT§iRbtü½kS eKsikSaedayepþateTAelIcMNucsMxan;fa etIsiT§iRbtü½kSKWCaGVI . edayELk enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR0atiePaKRbtü½kSvij eKsikSafaetIeKGaceFVIGVI)ancMeBaHsiT§iRbtü½kS TaMgenaH edIm,IFana)annUvkarGnuvtþsiT§ielIbMNul nigRbmUlmkvij)annUvbMNulCa R)ak;QñÜl b¤R)ak;eCOenaH . ehtudUecñHehIy ebIminyl;c,as;GMBIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgén RbtibtþikarCYjdUreTenaH eKnwgmankarlM)akkñúgkarEsVg yl;BIGtßn½yBitR)akdénc,ab; sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS . GaRs½yehtuenH CalMdab;lMedayénkarsikSaelIRkm rdæb,evNI eyIgGacsikSaGMBIEpñkTak;TgnwgRTwsþITUeTA énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS)anCamun sin . cMENkÉc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS KYrTuksikSaeRkay eTIbCakarl¥ .


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CaGnusas_mYyeTAelIrebobénkarsikSa Cabzm eKKYrEtEsVgyl;GMBIcMNucmUldæanén RTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kSCamunsin rYcBIenaHswmgakeTAsikSaGMBIc,ab;sþIBIsiT§I R)atiePaKRbtü½kS tamry³karEsVgyl;GMBITMnak;TMngrbs;siTi§enHCamYynwgRTwsþITUeTAén siT§ielIbMNul . CakarBit enATIenHeyIgRKan;EteFVIkarbgðajGMBIcMNucgay²mYycMnYn b:ueNÑaH Tak;TgeTAnwgc,ab;sþIBIsiT§IR)atiePaKRbtü½kS . cMENkÉcMNuclMGit nwgman Bnül;enACMBUkTI 7 bnÞab;BI)ansikSac,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNulsin .

II. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²kñúgRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS

1> siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS dUcEdl)aneBalrYcmkehIy edaysarfasiT§iRbtü½kSKWCasiT§iRKb;RKgelIvtßú edaypþac;muxnigdac;xat siT§ienHGacykeTAttaMgCamYynwgnrNak¾)anEdr enAkñúgsgÁm . GaRs½yehtuenH ebImanbuKÁlNamñak;mkrMelaPbMBaneTAelIsiT§iRbtü½kSrbs;GñkdéT eK GacraraMgkarbMBanenaH TamTar[sgmkvijnUvvtßúEdlRtÚv)anykeTA)at; nigGacham R)ammin[mankarbMBanekIteLIgeTot)an edayEp¥kelIlkçN³CamUld§anénsiT§iRbtü½kS . enHeKehAfa siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS . siT§ITamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§I Rbtü½kSenH manlkçN³xusBIsiT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§ielIbMNul Edltamry³enaH buKÁlmñak;GaceFVIkarTamTarGVImYyBIbuKÁlmñak;eTot)an edayeyagtamkic©snüaCaedIm ¬]TahrN_ karTamTarR)ak;edayEp¥kelIkic©snüalk;CaedIm¦ . siT§iTamTar eday Ep¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kSekIteLIgBIkarkan;kab;siT§iRbtü½kS ¬enAkñúgkrNIenH [EtkarrMelaP bMBanmanlkçN³pÞúyBIc,ab;y:agCak;Esþg eKGacGnuvtþsiT§iTamTarenH edayBuMcaM)ac; Kitfa etIGñkrMelaPbMBanenaH)anRbRBwtþedayectna b¤edaykMhusenaHeT¦ . ]TahrN_ kñgkrNIrbs;kmμsiT§ikrNamñak; ebImanbuKÁld¾éTepSgeTot mkkan;kab;vtßúEdlCakmμsiT§I rbs;xøÜn edaybMBan ¬b¤edayeFVsRbEhs¦ kmμsiT§ikrGacR)ab;buKÁlenaH[RbKl;


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vtßúmkxøÜnvij)an b¤ebIGñkNamñak;)ancUlmkkñúgbrievNdIrbs;xøÜn edayKμankarGnuBaØat kmμsiT§ikrGacbeNþjGñkenaHecjeTAvij)an ¬siT§iTamTar[bBaÄb;karraraMg edayEp¥k elIkmμsiT§i¦ . siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS k¾GacykeTAGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHsiT§iRbtü½kSmankRmitepSgeTot dUcCasiT§ielIépÞdICaedIm smRsbeTAtamvisalPaB énsiT§iRbtü½kSnImYy²enaH ¬siT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbtü½kS EdlCasiT§iR)atiePaK Rbtü½kSvij dUcCahIub:UEtkCaedIm nwgmanBnül;enACMBUkTI 7¦ .

2> karbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS

siT§iRbtü½kSEdlmaneTAelIclnvtßúkþI GclnvtßúkþI GacRtUv)anepÞrtamry³ kic©snüa dUcCakarlk;nigkarTij b¤RbTankmμCaedIm ehIyk¾GacRtUv)anepÞredaymUlehtu snþtikmμCapgEdr . cMNucsMxan;bMputkñúgRTwsþITUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kS KWkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSenHÉg EdlCabBaðaecaTeLIgenAkñúgkrNIEdlmankar epÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSBImnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot . enARtg;cMNucenH manTLÐIkrN¾ mYycMnYneRcIn ehIy)anbegáItecjCaRTwsþIepSg² . GñkEdlcab;epþIm sikSadMbUg minRtUvemIlrMlgsmasPaKénxøwmsarCasarv½nþ edaysarkarcab;Garm μN¾eRcIneBkelI TLÐIkrN¾d¾sRKsμajTaMgenaHeLIy . bnþeTAeTotenH eyIgnwgepþatkarykcitþTukdak; sMxan;eTAelIrcnasm<½n§CamUldæanénbTbBaØtþi EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIén RbeTsCb:un .

2>1> eKalkarN_énkarbgðajCasaFarN³

Cabzm siT§iRbtü½kSKWCasiT§iEdlGacykeTAttaMgCamYynrNak¾)anenAkñúgsgÁm . niyayRtLb;eTAvij ebIsinCamnusSCuMvijminmanviFIGVIedIm,Idwg)anfa etInrNaCa m©as;siT§ieTenaH vanwgekItmanCabBaðaminxan . edayhtuenHehIy karCUntMNwg


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[eKdwgCasaFarN³GMBIGtßiPaBénsiT§iRbtü½kS tamviFImYyEdleKehAfaviFIbgðajCa saFarN³ KWCakarcaM)ac;Nas; . eKalKitEdlkMNt;fa karbegáIt karepÞr nigkar EkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS caM)ac;RtUvEtGmCamYynwgkarbgðajCasaFarN³enaH eKehAfaCa eKalkarN_énkarbgðajCasaFarN³ . sBVéf¶enH kartRmUv[bgðajCasaFarN³ rebobenH KWCacMNucrYmEdlenARbeTsd¾éTeTotk¾Gnuvt<dUcKñaEdr . bBaaðEdlecaTeLIg KWenARtg;Gtßn½yxus²KñaénkarbgðajCasaFarN³enHÉg .

2>2> eKalkarN_énl½kçx½NÐttaMg

2>2>1> RTwsþITUeTA

kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un bTbBaØtþisþIBIkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§I Rbtü½kS Gnuvt<nUveKalkarN_énl½kçx½NÐttaMg EdlCaeKalkarN_b¤rcnasm<½n§Ca mUldæan dUcKñaeTAnwgkarepÞrsiT§ielIbMNulFmμtaEdr EdlnwgmanBnül;enAeBleRkay . tamry³eKalkarN_enH karepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSGaceFVIeTA)an edayeyageTAelIkarbgðaj qnÞ³rbs;PaKIBak;B½n§Etb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 176 . enHeKehAfa eKalkarN_énkarbgðaj qnÞ³kñúgkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§IRbtü½kS . ehtuenHehIy manEtkarbgðaj qnÞ³rbs;PaKIEtb:ueNÑaH EdlCal½kçx½NÐcaM)ac; sMrab;eFVI[karepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSman suBlPaB¦ . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IGacttaMg)anCamYynwgbuKÁldéTeTot eRkABIPaKIEdlBak;B½n§ eKRtUvGnuvtþtamnItiviFIedIm,IttaMgEdlRtÚvkMNt;edayc,ab; eBalKWl½kçx½NÐttaMg . ¬BaküKnøwH ³ l½kçx½NÐttaMg¦ enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un l½kçx½NÐttaMgsMrab; Gclnvtßú KWkarcuHbBa¢I ¬maRta 177¦ cMENkl½kçx½NÐttaMgsMrab;clnvtßú KWkar RbKl;vtßúenaH ¬maRta 178¦ . ¬KYrkt;cMNaMfa edaysarPaBxusKñaeTAnwgsiT§iRbtü½kS Cak;lak;dUcCakmμsiT§iCaedIm siT§ikan;kab; EdlfIVt,itEtmanlkçN³CasiT§iRbtü½kSkþI k¾vaRKan;EtCYyrkSasßanPaBCak;EsþgénkarRKb;RKgelIvtßúEtb:ueNÑaH eTaHbICasamuIxøÜn kMBugkan;kab;Gclnvtßúk¾eday k¾eKBuMGaccuHbBa¢IsiT§ikan;kab;enaH)aneT¦ .


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enHmanesckIþfa ]b,maenAeBlEdlelak A lk;dIEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜneTA [elak B karbgðajqnÞ³eTAvijeTAmkfa xøÜnRBmlk;nigRBmTij eFVI[ekItCa kic©snüamYy Edltamry³enH rvagGñkTaMgBIr dIrbs;elak A )ankøayeTACadIrbs; elak B . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IGacttaMgCamYymnusSCuMvijdUcCaelak C elak D elak E CaedIm fadIenaH)ankøayeTACakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜnehIyenaH elak B RtUv[elak A epÞr eQ μaHm©as;kmμsiT§imk[xøÜnvijsin . enATIenH tamry³karbþÚrnam ¬BIelak A ¦eTACaelak B karcuHbBa¢Imann½yfa CakarbgðajCasaFarN³faelak B KWCam©as;siT§iBitR)akd . ehtudUecñHehIy enARbeTsCb:un viFIbgðajCasaFarN³GMBIsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßú KWkarcuHbBa¢I cMENkviFIbgðajCasaFarN³GMBIsiT§iRbtü½kSelIclnvtßúvij KWkarRbKl;vtßú . eTaHbICakarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS GacRbRBwtþeTA)anEttamkarbgðaj qnÞ³rbs;PaKIk¾eday karcuHbBa¢IGMBIkarepÞr b¤karRbKl;vtßú KWCal½kçx½NÐttaMgEdltRmUv [Gnuvt<edayxanmin0an .

l½kçx½NÐttaMg enARbeTsCb:un karbegßIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßú b¤clnvtßúkþI kareFIVGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNulEdlmankMNt;eQμaHkþI RtUveKarBeTAtameKalkarN_én l½kçx½NÐttaMg . eyIgKYreFVIkarEbgEck[)anRtwmRtUvrvagl½kçx½NÐénsuBlPaB nigl½kçx½NÐ ttaMgTak;TgnwgkarepÞrsiT§i . l½kçx½NÐttaMgcMeBaHttiyCn enAkñúgkrNIénGnub,TansiT§I elIbMNulEdlmankMNt;eQμaH tRmUv[mankareFIVesckþICUndMNwgeTAkan;kUnbMNul b¤kar ylRBmBIkUnbMNul eRkamrUbPaBCalixit EdlmankalbriecäTsßaBr ¬maRta 467 kfax½NÐTI 2 . sUmGanCMBUkTI 6 vKÁ II. 5>2¦ .


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2>2>2> nItieRbobeFob

karEdlkMNt;fa karepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSGaceFVIeTA)anedayRKan;EtmankarRBmeRBog rvagPaKI ehIyfakarcuHbBa¢I b¤karRbKl;vtßú RtUvcat;TukfaCal½kçx½NÐttaMgenaH KWCaRTwsþI tamRbB½n§)araMg . pÞúyeTAvij enAkñúgRbB½n§GaløWm:g; karbgðajqnÞ³Etm:üagminGac eFVI[mankarepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kS)aneT . cMeBaHGclnvtßú eKRtUvcuHbBa¢ICamunsin eTIbkar epÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSGacekIteLIg)an ehIycMeBaHclnvtßúvij eKRtUvRbKl;vtßúCamunsin eTIbkar epÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSGacekIteLIg)an . enHmann½yfa enARbeTsGaløWm:g; karcuHbBa¢IminEmn Cal½kçx½NÐttaMgeT vaKWCal½kçx½NÐEdleFVI[mankarbegáItkarepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS ehIyk¾Cal½kçx½NÐénsuBlPaBEdr . tamkarBit viFIsaRsþkñúgkarcuHbBa¢Itamrebob)araMg nigtamrebobGaløWm:g; manlkçN³xusKña . enARbeTsCb:un c,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢I)an kMNt;yktamviFIsaRs<cuHbBa¢IRbeTsGaløWm:g; . edaysarmUlehtuenHpg ehIynig edaysarRbB½n§GaløWm:g;manPaBgayyl; edaykMNt;fa[Et)ancuHbBa¢IehIyKWsiT§I Rbtü½kSRtUvekItmaneLIgenaH eTIb)anCaGñksikSaCb:unmYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgRTwsþIxøH² EdlTajeTArkkarbkRsayGMBIkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS tamEbb GaløWm:g;eTAvij . edaysarfaTLÐIkrN_TaMgenH manxøwmsarsμúKsμajBi)akyl; dUecñHenATIenH eyIgRKan;EtRtÚvcaMTukfa bTbBaØtþiénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un Gnuvt<tameKalkarN_énl½kçx½NÐttaMgtamEbb)araMg . 2>3> bBaðaénkarttaMg

RbsinebIelak A eFIVkic©snüalk;dIEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜneTA[elak B . enAkñúg dMNak;kalenaH kmμsiT§ielIdIrbs;elak A RtUv)aneTAelak B . b:uEnþ ebIsinCabBa¢I eQ μaHkmμsiT§idIenAEtCarbs;elak A ehIyenAminTan;epÞreQμaHeTA[elak B eTenaH KWelak B minGacGHGagttaMgCamYyGñkdéTfa xøÜnCam©as;km μsiT§i)aneLIy . ]b,mafa kñúgsßanPaBenH RbsinebIelak A lk;dIdEdlenHeTA[elak C eTot KWnwgekIt


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mankarlk;dIenaHBIrdgRtYtKña . enHCakrNIEdleKmincg;[ekItmaneLIg b:uEnþedaysar manehtukarN_epSg²GacnaM[vaekItmaneLIg)an . kñgkrNIenH RbsinebIelak C )an TTYlnUvkarcuHbBa¢IepÞrkmμsiT§iBIelak A mun KWelak C GacttaMgCamYyGñkdéT)an edayGHGagfaxøÜnCam©as;kmμsiT§i ehIydIenaHRtUvkøayeTACarbs;elak C . kñgkrNI EdlmanmnusSeRcInKña GHGagGMBIsiT§iEdlminsmnwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlCamYyKña)an dUcmanerobrabkñg]TahrN_xagelIsþIBIkarlk;dIBIrdgRtYtKñaeTenaH GaTiPaBénsiT§IRtUv seRmcedayEp¥kelIl½kçx½NÐénkarttaMg . bBaðaenH eKehAfabBaðaénkarttaMg .

pÞúúyeTAvij RbsinebIelak C dwgc,as;faelak A )aneFIVkic©snüalk;dIenaHeTA [elak B rYceTAehIy b:uEn<xøÜnenAEtmanbMNgcg;deNþImTijdIenaH ehIy)an[epÞr eQ μaHmkxøÜneTot edIm,IkMu[elak B ykdIenaH)an ebIsinCaeyIgecHEt[elak C TTYl)annUvGtþRbeyaCn_y:agenHeTot KWnwgmanbBaaekIteLIg . eyagtamyutiþsaRsþ rbs;tulakar eKGaccat;TukkrNIrbs;elak C faCaCnmanectnaGaRkk;rMelaPelITMnuk cit<GñkdéT ehIyseRmceTAtamkrNIelIkElgedayTuk[elak B CakmμsiT§ikreTAelIdI enaH ebIeTaHNaCaelak B BuM)ancuHbBa¢IdIk¾eday . GñksikSa)anEvkEjkEsVgrkRTwsIþmYycMnYn edIm,IbkRsayGMBIlT§PaBEdlGaceFVI [mankarepÞrRtYtKñaenH . eK)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðafa enAeBlEdlelak A lk;dI enaHeTA[elak B KWkmμsiT§irbs;elak A RtUv)at;Gs; .; dUecñHelak A minGac mansiTi§lk;dIdEdlenaHmþgeToteTA[elak C )aneLIy . enHCabBaðamYysμúRKsμaj kñúgkarsikSaGMBIRTwsIþ . enATIenH eyIgRtUvkarEtcMNaMTuksinfa Ep¥kelIbBaØtiþ sIþBIeKalkarN_énkarttaMg kñúgtMNak;kalEdlelak B Tij)andIBIelak A ehIy KWmankareFIVlT§kmμsiTi§y:agBitR)akdEmn rvagelak A nig elak B . b:uEnþsiTi§enHenA minTan;mankarFanaRKb;RKan;sMrab;ttaMgCamYyttiyCn)anenAeLIyeT ¬kñúgn½yenH enA minTan;manlkçN³CasiTi§eBjeljenAeLIy¦ . enAeBlenaH RbsinebImanelak C cUlmkBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarlk;dUrrvagelak A nigelak B ehIyEfmTaMg)anbMeBj tamlkçx½NÐénkarttaMgeTotpgenaH CalT§pl KWelak C GacttaMgCamYyelak B )an


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b:uEnþelak B EbrCaminGacttaMgCamYyelak C )aneLIy kñúgkareFiVlT§kmμénsiTi§ . enHCaRbB½n§mYyEdlnaMeTArkkarbdiesFmin[elak B TTYlsiTi§enaH)an ¬CakarBit R)akdNas; CalT§pl fIVt,itEtelak B minGaceFIVlT§kmμénsiTi§k¾eday k¾elak B

GacbþwgTamTarsMNgBIelak A edayQrelITidæPaBénkic©snüa Edlelak A min)an bMeBjtamkatBVkic©enaH . cMNucenHnwgmanbkRsayenACMBUkTI 6 vKÁTI II. 2>2¦ .

2>4>l½kçx½NÐttaMgénkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERb siT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßú 2>4>1> RTwsþICamUldæan bnþBIenH eyIgnwgeFVIkarBnül;lMGitbEnßm GMBIkarcuHbBa¢IsiT§I EdlCal½kçx½NÐ

ttaMgénkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßú . maRta 177 én Rkmrdæb,evNIEcgfa {kareFIVlT§kmμ kar)at;bg; nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßú minGacykeTAttaMgCamYyttiyCn)aneT RbsinebIminmankarcuHbBa¢IsiT§ienaHeTAtam c,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú nigc,ab;déTeTotsþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IsiT§ienaHeT} . mann½yfa fIVt,itEtkareFIVlT§kmμ kar)at;bg; nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGclnvtßútamc,ab; Gac ekIteLIg)an [EtmankarbgajqnÞ³y:agdUecñHk¾BitEmn b:uEnþRbsinebIBuM)ancuHbBa¢IsiT§I eTenaH KWminGacttaMgTb;sáat;nwgkarTamTarrbs;ttiyCn)aneT . ehtudUecñH karcuH bBa¢IsiT§I KWRKan;EtCameFüa)ayedIm,IttaMgnwgttiyCnEtb:ueNaH . RbsinCa BuM)ancuHbBa¢I eT k¾karepÞrsiT§iGacsMerc)anEdr . Rtg;enH eyIgGacyl;eXIjkrNIBIrdUcteTA . krNITImYy KWGacbNþalmkBIm©s;siT§iBuM)aneTAcuHbBa¢IsiT§irbs;pgxøÜn . b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij ebIsinCamankarcuHbBa¢IedayesckIþPUtkuhkTaMgRsugBMumanqnÞ³RBmeRBogKñaeTenaH KWkar cuHbBa¢IsiT§ienaHnwgminmansuBlPaBeT edayehtufasiT§IBitR)aktGacsißtenACamYyGñk epSgeTot . krNITIBIr eKGacecaTsYrfa ebImin)ancuHbBa¢IeTenaH KWeKminGacttaMgnwg RKb;ttiyCnNaTaMgGs; EmnEdrb¤eT . kñúgsMnYrenH karN_Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢IenaH


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hak;dUcCaminmann½yfaeKminGacttaMgnwg karTamTarsiTi§rbs;ttiyCnRKb;KñaenAelI BiPBelakenaHeT . cMeBaHcMNucTaMgGs;enH eyIgnwgeFVIkarbkRsaydUcteTA .

2>4>2>karsnμt;énkarcuHbBa¢I nigkareCOCak;eTAelIkarcuHbBa¢I Edayehtufa karcuHbBa¢IKWedIm,IbMeBjnUvl½kçx½NÐttaMgénkarbegáIt karepÞr nig

karEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kS minEmnedIm,IbMeBjnUvl½kçx½NÐsMrab;begáIt epÞr nigEkERbsiT§I Rbtü½kSeTenaH (eBalKWmankrNIxøH eKTuk[enAKμankarcuHbBa¢Ik¾)anEdr . bu:Enþ ebIsin NamankarepÞrkmμsiTi§pþÜnKñaBIrdg b¤karrwbGUsEbbNamYyekIteLIg m©as;bMNulkñúgkar rwbGUs nigGnub,TanikfIμ GacnwgQñH) . bu:EnþtamBit ebIsinCamankarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSehIyenaH CaFmμtaeKRtUveTAcuHbBa¢I . Rtg;enHehIyEdlman karsn μt;énkarcuHbBa¢I . eBalKW yutiþsaRsþrbs;tulakark¾)ancat;TukEdrfa lÁikNaEdl BMumankarbgðajnUvPsÁútagpÞúyeTenaH eKRtUvsn μt;faTMnak; TMngénsiT§iRtÚvmanlkçN³ dUcEdl)ancuHkñúgbBa¢IenaHEmn . (tamBit enHRKan;EtehAfaCakarsn μt;Etbu:eNÑaH ebI sinCakartv:aGMBIPaBminRtwmRtUvénxwømsarkñúgkarcuHbBa¢I manPsÁútagsMrab;bgðajGMBI lkçN³minc,as;las;énxwømsarenaH KWkarsn μt;RtUveTACaK μanGanuPaB) .

b:uEnþeKminTTYlsÁal;eT GMBIGanuPaBénkareCOTukcitÁfaebImankarcuHbBa¢IehIyKW RtUveCOfamansiT§iRbtü½kSRsbc,ab;enaH . ¬cMeBaHkrNIénRbeTsGaløWm:g;vij dUc)an erobrab;CUnrYcehIy faebIBuMmankarcuHbBa¢IeTKWkarepÞrsiT§iBMuGacekItmaneLIg)aneLIy . dUecñHenARbeTsGaløWm:g; eKTTYlsÁal;[mankareCOTukcitÁfa ebImankarcuHbBa¢IehIy KWRtUvmansiT§I . dUc)anelIkeLIgrYcehIyfa enARbeTsCb:unk¾manRTwsIÁsikSamYycMnYn yl;Rsbtamc,ab;RbeTsGaløWm:g;Edr) . edaysarehtuenH ebIsinCamankarlk;dUr NamYy EdleFIVeLIgedaysarmankareCOTukcitÁelIkarcuHbBa¢IminBit EdlminmanPaB RtwmRtUvtamTMnak;TMngCak;EsÁgeTenaH KWBuMGacTTYl)annUvsiT§iEdlmankMNt;kñúgcuHbBa¢I enaHeLIy . b:uEnþ yutiþsaRsþc,ab;rbs;tulakar)anbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHCakñúgkrNI EdlmankarcuHbBa¢IminRtwmRtUvtamTMnak;TMngCak;EsÁgd¾eday ebIsinCabuKÁlEdlmansiT§I


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BitR)akdRtUvTTYlbnÞúkpgEdr cMeBaHkarmineGIeBInwgkarcuHbBa¢IminBitenaH ehIyRbsinebI PaKImçageTotkñúgkarlk;dUr Edl)aneCOCak;elIkarcuHbBa¢IenH)anGnuvtþsmRsbtaml½kç x½NÐsucrit KWtulakarnwgEktRmUvEpñkxøHénkarxVHxatkñúgcMNucenH edayCYykarBar dl;GñkTij tamviFIGnuvtþeRbobRbdUceTAnwgbBaØtþisIþBIkarsmKMnitkñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³minBit dUcEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 94 kfax½NÐTI 2 . (edImeLIy bBaØtþienHminmankmμvtßú EcgkMNt;GMBIbBaðaenHeT b:uEnþedaysarEtvtßúbMNgdUcKña eKk_ykbBaØtþienHmk GnuvtþtamviFIeRbobRbdUcedIm,IrkdMeNaHRsaysMrab;bBaðaenH) . eBalKWfa ]bma ebIsinCa A EdlCam©as;kmμsiT§iBitR)akd )anepÞreQ μaHeTA[ B ehIyTukerOgenHecal edayminrvIrvl; . eRkaymk B )anlk;GclnvtßúdEdlenaHeTA[ C Edlmin)andwgB¤BI ehtukarN_GVITal;EtesaH . cMeBaHkrNIenH eKcat;TukarminrvIrvl;rbs; A Edl)ancuH bBa¢IepÞeQμaHeTA[ B TukecalCasiT§ikrenaH favadUcKñaeTAnwgkarbgðajqnÞ³minBitrvag A nig B . dUecñH edayEp¥kelImaRta 94 kfax½NÐTI 2 A minGacttaMgnwg C Edlman sucritenH)aneLIy ebIsinCa A cg;GHGagfakarcuHbBa¢Irbs; B RKan;EtCalkçN³ xageRkAehIyRtUvcat;TukCaemaX³enaH . ( C GaceFIVlT§kmμ)anedaymansuBlPaB) .

2>4>3> karcuHbBa¢I nigttiyCn

maRta 177 manEcgfa ttiyCnsMedAeTAelIbuKÁleRkABIPaKIBak;B½n§ nigGñk TTYlmrt’ . b:uEnþRbsinebIeQ μaH x CakmμsiTi§krBitR)akd b<wgTamTar[lucecal karcuHbBa¢Irbs;eQ μaH Y Edl)anTTYlkarepÞeQ μaHedayviFIbnøMÉksar eBlenaHnwgman bBaðaBi)akmYyekIteLIg edayeKGacnwgbdiesFminRBmTTYlsÁal;karb<wgrbs;kmμsiT§ikr eRBaHkmμsiTi§ x enHmin)ancuHbBa¢IeT . enHeFVI[eyIgKiteXIjfa Baküfa ttiyCn kñúgkrNIenHRtUv)anTTYlGt<n½yritt,itmYycMnYn ¬RTws<Irwtt,it¦ .

Gnuelamtamyuti<saRs<c,ab;rbs;tulakar ttiyCnkñúgbBaðaenHmanBIrRbePT . ttiyCnEdleKGacttaMgCamYy)an luHRtaEt)ancuHbBa¢IrYcehIyenaH RtÚv)anbkRsay faCa{CnEdlmanplRbeyaCn_smehtupl kñúgkarGHGagtv:aGMBIlkçN³xVHxatkñúgkar


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cuHbBa¢I} . tamkarCak;Es<g CnTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkTTYlsiT§iRbtü½kSelIGvlnctßúEtmYy GñkCYl m©as;siT§ielIbMNulEdleFVIkarrwbGUs CaedIm . pÞúyeTAvij eyIgKitfa ttiyCn EdleKGacttaMgCamYy)aneTaHbICamin)ancuHbBa¢Ik¾eday ¬eBalKW CnTaMgLayEdl minmanplRbeyaCn_smehtupleT kñúgkartv:aGMBIkarxVHxaténkarcuHbBa¢I¦ rYmman

k> krNIrbs;CnBIrRbePT Edlc,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú )anEcgc,as;fa bdiesFminTTYlsÁal;[eFVIkartv:aeTenaH . TImYyKWGñkEdl)anraraMgdl;karcuHbBa¢I eday eRbIviFIqe)akb¤KMramkMEhg ¬maRta 4 énc,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú¦ nigTIBIrKWGñk EdlmankrNIykic©tMNag[GñkdéTkñúgkarsMucuHbBa¢I ¬rYmmandUcCa GñktMNagEdlc,ab; kMNt; GñkRKb;RKgRTBüFnkS½y GaNti<Kahk . l .¦ ¬maRta 5 énc,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢I Gclnvtßú¦ . Ca]TahrN_énkrNITIBIrenH ]bmafaelak A )anlk;GclnRTBüeTA [elak B b:uEn<enAeBleTAcuHbBa¢IepÞreQ μaH elak C EdlCaGñktMNag[elak B enaH

EbrCacuHeQμaHrbs;xøÜnÉgeTAvij . kñúgkrNIenHelak B GacttaMgCamYyelak C )an ebIeTaHNaCaxøÜnBuM)ancuHbBa¢Ik¾eday .

x> krNIénCnEdlmanectnaGaRkk;rMelaPelITMnukcit<GñkdéT . ebIRKan;EtCa erOgTuc©rit ¬mankardwgB¤GMBIRBwti<karN_TukCamun¦ KWeKenAmankarGnueRKaH[)an kñúg visalPaBénkarRbKYtRbECgedayesrI b:uEn<krNIenHKWsMedAelICnmanectnaGaRkk; ehIy)anrMelaPelITMnukcit<GñkdéT EdlmankMritF¶n;F¶resμInwgkrNIEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 4 nig 5 énc,ab;s<IBIkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú ¬eBalKW CnEdl)anRbRBwt<GMeBIEdlmin GacGnueRKaH[)antameKalkarN_énesck<ITukcit< edaysareK)aneFVIskmμPaBCYjdUr edayTc©rit kñúgeKalbMNgcg;eFVITukçdl;GñkEdlCasiTi§krBitR)akd¦ . cMeBaHkar bdiesFCnEdlmanectnaGaRkk;rMelaPelITMnukcit<GñkdéTenH yuti<saRs<rbs;tulakar Føab;)anbBa¢ak;rYcCaeRsc ehIyRTws<IswkSamYyPaKeRcInk¾)anÉkPaBtamenaHEdr .

K> krNIrbs;GñkEdl)antaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; nigGñkEdlRbRBwt<GMeBIGnitüanukUl . l . ¬Tak;TgnwgGMeBIGnitüanukUl sUmGanCMBUkTI 5¦ .


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2>5> l½kçx½NÐttaMgénkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkarEkERb siT§iRbtü½kSelIclnvtßú

2>5>1>RTwsþICamUldæan maRta 178 Ecgfa Gnub,TanénsiT§iRbtü½kSelIclnvtßú minGacttaMgnwg

ttiyCn)aneLIy ebIBuMmankarepÞrclnvtßúenaH . ehtudUecñHehIy RbsinebIelak A )ancuHkic©snüalk;kuMBüÚT½reTA[elak B ehIyelak B )anRbKl;R)ak;eTA[elak A Etelak B BuMTan;)anTTYlvtßúeT b:uEn<eRkaymkelak A )anlk;kuMBüÚT½rdEdlenaHeTA [elak C ehIy)anRbKl;kuMBüÚT½renaHeTA[elak C eTotpg . kñúgkrNIenH GñkEdlmansiT§ittaMgCamYyttiyCn)anKWelak C minEmnelak B eT . dUecñH elak B minGacTamTarelak C [RbKl;kMuBüúT½renaHmkvij)aneT . enHCabBaðaénkarttaMg Tak;Tgnwgclnvtßú . ¬CakarBitNas; elak B GacbþwgTamTar[elak A RbKl; kMuBüúT½rmYyepSgEdldUcKñaenaH mkxøÜnvijebIsinCaman b¤GacTamTarsMNgkarxUcxat CaR)ak;k¾)anEdr . eyIgnwgswkSaGMBIerOgTaMgenHkñúgc,ab;s<IBIsiTi§elIbMNul¦ . 2>5>2>clnvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénmaRta 178

tamRkmrdæb,evNI clnvtßúsMedAeTAelIdI nigvt<úEdlP¢ab;nwgdI ¬eBalKWvtßú eRkABIGclnvtßú¦ ¬maRta 86 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . b:uEnþ eKEckclnvtßúCaBIrRbePT edayeyageTAtaml½kçx½NÐttaMg . RbePTTImYyKWclnvtßúEdlmanRbB½n§énl½kçx½NÐttaMg Biess nigRbePTTIBIrKWclnvtßúEdlmanlkçN³minsmRsbnwgcat;TukkarRbKl;vtßúfaCa l½kçx½NÐttaMgenaH . clnvtßúRbePTTIBIrenH BuMsßitenAeRkamkarGnuvtþénmaRta 178 eLIy . ]TahrN_ nava eRKOgyn<sMNg; rfynþ ynþehaH KWCaclnvtßúEdl manRbB½n§cuHbBa¢I . eRKOnyn<TaMgLayNaEdl)ancuHbBa¢IehIy karcuHbBa¢IenaHKWCa l½kçx½NÐttaMg . clnvtßúEdlenACab;CamYynwgGclnvtßú ¬]TahrN_ kRmalGitæ eRKOgsgðarwm¦ RtUvmanvasnarYmCamYynwgGclnvtßú dUecñHebIsinCaeK)ancuHbBa¢IelIkarepÞ


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GclnvtßúenaHehIy KWeKcat;TukfaclnvtßúTaMgenaHk¾RtÚv)anbgðajCasaFarN³tamenaH Edr . eRkABIenH manvtßúxøHeTotEdlcMrYgcMrH . siTi§elIbMNulEdlminman kt;RtaeQμaHGñkkan;kab; RtÚvcat;TukCaclnvtßú ¬sMbuRtkun sMbuRtcUlTsSnakarRbkYtkI La . l . Edlminmanbgðajfa etIGñkNaCasiTi§krenaHeT b:uEn<GñkEdlkan;sMbuRtenaH kñúgédman siTi§elIbMNulGacTamTarkarcUleTAemIlkun b¤cUleTATsSnakarRbKYt kILa)an¦ ¬maRta 86 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ dUecñHRtÚvCakmμvtßúénmaRta 178 . karRbKl;vtßúenH køaayCal½kçx½NÐén kar . pÞúyeTAvij R)ak;minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgclnvtßú Edlmanl½kçx½NÐttaMgeLIy eRBaHmanc,ab;BiesssRmab;GnuvtþcMeBaHR)ak; ¬m:üageTot karmankmμsiT§inigkarkan;kab;R)ak; KWCakt<aEtmYy ehIyeKyl;faminEmnCa kmμvtßúén maRta 178 enaHeT¦ . 2>5>3>TRmg;énkarRbKl;clnvtßú

karRbKl;clnvtßú ebIeyIgniyaytamviFImYyepSgeTot KWCakarepÞrnUvsßanPaB mYyEdlc,ab;ehAfaCa{karkan;kab;}enaH [ecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot . bBaðasßitenARtg;TRmg;énkarRbKl;clnvtßú . CakarBitNas; tamkark;Es<g karykvtßú eTA[PaKImçageTot KWCakarRbKl; ¬ehAfaCakar{RbKl;Cak;Es<g} . maRta 182 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ b:uEn<kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI mankarkMNt;GMBIviFIRbKl;clnvtßú ¬viFIepÞrkar kan;kab;¦ CabIRbePTepSgeTot . RbePTTImYy KWkarRbKl;samBaØ ¬maRta 182 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlelak B TijvtßúmYyBIelak A EdlxøÜn)an x©ImkBIelak A rYceRscehIyenaH . edaysarvtßúenaHsßitenACamYyelak B rYcehIy dUecñHkarRbKl;RtÚvcat;Tukfa)ancb;sBVRKb; ¬eKBuMcaM)ac;bEgVrvtßúeTAelak A vijsin enaHeT¦ . RbePTTIBIr KWkarb<ÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab; ¬maRta 183¦ . ]TahrN_ elak A lk;vtßúEdlxøÜnkan;kab;eTA[elak B . b:uEnþbnÞab;BIlk;ehIy elak A enAEtbnþkar kan;kab;vtßúenaHdEdl edaymankaryl;RBmBIelak B . kñúgkrNIenHk¾elak B RtUvcat;


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Tukfa)anTTYlkarRbKl;vtßúBIelak A rYcehIyEdr . ¬eKBnül;fa kñúgkrNIenH elak B TTYl)ankarkan;kab; ehIyelak A edIrtYCaGñktMNagrbs;elak B kñúgkarkan;kab;vtßú . karkan;kab;rbs;elak B enH ehAfaCakarkan;kab;edayRbeyal¦ . RbePTTIbI KWkar epÞrkarkan;kab;edayesck<IbgÁab; ¬maRta 184¦ . ]TahrN_ elak A epJIvtßúenAnwgelak C rYcehIy)anlk;vtßúepJIenaHeTA[elak B . eRkaymk tamkaryl;RBmrbs;elak B elak A )anbBa¢ar[elak C kan;kab;vtßúenaHCMnYselak B sin . dUecñHelak B )anTTYlnUvkarRbKl;vtßú ¬TTYl)ankarkan;kab; . kñúgkrNIenH elak B k¾CaGñk kan;kab;edayRbeyalEdr cMENkelak C eFVIkarkan;kab;edaycMeBaHkñúgzan³CaGñk tMNagrbs;elak B . kñúgkrNITaMgbIenH karlk;dUrBuMcaM)ac;Tal;EteFVIkarbEgVrclnvtßú eTA[m©as;edImsinenaHeT . dUecñH viFITaMgbIsuT§EtmanlkçN³smehtusmpl . b:uEnþ RbePTTIBIr EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarb<ÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab; hak;bIdUcCaGacbegIát[man bBaðaBi)akCageK . eRBaHfa eTaHCavtßúrbs;elak A )anepÞreTAelak B ehIyelak B )anTTYlkarRKl;eTotpgEdlCal½kçx½NÐénkarttaMgenaHk¾eday k¾vtßúenaHenAEtzit eRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;kmμsiTi§krcas; KWelak A dEdl . tamkarbkRsayrbs; tulakarnigRTws<ITUeTA karb<ÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab;enH GacTTYlsÁal;)anfaCal½kçx½NÐ énkarttaMg dUcKñanwgkarRbKl;vtßúEdr . b:uEn< RbsinebIelak C )anTijvtßú ¬EdltamBit KWCarbs;elak B enaH¦ BIelak A edaymankareCOTukci<elIlkçN³xageRkA ¬edayKitfa elak A CakmμsiTi§krenaH¦ etInwgmanbBaðaGVIekIteLIg ? karkarBar[elak C enH RtÚv)anKitKUrkñúgbBaØt<ibnÞab;eTots<IBIlT§kmμPøam² ¬lT§kmμedaysucrit¦ .

2>6> karkan;kab; niglT§kmμPøam²nUvclnvtßú eyIg)anniyayGMBIsiT§ikan;kab;rYcmkehIy . eBalKW siT§ikan;kab; KWCasiT§iEdl

RtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarkñúgkMritmYy cMeBaHsßaPaBénRBwt<karN_EdlbuKÁlmñak;kMBukeFVIkar RKb;RKgelIvtßúGVImYy eTaHbICaeyIgmindwgfaetIbuKÁlenaHman b¤BuMmansiT§iRbtü½kSBitR)akd eTk¾eday . maRta 188 énRkmrdæb,evNIEcgfa RtÚvsn μt;fasiTi§EdlGñkkan;kab;


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kMBugGnuvt<elIvtßúeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜn KWCasiT§iEdlmanlkçN³Rsbc,ab; . mann½y fa ebImanbuKÁlNamñak;Gnuvt<siT§iEdlmanlkçN³CasiTi§rbs;kmμsiTi§kr eTAelIvtßúNamYy buKÁlenaHRtUv)ansn μt;sinfaCakmμsiT§ikr . b:uEnþminRtÚvePøcfa Baküfasn μt; tamrebob eRbIR)as;kñúgc,ab; KWGacnaMeTAdl;lT§plbdiesFeTAvij)an ebIsinCamankarbBa¢ak; Ps<útagpÞúyBIenH ¬pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdleKfa {cat;Tuk} KWmanesck<IfaCakarsMerc edayc,ab; minGacGnuBaØati[mankarbgðajPs<útagpÞúyeToteT . sUmGanBaküKnøwH {karsn μt;}nig{karcat;Tuk} . GaRs½yehtuenH ebIsinCamanbuKÁlmñak; ecjmkRbkas faxøÜnCakmμsiTi§krénvtßúenaH ehIyEfmTaMgGacbBa¢ak;)anGMBIkmμsiTi§rbs;xøÜneTotenaH KWvanwgnaM[bdiesFecalsiTi§rbs;Gñkkan;kab; . b:uEnþ cMeBaHkarbegáIt karepÞr nigkar EkERbsiT§iRbtü½kSelIclnvtßúvij mankarEcgnUvbBaØt<ikarBarxøaMgCagenHeTAeOt . enaH KWCabBaØt<isI<BIlT§kmμPøam² ¬k¾mankarehAfaCa {lT§kmμedaysucrit}Edr¦ .

maRta 192 Ecgfa GñkEdlcab;eFVIkarkan;kab;clnvtßú edaysucrit sn<viFI nigK μankMhus GaRs½yskmμPaBCMnYj RtUveFVIlT§kmμsiTi§sMrab;Rbti<btikarelIclnvtßúenaH Pøam² . etIenHmann½yy:agdUcem<c? edayehtufaCMnYjénclnvtßúRtÚv)anGnuvt<Ca erogral;éf¶ vaGacmankrNIxøHEdlGñkTij)anTijvtßúBIGñkEdlminmansiTi§cat;EcgvtßúenaH edaymin)andwgmun . ]TahrN_ vaGacekItmaneLIgnUvkrNIfa fVIt,itEtGñklk;BitCa minEmnkmμsiTi§krénTMnijeT KWRKan;EtCaTMnijEdlkmμsiTi§kr)anepJITukb:ueNÑaHk¾eday b:uEn< Gñklk;)aneFVI[eKeCOfaCaTMnijrbs;xøÜnehIylk;vaeTA)at;CaedIm . b:uEn< RbsinebItRmUv [GñkTijeFVIkarRsavRCavsBVEbby:agfa etIGñklk;mansiTi§RtwmRtÚvsMrab;lk;TMnijenHEdr b¤eTenaH nwgnwgnaM[mankarlM)akminGacbegáItkic©snüalk;)aneT . dUecñHkñúgkrNIenH eKRtÚvkarBarGñkTij Edl)aneCOTukcit<lkçN³xageRkArbs;Gñklk; . edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaB kñúgkareFVICMnYj kñúgkrNIclnvtßú RbsinebIGñkTij)anTijvtßúedaysucrit ¬eyIgyl;fa sucritenAkñúgbribTenH minRtwmEtmann½yfa min)andwgGMBIRBwt<karN_GVIesaHenaHeT KWEfmTaMg)aneCOTukcit<faPaKImçageTotCasiTi§krRtwmRtÚveTotpg¦ nig)ancab;ep<Imkan;kab; vtßúehIy enaHRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;fa eTaHbIGñklk;minEmnCasiTi§krRtwmRtÚvk¾eday


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k¾GñkTij)aneFVIlTßkmμsiTi§ ¬b¤lT§kmμkmμsiTi§ kñúgkrNIénkarlk;nigTij¦ enAxN³eBl RbKl;vtßúenaH . karKitrebobenH KWQrenAelIeKalkarN_énkareCOTukcit<pgEdr . eKalkarN_sMedAkarBarbuKÁlEdlTTYl)ankarkan;kab; edaysarkt<aeCOTukcit< k¾b:uEn< tamkarBiteKalkarN_énkareCOTukcit<enH rkbdiesFecalnUvsiTi§rbs;siTi§kredIm Ca ÉketaPaKI ¬edayminKitfa etIsiTi§kredImenaHmanbnÞúkTTYlxusRtÚv b¤minmaneT¦ . ehtu dUecñH vamanlkçN³CaviFanEdllMeGogkñúgbribTxøH . kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI karTTYlsÁal; y:agcMhcMeBaHeKalkarN_enH KWmanEtkñúgbBaØti<enHÉg .

mü:ageTot maRta 192 k_manEcgGMBI krNIelIkElgpgEdr . cMeBaHkrNIénvtßú EdlRtUv)aneKlYcb¤vtßú)at; karEdlcat;TukfakmμsiT§ikrRtÚv)at;bg;siT§irbs;xøÜnenaH KWman lkçN³RCuleBk . dUecñH CnrgeRKaHb¤m©as;vtßú)at; GacTamTar[Gñkkan;kab;sgmkvij nUvvtßúEdlRtUveKlYc b¤vtßúEdl)at;enaH kñúgGMLúgeBlBIrqñaM eRkayBIvtßúenaHRtUv)aneKlYc b¤)at; ¬maRta 193¦.

3> kmμsiT§i

3>1> niymn½y nigxøwmsarénkmμsiT§i kmμsiT§i sMedAeTAelIsiT§iEdlkmμsiT§ikreRbIR)as; GaRs½ypl nigcat;EcgvtßúEdl

CakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜnedayesrI)an enAkñúgTMhMEdlc,ab;)ankRmit ¬maRta 206¦ . kare RbIR)as; KWkareRbIvtúßEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn . karGaRs½ypl mann½yfavtßúEdlpþl;Epøpáa mkehIy GacykEpøpáaenaHeFVICakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn)an . karCYlvtßúkmμsiT§ieTA[GñkdéT ehIyTTYl)anéføCYlenaH k¾mann½yfaCakarGaRs½yplEdr ¬eKehAfa plsIuvil¦ . karcat;EcgvtßúEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn manBIrrebob . rebobTImYy KWkarcat;Ecgtamrebob rUbviTüa ¬kareRbIR0as; karEkécñ karbMpøaj karkMeTcecalCaedIm¦ . rebobTIBIr KWkar cat;Ecgtamrebobc,ab; ¬karepÞr kareRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl karbBa©aMvtßú CaedIm¦ .


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kmμsiT§i KWCasiT§iRbtü½kSEdleBjelj ehIyGacEbgEckmYyEpñkeTA[GñkdéT edIm,IeRbIR)as;nigGaRs½yplkñúglkçN³CasiTi§elIépÞdI nigkarbBa©aMkñúglkçN³CasiTi§ R)atiePaKRbtSkS)an . b:uEnþenAeBlEdlry³eBlbBa©aM)anputeTA ehIybMNulk¾)ansg rYcenaH kmμsiT§iGackøayeTACasiT§iRbtü½kSeBjeljvij)an .

kmμsiT§idIRtUvmanGanuPaBTaMgEpñkelIdI nigEpñkeRkamdI enAkñúgTMhMénkarkRmitEdl c,ab;nigbTbBa¢a)ankMNt; ¬maRta 207¦ . ehtudUecñH eBlEdlGUsExSePøIgelIdI b¤k¾CIkdIeFVIpøÚveRkamdI RtUvsuMkaryl;RBmBIkmμsiT§ikréndI . ebImindUecñaHeT skmμPaBTaMg enHnwgkøayeTACa kmμvtßúénkarbBaÄb;nigbgáaelIkarraraMgCaminxan . b:uEnþ EpñkelI nigEpñkeRkam mankarkRmitsmehtuplrbs;va . ]TahrN_ karN_EdlynþehaH ehaHelIGakas minGacniyayfaCakarrMelaPkmμsiTi§elIdI)aneLIy . 3>2> TMnak;TMngrvagdIEdlenACab;Kña elIsBIenHeTot edaysarmandIEdlenACab;Kña vamankarcaM)ac;EdlRtUv[man eKalkarN_cMeBaHdIrYmenaH . TMnak;TMngenH eKehAfa TMnak;TMngrvagdIEdlenACab;Kña EdlmanEcglMGitcab;BImaRta 209 teTA . ]TahrN_ krNIEdldIbiTCitRtUv)anB½T§ CuMvijedaydIGñkd¾éT ehIyK μanRckecjcUleTApøÚvsaFarN³ kmμsiT§ikréndIbiTCitenaH mansiT§iesñIsuMqøgkat;dIGñkCitxag)an ¬maRta 210 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . m:üageTot GñkEdl mankmμsiT§ielIdI minGacTb;sáat;min[TwkEdlhUrtamFmμCati ¬minEmnTwkEdlGñkepSgbgðÚ mkenaHeT¦ BIdICab;KñaenaH)aneT ¬maRta 214¦ . xJMúsUmminerobrab;lMGitenATIenHeT .

3>3> lT§kmμénkmμsiT§i 3>3>1> RTwsIþCamUldæan

CaTYUeTA lT§kmμénkmμsiT§i GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaykic©snüa nigsnþtikmμ . eRkABIkrNITaMgBIrxagelI lT§kmμénkmμsiT§i GacRtUv)anekIteLIgcMeBaHvtßúK μanm©as; vtßú)at;


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kMNb; nigkarCab;Kñaénvtßú . krNITaMgbIxagmux KWCakrNIelIkElg . b:uEnþ krNIénkarCab;Kñaénvtßú CaBiessGclnvtßú mansar³sMxan;Nas; . eRkABIenH lT§km μ énkmμsiT§i GacekItmaneLIgedayGaCJayukal)anEdr . b:uEnþ km μsiT§imin)at;bg;eday sarGaCJayukal)anhYseBlkMNt;eT . eTaHbICadIrbs;xøÜnRtUv)anTukecalyUrqñaMk¾ eday k¾kmμsiT§iminRtUv)an)at;bg;edaykarputkMNt;énGaCJayukalEdr . b:uEnþRbsinebI manGñkd¾éTeTArs;enAelIdIenaHry³eBlyUrqñaM edaysnþiviFI nigedaymankardwgB¤Ca saFarN³ eBlenaHGaCJayukalénlT§kmμkmμsiT§ielIGclnvtßú GacekItmaneLIg)an . ¬manniyaylMGitenACMBUkTI 2 vKÁ III.7>1¦ .

3>3>2> kmμsiT§iénvtßúK μanm©as;

clnvtßúEdlKμanm©as; RtUvCakmμsiT§irbs;Gñkkan;kab;muneK edaymanqnÞ³ykCa kmμsiT§i ¬maRta 239 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . ]TahrN_dUcCakarcab;)anstVéRBCaedIm . m:üag eTot clnvtßúEdlkmμsiT§ikre)aHbg;ecal ¬eBalKW)ane)aHecaledaysarmanqnÞ³cg; e)aHbg;kmμsiTi§ecal¦ k¾CakmμvtßúénkmμsiT§iénvtßúK μanm©as;Edr . pÞúyeTAvij GclnvtßúEdl Kμanm©as; RtUvCakmμsiT§irbs;rdæ ¬maRta 239 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . ]TahrN_ CnEdl)an søab;eTA ehIyKμansac;jati b¤GñkemIlxusRtUv RTBüsm,tþirbs;CnenaH RtUvcat;TukCa rbs;rdæ . 3>3>3> kmμsiT§ielIvtßú)at;

GñkEdlerIsvtßúEdlGñkdéT)an)at; RtUvRbKl;vtßúenaHCUnRbFanb:usþ×nKr)al edIm,I EsVgrkkmμsiT§ikr ¬c,ab;s<IBIvtßú)at; maRta 1 nigmaRta 10¦ . b:uEnþ eRkayeBlRbkas CasaFarN³ry³eBl 6 Ex enAEtrkkm μsiT§ikrmineXIj GñkEdlerIsvtßúEdlGñk déT)an)at; GacTTYl)ankmμsiT§ielIvtßúenaH ¬maRta 240¦ .

cMNucEdlRtUvRbugRby½tñKWfa vtßúEdlGñkdéTTukecal b¤ePøc RtUv)ancat;TukCa vtßú)at; ¬maRta 12 énc,ab;sþIBIvtßú)at;¦ . vtßú)at; minEmnmann½yfakmμsiT§ikre)aHbg;


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ecalvtßúenaHeT . dUecñH eKminGaccat;TukvtßúenaHfaCavtßúK μanm©as;)aneLIy . GaRs½y ehtuenH TUrTsSn_EdleKe)aHecalenAkñúgFugsRmam GacerIsykmkeRbI)antamcitþ b:uEnþ kg;EdleKTukecal minGacykmkeRbI)aneLIy ¬c,ab;RBhμT½NÐ maRta 254¦ .

3>3>4> kmμsiT§ielIkMNb;

kmμsiT§ielIvtßú)at; RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdrcMeBaHkMNb; ¬dUecñHebIsinCamin manGñkNaGHGagfaxøÜnCakmμsiTi§kr bnÞab;BImankarRbkasCasaFarN³ehIyenaH KWRtÚv køayCavtßúrbs;GñkrkeXIj¦ . b:uEnþkñúgkrNIén kMNb;Edlmindwgc,as;GMBIkmμsiT§ikr RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgdIrbs;GñkdéTCaedIm GñkrkeXIj nigkm μsiT§ikrénvtßúenaH RtUveFVI lT§kmμkmμsiT§ielIkMNb;enaHBak;kNþalmñak; ¬maRta 241 . b¤maRta 13 énc,ab;s<IBI vtßú)at;¦.

3>3>5> ])aKmn_

kmμsiT§ikrEdlmanvtßúBIr b¤eRcInepSgKña EtCab;KñaniglayRcbl;Kña EdlminGac bMEbkecj)an vtßúenaHRtUvcat;TukCavtßúmYy ¬cab;BImaRta 243 teTA¦ BIeRBaHkarbMEbkvtßú enaHedaybgçM nwgeFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;esdækic©nigsgÁm . enHeKehAfaCa ])aKmn_ . m:üageTot kareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedImrbs;GñkdéT mkEkécñedIm,IbegáItvtßúepSgeTot k¾Ca RbePTmYyEdleKcat;TukCakarCab;Kña nigkarlayRcbl;KñaénvtßúEdr . eRkABIkarP¢ab; b¤layRcbl;vtßúcUlCamYyKña enAmankarEkéqñ edayeFVIkarelIvtßúFatuedImrbs;GñkdéT edIm,IplitecjCavtßúRbePTepSg . edaysareKcat;TukkarEkéqñfadUcKñanwgkarCak;Kña nig karlayRcbl;KñaEdr dUecñHkñúg])aKmn_manEckecjCa karCab;Kña karlayRcbl;Kña nig karEkéqñ . kñúgenaH karCab;KñanUvGclnvtßú GacbegIátnUvbBaðaeRcInCageK .

karCab;KñanigkarlayRcbl;Kñaénclnvtßú manEcgkñúgmaRta 243 fakñúgkrNI EdlclnvtßúCaeRcIn)anCab;Kña ehIyminGacbMEbkecj)anedayminbMpøajecaleTenaH kmμsiT§iénvtßúCab;KñaenH RtUvFøak;eTAelIkm μsiT§ikrénclnvtßúEdlCacMENkcm,g .


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¬bBaØtþienHRtUvykmkGnuvtþpgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlRtUvcMNayesah‘uyhYsehtu sRmab; karbMEbk . eBalKWfa kmμsiT§ikrénclnvtßúbnÞab;bnSM minGacTamTarmkvijnUvvtßú EdllaycUlKñaehIyenaHeT . ebIsinCakmμsiT§ikrénclnvtßúCacMENkcm,genaH TTYl)anesckþIcMerIneday\tehtu BIkarCab;KñanigkarlayRcbl;KñaénclnvtßúenaH kmμsiT§ikrénclnvtßúbnÞab;bnSM GaceFVIkarbþwgGMBIesckþIcMerIneday\tehtuenaH)antam maRta 248 . enAeBlEdlminGackMNt;GMBIcMENkcm,g b¤cMENkbnÞab;bnSM cMeBaH clnvtßúEdlCab;Kña kmμsiT§ikrénvtßúnImYy²RtUvmanshkmμsiT§ielIvtßúenaH tamsmamaRt éntémøvtßúnImYy²EdlmanenAeBlvtúßcab;ep<ImCab;CamYyKña . bBaØtþis<IBIkarCab;Kñaén clnvtßúRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlclnvtßúCaeRcInRtUv)anlayRcbl; Kña ehIyminGacbMEbkecj)an . ]TahrN_ karlayRcbl;eRbgCaedIm .

maRta 246 kfax½NÐTI 1 Ecgfa eTaHmanbuKÁlNamñak;)anplitclnvtßúmYyfμI edayykvtßúFatuedImrbs;GñkdéTmkEkécñ b¤EkERbd¾eday kmμsiT§ielIplitplenaHRtUvCa rbs;m©as;énvtúßFatuedIm . b:uEnþ RbsinebItémø)anekIneLIgedaykarEkécñ b¤EkERbenaH maneRcInelIslb;hYsq¶ayBItémøvtßúFatuedImenaH GñkEkéqñRtÚveFVIlT§kmμkmμsiT§ielIvtßú Ekécñ ¬kñúgkrNIenH m©as;énvtßúFatuedImEdlRtÚv)at;bg;kmμsiTi§ GacTamTarsMNg)an edayEp¥kelImaRta 248¦ .

3>3>6> karCab;KñaénGclnvtßú

maRta 242 Ecgfa kmμsiTi§krénGclnvtßú RtÚveFIVlT§kmμnUvkmμsiTi§elI {vtßú Edl)ankøayCaEpñkmYyénGclnvtßú edaykarCab;CamYynwgGclnvtßúenaH} kmμsiT§ielI GclnvtßúenaH . b:uEn<bdiBaØaénmaRtadEdlkMNt;fa {b:uEnð minRtÚvraraMgdl;siTi§rbs;buKÁl NaepSgeTot EdlCaGñkP¢ab;vtßúenaHedayeRbIRbPBsiTi§RtwmRtÚvrbs;xøÜneK} . eBalKWfa kñúgkrNIEdlGñkdéTmkdaMedImeQIelIdIrbs;m©as;dI kmμsiT§iénedImeQIenaHKWCakmμsiT§I rbs;m©as;dI . b:uEnþRbsinebIGñkdaMedImeQI KWCaGñkEdlmansiTi§CYldIenaHRtwmRtÚv ¬eday


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ehtufaGñkCYlmanRbPBsiTi§sMrab;eRbIR)as;dI)anedayesrI¦ GñkdaMedImeQIRtUvCakmμsiTi§kr én edImeQI .

b:uEnþsUmRby½tñfa enARbeTsCb:un dI nigGaKarenAelIdIenaH CaGclnvtßúBIr epSgKña . dUcenH maRta 242 minGacykmkGnuvtþkñúgTMnak;TMngrvagdInigGaKarenaH eT . ]TahrN_epSgeToténmaRta 242 KWmankrNIénvtßúEdleKykmkbitP¢ab;eTAnwg GaKar ehIyEdlminGacdkecjBIGaKar)an b¤karcak;xSac;eTAelIdIenAmat;smuRTCaedIm . b:uEnþbBaðaBi)ak nwgekIteLIg)anenAkñúgkrNIEdleKeFVIkarCYsCulEklMGGaKareLIgvij . kñúgkardak;bg¥ÜceTAnwgGaKar enHKWCakarykclnvtßúEdlCavtßúFatusMrab;bg¥ÜcenaH mkdak; P¢ab;eTAnwgGaKar dUecñHminmanGVIBi)akyl;eT . b:uEn<ebIsinCakarsg;EpñkbEnßmeTAnwg GaKarenaH )aneRbIR)as;mYyEpñkénCBa¢aMgrbs;GaKar ehIybEnßmsMNg;mYyEpñkenACab; nwgCBa¢aMgenaH eKecaTsYrfaetIkrNIenHKWCakarP¢ab;GaKarmYy ¬Gclnvtßú¦ eTAnwgGaKar mYyeTot ¬Gclnvtßú¦ EmnEdrb¤eT . enAmanKMnityl;xus²KñacMeBaHsMnYrenH.

3>4> kmμsiT§iGviPaK

knøgmk eyIg)anniyayfa enAelIvtßúmYymansiT§iRbtü½kSdUcKñaEtmYyb:ueNÑaH ¬eKalkarN_vtßúmYysiT§imYy¦ . ]TahrN_ dI :k :CakmμsiT§irbs;buKÁl A dUecñHbuKÁl A GacbegIátsiT§ielIépÞdI nighIub:UetkCamYybuKÁl B )an . b:uEnþ minGacmanbuKÁl C epSgBIbuKÁl A mkRbkaskmμsiT§ielIdIenaH)aneLIy . b:uEnþbuKÁl A Gacman kmμsiT§irYmCamYybuKÁlepSgeTotelIdI{k}enaH)an . enHeKehAfa kmμsiT§iGviPaK . maRta 249 Ecgfa m©as;kmμsiT§iGviPaK GaceRbIR)as;vtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaK)an eTAtamsmamaRtén cMENkrbs;xøÜnkñúgkmμsiTi§TaMgmUl ¬maRta 249¦ . PaKcMENk GacRtUv)ankMNt;eTAtam karseRmccitþrbs;m©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKnimYy²)an . RbsinebIBuMmankarkMNt;EbgEckdUc enaHeT eKRtÚvsn μt;fam©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKmñak;²TTYl)anPaKcMENkesμ I²Kña ¬maRta 250¦ . enAeBlcuHbBa¢IkmμsiTi§GviPaKTak;TgnwgGclnvtßú eKcaM)ac;RtÚvkt;RtaGMBIPaKcMENkEdl m©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKnimYy²man ¬maRta 39 énc,ab;sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú¦ . eTaHCay:ag


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Nak¾eday m©as;kmμsiT§imñak;² GaceRbIR)as;PaKTaMgmUlénvtßúkmμsiT§GviPaK)an . eBalKW minEmnmann½yfa edaysarmankmμsiT§iEtmYyPaKdb;énkmμsiT§iGviPaK KWxøÜnGaceRbI R)as;)anEtmYyPaKdb;énvtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaKenaHeT . b:uEnþRbsinebImankarRBmeRBogKña rvagm©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKnImYy² GMBIkareRbIR)as;vtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaKenaH kareRbIR)as;vtßú RtUvRsbeTAtamkarRBmeRBogenH .

m:üageTot m©as;kmμsiT§imñak;² GacTamTar[EbgEckvtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaK)anRKb; eBl . b:uEnþmaRta 256 kfax½NÐTI 1 Ecgfa minGacham)aneTcMeBaHkarcuHkic©snüa minTamTarkarEckcMENkkñúgGMLúgeBlminelIsBIR)aMqñaM)aneT .

eRkABIenH GñksikSaRsavRCav )anbegáItRTsþIBIreTotEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkmμsiT§I GviPaKEdr KWman rbs;smUhPaB nigrbs;saFarN³ . vtßúrbs;smUhPaB mann½y Tak;TgeTAnwgRTBüsm,tþirbs;Rkumh‘un ¬sUmGanCMBUkT 4 vKÁ III>9¦ . edaysarvtßú rbs;smUhPaB maneKalbMNgCak;lak; EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayRkumh‘un dUcenHkarcat; Ecgvtßúrbs;smUhPaBRtUv)ankRmit ehIykarTamTarEbgEckvtßúsmUhPaBk¾RtUv)anham Xat;Edr ¬maRta 767¦ . Rtg;enHehIyEdlxusBIkm μsiT§iGviPaK . m:üageTot vtßúrbs; saFarN³ sMedAeTAelIsiT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþisaFarN³ dUcCaéRBeQI PñM valERssaFarN³ rYmCamYyGñkPUmiCamYyKñaepSgeTot . dUcenH buKÁlmñak;² minGacmanPaKcMENkeTAelI rbs;saFarN³)aneT .

3>5> kmμsiT§iGviPaKkñúgGaKarEtmYy

cMeBaHsMNg;GaKarEdlmanbnÞb;CapÞHElVgeRcIn bnÞb;nImYy²énGaKarEtmYyman kmμsiT§iCaeRcIndac;²BIKña . enHeKehAfa siTi§elIkm μsiT§iGviPaKkñúgGaKarEtmYy Edl RKb;RKgeday {c,ab;sþIBIkmμsiT§IGviPaKkñúgGaKarEtmYy} ¬ehAkat;fa c,ab;s<IBIkmμsiTi§ GviPaKelIGaKar Gnum½tienAqñaM 1962 ehIy)aneFVIviesaFnkmμenAqñaM 1983¦ .

c,ab;s<IBIkmμsiTi§GviPaKelIGaKarenH EbgEcgEpñkkñúgrbs;GaKarCaBIrRbePT KWEpñk pþac;mux ¬bnÞb;dac;edayELkEdlCakmμvtßúénkmμsiTi§ÉkraCnImYy²¦ nigEpñkrYm Edlm©as;


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kmμsiTi§GviPaKkñúgGaKar GacmansiT§ieRbIrYmKña)an . EfmBIelIenaH KWsiTi§eRbIR)as;dI EdlCaTItaMgénsMNg;GaKarEdlCakmμvtßúénkmμsiTi§GviPaKenH ¬PaKeRcInRtÚv)ankMNt;Ca kmμsiTi§ b:uEnþk¾mankrNIxøHvaCasiT§ielIépÞdI b¤siT§iCYlEdr . siT§ieRbIR)as;dIenHRtÚvCasiTi§ GviPaK b¤siTi§Rbhak;RbEhlnwgsiTi§GviPaK rvagm©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKnImYy²kñúgGaKar smRsbeTAnwgcMENkEdlm©as;kmμsiTi§nImYy²manCakmμsiT§ip<ac;muxrbs;xøÜn¦ . siTi§eRbI R)as;enHRtÚvcat;TukCacMENkmYykñúgEpñkp<ac;mux . ¬m©as;km μsiTi§GviPaKkñúgGaKarminGac cat;EcgsiTi§eRbIR)as;dIenH edayp<ac;ecjBIsiTi§EdlmaneTAelIEpñkpþac;mux)aneLIy¦ . m:üageTot edIm,IFanasV½yPaBrbs;m©as;kmμsiT§iGviPaKkñúgGaKar eK)anbegáIt[manRkum cat;EcgkargarenAtamGaKar ehIymanEcgCabBaØt<iTak;TgnwgbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgnigviFIeFVI esckI<sMercenAGgÁRbCMu edIm,IsMrYldl;Rbtibti<karrbs;Rkumcat;Ecgkargar edayEp¥kelI qnÞ³rYmrbs;m©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaKkñúgGaKar EdlCasmaCikrbs;Rkumcat;EcgkargarenaH . 4> siT§iRbtü½kSeRbIR)as;nigGaRs½ypl eRkABIkmμsiTi§ 4>1> siT§ielIépÞdI siT§ielIépÞdI KWCasiT§ieRbIR)as;dIrbs;GñkdéT edIm,ITTYl)ankmμsiT§ielIGaKar nig edImeQIenAelIdIenaH ¬maRta 265¦ . edayehtufacMNucsMxan;bMputénsiTi§elIépÞdI KWsiTi§eRbIR)as;dIrbs;GñkdéT dUecñHsiTi§enHminEmnTak;TgEtCamYynwgGaKarb¤edImeQIeT . mincaM)ac;favtßúTaMgGs;enHRtÚvzitenAelIépÞdIenaHeT . CaTUeTA kmμsiT§ikréndI nig kmμsiT§ikrénGaKar RtUvcuHkic©snüaedIm,IeFVI[siT§ielIépÞdIekIteLIg b:uEnþk¾GacekItman siT§ielIépÞdIkñúgkrNIsnþtikmμ nigGaCJayukalénlT§kmμpgEdr . siT§ielIépÞdI manlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgsiT§iCYlEdr ¬eyagtamc,ab;s<IBIkarCYldI nigGaKar karbUkbBa©ÚlKñanUvsiTi§elIépÞdIEdlmanGaKarCakmμvtßú nigsiTi§CYldI RtÚvehArYm KñafaCasiTi§CYldI¦ . siT§ielIépÞdIxusBIsiT§iCYldIRtg;fa siT§ielIépÞdICasiTi§RbtükS dUecñHvaCa siTi§eRbIR)as;edaypÞal;elIdIEdlCakmμvtúßenaH . cMENkÉsiT§iCYldI CasiTi§elIbMNul


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dUecñHKWCasiTi§sMrab;TamTarkareRbIR)as;dI . ehtudUecñH eKTTYlsÁal;nUvlkçN³GaceFVI Gnub,Tan)an nigGaceFVIsnþtikmμ)an nUvsiTi§elIépÞdI ¬m©as;siTi§elIépÞdI GaceFVIGnub,Tan siTi§enaH[eTAGñkdéT)an¦ . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgsiT§iCYldI KWmankarrwtt,itcMeBaHlT§PaB sMrab;eFVIGnub,Tan ¬maRta 612¦ . m:üageTot eKTTYlsÁal;fam©as;siT§ielIépÞdI mansiTi§TamTarGaceKcuHbBa¢IsiTi§enH)an ¬GacTamTarkmμsiTi§kr[eTAcuHbBa¢IGMBIsiTi§elI épÞdIenH)an¦ b:uEnþsiTi§krCYlBuMGacTamTar[eKcuHbBa¢I)aneT ebIBuMmankaryl;RBmBI kmμsiTi§krGMBIerOgenHTukCamun . eRkABIenH ebIeyIgemIleTAelIry³eBlsñak;enA k¾eXIj fa siT§ielIépÞdIKWCasiTi§EdlmaneRbóbxøaMgCagsiTi§CYlenaHEdr . 4>2> siT§ibgábegáInplCaGciéRnþy×

siT§ibgábegáInplCaGciéRn<y× KWCasiT§iRbtükSsMrab;eRbIR)as;dIrbs;GñkdéT edIm,I eFVIERscMkarnigciBa©wmstV . siT§ienHmanlkçN³RsedogeTAnwgsiT§ielIépÞdIEdr b:uEnþxusKña enARtg;karEdlRtÚvbg;éføbgábegIánpl ¬maRta 270¦ . eKyl;fasiT§ienH RtÚv)an eRbIR)as;eRcInkalBIsm½ymICIkñúgRbeTsCb:un b:uEn<eKminsUveXIjmankareRbIR)as;eRcIn enAsm½ybc©úb,nñenHeT ¬manEtkñúgTMnak;TMngénkarCYlb:ueNÑaH¦ .

4>3> esvPaB esvPaB sMedAeTAelIsiT§ieRbIR)as;dIrbs;GñkdéT edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;dIrbs;xøÜn

¬maRta 280¦ . dIrbs;GñkdéTEdlpþl;plRbeyaCn_ ehAfa {dIbeRmI} cMENkÉ dIEdlTTYlRbeyaCn_ ehAfa }dIeRbI} . ]TahrN_ karedIrqøgkat;dIrbs;GñkdéT edIm,IcUlmkdl;dIrbs;xøÜn b¤kareRbIdIGñkdéTedIm,IbUmykTwkmkeRbICaedIm . etIesvPaB xusBITMnak;TMngdIEdlenACab;Kñay:agdUcemþc ? vaxusKñaRtg;fa kñúgTMnak;TMngdIEdlenA Cab;Kña c,ab;)ankMNt;nUvkarrwtt,itRtwmEtCaGb,brimab:ueNÑaH kñúgkarGnuvt<km μsiTi§rbs; GñkCikxagKñaerog²xøÜn . b:uEn<kñúgkrNIEdlkarrwtt,itenHminRKb;RKan; eKRtUveFVIkic©snüa


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begIátesvPaB . m:üageTot eKGaceFVIlT§kmμedayGaFJayukal)an ebIsinCaeKBitEmn Et)anGnuvt<esvPaBCab;²Kñamk ¬maRta 283¦ b;uEn<RbsinebIesvPaBRtÚv)anbegIátehIy Etmin)anGnuvt<eTenaH vak¾RtÚvrlt;edayGaFJayukalEdr; ¬maRta 291¦ . 4>4> siT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþisaFarN³

siT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþisaFarN³ sMedAeTAelIsiT§iRbtü½kStamc,ab;RbéBNI kñúgkar eRbIR)as;éRBeQI PñM valERs EdlCarbs;Gñkrs;enAkñúgPUmiCamYyKña . edaysarRkm rdæb,evNICb:un TTYlsÁal;famansiT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþisaFarN³EdlmanlkçN³CakmμsiTi§ GviPaK nigmansiT§ieRbIR)as;sm,tþisaFarN³EdlminmanlkçN³Cakm μsiTi§GviPaKenaH dUecñHxøwmsarénsiT§ienHRtUv)anTuk[eFVIkarbkRsayeTAtamTMlab; . 5> siT§ikan;kab; 5>1> RTwsþICamUldæan CakarrMlwkeLIgvijeT eTaHbIfasiT§ikan;kab;CasiT§iRbtü½kSk¾eday k¾vaxusKñaTaMg RsugnwgsiT§iRbtü½kSdéTepSgeTot ¬kmμsiTi§nigsiT§iRbtükSmankRmit EdlCaRbePTsiTi§ bMEbkecjBIkmμsiTi§¦ . karerobcMCakRmgbBaØti<kñúgRkmrdæb,evNI eFVIeyIgemIleXIjfa RkmenH erogdUcCamanEcgGMBI{siT§ikan;kab;}y:agdUecñaH b:uEn<tamkarBitGVIEdlCakm μvtßú énkic©karBaredayc,ab;enaH KWCasßaPaBénRBwt<karN_Cak;Es<gmYyEdleKehAfaCa {karkan;kab;}enaH . eBalKW c,ab;karBarnUvsßaPaBénkarRKb;RKgelIvtßú tamrYbPaB mYyCak;lak; edaycat;TukkarRKb;RKgenaHfaCakarkan;kab; . kñúgkrNIenH eKminKitfa etIGñkEdlkMBugRKb;RKgvtßú BitCamansiTi§sMrab;eFIVkarRKb;RKg ¬ehAfa siTi§EdlnaM[man mUlehtuKtiyut<¦ Emnb¤minEmnenaHeT . ¬ehtudUecñH mankrNIénkarb<wgb<l;xøH PaKIEdl QñH)ankic©karBarenAdMNak;kaldMbUg edaysarkarGHGagGMBIkarkan;kab;Cak;Es<genaH EbrCaGaccaj;eTAvijenAeBlEdlb<wgb<l;GMBIbBaðaénsiTi§EdlnaM[manmUlehtuKtiyut<¦ .


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5>2> karekItmankarkan;kab;

EdlehAfaCakarkan;kab; KWCakar{k<ab;TuknUvtßúGVImYyedaymanqnÞ³TuksMrab;xøÜn Ég} ¬maRta 180¦ . tamniymn½yenH KWfacaM)ac;RtUvmankark<ab;TukEdlCakarRKb;RKg elIrUbvtßú nigqnÞ³TuksMrab;xøÜnÉg . b:uEnþcMeBaHqnÞ³TuksMrab;xøÜnÉgenH sBVéf¶enHRtÚv)an yl;kñúgFUTMlMTMlay . eyIgGacKitfa vamann½yRtwmkarTTYlsÁal;fa [EteBlEdl buKÁlNamñak;k<ab;Tukvtßú edayQrelICMhfaxøÜnRtÚvTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BitCak;Es<g eTaHedaycMeBaH b¤edayRbeyalk<I KWbuKÁlenaHmanqnÞ³cg;k<ab;TukvtßúsMrab;xøÜneKCadrab Emn . cMeBaHkarkþab;TukeTotesat mincaM)ac;mann½yfak<ab;vtßútamn½yrUbviTüak¾)anEdr KWfaRbsinebIvasßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmYy EdlTsSn³TUeTAkñúgsgÁmGacnwgcat;TukfabKÁl enaHkMBugRKb;RKgelIvtßúenaHEmn KWvaCakarRKb;RKan; ¬]TahrN_ eBleFVIdMeNIreTAeRkA edayTukvtßúenApÞHCaedIm enHk¾GHGag)anfaCakark<ab;TukEdr¦ . ehIydUcnwgmankar erobrab;enAxageRkay karkþab;Tuk GacepÞreTA[GñktMNag b¤GñkCMnYy)an . b:uEnþ ebIsinCaRtÚv)at;bg;karkþab;TuknUvvtúßkan;kab;kñúgn½yenH KWsiTi§kan;kab;RtÚvrlt; ¬maRta 203¦ . 5>3> rUbPaBénkarkan;kab; 5>3>1>karkan;kab;edayxøÜnÉg nigkarkan;kab;edaytMNag Gñkkan;kab;Edlkþab;TukvtßúedayxøÜnÉg ehAfa Gñkkan;kab;edayxøÜnÉg . cMENk Gñkkan;kab;Edl[GñktMNagkþab;Tukvtßú ehAfa Gñkkan;kab;edaytMNag ¬maRta 181¦ . ]TahrN_ karCYlpÞH KWGñkCYlpÞHCaGñkkan;kab;edayxøÜnÉg . cMENk Ém©as;pÞH CaGñkkan;kab;edayRbeyal . b:uEnþ Gñkkan;kab;edaytMNagkñúgkrNIenH maneRbIBakü kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIfaCa {GñktMNag} k¾eday k¾vamanlkçN³xusKñaeTAnwgGñktMNag GaRs½ykarbBaðajqnÞ³ EdlmanEcgkñúgRkmrdæb,evNImaRta 99 . GñktMNagkñúgkrNI


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enH RKan;EtsMedAelIbuKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngEbbNamYyCamYym©as;kan;kab;edIm tam ry³énTMnak;TMngkñúgGgÁehtuBak;B½n§nwgkarRKb;RKgvtßúEtb:ueNÑaH . [EtbuKÁlenaHeFVIkar kan;kab;kñúgqnÞ³edIm,Im©as;kan;kab;edImEmn . cMENkGñkCYyeFVIkarpÞH nigbuKÁlikbMerIkar enAePaCnIydæan CaGñkCYym©as;pÞHnigm©as;hagkñúgkarkan;kab; b:uEnþminGackøayCaGñk EdleFIVkarkan;kab;edaytMNag)aneT . 5>3>2> karkan;kab;vtßúrbs;xøÜn nigkarkan;kab;vtßúrbs;GñkdéT Gñkkan;kab; manBIrRbePT KWGñkkan;kab;vtßúrbs;xøÜnedayman{qnÞ³kan;kab;}vtßúenaH nigGñkkan;kab;vtßúrbs;GñkdéT ¬maRta 185¦ . karEbgEckenH KWeFVIeLIgedayeyag eTAelIkarsikSaknøgmk GMBIGaCJayukalénlT§kmμkmμsiT§i ¬maRta 162¦ nigkarkan;kab; vtßúKμanm©as; ¬maRta 239¦ . GñkTijvtßú KWCaGñkkan;kab;xøÜnÉg cMENkÉGñkCYUl KWCaGñkkan;kab;vtßúrbs;GñkdéT . b:uEnþebIGñCYlTijykvtßúEdlCYlenaH nwgnaM[ekItmankarkan;kab;edaysarRbPBsiT§if μ I KWGñkkan;kab;vtßúrbs;GñkdéT køayCaGñkkan;kab;vtßúrbs;xøÜn ¬maRta 185¦ . kñúgyuti<saRs< tulakarfμI²enH eKcat;Tukfasnþtikmμ k¾GackøayeTACaRbPBsiT§ifμIEdr . 5>4> lT§kmμénsiT§ikan;kab;

lT§kmμénkarkan;kab; manBIry:ag KWTImYy lT§km μBIdMbUg nigTIBIr lT§kmμeday bnþBIGñkdéT . kñúgkrNITImYysMedAeTAelIkarerIs)anvtßú)at; cMENkÉkrNITIBIrsMedA eTAelIkic©snüalk; eBalKWkarepÞrsiT§ikan;kab;BIGñklk;eTAGñkTij edayrkSaTuk[kar kan;kab;enaHenAmanlkçN³edImdEdl . krNITIBIrenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; . lT§kmμ edaybnþBIGñkdéT k¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkrNIsnþtikmμpgEdr . GñkeFVIlT§kmμedaybnþkarkan;kab;BIGñkdéT GaceFIVkarGHGagGMBIkarkan;kab;rbs; Gñkmun)an nigGHGagGMBIkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜnEdleTIbekItf μIenaHk¾)anEdr ¬maRta 187


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kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . b:uEnþkarGHGagGMBIkarkan;kab;rbs;Gñkmun RtUvnaMmknUvvikar³TaMgGs; kñúgkan;kab;rbs;GñkmunpgEdr ¬maRta 187 kfax½NÐ TI 2¦ . 5>5> RbsiT§PaBénkarkan;kab; 5>5>1> siT§iTamTar[karBarkarkan;kab;

enAeBlEdlTTYlkarraraMgBIGñkdéT mkelIkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜn Gñkkan;kab; GacTamTar[mankarbBaÄb;nigbgáakarraraMg edayb<wgTamTar[karBarkarkan;kab;rbs; xøÜn)an edaymincaM)ac;KitfaetIkarkan;kab;enaHEp¥kelImUldæanénsiTi§RtwmRtÚv b¤min RtwmRtÚveTenaH ¬cab;BImaRta 197 teTA¦ . karTamTarGacmanCabIkrNI eBalKW karTam Tar[Tukkarkan;kab;enAdEdl karTamTar[rkSakarBarkarkan;kab; nigkarTamTar[s<ar karkan;kab;mkvij .

edayehtufa siT§iTamTar[karBarkarkan;kab; KWCasiT§IsMrab;bBaÄb;nigbgáa ral;karraraMgcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgelIrUbvtßúrbs;xøÜn dUecñHvaminmanTMnak;TMngGVITal;EtesaH CamYynwgkarb<wgb<l;Tak;TgnwgsiTi§EdlnaM[manmUlehtuKtiyut< ¬dUcCakarTamTarkar bBaÄb;nigbgáaelIkarraraMg edayQrelImUldæanénkm μsiTi§CaedIm¦ enaHeT ¬maRta 202 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . GaRs½yehtuenH buKÁldEdlGacbþwgTamTar[karBarkarkan;kab;pg nigkarBarkmμsiT§ipg)ankñúgeBlEtmYy . 5>5>2>karsnμt;énsiT§i Gñkkan;kab; RtUv)ansnμt;famanRbPBsiT§iRtwmRtUvRsbc,ab; kñúgkarkan;kab;vtßúenaH ¬maRta 188¦ . RbsinebIGñkEdlGHGagfaxøÜnCakmμsiTi§kr ehIyGacbgðajfaxøÜnkMBug Etkan;kab;vtßúEdlCakmμvitßúénkarGHGagenaH GñkenaHnwgRtUv)ansn μt;faCakmμsiT§ikrEmn . dUecñHGñkEdlb<wgtv:aBIerOgenH RtÚvbgðajPs<útagfaGñkkan;kab;enaHBuMmankmμsiT§ieT . b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIGclnvtßú karcuHbBa¢ImanGaTiPaBx<s; ehtudUecñHkarsn μt;énsiT§iedayEp¥kelI karkan;kab; GacGnuvtþ)anEtcMeBaHGclnvtßúEdlminTan;cuHbBa¢IEtb:ueNÑaH .


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5>5>3> siT§iTTYl)anEpøpáarbs;Gñkkan;kab;edaysucrit

GñkEdlkan;kab;dIedayyl;RcLMfaxøÜnmankmμsiTi§elIdIenaH b:uEn<tamBiteTAKWK μan eTenaH GacTTYlEpøpáaBIedImeQIenAelIdIenaH)an . enHeKehAfa siT§iTTYl)anEpøpáa rbs;Gñkkan;kab;edaysucrit ¬maRta 189 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . ebIBMuenaHesateT eRkaymkeTotebIsinCakmμsiTi§krBitR)akdTamTardl;eTAkarsgEpøpáaTaMgenaHvij KWva manRCulhYsehtueBksMrab;Gñkkan;kab;edaysucrit . cMeBaHbBaðaénéføQñÜlpÞH EdlCa plsIuvilenaH k¾RtÚvGnuvt<dUcKñaEdr .

- 94 -CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦

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CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦

-GMBIkic©snüa- I. TRmg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦ 1> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCasiTi§eTAelIbuKÁl 2> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCaRTBüFn

3> rcnasm½<n§énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul niglMdab;sikSa II> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBTUeTAénkic©snüa 1> karbegáItkic©snüa

2> RbePTénkic©snüa 3> suBlPaBénkic©snüa

4> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüa III> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBlMGiténkic©snüa 1> kic©snüalk;

2> kic©snüaRbTankmμ ¬kic©snüaeFVIGMeNay¦ 3> kic©snüaCYl ¬Ptisnüa¦ 4> kic©snüax©IeRbI 5> kic©snüax©IbriePaK 6> kic©snüaemA:kar 7> kic©snüaGaNtiþ 8> kic©snüabeBaØI 9> kic©snüabegáItRkumhu‘n 10> kic©snüaFmμtadéTeTot 11> karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an


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I. TRmg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦ 1> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCasiiTi§elIbuKÁl Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;nUvsiTi§rbs;eyIgmñak;²edayEbgEckCa siTi§eTAelIvtßú nigsiTi§

eTAelIbuKÁl . siT§ieTAelIbuKÁlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIRtg;KnßITI 3 GMBIsiTi§elI bMNul EdlehAfac,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul .

siTi§elIbMNulenH CadMbUg)annaMcUlmkkñúgRbeTsCb:unnaCMnan;mIuCI tamry³Rkm rdæb,evNITMenIbenAGWr:ub ¬dMbUgbg¥s;KWRbeTs)araMg¦ EdlkalenaHeK)anbkERbfa Ca :siTi§elIbuKÁl} . Ep¥kelIkarbkERbenHeyIgGacyl;)anfaenHKWCasiTi§rbs;buKÁlmñak; eTAelIbuKÁlmñak;eTot edayTamTar[GnuvtþnUvskmμPaBGVImYyCaedIm . kareRbIBaküfa {skmμPaBGVImYyCaedIm}enH KWmkBItamFmμtaskmμPaBsMedAelIskmμPaBEdlRtÚveFVI dUcCakarbg;R)ak;kas b¤karRbKl;vtßúCaedIm b:uEnþkñúgkrNIxøHBaküenHk¾sMedAelIskmμPaB EdlminRtÚveFVIpgEdr dUcCa{karminebIkhagrksIudUcKña} b¤{karminbeBa©jsUrs½BÞføg; LÚLaenAeBlyb;}CaedIm . ehIyCYnkaleKehAsrubskm μPaBEdlRtÚveFVI nigskmμPaB EdlminRtÚveFVI edaybBa©ÚlKñafaCa{¬kyufu¦ tavkalik b¤kmμvitßúénkic©snüa} . tavkalik EdlCakmμvtßúrbs;siTi§elIbMNul sMedACaTUeTAelIGVIEdlmantémøCaesdækic©k¾BitEmn ehIy k¾b:uEnþRkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgfa eTaHbICaskm μPaBenaHBuMGacTUTat;CaR)ak;kas ekItk¾eday k¾Gaccat;Tukfa Cakmμvtßúrbs;siTi§elIbMNul)anEdr ¬maRta 399¦ . b:uEnþ ebIskmμPaBenaHmanlkçN³CakarRbtibtþixagcitþsaRsþ b¤sIlFm’suT§saFvij eKBi)ak nwgehAfaCasiTi§elIbMNulNas; . ]TahrN_dUcCakarTamTarfa {RtUveFVIbuNüerogral; qñaM[GñkEdlsøab;)at;eTA} enHGackøayCakatBVkic©)an b:uEnþcMeBaHkartRmUv[GñkNamñak; {RtUvbYgsYgfVaybgÁMRBHral;RBwk}enaH eyIgyl;faminGacmantémøCa katBVkic©)aneLIy¦. karsikSac,ab;sþIGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul KWCakarsikSaEsVgyl;GMBIlkçN³nigRbPBénkar begáItsiTi§elIbMNulTaMgLayenHÉg .


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2> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCaRTBüFn GñkEdlFøab;)ansikSaesdækic©viTüa b¤KNenyüviTüaRbEhlCayl;ehIyfa enAkñúg

cMeNamRTBüFnEdlbuKÁlNamñak; b¤Rkumh‘unNamYymanenaH eRkABIrbs;dUcCa GclRTBünigclnRTBüecj enAmansiTi§elIbMNulkñúgrUbPaBCasiTi§eTAelIR)ak;[x©I nig R)ak;dak;FanaKarCaedImpgEdr . ]TahrN_dUcCaRkumh‘unCYlvtßú b¤Rkumh‘un\Ntan CaedImEdlmanRbvtþienAekμgx©IenAeLIy BitEmnEtRkumh‘unTaMgenaHmanRTFüFnCa GclnRTBütictYcenAkñúgédk¾eday eTAtammuxGaCIvkmμrbs;xøÜnRkumh‘unTaMgenHeRcInEt rkSanUvRTFüFnrbs;xøÜn kñúgrUbPaBCasiTi§elIbMNulelIR)ak;QñÜl b¤tamry³kar[x©IR)ak; \NTanCaedIm EdlmanbrimaNd¾eRcInelIslb;.

enAkñúgBiPBénRkmrdæb,evNIenH kalBIedImeKeRcInEtvaytémøedayepþateTAelIkar manvtßúCakmμsiTi§EdlCasiTi§Rbtü½kS k¾b:uEnþenAeBleRkay²mkrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH siTi§elIbMNul)ankøayeTACasiTi§EdlmancMNat;fñak;sMxan;CaTIbMput. enHCadMeNIrvivtþn_ mYy RsbKñanwgRbvtþiénkarTTYlsÁal;fa siTiæelIbMNulk¾manlkçN³CaRTBüFnd¾sMxan;Edr. c,ab;GaNacRkr:UmnakaldMbUg)anEcgfasiTi§elIbMNulCa :Rcvak;c,ab; : EdlcgP¢ab;buKÁl mñak;CamYybuKÁlmñak;eTot dUecñHeKminGacepÞrsiTi§enHeTAttiyCn)antamcitþeLIy. b:uEnþ eRkaymkc,ab;GaNacRkr:Um )anTTYlsÁal;karepÞrsiTi§elIbMNulenHbnþicmþg²vij ehIyc,ab;rdæb,evNITMenIbsBVéf¶énbNþaRbeTsnana k¾TTYlsÁal;nUvkarepÞrsiTiÞelI bMNulenH)anedayesrIEdr . CalT§pl témøCaRTBüFnénsiTi§elIbMNul)anekItman eLIg. sBVéf¶enH edayehtufasiTi§elIbMNulRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRTBüFnEdlGac)a:n; témø)an ehIyGacTUTat;)anRsYlCagGclnRTBüpgenaH sar³sMxan;rbs;vakan;Et ekItmaneLIgCalMdab; enAkñúgsgÁmeFVIGaCIvkmμTijdUrsBVéf¶. müa:geTot ebIeyIgRkeLk emIltamTidæPaBmYyRCugepSgvij eyIgnwgeXIjfakalBICMnan;skþiPUmi TMnak;Tmngrvag GñkRKb;RKg nigGñkEdlRtUveKRKb;RKg )anekItmaneLIgtamry³GñkmannigGñkK μandIFøI EtsBVéf¶enHeyIgGacniyay)anfa TMnak;TMngenH)anERbrUbPaBeTACacMNgrvagGñk


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RKb;RKg nigGñkRtUveKRKb;RKg enAkñúgvis½yesdækic© tamry³TMnak;TMngenAkñúg siTi§elIbMNulvij ¬EtenHk¾minGaccat;faCa)atuPUtERbRbYlRbesIr)aneT¦. eTaHCaya:g NakþI eyIgetagcgcaMfa c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNulKWCaEpñkmYymansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgkarsikSaGMBIRkmrdæb,evNI .

3> rcnasm½<n§énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul niglMdab;sikSa dUc)aneFVIkarGtßaFib,ayenACMBUkTI 1 ¬lMnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI¦ rYcehIyfa Rkm

rdæb,evNI)anbB©ÚalEpñksiTi§elIbMNulenAkñúgKnßITI 3 ehIy)ankMNt;nUvlkçN³énsiTi§ elIbMNul RbmCamYynwgdMeNIrkarekItmannigrlt;eTAvij nUvsiTi§elIbMNulenH enAkñúgCMBUkTI 1 . enAkñúgkarsikSa eKehAEpñkenHfa :TidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul} . rYcehIycab;BICMBUkTI 2 eTACMBUkTI 5 c,ab;)ankMNt;nUvRbPBénkarkekItsiTi§elIbMNul edayEckecjCa 4 EpñkKW³ kic©snüa karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al esckþIcMerIneday\tehtu nigGMeBIGnItüanukUl . enAkñúgkarsikSa eKehAEpñkTaMg 4 enHfaCa {TidæPaBlMGit énsiTi§elIbMNul} . ebIeyIgeRbobeFobTidæPaBTUeTACamYynwgTidæPaBlMGit eyIgnwg eXIjfa karerobrab;enAkñúgTidæPaBlMGitmanlkçN³Cak;EsþgCag ehIyRsYlyl;Cag . GaRs½yehtuenH CaeKalkarN_ eyIgnwgelIkykTidæPaBlMGiténEpñknImYy² énsiTi§ elIbMNulmkeFVIkarGtßaFib,ayCamun rYcehIyeTIbcUleTATidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul tameRkay . Rtg;enH vamanPaBpÞúyKñanwglMdab;éncMNat;fñak;enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI. Cabzm eyIgcab;epþImBIc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüa k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHEpñkxøHdUcCasMNgénkarxUcxat CaedIm eyIgnwgbB©ÚaleTAkñúgEpñkc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaEdlmankarbkRsayCalMGit enAkñúg visalPaBénkarsikSaGMBITidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul .


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II. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBTUeTAénkic©snüa 1> karbegáItkic©snüa

1>1> niymn½yénkic©snüa dUc)aneFVIkarGtßaFib,ayrYcmkehIyfa Rkmrdæb,evNIsm½yTMenIb)anTTYlsÁal;

nUv{eKalkarN_esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIkic©snüa} dUecñHtamry³kareFVIkic©snüa evorElgEtman karb:HBal;dl;sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigTMenomTMlab;l¥enAkñúgsgÁmecj eyIgmñak;²Gac begáItsiTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic©)anCaeRcInEbbeRcInya:g. rYcehIyeyIgk¾)andwgEdrfa edayehtufa siTi§elIbMNulmanGanuPaBcgP¢ab;cMeBaHEtPaKIBak;B½n§b:ueNÑaH dUecñHeKGac begáItvaeLIgedayesrI .

\LÚveyIgsikSalMGitbEnßmeTotGMBIkarbegáItkic©snüa. eK[niymn½ykic©snüafa Ca {skmμPaBKtiyutþEdlbegáItnUvTMnak;TmngCa siTi§nigkrNIkic©kñúgc,ab; EdlbuKÁl 2 rUb b¤eRcInrUb CaKUPaKI)anRsuHRsYlKñμaCaÉkc½änÞ kñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³sMubegáItkic©snüa nigkarbgðajqnÞ³xagsVIkarCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk} . ]TahrN_dUcCa kic©snüalk; kñúgkrNIEdleQμaH A niyayeTAkan;eQ μaH B faTMnijenHlk;éfø 5 mWuney:n ehIyebI eQ μaH B tbeTAeQ μaH A vijfasuxcitþTijTMnijenaHkñúgtémø 5 mWuney:n eBlenaHkic©snüaRtUv)anbegIát . tamFmμtaPaKIénkic©snüaPaKeRcInmanKña 2 nak; k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkic©snüaEtmYyk¾GacmankarcUlrYmeRcInKña edaymanm©as;bMNuleRcInnak; nigkUnbMNuleRcInnak;pgEdr. 1>2> kic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul

CaTUeTA kalNaeyIgniyayGMBIkic©snüa eyIgrEmgsMedAelIkic©snüaEdlBak;B½n§ eTAnwgsiTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic© eBalKWkic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul . ehIykic©snüalk; EdleyIgFøab;B¤Føab;dwgeRcInCageKenaH Ca]TahrN_cMbgmYytMNag[kic©snüaEbbenH


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Etmþg . enAkñúgkarTijlk;enH mankarkekIteLIgnUvsiTi§elIbMNulkñúgkarTamTarkar bg;R)ak; nigsiTi§elIbMNulkñúgkarTamTar[RbKl;TMnij ¬CakarR)akdNas;Edlfatam ry³karTijlk;enH km μsiTi§eTAelItavkalik ¬kmμvtßúénkic©snüa¦ k¾RtUvepÞreTACamYypg Edr . kñúgn½yenHeyIgeXIjfamanktáaepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSenAkñúgenaH . k¾b:uEnþeyIgRtUv yl;fakic©snüaEdlbegáItsiTi§elIbMNulnigkatBVkic© etagmanedayTaMgktþaénkarepÞr siTi§Rbtü½kS ehIykic©snüaEbbenHk¾RtÚvcat;TukfaCakic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNulEdr¦ . ebIdUecñHetIK μankic©snüaGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kSeTb¤? cMeBaHsMNYrenH eyIgeXIjfa kic©snüa EdlbegáItsiTi§elIépÞdICaedIm KWCakic©snüaEdlmanxøwmsarEcgEtGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kSmYy muxb:ueNÑaH eKehAfaCakic©snüaGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kS . müa:geTot cMeBaHkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ EdlCakarÉkPaBKñabegáItTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab; edayEp¥kelIc,ab;sþIBIRKYsarenaH eKehAfa Cakic©snüaGMBIzan³ . ¬teTAenH Baküfa {kic©snüa} enAkñúgesovePAenH KWsMedAeTAelI {kic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul}¦ . 1>3>Gtßn½yénbTbBaØtþisþIBIkic©snüa

Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIkic©snüa esckþIenAkñúgkic©snüaGacman eRcInEbbeRcInya:g)aneTAtamenaHEdr . enAkñúgcMeNamesckþITaMgenaH Rkmrdæb,evNI kMNt;bTbBaØatþisMrab;kic©snüacMnYn 13 RbePT . k¾b:uEnþsUmbBa¢ak;CafμImþg eTotfa enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI CaBiessRtg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNulenH PaKITaMgGs;begáItviFan edayesrIeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;erog²xøÜn nigeTAtamkarRBmeRBogedayesrIrvagKñanwgKña edayQrelI {eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³} nig{eKalkarN_sV½yPaBénbuKÁlÉkCn} . dUecñHbTbBaØatþiTaMgb:un μan Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIenaH KWRKan;Etman lkçN³CYybMeBjPaBxVHcenøaH enAeBlEdlKUPaKIBMu)anbegáItviFanrbs;xøÜn edaykMNt; bBa¢ak;[)anl¥itl¥n;Etb:ueNÑaH . bTbBaØatþiTaMgenH CabTbBaØatþitamkars½μRKcitþ .


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2> RbePTénkic©snüa 2>1>kic©snüatamEbbEpn nigkic©snüaeRkAEbbEpn

Rkmrdæb,evNI )aneRCIserIs nigkMNt;nUvkic©snüa 13 RbePT edayyl;faCakic© snüaEdlGñkpgTaMgBYgniymeRbIR)as;CahUrEhrmk ehIy[eQμaHfaCa kic©snüatam EbbEpn . rIÉkic©snüaepSgBIenHRtUv)an[eQ μaHfaCa kic©snüaeRkAEbbEpn . edayehtufa kic©snüaTaMg 13 RbePTenH suT§EtmaneQ μaHEdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayRkm eKniymehAfaCa kic©snüamaneQ μaH . cMENkÉkic©snüaeRkAEbbEpnvij RtUv)anGñkxøH ehAfaCa kic©snüaKμaneQμaH . EdlehAfaKμaneQμaHenHminEmnmann½yfaK μan sar³sMxan;enaHeT eRBaHfakic©snüaCYl ¬lease contract¦kþI kic©snüa[x©IR)ak;tam \Ntan(credit contract)kþI BitEmnEtKμaneQ μaHenAkñúgRbePTTaMgenHeTk¾eday k¾Etg mansar³sMxan;Nas;naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. pÞúyeTAvij enAkñúgkic©snüatamEbbEpnTaMg 13 RbePTeTotesat mankic©snüaxøHswgEtElgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eTAehIy .

mYyvijeTot enAkñúgkrNIEdlqnÞ³énPaKIeFVIkic©snüaenaHminc,as;las; eKmindwg faRtUvcat;Tukkic©snüaenaHCaRbePTénkic©snüaNamYyeT ¬karbkRsaykic©snüa¦ . enA ÉmhaviTüal½y nisSitEdlsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNIEtg)anTTYlemeronfa enHCakic©snüalk; b¤k¾faenaHCaPtisnüa . l . k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgsgÁmCak;Esþgvij karbkRsaypÞal;nUvkic©snüa b¤karbkRsaynUvqnÞ³rbs;PaKIeFVIkic©snüa EtgCYbnwgbBaðasμúKsμajCaerOy² . edIm,Iyl; dwgkñúgerOgenH eyIgnwgsikSaedayEbgEckRbePTkic©snüaeTAtamlkçN³Biessrbs;va edayepáatkarykcitáTukdak;elIkic©snüatamEbbEpn .

2>2> kic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg nigkic©snüaGaRs ½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú CadMbUg KWkarEbgEckkic©snüaCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg nigkic©snüaGaRs½y

elIkarRbKl;vtßú . sBVéf¶enH PaKeRcInénkic©snüaCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg . Edl ehAfa RtwmkarRBmeRBógenH KWmann½yfakic©snüanwgmansuBlPaBeBjeljtamry³


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karbgðajqnÞ³RBmeRBógKñaEtb:ueNaÑH . ]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüalk;CaedIm KWCakic©snüa RtwmkarRBmeRBogKña ¬enARbeTsxøHcMeBaHkarlk;EdlRbkbedaytémøx<s; eKtRmUv[eFVI kic©snüaCa layl½kSGkSr . b:uEnþenARbeTsCb:unRkmrdæb,evNIminTamTar[eFVIkic© snüaCalayl½kSGkSreT . fVIt,itEtya:gdUecñHk¾eday tamFmμtaPaKITaMgsgxagEtg eFVIkic©snüaenHCalayl½kSGkSr TukCaPsþútageTAéf¶eRkay . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkarlk; b¤CYldIFøIEdlmanPñak;garkNþal ¬KYkeC¦ CaGñkrt;karCaedIm KUPaKIRtÚvTTYlkatBVkic© Gnuvtþtamc,ab;BiessepSg² dUcCac,ab;sþIBIkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIdIsMNg;nigGaKar ehIyRtUv erobcMnigRbKl;kic©snüaEdl)aneFVIeLIgCalayl½kSGkSr¦ .

ehIymankic©snüamYyPaKtUceRkABIenH EdleKehAfakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkar RbKl;vtßú . mann½yfa RKan;EtmankarbgðajqnÞHRBmeRBógKñab:ueNaÑH KWenAminTan; RKb;RKan;eT luHRtaEt)anRbKl;tavkalikehIy eTIbmankarekIteLIgénkic©snüaEdl nwgcab;manGanuPaB . ]TahrN_dUcCa karx©IeRbIEdlCakic©snüa[x©IedIm,IeRbIR)as; edayBuMykéfø ¬maRta 593¦ CaedIm . kñúgkrNIenH Gñk[x©ICaGñkrgkarxatbg;Etmñak;Ég dUecñHebIRKan;EtbgðajqnÞ³faRBm[x©InigRBmx©Ib:ueNÑaH KwminTan;mankic©snüaenAeLIyeT luHRtaEt)anRbKl;vtßúEdl[x©IenaHsin eTIbcat;Tukfamankic©snüa .

2>3> kic©snüaGBaØmBaØ nigkic©snüaÉketaPaKI

bnÞab;teTAenH KWkarEbgEckkic©snüaCa kic©snüaGBaØmBaØ nigkic©snüaÉketaPaKI . dUcmankñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm kic©snüaNaEdlbegáItCakatBVkic©cMeBaHPaKITaMgsgxag ¬eBalKWGñklk;mankatBVkic©RbKl;TMnij ehIyGñkTijmankatBVkic©bg;éføTMnij¦enaH eK [eQμaHfaCakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ . cMeBaHPtisnüa ¬nwgGFib,ayenAxageRkay¦ EdlekItman eLIgenAeBlCYlpÞHk¾dUecñaHEdr eBalKWPtik³ mankatBVkic©bg;éføQñÜlpÞH nigmankatBVkic© RbKl;pÞH[vijenAeBlEdlkarCYl)ancb;rYcral;ehIy rIÉPtibtIvij RtÚvmankatBVkic© erobcMpÞHCYlenaH [sßitkñúglkçN³mYyGac[eRbIkar)an . enHKWCakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ .


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pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkic©snüaRbTankmμ ¬nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkay¦vij KUPaKI RKan;EtniyayRtUvr:UvKñafa {xJúMRbKl;vtßú[-xJúMRBmTTYl} Etb:ueNÑaH KWmanlkçN³RKb;RKan; sMrab;[kic©snüaenHekIteLIg)an. b:uEnácMeBaHGñkTTYlGMeNay ¬bdiKahk¦ BuMekIt mankatBVkic©GVIeT . KWmanEtGñkeFVIGMeNay ¬Tayk¦ eT EdlmankatBVkic©RbKl;vtßúenaH . cMeBaHkic©snüax©IeRbI ¬Edl)anBiBN_naxagelIRsab;¦ k¾dUcKñaEdr . kic©snüaenHcab; ekIteT,IgenAeBlEdl)anRbKl;vtßú[x©IeRbI bnÞab;mkKWekItmankatBVkic©eTAelIGñkx©IeRbI edaytRmUv[sgvtßúenaHeTAm©as;edImvijEtb:ueNÑaH . dUcenH kñúgn½yfaekItmankatBVkic© eTAelIEtPaKImaçgenaHeKehAkic©snüaenHfa kic©snüaÉketaPaKI begáItkatBVkic©eTAelI PaKIEtmçag. rebobEbgEckEbbenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; eRBaHfamanbTbBaØtiþxøH kMNt;GMBIGanuPaBénkic©snüa nigkarrMlaykic©snüa EdlGnuvtácMeBaHEtkic©snüaGbaØmBaØ b:ueNÑaH.

2>4> kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr nigkic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr mankarEbgEckkic©snüamüa:geTot KWkarEbgEckCakic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr nig

kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr . karEbgEckenHGaRs½yeTAelIbBðaafa etICakic©snüa EdlPaKITaMgsgxagTUTat;eTAtamkarpþl;tavkalikeTAvijeTAmk dUcCakarbg;R)ak;edIm,I ykTMnijenAeBlTijlk;CaedIm ¬tavkalikEdlpþl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkenHmincaM)ac;RtUvman témøCak;EsþgesμIKñatamrUbmnþesdækic©eT,Iy . ebIPaKITaMgsgxagyl;fasmRsbeTAvij eTAmkehIy KWCakarRKb;RKan;¦ b¤mYyk¾Cakic©snüaEdlPaKImaçgminTTYlykkarTUTat;BI PaKImaçgeToteT dUckñúgkrNIénRbTankmμEdlmanEtPaKImÐageTCaGñkRbKl;RTBüsm,tái enaH b¤ya:gNa?

karEbgEckEbbenHk¾mansar³sMxan;Nas;Edr eRBaHfakaryktémøfñÚr b¤karmin yktémøfñÚrenH nwgjaúMg[kMriténkarFana ¬nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkam¦ ErbRbYleTAtam enaHEdr ¬kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚrdUcCakñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm nwgnaMmknUvkarTTYlxusRtÚv FanakñúgkMritmYyF¶n;F¶r . ebITMnijEdllk;enaHmantémøBuMsmRsbnwgtémøR)ak;Edl)an


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bg;enaH Gñklk;nwgRtÚvTTYlxusRtUv . pÞúyeTAvij kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr dUcCakñúgkareFVIRbTankmμCaedIm eTaHbICavtßúEdlCaGMeNayenaHmansñamqáÚtya:gNa k¾eday edayehtufaCavtßúTTYl)anedayTeTenaH CaeKalkarN_KWtRmUv[GñkTTYlRtUv Gt;Fμt; . dUecñHbTbBØatiþsþIBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanak¾manlkçN³FUrRsalEdr .

3> GanuPaBénkic©snüa 3>1>suBlPaBénkic©snüa tamkarBit kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un minmanEcgbTbBaØtáiCamUldæan

sáIBIGanuPaBénkic©snüaeT . edIm,I[kic©snüaGacmanGanuPaB)an caM)ac;RtÚvmanGtßn½y Rsbc,ab; ¬PaBRsbc,ab;¦ manlT§PaBGnuvtá)an ¬lT§PaB¦ nigmankarkMNt;c,as;las; ¬PaBc,as;las;¦ . ]TahN_ karcuHkic©snüalk;GaKarmYyxñg EdlRtÚvePøIgeqH)at; taMgBImuneBlcuHkic©snüaenaH KWCakrNImYyEdlminmantavkalik minGacGnuvtákatBVkic© eTA)aneTBIdMbUgTI . kic©snüaenHRtÚvkøayCaemaX³edaysarGlT§PaB . siTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic© minGacekItman)aneT . b:uEná]TahN_fa RbsinCaGñkTij)anTTYl karxUcxat edaysar)aneCOfaGacTijpÞHenH)anEmn ehIy)anTijeRKOgsgðarwmmk sMrab;cUleTAenA . enHtRmÚv[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsMNgxUcxatelIplRbeyaCn_ énkareCOTukcitá bgáeLIgmkBI :kMhuskñúgkarbegáItkic©snüa} . pÞúyeTAvij cMeBaH kic©snüaepÞrsiTi§elIbMNul Tak;Tgdl;R)ak;cMeNj EdlGacnwgTTYl)anedaysar karlk;TMnijenaHminEmnCaGlT§PaBeT . [Et)ankMNt;c,as;las;GMBIry³eBlcab;epáIm nigry³eBlRtÚvbBa©b; KWeKGacTTYlsÁal;)annUvPaBc,as;las;énkic©snüa . enHCakic© snüamanGanuPaB .


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3>2> GanuPaBCacMNg nigGanuPaBedayeFob Cabzm edayEp¥kelImUldæanénkarRBmeRBógKñarvagPaKITaMgsgxag GanuPaBén

kic©snüabegIát[mancMNgkatBVkic©rvagPaKI ¬RtUvEtGanuvt<tamkic©snüa¦. dUecñHenAeBl EdlPaKImaçgminGanuvt<tamkic©snüaPaKImaçgeTotGacbþwgeTAtulakarbgçM[Gnuvtþtamb¤mYy k¾tRmUv[bg;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat CMnYs[kareFVIskmμPaBEdl)ansnüaBIdMbUgTI ¬elIk ElgEtenAkñúgkic©snüaenaH PaKITaMgsgxag)anRBmeRBógKñaCaBiessfaK μankar bgçit bgçM[GnuvtþtameTenaH¦. m:üageTot CaeKalkarN_GanuPaBénkic©snüaKWCaGanuPaBeday eFobEdlcgEtPaKIkñúgkic©snüaEtb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_dUcCaeKGaceFVIkic©snüaedaypþl; plRbeyaCn_eTACnTI 3 )an enAkñúgkarlk;TijrvageQ μaH A nig eQ μaH B CaedIm eday manbEnßmkarRBmeRBógKñafa R)ak;éføTMnijenaHRtUvbg;pÞal;eTACnTI3 eQ μaH C ¬kic©snüa EdleFVIIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkay . cab;BImaRta 537 teTA¦ k¾b:uEnþenHminEmnmann½yfa CakarRBmeRBógKñadak;krNIykic©elICnTI3 enaHeT,Iy .

3>3> siTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBmK ña CagenHeTAeTot cMeBaHkic©snüa]betaPaKI c,ab;)ankMNt;[mansiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<

RBKña edayEp¥kelIGanuPaBénvtþmanrbs;kic©snüa . ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm GñkTijGactva: ¬eFVIkarGHGagtTl;nwgkarTamTarrbs;PaKImçageTot¦ faluHNaEtGñklk; RbKl;TMnij[xøÜn eTIbxøÜnRBmbg;éf¶[ . ehIypÞúyeTAvij Gñklk;Gactva:)anfa luHNaEt GñkTijbg;éfø[xøÜn eTIbxøÜnRbKl;TMnij[ ¬maRta 533 . kartv:aenHGacGnuvt<)anrhUt dl;eBlEdlPaKImçageTot)anp<l;karGnuvt<katBVkic©rbs;eK eBalKWCakarbg;éføCaedIm¦ . dUecñHsiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBKñaénPaKITaMgsgxagenH CakarCMruj[mankarGnuvtþkatBVkic© rbs;KñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyCalT§plcugeRkayeFVI[mankarp<l;tavkalikeTAvijeTA mk)an . CaFmμtaeT RbsinebIPaKITaMgsgxag)ankMNt;CamYyKñaedaymUlehtuNamYy enaHfanwgbg;R)ak;Camun enHRtUvkøayeTACaviFanEdlPaKITaMgsgxag)anRBmeRBogKña ehIyeKminGaceRbIsiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBKña)aneT . müa:geTot eTaHbICaPaKIEdl)aneRbIsiTi§


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tv:aehIy b:uEnþeRkaymkRtÚvGak;xaneTAvij k¾minRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic©enHEdr ¬GMBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüaecalb¤karbg;sMNg énkarxUcxat ekItmkBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©enH nwgmanGFib,ayenA 4 xageRkay¦ .

3>4> karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y

cMeBaHkic©snüa]betaPaKIEdlTak;TgnwgkatBVkic©énPaKITaMgsgxag enAmanrbb mYyeTotEdleKehAfa karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y . ]TahrN_dUcCacMeBaHkic©snüalk; PUmiRKwH EdlenAcenøaHeRkayeBleFVIkic©snüanwgmuneBlRbKl;PUmiRKwHenaH Rsab;Et RtUvePøIgeqHéRB ratt,atdutbMpaøjJPUmiRKwHxUcexÞcx©IGs;eTA . kñúgkrNIdUcenH kar)at; bg;tavkalik ¬PUmiRKwH¦ enAeRkayeBlcuHkic©snüanigmuneBlRbKl;vtßúenH BuMEmn sßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNul ¬Gñklk;PUmwRKiH¦ enaHeT,Iuy . b:uEnþRtUv ecaTCabBaðafa etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlbnÞuúkelIkarxUcxatenH Gñklk;EdlCakUnbMNul b¤GñkTijEdlCam©as;bMNul? cMeBaHkUnbMNulEdlCaGñklk;enaH RbsinebItavkalikenH minGacrkvtßúepSgmkCMnYsekIteT KWkatBVkic©rRbKl;PUmwRKwHminGacGnuvt<)aneT ehIyRtÚv rlt; . edayehtufa karxUcxatenHminEmnCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNuleT dUecñH minbg;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxatk¾minGIEdr . ¬pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdlkarxUcxatekIteLIg edaysarmUlehtuCabnÞúkrbs;kUnbMNulenaH katBVkic©EdlkUnbMNulmin)anGnuvt<nwg min)at;eTANaeT KWenArhUtedayERbkøayeTACakatBVkic©cMeBaHsMNgénkarxUcxat . sUmGanvKÁTI 4>1> nig4>2¦ . bBaðaenARtg;fa etIPaKIGñkTijEdl)aneFVIkic©snüarYceTA ehIyenaH RtUvbg;éføb¤k¾minRtUvbg;? tamBiteTA RtUvPaKITaMgBIrsMercTukCamunTaMgGs;Kña k¾b:uEnþebImin)ansMercTukCamuneT Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;ya:gTUlMTUlayfa enAkñúg krNITijlk;CaedIm ¬krNIénkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ EdlmaneKalbMNgkMNt; b¤epÞrkmμsiTi§ elIvtßúGVImYy¦ ma©s;bMNulCaGñkTTYlbnÞúk ¬maRta 534¦ ehIyenAkñúgkrNIepSgdUcCakar CYlCaedIm ¬krNIkic©snüaGBaØmBaØEdlKμanP¢ab;nUvkarkMNt; b¤karepÞrkmμsiTi§eTenaH¦


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kUnbMNulCaGñkTTYlbnÞúkvij ¬maRta 536¦ . k¾b:uEnþ mankarTietonya:gxøaMgecj BIRTIsþIsikSa edayyl;faeKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIma©s;bMNulenH minsmRsbnwgsgÁm sBVéf¶enHeT ¬tamFmμtaeKrEmgeFVIkic©snüaBiessedaymankMNt;CaTUeTAfa kUnbMNul CaGñkTTYlbnÞúkcMeBaHeRKaHfñak;naM[mankar)at;bg; eBalKWfaTnÞwmnwgkar)at;bg;katBVkic© RbKl;tavkalikenaH siTi§elIbMNulTamTar[eKbg;éføk¾RtUvGs;Edr .

karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y eKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIkUnbMNul nigeKalkarN_

dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y KWCabBaðaEdlmancMeBaHkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ. kñúgkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ siTi§elIbMNulnigkatBVkic©ekItmaneTAelIPaKITaMgsgxag. dUecñHenAeBlniyayfa karTTYlbnÞúk haniP½ytameKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul b¤tameKalkarN_dak;bnÞúk elIkUnbMNulenaH sUmRby½tñkuMRcLMm©as;bMNuleTAnwgkUnbMNul[esaH. karkMNt;fa GñkNaCakUnbMNul ehIy GñkNaCam©as;bMNulenaH KWGaRs½yeTAelIRTBüFnEdl)anvinas)at;bg;. mann½yfa ebI elIk]TahrN_énPUmiRKwHEdlRtUvePøIgeqHmkniyay PaKIGñkTijEdlmansiT§iTamTarkarRbKl; PumiRKwHdl;xøÜnenaHKWCam©as;bMNul ehIyPaKIGñklk;EdlmankatBVkic©RtUvRbKl;PUmiRKwH[eKenaH KWCakUnbMNul. GaRs½yehtuenH eKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul KWCakarkMNt;[m©as; bMNulTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y . GñkTijEdlCa m©as;bMNulmansiTi§TamTar[eKRbKl;PumiRKwH mkxøÜnenaH minGacTTYl)annUvtavkalikeT ¬katBVkic©EdlRtÚvGnuvt<edayGñklk;CakUnbMNulenaH RtÚvrlt;)at;¦ b:uEn<katBVkic©bg;R)ak;rbs;GñkTijRtÚvbn<eTAeTotmin)anrlt;eT . 3>5> kic©snüaEdleFVIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn

]TahrN_dUcCakarsnüabEnßmenAkñúgkarTijlk;rvageQ μaH A nigeQ μaH B Edl kMNt;fanwgbg;R)ak;éføTMnij[eTAeQμaH C pÞal;CaedIm . kic©snüaEdlpþl;plRbeyaCn_ eTAttiyCneRkABIPaKIénkic©snüaenH eKehAfa kic©snüaEdleFVIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn


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¬cab;BImaRta 537 teTA¦. enHCakic©snüamYy k¾b:uEnþkic©snüaenHminGacekItmaneT,Ig edayÉkÉgeT etagP¢ab;eTAnwgkic©snüaNamYyeTot ehIymaneQ μaHCakic©snüaBiess b¤k¾Cakfalkçn<k³bnÞab;bnSM. edayehtufa vajauMg[kic©snüamanGanuPaBcgcMeBaHCn epSgeRkABIPaKIénkic©snüaenaH eKcat;TukenHfaCakrNIelIkElgEdlxusBIkaryl;dwg CaTUeTAcMeBaHGanuPaBénkic©snüa ¬minCH\Ti§BleTAelICnNaeRkABIKUPaKIeT¦ . b:uEn<kñúg krNIenH k¾mankarkMNt;RBMEdndUcteTA³

k> GaceFVIkic©snüa)aneday[plRbeyaCn_dl;ttiyCn C EtminGaceFVIkarRBm eRBógKñabgá[ttiyCn C TTYlrgnUvplvi)akedayRtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©CaGviC¢man NamYyeT,Iy .

x> ttiyCn C EdlCaGñkTTYlplenaHminGacnwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_EdlekIt eT,Igtamry³karRBmeRBógKñarvageQμaH A nig eQ μaH B edays½VyRbvtiþ)aneT eBalKWcaM)ac;RtUvEtttiyCn C bgðajqnÞ³RBmTTYlplpgEdr ¬karbgðajqnÞ³ kñúgkarTTYlplRbeyaCn_¦ .

K> ebIttiyCn C bgðajqnÞ³kñúgkarTTYlplRbeyaCn_ehIy PaKI A nig B

minGacdkkarRBmeRBógenHecj)aneT EtebIminTan;mankarbgðajqnÞ³TTYlpl BIttiyCn C enAeT,IyeT karRBmeRBógGacdkecjvij)an.

müa:geTot bnÞab;BI)anbgðajqnÞ³TTYlplehIy ttiyCnEdlCaGñkTTYlplGac

TamTar[kUnbMNulp<l;tavkalikmkxøÜnedaycMeBaH)an . enAkñúgkrNIenH kUnbMNul GacGHGagnUvRKb;siTi§TaMgGs; dUcEdlxøÜnmaneTAelIm©as;bMNulenaH)anEdr ¬mann½y fa]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIGñklk; A nigGñkTij B )aneFVIkic©snüalk;CamYyKña ehIy)aneFVIkic©snüasMrab;ttiyCnedaykMNt;fa RtUvRbKl;R)ak;éføTMnijeTA[eQμaH C pÞal;EfmeTotpg . eRkayBIeQ μaH C )anbgðajqnÞ³fasuxcitþTTYlplRbeyaCn_ehIy eQ μaH C eTATarR)ak;éføTMnijBI B . ebIsinCa B enAminTan;)anTTYlTMnijBI A enAeT,IyeT


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ehIymansiTi§tv:aCamYy A TamTar[Gnuvt<RBmKñaenaH B k¾GaceRbIsiTi§tv:aenHcMeBaH C )andUcKñapgEdr¦ . 4> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüa

etIeyIgRtUveFVIdUcemþcRbsinebIPaKImaçgeTotmineKarB ehIyminGnuvtþtamkic©snüa eTenaH? CakarBitNas; eyIgGaceTABwgBak;tulakarbgçM[PaKImçageToteKarBtam kic©snüa ¬GnuvtþkatBVkic©edaybgçM¦ k¾)anEdr . k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNI)anhYsry³evlakMNt; b¤k¾kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTot)aneFVI)at;vtßúCakmμvtßúénkic©snüa minGacGnuvtþkatBVkic©)an eT etIeyIgKYreFVIdUcemþceTAvij? enAkñúgerNIenH tamRkmrdæb,evNI eyIgmanmeFüa)ay 2 Ebb . TImYy KWTamTar[PaKICaédKUbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat EdlekItmanBIkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic© . TIBIr KWrMlaykic©snüaecal edayehtufaPaKImçageTotminGnuvtþþkatBVkic© . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un GnuBaØat[erIsykkarrMlaykic©snüak¾)an b¤erIsykkar TamTarsMNgk¾)an b¤erIsykTaMgBIrk¾)anedr ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ . k¾b:uEnþþ bTBaØtiþsþIBIsMNgénkarxUcxat RtUv)anEcgenAkñúgEpñksþIBIbTbBaØtiþTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul cMENkÉkarrMlaykic©snüa manEcgenAkñúgbTbBØatiþCak;lak;sþIBIsiTI§elIbMNuleTAvij . enATIenH eyIgnwgBnül;edayKYbpþúMEpñkTaMgBIrenHbBa©ÚlKñaEtmþg .

4>1> krNIénkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©

tamkarkMNt;énRkmrdæb,evNI edIm,I[kUnbMNulTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarminGnuvt< katBVkic©rbs;;xøÜn luHRtaEtmanmUlehtuEdlCabnÞúkrbs;kUnbMNul cMeBaHkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic©enaHCamunsin. eBalKWcaM)ac;RtUvmankMhus b¤ectna ekIteLIgBIPaKIkUnbMNul ¬RtÚvRby½tæBIcMNucenHpg eRBaHbBaØti<EcgkñúgmaRta 415 énRkmrdæb,evNI EdlkMNt; niymn½y[BaküfaminGnuvt<katBVkic©enaH mancMNucxøHBi)akyl;Nas;Edr¦ . ebIKμan kMhuseT KWminmankarTTYlxucRtUveT,Iy. enHCaeKalkarN_mUldaænénRkmrdæb,evNI


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eBalKW eKalkarN_TTYlxusRtUvelIkMhus . ebIya:gdUecñH karGnuvtþkic©snüamin)an edayehtumkBImaneRKaHFmμCati dUcCarB¢ÜayEpndI b¤pÞúHPñMePIøgCaedImenaH mincat;TukfaCa karminGnuvtþkatBVkic©eT . müa:geTot )anCaeRbIBaküfa PaKIkUnbMNul KWeRBaHfa minkMritRtWmEtectna b¤kMhusrbs;kUnbMNulpÞal;xøÜnEtb:uNaÑHeT . eKRtUvrab;bBaÞÚl pgEdrnUvkMhus b¤ectna rbs;CnNaEdl)anCYydl;kUnbMNul kñúgkarGnuvt<katBVkic© enaHEdr . karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© manEckecjCa 3 RbePTdUcteTA ³

k> karyWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþkatBVkic© edaymin)anRbtibtþi[Tan;ry³eBlkMNt;kñúg kic©snüa . x> GlT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾edaysar)at;bg;;lT§PaBminGacGnuvtþ)andUckarsnüa K> karGnuvtþn¾mineBjlkçN³dUcCa)anGnuvtþTan;eBlkMNt;Emn b:uEnþesckþIenaH mindUcsnüa b¤mYyk¾min)aneBjeljCaedIm .

4>2> sMNgénkarxUcxat RbsinebIkarGnuvtþkatBVkic©mankaryWtya:v eKGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat

TaMgLayEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgGMLúgeBlyWty:avenaH)an ¬ehAfasMNgénkaryWtya:v¦. cMeBaHkrNIGlT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾ eKGacTamTarR)ak;CasMNgCMnYs[tavkalikEdl RtUvp<l;tamkic©snüaenaH ¬ehAfasMNgbMeBj¦. cMeBaHRBMEdnénsMNgénkarxUcxatenH Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 417 edayEckecjCakarxUcxat Fmμta nigkarxUcxatBiess. cMeBaHkarxUcxatEdlRtÚvekItmaneT,Igkñúgkal³eTs³Fmμta KWRtUvbg;sMNgeTAtamkarxUcxatkñúgRkbx½NÐCasMNgFmμta. rIÉkarxUcxatEdlekIt maneT,Igedaysarkal³eTs³BiessNamYyvij eKRtUvBinitübBa¢ak;faetI samuIxøÜnGac sμandwg)anCamunGMBIkarxUcxatenaHEdrb¤eT? ¬GacRbmaNemIlTukCamun)an b¤min)an¦ ehIycMeBaHEtEpñkxUcxatEdlGacsμandwgCamun)anEtb:ueNÑaHeT eTIbRtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúg


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Rkbx½NÐCasMNgEdlRtUvsg. etIGVIeTAEdlCakarxUcxatFmμta ehIyGVIeTAEdlCakar xUcxatBiessenaH cMeLIyKWRtUvGaRs½yTaMgRsugeTAelIkrNICak;EsþgnImYy²vij . eyIgelIk]TahrN_dUcCakrNI)aneFVIkic©snüaTijpÞHrYcral;ehIy b:uEn<edayehtufa kar RbKl;pÞHmankaryWtya:v 1 ExhYseBlkMNt;énkarsnüa CaehtunaM[GñkTijRtUveTA CYlpÞHeKenAGs;ry³eBl 1 ExEdrenaH krNIenHmtiPaKeRcInyl;fa éføQñÜlpÞHKWCa karxUcxatFmμta. k¾b:uEnþRbsinebImankarsnüaCamYyGñkepSgeTotfa bnÞab;BITijpÞHehIy nwglk;bnþkñúgtémøx<s; ehIyedayehtufamankaryWtya:vkñúgkarRbKl;pÞH bNþal[kar lk;bnþenHRtUvGak;xaneTAvij . ebIsinCaGñkTijpÞH)anTamTarsMNgcMeBaHPaKcMeNj EdlRtUv)at;bg;edaysarEtkarxkxanminGaclk;bnþ)aneTenaH karxUcxatenH ¬RbsinebI GñkTijCaCnsamBaØFmμta¦ nwgGaccat;Tuk)anfaCakarxUcxatBiess dUecñHmanEtkñúg krNIEdlGñklk;GacsμandwgCamun)annUvkarlk;bn<rbs;GñkTijenaHeT eTIbGñkTijGac TTYlsMNgénkarxUcxat)ankñúgRkbx½NÐénsMNgBiess.

RBMEdnénsMNgénkarxUcxat

sMNg Fmμta


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4>3>karrMlaykic©snüa meFüa)ayedaHRsaymüa:geTot KWkarrMlaykic©snüa . kñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNulmin

GnuvtþtamkatBVkic©eT ma©s;bMNulGacbgðajqnÞ³CaÉketaPaKIcat;TukfaKμankic©snüataMg BIdMbUgTI)an ¬tampøÚvc,ab;karrMlaykic©snüaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGMeBIkñúgRbePTskmμPaB ÉketaPaKI¦ . karbgðjqnÞ³dUcenH manGanuPaBtRmUv[PaKITaMgGs;eFVIbdiTaneLIgvij ¬kareFVI[RtLb;mkdUcsaßnPaBnakaldMbUgTIvij¦ . eBalKWekItmankrNIykic©RtÚveFIV [saßnPaBRtTüb;mkrkGVIEdlmantaMgBImuneBleFVIkic©snüa ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . k¾b:uEnþ GanuPaBénbdiTanenH minRtUveFVI[manplb:HBal;eTAelIttiyCn)aneT,Iy . enH)anesckIþfa muneBlrMlaykic©snüa RbsinCamanttiyCnNamñak;)anTijTMnijbnþBI PaKIGñkTijrYc ehIyRBmTaMgmanl½kçx½NÐttaMgRKb;RKan;EfmeTotenaH KwkarrMlay kic©snüaminRtUveFVI[mankarxUcxatdl;siTi§EdlttiyCn)anTTYlenaHeT ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 1 bdiBaØa¦.

müa:gvijeTot GanuPaBRbtiskmμ EdlCaGanuPaBénkarvilRtLb;mkrksaßnPaBedIm vij [)andUcmuneBleFVIkic©snüaenaH GacnwgekItmaneLIg)ancMeBaHEtkic©snüaNaEdl manlkçN³CakarGnuvtþn_EtmYydgcb;CasaßBr . tYya:gdUcCakic©snüalk;CaedIm . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHPtisnüa EdlCakic©snüamanry³evlaGnuvtþn_CabnþbnÞab;enaH BuMGacmanGnuPaB RbtiskmμeT . GanuPaBénkarrMlaykic©snüanwgekItmaneLIg cab;BIeBlrMlayenaH rhUteTAGnaKtEtb:uENÑaH ¬eRBaHfavaK μann½yGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarsgR)ak;éføQñÜlpÞH EdlxøÜn)anTTYlBIG\Itkal b¤sgeTAvijnUvplRbeyaCn_TaMgb:un μan Edl)anTTYl mkBIkareRbIR)as;naeBlGtItkalenaHeT¦. rIÉmeFüa)ayrMlaykic©snüaeTotesat ]bma fa ebImankaryWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþkatBVkic© CaeKalkarN_ eKRtUvkMNt;ry³ BlCak;lak; [Gnuvtþtamkic©snüaCafμImþgeTot ¬ehAfakardas;etOn¦ rYcehIyebIenAK μankareKarB dEdleToteTenaH eTIbeKGacrMlaykic©snüaecal)an ¬maRta 541¦ . k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgbNþáakic©snüaTaMgLay rEmgmancMNucxøHEdleKehAfa skmμPaBEdlRtÚveFVItam


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ry³eBlkMNt; EdlRtUvEtGnuvtþtameBlkMNt;Cadac;xat ebIBuMenaHeTKWBMumann½yGVIeLIy ¬]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüaeFVImðÚbkarCaedIm ebImineFIVenAéf¶erobGaBah_BiBah_eT KWBMuman n½yGVIeLIy¦ . enAkñúgkrNIenHkarrMlaykic©snüaGaceFVI)anPøam edaymincaM)ac;eFVIkar das;etOneT ¬maRta 542¦ . cMeBaHkrNIGlTæPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþkatVkic© eKk¾GacrMlaykic© snüa)anPaømEdr edayBMucaM)ac;RtUveFVIkardas;etOneT eRBaHfaK μanRbeyaCn_GVInwgdas;etOn PaKIEdlKμanlT§PaBGnuvtþkatBVkic©)aneTenaH ¬maRta 543¦ . cMENkÉkrNIénkar Gnuvtþn_mineBjlkçN³vij RbsinebIPaKImçageTotmanlT§PaBnwgGnuvtþ[cb;sBVRKb;)an naeBlGnaKtenaH munnwgrMlaykic©snüaecaleKRtUveFVIkardas;etOn dUcKñanwgkrNIman karyWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©Edr . b:uEnþebIsinCaK μanlT§PaBnwgGnuvtþ[)ancb; sBVRKb;naeBlGnaKteTenaH eKGacrMlaykic©snüaPøam edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIkardas;etOn eToteLIy . III. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBlMGiténkic©snüa 1> kic©snüalk;

1>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA cUreyIgRkeLkmkemIlkic©snüasMxan;²xøH enAkñúgbNþakic©snüatamEbbEpn Edl

manEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNImþg. dUc)anBiBN½naCajwkjab;Nas;mkehIyfa kic©snüa lk; KWCakic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr Cakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ ehIyCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBog pg . maRta 559 énRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;fa bTbBaØtþiTaMgLaysþIBIkic©snüalk; RtÚvEp¥kelImUldæanénkarGnuvt<kic©snüadéTeTotEdlyktémøfñÚr . m:üageTot Rkm rdæb,evNIBMumankMNt;nUvkrNIykic©RtUvEteFVIkic©snüaCalayl½kSGkSrCacaM)ac;eT kñúg karbegIátkic©snüalk; k¾dUcCakic©snüadéTepSgeTotEdr . dUecñH eyagtamRkmrdæb,evNI eTaHbICakarTijlk;enaHmantémøx<s;y:agNak¾eday kic©snüaGacekItmaneLIg)an


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edayEp¥kelIkarRBmeRBógEtb:ueNÑaH fVIt,itEtK μansresrCalayl½kSGkSrk¾eday . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTijCaGñkeRbIR)as;TUeTA b¤kic©snüaenaHBak;B½n§nwgtémøR)ak;eRcIn elIslb; c,ab;BiessepSg²)ankMNt;bBaØtþisþIBIkrNIkic©caM)ac;; kñúgkareFVIkic©snüaCa layl½kSGkSr ¬tYy:agdUcCac,ab;sþIBIskmμPaBCMnYjkMNt; b¤c,ab;sþIBIGaCIvkmμCYjdUr dIsMNg;nigGaKarCa edIm¦ . 1>2>karsnüalk;TijCamun

eKGacsnüaCamYyKñaTukCamunfa nwgeFVIkic©snüalk;)anedayRKan;Etniyayfa {suxcitþTij} nig {suxcitþlk;} . kic©snüaTukCamunenHk¾Cakic©snüamYy ehIyman GanuPaBcgbgçM[GnuvtþtamEdr . PaKImçagEdlRtUvPaKImçageTotTamTarsMuP¢ab;kic©snüa BitR)akdenAéf¶eRkayenaH RtUvEtTTYlyl;RBmCamunenH . RbsinebI PaKIédKUminRBm TTYleFVIkic©snüaBitR)akdedayykelseTAtamcitþxøÜnenaH eKGacbþwgsMutulakarecj salRkmCMnYs[karbgðajqnÞ³yl;RBm)an . k¾b:uEnþRbsinebIPaKIeFVIRBegIykenþIybnþ eTAeTotedayminRBmshkareTenaH eTaHbICadwgfaxøÜnQñHehIykþIk¾eday k¾RbEhlCa BMumannrNacg;eFVIkic©snüaEdlsμúKsμajEbbenHeTEdr . GaRs½yehtuenHRkmrdæbevNI énRbeTsCb:un)anbBaØtþifa cMeBaHRbePTénkic©snüalk;EdlniymeFVIeLIgjwkjab;CageK enaH lÁwkNamandak;lkçx½NÐTijlk;Camun ehIyRbsinebImankarsMueFVIkic©snüaBit R)akdnaGnaKtBIPaKImçag eBlenaHkic©snüaBitR)akdnwgRtUvekIteLIgPøamedaymincaM)ac; mankaryl;RBmsaCafμIBIPaKImçageTotenaHeLIy ¬maRta 556 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . cMeBaH esckþIfa {kic©snüaenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRsbeTAtamesckþIénkarsnüaKñaTukCamunTaMgRsug} kñúgBaküCMnajeKEcgfa {bMeBjtamkarsnüa} ehIyehAPaKIEdlGacbMeBjtamkic©snüa ¬GñkmansiT§CMrujkarsnüaTukCamun[eTACakic©snüaBitR)akd¦ faCa {GñkmansiT§ibMeBj tamkarsnüa}.


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1>3>R)ak;kk; R)ak;kk; KWCaR)ak;b¤GVImYyEdlbg;TukCamun enAeBlP¢ab;kic©snüakñúgkarlk;dUrCa

edIm . ]TahrN¾dUcCakñúgkarsnüaTijvtßútémø 1 lanerol Edl)anbg;R)ak;kk;cMnYn 1 EsnerolCaedIm . bBaðaKWenARtg;fa etIR)ak;kk;manmuxgarGVIEdr? cMeBaHR)ak;kk;enH GñkRBagRkmrdæevNIénRbeTsCb:un )anBinitüeyageTAelITMlab;EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs Cb:un eday)ancat;TukfaR)ak;kk; KWCaR)ak;FanaenAeBlmankarrMlaykic©snüa . enAeBl EdlGñkTijbg;R)ak;kk;eTA[Gñklk; kñúgry³evlaEdlBuMTan;;manPaKINamYyGnuvtþkic© snüaenAeLIyeTenaH GñkTijGacrMlaykic©snüa)anedaye)aHbg;R)ak;kk;enHecal . cMENkÉGñklk;k¾GacrMlaykic©snüa)anEdr edaybg;R)ak;eTAGñkTijkñúgcMnYnCa 2 dg elIR)ak;kk;enH ¬maRta 557 kfax½NÐTI 1 . kñúgkrNIenH edaysareKcat;Tukfa CanItiviFIsMrab;lubecalTMnak;TMngénkic©snüa tamry³énkarcat;EcgcMnYnR)ak;kk; dUecñH minGacTTYlyk)aneTcMeBaHkarTamTarsMNgxUcxatdéTeTot¦ . eBalKWenAeBlEdl PaKINamYyEbkcitþElgcg;bnþkic©snüateTAeTot eTaHbIedayRbkarNak¾eday PaKIenaH RKan;Ete)aHbg;ecal b¤sgR)ak;kk;enaHCa 2 dgeTAvijb:ueNÑaH KWeKGacrMlaykic© snüaecal)an . mann½yfa R)ak;kk;mantYnaTI pþl;[PaKInImYy²nUvkarkSasiT§Ikñúgkar rMlaykic©snüa ¬maRta 540 kfax½NÐTI 1 . eKGacEcgkMNt;GMBIkrNIGVIxøH Edl siTi§rMlaykic©snüaGacekItmaneLIg)an edayEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBógrvagPaKIénkic©snüa¦ . edayehtufa enHCabBaØtþitamkarsμ ½RKcit< eKGackMNt;lkçN³énR)ak;kk;epSgBIenHeTot k¾)anEdr ¬]bmadUcCafa ebIPaKINamYyminGnuvt<kic©snüa PaKImçageTotnwgrwbGUsR)ak;kk; CaedIm¦ . k¾b:uEnþyutiþsaRsþc,ab;)ankMNt;fa kñúgkrNIEdlminGackMNt;)anc,as;las; GMBIlkçN³Bitrbs;RbePTR)ak;kk;BiessNamYyeTenaH tulakarnwgsnμt;fa CaR)ak; sMrab;karrMlaykic©snüa ¬eTaHCaR)ak;kk;RbePTNakþI ya:gehacNas;k¾mantYnaTI CaPsþútagbBa¢ak;GMBIkarekItmankic©snüaEdr ehAfaR)ak;kk;sMrab;bgðajBIkic©snüa¦ .


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1>4>karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana edayehtufakarTijlk; KWCakic©snüanUvkarbþÚrfñÚres μIKñarvagTwkR)ak;nwgvtßú ehIy

edayKitdl;PaBesμIKñaénfñÚr b¤PaByutiþFm’rvagKUPaKI Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;nUvTid¢PaB epSg²CaeRcInsþIBIkarra:b;rgEdlGñklk;RtUveKarBtam . karFanara:b;rgTaMgenH RtUvGnuvtþ cMeBaHkrNIepSg²dUcCa krNIEdltamkarBitcMnYnTaMgmUlb¤manmYyEpñkénvtßúlk;enaHCa kmμsiTi§rbs;GñkdéTepSgBIGñklk;BitR)akd krNIvtßúlk;minRKb;cMnYn b¤krNIEdlsiTi§ manCab;eTAnwgvtßúenaHminmanlkçN³RKb;RkgtamkarEdleKrMBwgfaRtÚvman b¤krNIEdl GñkdÉTEbrCamansiTi§eRbIR)as;eTAelIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaenaH CaedIm ¬BimaRta 561 dl; maRta 572¦ . enAkñúgkrNITaMgGs;enH Gñklk;RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxGñkTij kñúgkarbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat b¤mYyebIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaBuMGacsMercCasaßBr)aneTenaH eKRtUvrMlaykic©snüaecal .

dUc)anBiBN_naxagelIRsab; eyagtamRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un eTaHbIvtßú enaHCakmμsiTiærbs;GñkdéTsuT§saFk¾eday k¾eKGaceFVIkic©snüalk;vtßúenaH)anEdr . man n½yfaebIeQ μaH B ykvtßúrbs;eQ μaH A eTAeFVIkic ©snüalk;eTAeGayeQμaH C enaHk¾Cakic© snüamYymansuBlPaBEdr ¬eKehAfaCa karlk;vtßúGñkdéT¦ . CaFmμtaeTEdlfa kñúgkrNIenHeQ μaH B RtUvmankatBVkic©TTYlkmμsiTi§BIeQ μaH A mkvijedIm,IepÞreTAeQaμH C ¬maRta 560¦ . ebIeFVIy:agenHBuM)aneT eQ μaH B RtUvTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana eBalKI TTYlkrNIkic©rrMlaykic©snüaecal nigbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat ¬maRta561¦ . eRkABIenH ]TahrN¾dUcCaenAkñúgépÞdI 100 Em:RteTVKuN mancMnYn 20 Em:RteTVKuN Carbs;GñkdéTCaedIm eBalKWkñúgkrNIEdlmYyEpñkénkmμvtßúénkic©snüakMBukEtCakmμsiTi§ rbs;GñkdéT GñkTijGacTamTar[kat;témøénEpñkenaHecal)an b¤mYyedayehtufaK μan n½ynwgTijEtEpñkEdlesssl;enaHeT GñkTijk¾GacrMlaykic©snüaecal)anEdr ¬maRta 563 kfax½NÐTI 1 nigTI 2 . kñúgkrNIénGñkTijsucrit eKEfmTaMgGacTamTar sMNgénkarxUcxat)aneTotpg ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 3¦ .


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cMeBaHkrNIéntavkalikEdltRmUv[mansiTi§eRbIR)as;P¢ab;eTACamYy EtEbrCaK μan siTi§enaHeTAvij b¤pÞúyeTAvijtavkalikenaHRtÚvCab;siTi§eRbIR)as;rbs;GñkdéT EdlehAfa Cavikar³énsiTi§enaH RbsinebIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaBuMGacsMerc)anedaysarEtmanvikar³énsiTi§ eKGacrMlaykic©snüa)an ¬RBmTaMgTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatpg¦ b¤ebIBuMenaHeTeKGac TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat)an ¬maRta 566¦ . CagenHeTAeTot kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTij RtÚv)at;bg;kmμsiTi§ edaysarkmμvtßúénkic©snüamanP¢ab;hIubU:etk ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 7 vKÁ II. 1>1>¦ EdlRtÚv)anykmkGnuvt< ¬lk;edaybgçM¦ CaFmμtaeT GñkTijGaclubkic©snüa ecal)an ehIyebIsinCamankarxUcxat eKGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat)anEfmeTot ¬maRta 567¦ .

müa:geTot dUc)anerobrab;xøH²rYcmkehIyenACMBUkTI1 GMBIsar³sMxan;énkarTTYl xusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ kñúgkrNIEdlmansñamqáÚt b¤vikar³bn<icenAelIkmμvtßúénkic©snüa EdleKmin)ancab;GarmμN_Pøam² . enHmanlkçN³xusKñaeTAnwgkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© eRBaHfakarlk;dUrKWsMedAelIkarTUTat;fñÚresñIKñaeTAvijeTAmk dUecñH eTaHbICaGñklk;K μanectnab¤KμankMhuskþI k¾RtUvEtTTYlxusRtÚvEdr ¬mann½yfa Gñklk; RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsñamelITMnij eTaHbICaGñklk;xøÚnÉgBuM)aneFVI[mansñam ehIy lk;edayBuM)andwgfamansñamk¾eday¦ . kñúgkrNIenH GñkTijGacTamTarkarrMlaykic© snüab¤sMNgénkarxUcxat)abBIGñklk; kñúgry³eBl 1 qñaM bnÞab;BI)anrkeXIjsñamxUc xatEdlmanlak;)aMgenaH ¬Gnuvt<tammaRta 566 dUcmankMNt;edaymaRta 570 énRkm rdæb,evNI¦ . cMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³enH PaKITaMgsgxagGaceFVIkic©snüa Biess)an edIm,Ibnßyry³eBlRtUvFana b¤snüafaminTTYlxusRtÚvk¾)anEdr kuM[Etman karpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmaøb;l¥enAkñúgsgÁm.


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2> kic©snüaRbTankmμ 2>1>kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

kic©snüaRbTankmμ KWCakic©snüamYytMNag[kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr ehIyCa kic©snüaÉketaPaKI . edayehtufakic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr dYckic©snüaRbTankmμenH naM[mankarxatbg;eTAelIPaKIGñkeFVIGMeNayEtmçageTenaH manRbeTsCaeRcInniymcat; TukenHCa kic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú b¤kic©snüatamTRmg;kMNt; kñúgeKalbMNg kMu[mankareføaHeFøaykñúgkareFIVkic©snüa . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un cat;Tukkic©snüa enHfa Cakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBog b:uEn<kñúgkrNIsnüaKñaedaypÞal;mat; minmansresr CalaylkçGkSreTenaH c,ab;)ankMNt;fakic©snüa)anekItmaneT,IgEmn EtGaclubecal vij)anRbsinebIenAminTan;)anGnuvtþenAeT,IyeTenaH ¬maRta 550¦. BaküfalubecalenH mann½yRtwmEtkardkkic©snüaecjvijEtb:uNÑaH BuMEmnsMedAeTAelIkarlubecalEdlman GanuPaBRbtiþskmμBak;B½n§eTAdl;GtItkalenaHeT . CaeKalkarN_ cMeBaHkic©snüa RbTankmμenH eKmintRmUv[TaykTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ enAelIkm μvtßúénkic©snüa enaHeT k¾bu:EnþebITaykdwgCamunfavtßúenaHmanvikar³Edr ehIyenAEt[vtßúedayKμanR)ab; [eKdwgGMBIvikar³enaH c,ab;tRmUv[TaykTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana cMeBaHEtcMENkén karxUcxatNaEdlekItmanmkBIkareCOTukcitþb:ueNÑaH. 2>2>RbTankmμBiessepSg² 2>2>1>RbTankmμEdlmanCab;bnÞúk

enHk¾CaRbePTkic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚrEdr k¾b:uEnþedaymanP¢ab;nUvbnÞúkGVImYy tRmUv[GñkTTYlGMeNay ¬bdiKahk¦ RbtibtþitamenaH eKehAkic©snüaEbbenHfaCa kic© snüaRbTankmμEdlmanCab;bnÞúk . ]TahrN_dUcCakarsnüafa {nwgRbKl;GMNayCadI kñúgtémøRbmaN 100 laney:n[eTAGñk b:uEnþTal;EtGñkEfTaMe)assMGatpñÚrdUnta


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ehIyeFVIbuNüral;qñaMpg} CaedIm . enAkñúgkrNIenH edaysarEtmankarkMNt;nUvbnÞúk EdlbdiKahkRtUvTTYlykCafñÚrenaH c,ab;cat;Tukkic©snüaenHfamanlkçN³Ca kic©snüa GBaØmBaØ ¬EdlyktémøfñÚr¦ . eyaleTAelIkarkMNt;nUvbnÞúkenH c,ab;)antRmUv[Tayk TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana dUcPaKIGñklk;enAkñúgkarTijlk;Edr ¬maRta 551 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ ehIy)ankMNt;[uykbTbBaØtiþsþIBIkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ mkGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIenHEdr ¬maRta 553¦ . 2>2>2> RbTankm μedaymUlehtumrN³PaB

RbTankmμEdl)anmkedaysarmrNPaBrbs;TaykehAfaCa RbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaB . ]TahrN¾dUcCa kic©snüaEdlTayk )aneFVIkalenArs;ranfa “eyIgnwgRbKl;dIFøIenHdl;ÉgenAeBleyIgsaøb;” ehIybdiKÁahktbfa “´nwgTTYleday kþIrIkray”CaedIm. enAmanrebobeFVIRbTankmμRsedognwgkic©snüaRbePTenHEdr KWTayk sresrTukenAkñúgmt’ksasn¾rbs;xøÜnfa {dIenHnwgRbKl;[eTAGñkenH b¤GñkenaH}CaedIm ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 9 vKÁTI II. 4>2>¦ . enHKWCaskmμPaBedaybuKÁlNamñak;Ég edIm,I eFVI[ekItmaneT,IgnUvGanuPaBénRbTankmμ GaRs½telIkarbgðajqnÞ³CaÉketaPaKI . PaKI mçageTotBuM)andwgGVIVesaHeT,Iy . RbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaB nigGc©½yTan man lkçN³ktiyut<xusKña k¾b:uEnþmanmuxnaTIRsedogKñaeRcIn. ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbRkm rdæb,evNI)ankMNt;[ykbTbBaØtiþsþIBIGc©½yTan mkGnuvtþdUcKñaEdrcMeBaHRbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaBpgEdr ebIsinCaminmankarpÞúynwglkçN³énRbTankmμenaH ¬maRta 554¦ . b:uEn<edayehtufaGc©½yTanRtÚvEpñkelImt’ksasn_ ehIyGaRs½yelIbBaØt<Ién mt’ksasn_enaH ¬edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgnUvqnÞ³cugeRkayrbs;mt’kCn¦ Gc©½yTanGacRtÚv)an sresrEkERbb:unaμndgk¾)anEdr. rIÉRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBvij Cakic©snüa EdlmanPaKICaédKU eFVIeGayPaKICaédKUenaHeCOCak;fa xøÜnR)akdCanwg)anTTYlRbTankmμ enaH . b:uEnþyutiþsaRsþc,ab; nigRTws<IsikSaCaTUeTA cat;Tukfa cMeBaHRbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaB TaykGacdkkic©snüarbs;xøÜnecj)anedayesrI. k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNI


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Edlkic©snüaénRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBenHmanCab;bnÞúk ¬kic©snüaRbTankmμ edaymUlehtumrNPaBEdlmanCab;bnÞúk¦ EdlbdiKahk)anbMeBjrYcehIyenaH yutiþsaRsþc,ab;)anbBa¢ak;fa CaeKalkarN_eKminGacdkkic©snüaenHecjvij)aneT ¬]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlkic©snüa)anEcgfa {ebIÉgecjR)ak;CYyciBa©wmeyIgral;qñaM rhUtdl;ÉgcUlnivtþenaH eBleyIgsaøb;eTAeyIgnwg[dIeyIgenHdl;Ég{ GaRs½yehtuenH PaKICabdiKahk)ancMNayR)ak;CYyciB¢awmTaykerogral;qñaM tamBaküsnüarhUtdl;TI bBa©b;EmnenaH TaykminGacdkRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBenH)aneToteT¦ . 3> Ptisnüa 3>1>kMMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

kic©snüasþIBIkarbg;éføQñÜledIm,ICUlvtßúehAfa Ptisnüa . kic©snüaenHk_Cakic© snüaGBaØmBaØ EdlyktémøfñÚr nigCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBogEdr k_b:uEnþminEmneFIVEt mYyelIkcb;sBVRKb;dUckic©snüalk;eT pÞúyeTAvijKWCakic©snüaEdlbnþkñúgmYyry³eBl kMNt; ehIyenAeBlGnuvtþsiT§iCYlvtþúenHeTotesat eRkABIsiT§iTamTar[pþl;nUvvtßúCYl enAmansiTi§eRbIR)as;vtßúCYlenHEfmeTót . enHKWCalkçN³Biessén Ptisnüa . Rtg;cMNucenH eRkABIlkçN³CasiTi§elIbMNul siTi§CYlk_manlkçN³CasiTi§Rbtü½kSpgEdr . kñúgn½yenHehIy EdlsiTi§CYlGclnRTBüGaccuHbBaöI)an . c,ab;)ankarBarsiTi§CylenH edaykMNt;fa kalNa)ancuHbBaöIehIy eTaHbICam©as;énGclnRTBüRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrk_ eday k_eKGacelIkyksiTi§CYlmkttaMg)anEdr ¬maRta 605¦ . k¾b:uEnþenAkñúg sPaBCak;Esþg edayehtufaCaTYeTABMusUvmankic©shRbtibtþikarBIPtibtIeT kñúgkarcuH bBaöIenH dUecñHbTbBaØtþienHkRm)anykmkGnuvtþn¾Nas;; ¬manviFIkarBarepSgeTotEdlman EcgenAkñuúgc,ab;BiessepSgvij¦ . siTi§CYlmanlkçN³xusKñaeTAsiTi§elIépÞdI EdlCa siTi§Rbtü½kS enARtg;fa c,ab;minTTYlsÁal;siT§irbs;Ptik³kñúgkarepÞrsiT§i b¤Cylbnþ eday esrIenaHeT . ebIcg;epÞrsiT§i b¤CYlbnþKWRtUvmankaryl;RBmBIPtibtI ¬maRta 612


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kfax½NÐTI 1¦. ebImineFVIdUecñHeT m©as;km μsiT§iGaclubkic©snüaecal)an ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IkarBarkuM[m©as;km μsiT§iGnuvtþbBaØtþic,ab;enHedaybMBanenaH yutþisaRsþc,ab;)ankMNt; karlubkic©snüaenH[enARtwmkrNIEdlmankarepÞrsiTæi b¤Cyl bnþ edayK μankarGnuBaØatþi ehIyEdlGaceFVI[)at;bg;CmenOTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk)an rvagPtik³nigPtibtIEtb:ueNÑaH . mü:ageTot edayehtufakic©snüaCYlCakic©snüaEdlman ry³evlabnþenaH karrMlaykic©snüaenH minmanGanuPaBRbtiskm μeTAelIGtItkaleT KWRKan;EtGs;suBlPaBsMrab;GnaKtkalEtb:ueNÑaH .

3>2>krNIkic©rbs;Ptik³ nigkrNIkic©rbs;PtbtI

Ptik³mankrNiykic©RtÚvbg;éføQñÜlCafñÚrcMeBaHkareRbIR)as; RtÚveRbIR)as;vtßúeday Ep¥keTAtamviFIeRbIR)as; ehIymankrNIykic©RtÚvRbKl;vtßúvijenAeBlbBa©b;kic©snüa . TnÞwmnwgeBlenaH PtibtImankrNIykic©RtÚvCYl[)anCab;lab; nUvvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúén kic©snüa kñúgsßaPaBmYyEdlsMrYldl;kareRbIR)as;nigGaRs½yplRsbtamGtßn½yedImén kic©snüa . dUecñH RbsinebImanTwkePøógRCabcUlpÞHEdlCakm μvtßúénkarCYlenaH PtibtIman krNIykic©RtÚvCYlCul ¬maRta 606¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlPtik³)anecjéføCYlCulenHehIy KWPtik³GacTamTarPøam[PtibtIsgR)ak;cMNayenaHmkvij)an edaysarPtibtICaGñk TTYlbnÞúkelIesah‘uycaM)ac;enH ¬maRta 608 kfax½NÐTI 1 . ebIsinCaesah‘uymancMnYn elIsBIcMNaycaM)ac;eTAeTot ]TahrN_dUcCakrNIEdlR)ak;enaH)ankøayeTACacMNay EdlCYybegIánténøénpÞðedaysarkarEklMGCaedIm ehIyebIsinCakMeNIntémøenaHenAEt manCabn<enAeBlEdlbBa©b;karCYl Ptik³GacTamTar)an[mankarsgenAeBlEdl bBa©b;kic©snüa ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .


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3>3> karkarBarPtik³ karCYlpÞH b¤karCYldIedIm,IGaRs½yenAk¾RtUv)anehAsrubfa karCYl Edr . eday

yl;eXIjfabTbBaØtþiTaMgT,ayenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI Tak;TgnwgkarCYlenH sMdACaTUeTA elIkic©snüaCYlvtßúmkeRbIR)as;edaybg;R)ak;QñÜl ehIyTaMgry³eBlCYlkþI TaMgcMNuc epSg²CaeRcIneTótkþI manlkçN³eFIV[Ptik³caj;eRbóbxøaMgenaH enAqñaM 1921 c,ab; Biess)anRtUvbegáIteT,Ig KWc,ab;sþIBIkarCuYldInigc,ab;s<IBIkarCYlpÞH. c,ab;sþIBIkarCYldI RtUvGnuvtþeTAelIbBaðaplubePaK nigsiTi§CYlGclnRTBükñúgeKalbMNgTTYlkmμsiTi§elI sMNg; . rIÉc,ab;sþIBIkarCYlpÞHRtUvGnuvtþeTAelIsiTi§CYlsMNg;nigpÞHsMEbg . c,ab; BiessTaMgBIrenH RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμCafμ IbnþmkeTót eFVI[mankarkarBarGñksMuCYldI nigGñksMuCYlpÞHy:agxßaMg rYcehIyeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 enAeBlEdlekItmanbBaða ecaTBIkarxVHpÞHsMEb,gsMrab;RbCaraRsþrs;enA eKalkarN_c,ab;Edl)ankMNt;tamry³ yutþisaRsþ k_)anEbrmuxRBYjeTArkkareFVIy:agNa[PtibtI Bi)aknwgrMlaykic©snüapgEdr . karenH)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvsßanPaBsgÁmnasm½yenaH . k¾b:uEnþdMeNIrkarenH)an eFVI[PaKIPtibtI Bi)aknågbBa©b;kic©snüaNas; RbsinebIxøÜnBMuGacelIkehtuplmkbB¢aak; [)anc,as;las;EmnETn faxøÜnRtUvkarykGclnvtßúmkvijsMrab;eRbIR)as;eTenaH . sBVéf¶enHmanelcecjnUvmtiEdlyl;fa c,ab;enHmankartågEtgeTAelIPtibtiRCuleBk . dUecñHehIy)anCac,ab;viesaFnkmμfμIsþIBIkarCYlpÞH EdlGnum½tenAqñaM 1991 )anBinitü bBaðaenHeT,Igvij edaybBa©ÚlnUvrbbCYysMrYlplRbeyaCn_dl;PtibtIpgEdr dUcCakar kMNt;fa kñúgkrNIebIKUPaKI)andak;ry³eBlCYlcab;BI 50 qñaMeT,IgeTA KWsiTi§rbs;Ptik³ RtÚvrlt;Gs;enAeBlEdlputry³kalCYl 50 qñaMenH ehIyk_K μankarbnþkic©snüaenHsar CafIμeLIgvijEdr . enHeKehAfa CasiTi§CYldImankMNt;GMLúgeBl ¬maRta 22 c,ab;sþIBIkarCYldInigCYlpÞH¦ . k_b:uEnþ c,ab;fμIenHGnuvtþEteTAelIPtisnüaTaMgT,ayNa Edl)aneFVIeRkaykarGnum½tc,ab;fμIenHEtb:ueNÑaH cMeBaHkic©snüamun²eKRtUvGnuvtþc,ab; cas;sþIBIIkarCYldI nigc,ab;cas;sþIBIkarCYlpÞHenaHdEdl .


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4> kic©snüax©IeRbI EdlehAfakar[x©IeRbI KWCakarRbKl;vtßú[eRbIedayminTaréfø b¤tavkalikGVImkBi

kareRbIR)as;vtßúEdl)an[x©IenaHeT eBalKWCakar[x©IvtßúeRbIR)as;eday\tykéfø. dUecñH Gñkx©IedleRbIR)as;vtßúeday\tbg;éføCaGñkTTYlplEtmñak;Ég. GaRs½yehtuenH kic©snüa enHCakic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr nigCakic©snüaÉketaPaKI EdlminGaceFVIeLIgeday karsnüapÞal;mat;)aneT etageFVICakic©snüatRmUvkarRbKl;vtßúEdlnwg mansuBlPaB enAeBl)an[x©IvtßúsMrab;eRbIR)as;BitR)akdEmn ¬maRta 593¦. cMeBaHkar [x©IeRbIenH c,ab;)ankMNt;[ykbTbBaØtþisþIBIRbTankmμ mkGnuvtþsMrab;karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana ¬maRta 596¦ . ehIyedIm,IkarBarGñk[x©IeRbI ¬m©as;vtßú¦ Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbBaØtþifa enA kñúgkrNIénkic©snüaEdlBMumankMNt;GMLúgeBl[x©IeRbIR)as;eT Gñkx©IeRbImankatBVkic©nwg bgVilvtßúEdlx©IeRbIenaH eTAm©as;edImvijCabnÞan; bnÞab;BI)ansMerceKalbMNgehIy .

5> kic©snüax©IbriePaK

EdlehAfakar[x©IbriePaK KWCakic©snüaEdltRmUv[RbKl;RtLb;mkvijnUvvtßú Edl manRbePTdUcKña RKb;cMnYn nigmanKuNPaBesμIeTAnwgvtßúEdl)an[x©I bnÞab;Bivtßú[x©IenaH RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;;Gs;eTAehIy. ]TahrN_dUcCakarx©Iggárrbs;GñkCitxagykmkbriePaK rYcehIysgGgárepSgvij b¤karx©IR)ak;cayehIysgvijCaedIm . karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKar RtUv)ancatTukfaCakic©snüax©IbriePaK. cMeBaHkarx©IbriePaKEdltRmUv[RbKl;vtßúEdlman RbePTdUcKña RKb;cMnYn es μIKuNPaB edayKμanbg;karR)ak;enaH Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;fa Cakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú. k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHkic©snüa EdlmanP¢ab;nUvkarR)ak;dUcCa karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarCaedImvij eyIgyl;fa manlT§PaBGacbkRsay)anfaCakic©snüaRtwm karRBmeRBog.


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Tak;TgnwgGRtaénkarR)ak;sMrab;karx©IbriePaKmankarR)ak; c,ab;s<IBIkarkRmit karR)ak;)ankMNt;GRtaCaGtibrimaénkarR)ak; . ral;karsnüanUvkarR)ak;EdlmanGRtahYs BikarkMNt;enaH cMENkelIsenaHRtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³ ¬cMENkEdlmankñúgrgVg;énkar kMNt;RtÚvmansuBlPaBdEdl¦ . b:uEnþ cMeBaHkarxI©R)ak;briePaKEdlCamuxrbrrbs;GñkeFVI GaCIvkmμR)ak;kMcIenaH RtÚvEp¥kelIc,ab;s<IBIkarRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμ[R)ak;kMcI . ehIytamBit eK)anTTYlsÁal;nUvGRtaénkarR)ak;EdlkMNt;edayc,ab;enH kñúgGRtax<s;CagkarkMNt;én c,ab;s<IBIkarkRmitkarR)ak;enaH . 6> kic©snüaem:Akar

6>1>kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA kic©snüaCYlCag[sg;pÞHCaedImehAfa kic©snüaem:Akar . eKalbMNgénkic©

snüaRbePTenHmanlkçN³BiessRtg;fa vaminEmnCakarpþl;nUvkmøøøaMMgeFVIIkargarsuT§saF eT KWCakarsnüabMeBjedayeBjeljnUvkic©karGIVmYy. enHCakicsnüaEdlyktémøfñÚr GbaØmBaØ nigCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg . karbg;kéRmRtÚveFVIeLIgRBmeBlCamYynwg karRbKl;tavkalik ¬maRta 633¦ . karCYlt®nþIIkr[RbKuMePøgk¾sißißtenA kñúgRbePTem:AkarenHEdr . b:uEn<cMeBaHkargarEdlminmanvtßúsMrbs;RbKl;enH karbg;kéRm RtÚveFVIeLIgbnÞab;BIkargar)aneFVIcb; ¬maRta 633 bdiBaØa¦ . cMeBaHkarCYl[sg;;sMNg; CaedImEdlmankarcab;epI<mBIkarcak;RkwHeLIgeTAenaH c,ab;mankMNt;nUvbBaØt<iedayELk sMrab;viFIlubecal b¤karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana . ¬lixitsñamCakic©snüaKMrU Edl mCÇdæanRkumh‘unsMNg;kMBugeRbIIR)as;; RtUv)aneFVIIeLIgedayeyageTAelIviFanTaMgenaH¦.


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6>2>karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ RbsinebImanvikar³enAelIkargarrbs;xøÜn PaKIem:AkarRtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana

cMeBaHvikar³enH EdlRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;CaBiesssMrab;kic©snüaenHEtmþg xusKñaBI bTbBaØtþiisþIBIkarFanara:b;rgenAkñúgkarlk;dUr. cMNucxusKñaBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana cMeBaHvikar³ enAkñúgkarlk;dUrmandUcteTA³

k> minkMNt;RtwmEtvikar³Gaf_kM)aMgEdlmin)andwgenaHeT ¬maRta634-maRta636 ¦ x> m©as;karmansiT§iTamTar[CYsCulvikar³ ¬maRta 634 . cMeBaH karlk;Tij eyIgeXIjmankarbkRsayTTYlsÁal;cMNucenHEdr EtBMueXIjmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta eT¦. K> Gñkem:AkarminTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanaeT kñúgkrNIEdlkarxUcxatenHekItmaneLIg eday sar smÖar³Edlm©as;karpþl;[sMrab;karsagsg;enaH manKuNPaBminl¥CaedIm ¬maRta 636¦ . X> cMeBaHkic©snüaemA:karsg;GaKar nigsMNg;TaMgLayenAelIépÞdI edaysar GanuPaBénkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanaenaH m©as;karBMumansiTi§nwgrMlay kic©snüa ecaleT¬maRta 635 bdibBaØa¦. enHKWmkBImUlehtufa RbsinebImankarrMlay kic©snüa enaHnwgnaM[mankatBVkic©eFVIbdiTaneLIgvij dUcCaRtUvCIkKas;RKwHsMNg; ecj ehIylb;;dI[dUcedIm vijCaedIm EdlbgánUvkarcMNayesahu‘yeRcIn\tKNna . dUecñHehIy)anCaedaHRsayRtwmEtTamTar[CYsCul nig TamTarsMNgénkar xUcxat Etb:ueNÑaH . g> karFanara:b;rgenHmanry³evlaEvg . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un )ankMNt;fa cMeBaHkic©snüaem:AkarFmμta karFanara:b;rgenH manry³evla1qñMa bnÞab;BIéf¶RbKl; lTØpl[ehIy ¬cMeBaHkarRbKMuePøgEdlCakargarGrUbICaedIm karFanara:b;rgman ry³evla1qñaMcab;;BIkargarRbKMuePøg)ancb;sBVRKb;ehIy¦ ¬maRta637¦ k¾b:uEnþcMeBaH kic©snüaem:Akar dUcCakargarsg;sMNg;CaedIm karFanara:b;rgeTAelIKMeragsMNg; b¤


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eTAelIépÞdI ¬dUcCaRsutdICaedIm¦ manry³evla5qñaM ehIykarFanar:ab;rgeTAelIsMNg; Cab;maM tYya:gdUcCaGaKarsg;GMBIfμCaedImmanry³evla10qñaM ¬maRta 638 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . enHKWmkBIkaryl;fakarrkeXIjvikar³ ¬sñameRbHxUcxatCaedIm¦ enAelIsMNg; rEmg eRbIeBlyUr .

6>3> karrMlaykic©snüa

lkçN³BiessénkarrMlaykic©snüaem:AkarKW m©as;kar ¬m©as;sMNg;CaedIm¦ GacrMlaykic©snüa)anRKb;eBlTaMgGs; enAkñúgry³evlaEdlem:AkarenaHBMuTan;cb;sBV RKb;enAeLIy edaybg;sMNgénkarxUcxateTA[Gñkem:Akar ¬maRta 641¦. enHKWmkBI mankarKitKUrdl;krNIEdlm©as;Rsab;ElgRtÚvkarkargaremA:kar bnÞab;BI)anCYlemA:kar ehIyenaH m©as;karGacrMlaykic©snüaenH)an [Et)ansgsMNgénkarxUcxatEdl ekItman dl;Gñkem:AkarenaH .

7> kic©snüaGaNtþi 7>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

GaNtþi KWCakic©snüaBwgBak;CnNamñak;eGayeFVIGVImYyCMnYsxøÜn GVIEdlBwg[eFVI CMnYsenaH minfaCaskmμPaBKtiyutþ dUcCakarCYyeFVIkic©snüa b¤CaGMeBI Cak;EsþgdUc Cakar EfemIlkUn[enaH. enHCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBogEdl KUPaKIÉkPaBKñakMNt;Ca kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr b¤minyktémøfñÚrk¾)anEdr . CaeKalkarN_bBaða GaNtþienH GaRs½yeTAelIGñkTTYlkarBwgBak; ¬GaNtþiKahk¦ TaMgRsugenAkñúgkarbMeBj krNIkic© rbs;xøÜn. dUcenHGaNtþiKahk RtUvEtbMeBjkic©karedayykcitþTukdak;kñúgzan³ CaGñkRKb;RkgsucritRtwmRtUv krNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKgedaysucrit¦ CacaM)ac; ¬maRta 644¦ .


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kic©snüaGaNti< KYrQrelImUld§aneCOTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk b:uEnþCaeKalkarN_ GaNtþiTayk GacrMlaykic©snüaenABak;kNþalTI)an. kñúgkrNIenH GaNtþiKahk GacTamTarkarsg esah‘uy b¤kéRmEdlmanmkTl;eBlrMlaykic©snüa)an ¬maRta 648 kfax½NÐTI 3¦.

müa:gvijeTot Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unEckGaNtþi nigkartMNagdac;eday ELkBIKña b:uEnþenA kñúgkrNIxøHGaNtþiKahkGackøayCaGñktMNagpgEdrk¾man .

eyIg)answikSarYcmkehIy kic©snüaGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 2 vKÁ 2>3>3¦ Edleyagtamc,ab;s<IBIGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< KWCakic©snüaGaNti< EdlsamIuxøÜnp<l;siTi§tMNageTA[GñkGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< edIm,ICYykñúgkic©kar RKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<nigCIvPaB enAeBlEdlxøÜnFøab;cUleTAkñúgsßnPaBminmanlT§PaBRKb; Rkan;sMrab;eFVIkarvinic©½yedaysarmanvbt<iEpñkbBaØasμartI . dUecñH cMeBaHkrNINaEdl minmanEcgkñúgc,ab;Biesss<IBGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit<IenaH eKRtÚvykbBaØti<énRkm rdæv,evNITak;Tgnwgkic©GaNti< mkGnuvt< .

7>2> katBVkic©énGaNtþiTayk ¬siTi§énGaNtþiKahk¦ GaNtþiKahk Edl)anRtUveKBwgBak;[eFVIGVImYyGacTamTar esah‘uyTaMgLay

BIGaNtþiTayk)an kñúgkrNIEdlxøÜn)ancMNay CacaM)ac;eTAelIkarrt;karepSg²edIm,I bMeBjkic©karEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;enaH ¬maRta650 kfax½NÐTI 1¦. dUcKñanwgenHEdr RbsinebIkñúgxN³bMeBjmuxgarEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;GaNtþiKahkRtUvCMBak;bMNuleKCMnYsGaNtþiTaykenaH GaNtþiKahkGac[GaNtþiTayk sgCMnYsxøÜn)anEdr ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦. müa:gvijeTot edIm,IbMeBjmuxgarEdl RtUv)anBwgBak;RbsinebI GaNtþi KahkRtUvTTYlkarxUcxatGVImYyEdlminEmnmkBIkMhus xøÜnenaH GaNtþiKahkk¾ GacTam Tar[GaNtþiTaykecjéføsMNgénkarxUcxatenH)anEdr ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 3¦. ebIQrelIeKalCMhrrbs;GaNtþiTaykvij eyIgeXIjfakarTTYlnUvkatBVkic©sg


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sMNgEdlGaNtþiKahk)anbegáItenHmanlkçN³CakarTTYl xusRtUvTaMgK μankMhus. k¾b:uEnþenATIenHGVIEdlehAfaCakarxUcxatbNþalmkBIkarbMeBjmuxgarEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;enaH KWmandUcCakarqøgeraKedaysar)anTTYlkargar EfrkSaGñkCMgWmaneraKcmøgCaedIm eBalKWedayehtumkBIkargarTTYlenaHCakargarmaneRKaHfñak;. rIÉkñúgkrNIdUcCaRtUveK Bwg[eTAP¢ab;kic©snüa ehIyenAeBlkMBugeFVIdMeNIr Rsab;EtmaneRKaHfñak;cracrbNþal [manrbYsenaH minRtUvrab;bB©ÚalfaCakarTTYlrgnUv karxUcxateT.

8> kic©snüabeBaØI kic©snüasþIBIkarepJIvtßúsMrab;rkSaTukenaHeKehAfaCakic©snüabeBaØI. kic©snüaenH

nwgmansuBlPaBenAeBlEdlPaKImçageTot)anTTYlvtßúEdlxøÜn)ansnüafanwgykmkTuk EfrkSa[ ¬maRta 657¦ eBalKWCakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú . GñkEdlepJIvtßúehAfa GñkepJI ehIy GñkEdlRtUveKepJIvtßúenaHehAfa GñkTTYlbeBØaI . karepJIenHmanbeBaØIeday minykkéRm nigbeBaØIeday[bg;éfø . cMeBaHbeBaØIedayminykkéRm c,ab;)anbBaØtþiGMBI krNIykic©RbugRby½tæ EdltRmÜv[Gñk TTYlbeBØaImankrNIykic© RbugRby½tñrkSa TukbeBØaIenaH eday{karykcit<Tukdak;dUcKñanwgRTBüsm,t<irbs;xøÜny:agdUecñaH} ¬maRta 659¦ . karRbugRby½tæenH mankMritTabCag{krNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKg edaysucrit{ EdlmankñúgkrNIénGaNtþiCaedIm ¬cMeBaHbeBaØIeday[bg;éføvij GñkTTYl bBØaIR)akdCaRtUvmankrNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKgedaysucritedayxanmin)an¦ .

9> kic©snüaRkumh‘un kic©snüaRkumh‘un KWCakic©snüabegáItCaRkum EdlPaKITaMgGs;vinieyaKRTBüFn

erog²xøÜnkñúgeKalbMNgRbkbGaCIvkmμedayshkarKña EdlCaehtuBaJúaMg [kic©snüaenH man suBlPaB eLIg ¬maRta 667 kfax½NÐTI 1¦. enATIenHkarvinieyaKRTBüFnminsMedAEt


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eTAelIkarpþl;fvikab:ueNÑaHeT Etk¾GacCakarpþl;nUvkmøaMgBlkmμepSg²pgEdr ¬maRta dEdlkfax½NÐTI 2¦ . b:uEn< lk½çx½NÐEdlcaM)ac;enAkñúgkic©snüa enHKWRtUvEtmankarRbkb GaCIvkmμedayshkarKña .

lkçN³BiessmYyénRkumh‘un KWTRmg;CakmμsiTi§rYmnUvRTBüsm,t<irbs;Rkumh‘un Edl)anmkBIkardak;;TukcUlKña b¤k¾)anmkBIkareFVIlT§kmμedaykic©shkarKña . bBaØtþiénmaRta 668 kMNt;fa RTBüsm,ti<rbs;Rkumh‘unEdl)anmkBIkardak;;Tukrbs; smaCik b¤viFIepSg² RtÚv{sßitenAeRkamkmμsiTi§GviPaKrbs;smaCikRkumh‘unTaMgmUl} . b:uEn< RTws<IsikSanaMmux ehAkmμsiT§iGviPaKrbs;Rkumh‘unfaCa{kmμsiTi§rYmKña} . RbsinebIenHBit Caniymn½yceg¥óténkmμsiTi§GviPaK Edlmann½yfa m©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaK mñak;²mancMENk rbs;xøÜnkñúgRTBürYmenaH ehIyGacTamTarykEtcMENk rbs;pgxøÜnecjmk)an . k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIRkumh‘un smaCikmñak;²manPaKrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgKNnIEtb:ueNÑaH minGac nwgTamTar[Ebg Eck)aneLIy BIeRBaHlkçN³Biessrbs;Rkumh‘unTuk RTBüTaMgGs;enaH Carbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgmUl .ehIykñúgkrNIEdlRkumh‘uneTAeFVICMnYjCamYyGñkNamñak; )anplGVImYyenaHk¾dUcKñaEdrkarTamTarsiTi§elIbMNulRtÚveFVIeLIgedaysmaCikTaMgGs;rbs; Rkumh‘un . ¬smaCikNak¾edayminGaceTATarykPaKCacMENkrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy¦ .

10> kic©snüatamEbbEpndéTeTot kic©snüatamEbbEpnepSg²eTot EdlRkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgkMNt;enaH rYmman

kic©snüaénkardUrKñaeTAvijeTAmknUvkmμsiTi§eTAelIvtßúeRkABIR)ak;kas EdleK[eQ μaHfakic© snüadUrKña ¬maRta 586 . GacKitRbdUcnwgkarTijniglk;EdlCakardUrvtßúCamYy nwgR)ak;¦ kic©snüaCYlmnusS[eFVIkarEdleKhAfa kic©snüakargar ¬maRta 623 . sBVéf¶enH kic©snüakargarénRkumh‘unnanaCaTUeTAeFVIeLIgedayeyagtamc,ab;BiessepSg²Edlman dUcCa c,ab;sþIBIbTdæankargar CaedIm . dUecñHehIybTbBaØtþienAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIeRcIn EtykeTAGnuvtþelIkic©snüaCYlGñkbMerI[eFVIkargarkñúgpÞHEtb:ueNÑaH BMusUvCamansar³


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sMxan;eToteT¦ kic©snüaEdlPaKImçagsnüaeTAPaKImçageTot b¤ eTAttIyCnfa xøÜnnwg bg;R)ak;b¤vtßúGVImYyCaRbcaM ¬ral;qñaM b¤ral;Ex¦ rhUtdl;PaKINamYyénkic©snüa TTYlmrN PaBEdleKehAfakic©snüaFnlaPsamyikmYyCIvit¬maRta689 . ]TahrN_dUcCaTTYlykR)ak;TunedIm b¤h‘unedImCamun rYcehIybg;karR)ak; b¤PaKlaPEdlcMeNjenaH Caerogral;eBlCaedIm . enARbeTsCb:unBMusUvmankareFVIkic©snüaenHeT¦ nigkic©snüaEdl PaKITaMgsgxagRBmbBaÄb;CemøaHCamYyKña edayeFVIkarGt;»n[Kña eTAvijeTAmkEdleK ehAfakic©snüasHCa ¬maRta 695¦ . cMeBaHkic©snüasHCa PaKITaMgsgxagerobcM CamYyKñaeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnk¾man b¤k¾BwgCMnYyBIecARkm edayeFVI eTAtamkarvinicä½y rbs;tulakark¾man ¬müa:geTot RsedogKñanwgsHCaenHEdrKWkaredaHRsaytamkarCECk KñarvagPaKITaMgsgxag. Rtg;enHmann½ysMedAelIkic©snüasHCa k¾b:uEnþpÞúyBI kic©snüa sHCaEdlekIteLIgedaykareFVIsm,TaneTAvijeTAmkTaMgsgxag karedaHRsaytamkar CECkKñamankare)aHbg;nUvkarTamTarénPaKINamçag edIm,IbB©ab;vivaT ¬eRkAtulakar¦ .

11> karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an

11>1>rbb Cooling-Off

RbsinebIKUPaKIP¢ab;kic©snüaCamYyKñaehIy KUPaKIRtUvEteKarBtam eKalkarN_én PaBsucrit nigPaBesμaHRtg;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn . PaKImçag²minRtUvbBaÄb; karGnuuvtþn¾katBVkic©enHtamTMenIgcitþxøÜneT evorElgEtkrNIrMlaykic©snüa manR)ak;kk; ecj. eTaHCaya:gdUecñHk¾eday Kg;enAmankareFVIkic©snüaedaycaj;e)akBakü sMdIEp¥m El¥mrbs; Q μÜjTuc©ritxøHpgEdr . CaFmμtaeTEdlfa RbsinebIkic©snüaenH eFVIeLIgeday mankarqe)ak b¤edaymankarP½nþRcLMenaH eKGacdkkarbgðajqnÞ³ecjedayTukCa emaX³)anb¤k¾Gac rMlaykic©snüa)anRbsinebIPaKImçageTotminGnuvtþkatBVkic© . k¾b:uEnþ ebIRtwmEtfaedayeCO tamsMdIrbs;Q μÜj b¤edaycaj;briyakasTak;TajnaeBlenaHEt b:ueNÑaHeT krNIEbbenH PaKeRcInminGacGHGagfaCakarqe)ak b¤ karP½nþRcLM)aneT


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¬eRBaHfaxøÜnÉgCaGñksMerccitþ cugeRkayedIm,IeFVIkic©snüaenaH¦ ehIyebIkrNIPaKImçag eTot)annaMTMnijmkRbKl;CUndUcEdl)ansnüarYcehIyenaH KWBuMGacsMurMlaykic©snüa ecaleday sMGagelImUlehtufamin)anGnuvtþkatBVkic©enaH)aneT . edIm,IkarBarGñk eRbIR)as;enAkñúg krNIdUcRbePTxagelI EdlRkmrdæb,evNIminmanbBØtþi EcgTukenaH c,ab;BiessxøH)an RtUvGnum½teLIgedayTukeBlevlamYyry³ pþl;»kas[GñkTijman lT§PaBnwgrMlaykic©snüa eTAvij)anpgbnÞab;BIeFVIkarKitsBa¢wgeRkayeBlTij rYcehIy EdleKehAfarbb cooling-off ¬rbbpþl;nUvry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an¦ .

rbbenH)anRtUvbBaØtiþenAkñúg c,ab;sþIBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELk c,ab;sIþBIkarlk; edaybg;rMedaH ¬bg;éføCavKÁ¦ c,ab;;sþIBIkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIGclnRTBüCaedIm . c,ab;TaMg enH)ankMNt;nUvkrNIykic©[QμÜjGñklk;RbKl;CasMbuRtsñam ¬Calayl½kSGkSr¦ enAkñúg eBlP¢ab;kic©snüa ehIykMNt;fa GñkTijGacrMlaykic©snüa ¬BaküeRbIenAkñúgbBaØtþiénc,ab; ehAfakardkBaküsuMTij b¤karrMlaykic©snüa¦ )anedayeFVICalayl½kSGkSrenAkñúgry³ evlamYy ¬cMnYn 8 éf¶cMeBaHkarlk;TMnijtampÞH¦ rab;cab;BIéf¶Edl)anTTYllixitsñamCa kic©snüaenaHmk ¬sUmbBa¢ak;fakarrMlaykic©snüarebobenH GaceFVIeTA)ancMeBaHEtkrNI c,ab;BiiessNaEdlmankMNt;GMBIkarrMlaykic ©snüatamrbb cooling-offEtb:ueNÑaH¦ .

11>2>karbegáItc,ab;fμIsþIBIkic©snüaCamYyGñkeRbIR)as; bTbBaØt<isMrab;RKb;RKgmuxrbredayELknimYy² b¤c,ab;s<IBIkarCYjdUr kMNt;kñúg

vis½yBaNiC¢kmμdUc)anerobrab;enAxagelI minR)akdCaGacp<l;nUvkarkarBar RKb;RKan; dl;GñkeRbIR)as;)aneT . Rtg;enH eKcg;eXIjmankarerobcMc,ab;TUeTAmYy EdlGac karBarGñkeRbIR)as;)anBIviFIlk;dUrmanlkçN³GaRkk; b¤BIkic©snüaTijlk;b¤pÁt;pÁg;TMnij nigesvakmμEdlminmanlkçN³RtwmRtÚv . ehtudUecñH c,ab;s<IBIkic©snüaCamYyGñkeRbIR)as; RtÚv)anGnum½tnaExemsa qñaM 2000 ehIycUlCaFrmannaExemsa qñaM 2001 ¬Gnuvt<cMeBaHral;kic©snüaNa Edl)anbegIáteRkayéf¶c,ab;enHcUlCaFrman¦ . tamry³


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énc,ab;enH eKGaclubecalkic©snüaNa Edl)anbegáIteLIgedaysarmankarbTRsay edayPUtPrGMBIRbkard¾sMxan;NamYy b¤edaysarmankarBnül;eFVI[eKeCOelIehtukarN_ GVImYyEdlenAminTan;R)akdenAeLIy dUcCabBaðaTMnijeLIgéføCaedIm b¤k¾edaysarkic© snüaenaHRtÚv)anbegIáteLIg kñúgsPaBkarN_EdlGñklk;)anmkGgÁúyrhUtkñúgpÞHrbs; GtifiCnminRBmecjeTA ¬karminRBmecjeTAvij¦ b¤Xat;TukGtifiCnenAkEnøglk;dUr min[ecjeTAvijeT ¬karXat;Tuk¦ ebIsinCaeKminRBmcuHkic©snüaCamYyeTenaH . mü:ageTot RbkarNakñúgkic©snüaEdlbgá[GtifiCncaj;eRbóbEtmñak;Ég ¬dUcCakar Ecgfa :eTaHCa kñúgkrNINak¾eday eyIgnwgminTTYlxusRtÚvGVITal;EtesaH}enaH¦ RtÚv)an;cat;TukCaemaX³ .

-132-CMBUkTI 5 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul-¬2¦ c,ab;sþIBIGMeBInItüanukUl

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CMBUkTI 5 c,ab;sIþBIsiT§ielIbMNul ¬2¦ -c,ab;sIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl-

I> karekItmansiT§ielIbMNuleRkAkic©snüa II. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl

1> etIGMeBIGnItüanukUlCaGIV? 2> eKalKMnitsIþBIsMNgxUcxatbNþalmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl 3> l½kçx½NÐkMNt;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl 4> GanuPaBénGMeBIGnItüanukUl 5> GMeBIGnItüanukUlBiess 6> bTbBaØtiþdéTepSgeTotsIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl 7> c,ab;sIþBIikarFanasMNgCMgWcitþBak;B½nænwgrfynþ 8> c,ab;sIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHplitpl

II. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥alnigesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu 1> karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al 2> esckIþcMerIneday\tehtu


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I. RbPBénkarekItmansiT§ielIbMNuleRkAkic©snüa kñúgEpñkbTbBaØtiþlMGit manEcgGMBIbuBVehtu 4 y:agEdlnaM[ekItmansiT§IelI bMNul .

kic©snüaKWCamUlehtucMbgkñúgmUlehtuTaMg 4 enH . b:uEnþ enAmankarkMNt;nUvmUlehtu 3 eTot KWkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al esckIþceRmIneday\tehtu nigGMeBIGnItüanukUl . kñúgenaH karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al nigesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu RtUv)ancat;TukfaCabuBVehtu naM[ekIt mansiT§ielIbMNulkñúg krNIBiess. cMENkGMeBIGnItüanukUlvij KWvamansarsMxan;bnÞab; BIkic© snüa. enAkñúgemeronenH eyIgnwgBinitüemIlGMBIbuBVehtuTaMgGs;tamlMdab;lMedaybRBa©as; én maRtac,ab;edayeFVIkarsikSaGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlmun edaysarPaBsMxan;CageKénRbPBenH .

II. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl 1> etIGMeBIGnItüanukUlCaGIV?

GMeBIGnItüanukUl KWCakrNIbgá[mankarxUcxatmkelICndéT edaykarRbRBwtþ elμ Isnwg c,ab;edaykMhusectna b¤ edaykMhusGectna tRmUv[mansMNgénkarxUcxat EdlGnuBaØti [CnrgeRKaHmansiTi§TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatBIcarI)an . Rkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un Rtg;maRta 709 manEcgfa {CnEdlbMBanedaykMhusectna b¤kMhusGectna eTAelIsiTi§ib¤plRbeyaCn_rbs;CndéTEdlmankarkarBaredayc,ab; RtÚv manTTYlxusRtÚvsg kñúgkarsgkarxUcxatEdlekItmanedayenaH} . maRtaenH)aneBal Baküfa {bMBanelIsiTi§I rbs;CndéT} . dUecñH kalBImunFøab;maneKecaTCasMNYrfa etI GMeBIGnItüanukUl minmanrab; bBa©ÚlnUvkarbMBanEbbNamYyEdlminb:HBal;dl;siTi§enaHEmn b¤eT? sBVéf¶enH BaküenH RtÚv)anbkRsaymkfaCakar {bgá[mankarxUcxatmkelICn déT edaykarRbRBwtþelμ Is nwgc,ab; } . kñúgkareFVIvesaFnkmμc,ab; eKk¾)anerobcMXøaeXøagtam rUbPaBmYyEdl eFVI[cMNucenHmankarc,as;Cagmun .

ehtudUecñH ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlmanCaeRcInEbbeRcIny:ag KWmin EmnmanEteRKaHfñak;cracr karbMBulbrisßan kMhuskñúgkarGnuvtþn_viC¢aeBTü EdleKehAfa


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CaGMeBIGnItüanukUlEpñkGgÁehtub:ueNÑaHeT KWEfmTaMgmanGMeBIGnItüanukUl kñúgTMnak;TMng BaNiC¢kmμpgEdr tYy:agdUcCakarbMBanelIplcMeNjkñúgkarrksIu ¬dUcCakardeNIþmGti fiCnrbs;eK¦ b¤ kardeN<Imykkic©snüatamviFIGaRkk; ¬karbMBanskm μelIsiTi§elIbMNul¦ CaedIm . sMNgénkarxUcxatenHminEmnsMrab;Et ecjsgcMeBaHkarxUcxatCaRTBü sm,tiþ b:ueNÑaHeT KWrYmmanTaMgkarsgsMNgxUcxat sMrab;Epñk s μartI ¬EdlehAfaCm¶Wcit<¦ pgEdr .

2> eKalKMnitsIþBIsMNgénkarxUcxatbNþalmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl enATIenH eyIgnwgBicarNaGMBIeKalKMniténGMeBIGnItüanukUl edayeFIVkareRbobeFob

eTAnwgeTasRBhμTNÐEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐ . sMNgxUcxatEpñkrdæb,evNIman PaBxusKñaTaMgRsugeTAnwgeTasbBaØtiþkñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐ ¬Edlmanrab;bBaÚ©lTaMgkarBin½y CaR)ak;pg¦ . kartRmUv[sgsMNgxUcxatkñúgGMeBIGnItüanukUl minEmnCakardak;TNÐkmμ cMeBaHCnRbRBwtþxusenaHeT . sMNgenH KWedIm,ItRmUv[CnRbRBwtþxusrYmcMENkEckrMElk edayyutþiFm’nUvkarxUcxatEdlxøÜn)anbgámkelICnrgeRKaH tamviFICYsCulkarxUcxatCUn CnrgeRKaHTaMgEpñkesdækic© nigEpñksμartI . eTaHCamankrNIxøHEdlGMeBImYyGacman lkçN³CabTelμ IsRBhμTNÐpg nigCakMhusEpñkrdæb,evNIpgk¾eday k¾enAmankrNI mYycMnYneTot EdlGMeBImYyGacCabTelμ IsRBhμTNÐEtminEmnCaGMeBIGnItüanukUleT . pÞúyeTAvij k¾mankrNIxøHeTotEdlGMeBImYyGacCaGMeBIGnItüanukUlEpñkrdæb,evNI Etmin EmnCabTelμ IsRBhμTNÐeT . enHKWedayehtufa l½kçx½NÐkMNt;énGMeBIGnItüanukUlmin EmndUcKñanwgFatupSMénbTelμ IsRBhμTNÐenaHeT . ehIyenHk¾edaysarEteKalKMnitén rbbTaMgBIrenHmanPaBxusKñadUc)anerobrab;xagelI . ]TahrN_ buKÁlmñak;)anebIkLan eTAbukbuKÁlmñak;eTotedayectnabgá[CnrgeRKaHRtÚvrgrbYs . kñúgkrNIenH CnrgeRKaH mansiTi§TamTar[carIecjéføeBTünigsMNgxUcxat EdlbNþalmkBIkarxkxanmin)an eTARbkbmuxrbredaysarkarrgrbYs. TnwÞmnwgenH carIk¾RtÚvTTYlkarecaTRbkan;BIbTbgá rbYssñamEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;RBhμTNÐEdr . bu:EnþebIsinCaGñkRbRBwtþRKan;Etbgá[man sñamqÚátenAelImUtY Lanrbs;GñkdéT edaykMhusGectnabu:eNÑaH KWminmankarecaTCa


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bNþwgGaCJatamc,ab;RBhμTNÐeT . GñkRbRBwtþRtÚvsgsMNgxUcxat EdlbNþalmkBIGMeBI GnItüanukUl . pÞúyeTAvij eTaHCamanFatupSMRKb;RKan;CabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐk¾eday ebImin mankarxUcxatdl;RTBüsm,tiþ nigsμartIrbs;GñkdéTeTenaH KWminmankMhusénGMeBIGnItüa nukUleLIy .

3> l½kçx½NÐkMNt;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl GMeBIGnItüanukUlCaTUeTAEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 709 RtÚv)ankMNt;edayl½kçx½NÐ 4

y:ag . TI1-kMhusectna b¤kMhusGectnarbs;carI . TI2-PaBxusc,ab;kñúgskmμPaB RbRBwtiþrbs;carI . TI3-mankarxUcxat . TI4-rvag skm μPaBrbs;carInigkarxUcxat rbs;CnrgeRKaH RtÚvmankarTak;TgKñaCaehtuplc,as;las;.

3>1> kMhusectna nigkMhusGectna Rtg;enH eyIgGacsegáteXIjnUveKalkarN_mYykñúgcMeNameKalkarN_FM² 3 én

Rkmrdæb,evNI eBalKW{eKalkarN_TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkMhusGectna} . eKalkarN_ enH KWEp¥kelIeKalKMnitfa ebIsinCaeyIgmñak;²RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGIV²TaMgGs; eday minKitBIkMhusectna b¤kMhusGectnaeTenaH KWskmμPaBrbs;eyIgCabuKÁlmñak;²RtÚv RbQmnwgkarrwtt,itCaeRcIn minGaclUtlas;)aneLIy . bu:Enþ kñúgkarFana[skm μPaB rbs;buKÁlmñak;²GacRbRBwtiþeTA)anedayesrIenaH k¾RtÚvmankarTTYlxusRtÚvEdr ehtudUecñH karTTYlxusRtÚvenHRtÚv)ankMNt;enARtwmkrNIEdlmankMhusectna b¤kMhusGectnaEt b:ueNÑaH . CaeKalkarN_ eKalKMnitenH manGanuPaBCabnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ . k¾bu:Enþ edaysarEtsgÁmBaNiCökmμkñúgsm½yenH)anlUtlas;dl;kMritmYyx<s; EdlnaM[ekIteLIg nUvkarb:HTgiÁcxUcxattamTidæPaBepSg²CaeRcInenaH eKk¾)anBicarNa[cab;GnuvtþkarTTYl xusRtÚvedayminKitBIkMhusGectnakñúgkrNIxøHpgEdr. cMeBaHeKalKMniténkMhusGectna eTotesatkalBImuneKBicarNaeTAelITidæPaBGtþenamti edaysMedAelIkareFVsRbEhsxag citþsaRsþrbs;buKÁlCacarImñak;² . bu:Enþbcú©b,nñenH edaysarEteKyl;fa ebIsinCaGacKit


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TukCamun)an ehIyeFIVkarRbugRby½tñtamenaH KWcarImuxCaGaceCosvagmin[bBaðaekIt eLIg)an . CalT§pleKecaTGñkRbRBwt<BIkarEdlGñkenaHmin)anGnuvt<krNIykic©edIm,IeCosvaglT§pl enHeBalKWCakarbMBanelIkrNIykic©eCosvaglT§pl EdlGaceFVIkarvinic©½yCasc©anumti)an .

kñúgkrNIGMeBIGnItüanukUl PaKICnrgeRKaHEdlTamTar[sgsMNgénkarxUcxat RtÚv bBa¢ak;Psúþtagfa carI)anRbkbedaykMhusectna b¤kMhusGectnaEmn . ¬enHmanlkçN³pÞúy BIkrNIénkic©snüa.PaKIénkic©snüa manCMhrRtÚvGnuvtkatBVkic©elIeKalkarN_énPaBsucrit nigPaBesμaHRtg; . dUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlmin)anGnuvt<katBVkic©énkic©snüaeT m©as;siTi§elIbMNul EdlTamTar sMNgxUcxat mincaM)ac;RtÚvbgðajPsúþtagBIkMhusectnab¤Gectna b¤mUlehtu déTeTotEdlCabnÞúkTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;kUnbMNulenaHeT KWkUnbMNulenaHÉgEdlRtÚvbgðaj Psúþtagfa xÜønminmankMhusGVI eT edIm,I)anrYcBIkatBVkic©ecjsMNgxUcxat .¦

3>2> PaBxusc,ab; l½kçx½NÐTI 2 sMrab;kMNt;GMeBIGnItüanukUl KWCaPaBxusc,ab; ¬eBalKWGMeBIbMBan

EdlmanlkçN³xusc,ab;¦ . dUc)anerobrab;xagelI sIþBIkarbkRsayBaküeBcn_énbBaØtiþmaRta 709 EdleK)anyk {PaBxusc,ab;} enHmkCMnYs[Baküfa {bMBan>>>elIsiTi§i} . ]TahrN_ kñúgeBlRbkYtkILahSÚ‘dU kILakr)aneRbIk,ac;RtwmRtÚv tamc,ab; Edl)ankarGnuBaØatkñúgkar RbkYtkILahSÚ‘dU ehIybgá[édKURbkYtRtÚvrgrbYs . kñúgkrNIenH edayehtufaminmanPaB xusc,ab;enaH dUecñHCaTUeTAKWminkøayeTACaGMeBIGnItüanukUl)aneT . b¤kñúgkrNI EdlbuKÁl mñak;RtÚvrgkarvay RbharBIeK ehIyedIm,I[)anrYcputBIkarvayRbhar buKÁlenaHminmanCMerIs GIVepSgeRkAGMBI kartédbgá[GñkvayRbharRtÚvrgrbYsvij enHKWCakrNIénkarkarBarCa FmμanurUb EdlGac CaehtunaM[mankarrYcBIPaBxusc,ab;)an .

kñúgkrNIEdlkarvinicäyelIvtþmanb¤GvtþmanénPaBxusc,ab;enH minGacnaMmknUv esckIþsniñdæan)anc,as;las;eTenaHktþakMNt;cugeRkayRtÚvEp¥kelIkarfwøgEføgeRbob eFob rvagRbePTniglkçN:énplRbeyaCn_EdlRtÚvrgkarbMBan CamYynwgTRmg;rUbPaBén skmμPaBbMBan. ¬fIVt,itEtplRbeyaCn_EdlRtÚvrgkarbMBanmanlkçN:tictYck¾edayebI


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sinCarebobénkarbMBanenaHmanlkçN³Tuc©rithYsehtuKWPaBxusc,ab;k¾RtÚvcat;TukfaF¶n;F¶rEdr¦.enHKWCaRTwsIþcMbgnaeBlbc©b,nñ. bu:EnþnaeBlfIμ²manelceLIgnUvRTwsþIBIrEdl manTisedAExVgKñasþIBIl½kçx½nÐénPaBxusc,ab;enH. RTwsþImYyGHGagfaRtÚveFIVkarvinicä½y edayEck[dac;BIKñarvag PaBxusc,ab; nigkMhusectnab¤Gectna . cMENkRTwsþImYy eTotGH GagfaenATIbBa©b;RtÚveFIVkarviniciäyelIbBaðakMhusGectnaEtmYymuxKt; . eTAkñúg karvaytMélGMBIl½kçx½NÐénPaBxusc,ab;eTotpg. ¬]TahrN_dUcCakrNIEdl eQμaH

Y )andeNIþm»kasrksIurbs; X edayeRbIviFIbgçMeQ μaH A Edl)ancuHkic©snüa CamYy X ehIyenaH[epÞrkic©snüamkxøÜnvij . fIVt,itEtenHCakrNIénGMeBIGnItüanukUl Epñk BaNiC¢kmμk¾eday k¾maneBlxøHeKcat;TukfaCakrNIRbkYtRbECgFmμtaelITIpSar esrI . dUecñHmankarlM)akedIm,Iviniciäy[)andac;Nat;fa etImanPaBxusc,ab; b¤y:agNa enaH . edIm,IbBaa¢k;[)anfaenHCakrNIénGMeBIGnItüanukUl eKyl;faRtÚvbgðaj [eXIjnUvqnÞH ¬xaMgCagectna¦ rbs; eQ μaH Y Büayamcg;bgá[mankarxUcxat ¬qnÞ³Büa)aT¦ mkelIeQ μaH X Edl)aneKdeN<Imkic©snüaenaH . ebIRKan;EtCakardeNIþmedayectna KWminmanlkçN³kMhus RKab;RKan;eT¦ .

3>3>karekIteLIgénkarxUcxat l½kçx½NÐTI 3 KWkarekItmaneLIgnUvkarxUcxat . eTaHCamanGMeBIxusc,ab;y:ag

Nak¾edayebIminmanCnrgeRKaHBIkarxUcxateTenaH KWminmanGMeBIGnItüanukUl eLIy . dUc)anerobrab;rYcehIy karxUcxatenHmanrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarxUcxatCaRTBü sm,tiþpg nigkarxUcxatCasμartI ¬sMNgCMgWcitþ¦ pg . cMeBaHkarxUcxatCaRTBüsm,tiþ manEckecjCaBIr RbePTKW karxUcxatskmμdUcCakarcMNayTaMgb:unμanmkelIfñaMeBTü nigkar xUcxatGskmμ dUcCa kar)at;bg;cMNUl bNþalmkBIkarrgrbYs RtÚvQb;sMrakBIkargar ehIyminGacTTYl)an R)ak;cMNUlCaedIm . CagenHeTAeTot kñúgplRbeyaCn_EdlRtUv)anbMBanenaH eKmanrab;bBa©ÚlnUvplRbeyaCn_Tak;Tgnwg


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lkçN³buKÁl EdlmanCakitiþys nigsiTi§énCIvPaBÉkCnpgEdr ¬maRta 710¦ . cMeBaHkarbMBanelIGayuCIvit eBalKWmrNPaBbgáeLIgmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlenaH eKTTYl sÁal;CaBiesssiTi§TamTarsMNgCm¶Wcit<rbs;«Bukm<ay shB½T§ b¤kUnrbs;CnrgeRKaH EdlRtÚvTTYlmrNPaB ¬maRta 711¦ . cMeBaHCndéTepSgeTot ebIsinCaGac bgðajPs<útag[eXIjfa)anTTYlrgkarxUcxatpøÚvs μartIenaH k¾mansiTi§TamTarsMNg Cm¶W citþEdr . 3>4>TMnak;TMngénehtupl

l½kçx½NÐTI 4 KWCakarkMNt;TMnak;TMngehtuplc,as;las; . caM)ac;RtÚvbgðaj [eXIjnUvkarTak;TgKñaCaehtuplsmRsb rvagGMeBIRbRBwtþ nigkarxUcxatEdlekIt maneLIg . k¾bu:Enþ kñúgkrNImYycMnYndUcCakarbMBulbrisßanCaedImCnrgeRKaHmankar lM)akedIm,IbBa¢ak;PsþútagfamansarFatubMBulEbbNaxøH)ancUleTAkñúgxøÜnR)aNrbs;eKtamviFINa ehIyjaMg[ekItmanCaCMgWy:agNaenaH. ehtudUecñHyutiþsaRsþc,ab; min)antRmUv [man karelIkykPsþútagCaviTüasaRsþtwgrwgsMrab;Ba¢ak;ehtupleT . ebI sinCaCnrgeRKaHGacbgðajPsþútagCaPvnIyehtuedIm,I[eXIjnUvehtuplsmRsb sMrab;eCO)anenaH KWeKRtUvcat;TukfamanPsþútagRKb;RKan; .

3>5>smtßPaBkñúgkarTTYlxusRtUv RbFanbTenHmanxwømsarR)ascakbniþcBIkarkMNt;l½kçx½NÐénGMeBIGnItüanukUl.

bu:EnþedIm,I[carITTYlxusRtÚvsgkarxUcxat)anenaHcaM)ac;RtÚvEtcarIenaHmansmtßPaB kñúg karTTYlxusRtUv¬eBalKWsmtßPaBRKb;RKan;sMrab;TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUl¦. buKÁlEdlCacarIenaH RtÚvmansmtßPaByl;dwg b¤eFIVkarvinicä½y)anditdl; cMeBaHlT§pl EdlGacekIteLIgBIGMeBIrbs;xøÜn.cMeBaHbuKÁlEdlminmansmtßPaBenHeT eKcat;TukfaCa CnKμansmtßPaBkñúgkarTTYlxusRtÚvEdlRtÚv)anelIkElg BIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH GMeBI


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GnItüanukUlrbs;xøÜn . CnKμansmtßPaBkñúgkarTTYlxusRtÚv dUc)ankMNt;kñúg Rkmrdæb,evNI RtÚv)anEbgEckCaBIrRbePT . maRta 712 EcgBIRbePTénGnItiCn EdlminmanstibBaØaRKb;RKan;sMrab;yl;GMBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIrbs;xøÜn ehIy nigmaRta 713 Ecg GMBICnEdlmanvibtþiEpñkbBaØasμartI . cMeBaHkrNIénGnItiCn eKRtÚvBinitüeTAtamkrNI nimYy²k¾bu:EnþCaTUeTAeK)an kMNt;ykGayuRbmaN 12 qñaM CaGayumUldæansMrab;eFIVkarBicarNa. GaRs½yehtuenHcMeBaHkumarenAsalabzmsikSa Edl)anykfμmkdMkl;elgenAelIpøÚvEdkbNþal[maneRKaHfñak;cracrekIteLIg kumar enaHnwgminTTYlxusRtÚv cMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUleT. bu:EnþebIsinCaGMeBIenH)anRbRBwtiþeLIg edaysisSmñak;RbcaMsalamFümsikSakMritx<s;vijeTaHCaGnItiCnk¾edayk¾RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlEdr¬edayeKcat;TukfaGnItiCnenHmanstibBaØaRKb;RKan;sMrab;yl;GMBIkarTTYl xusRtÚvrbs;xøÜn¦.

cMeBaHkrNIrbs;CnEdlmanvibtþiEpñkbBaØsμartI maRta 713 EpñkbdibBaØaman EcgfabBaØtiþénmaRtaenHminGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIénkar)at;bg;stibBaØamYyry³xIøbNþal mkBIkMhusectnab¤Gectnarbs;xÜøn. ehtudUecñH krNIénCnEdlpwkRsaRsvwg ehIy eTAbgá[GñkdéTrgrbYs KWminGacrYcputBIkarTTYsxusRtÚvsgsMNgénkarxUcxateT . ehIykñúgkrNIEdlGñkRbRBwtþRtÚvrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlenaHk¾ min mann½yfaK μanGñkNamñak;RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvTal;EtesaHeT. dUcnwgmanerobrab;enAxag eRkameyagtammaRta 714 GñkEdlman katBVkic©RKb;RKgCnTaMgenH ¬kñúgkrNIén kumarCaGñkRbRBwtþ«BukmþayEdlCaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;enaHKWCaGñkmankatBVkic© RKb;RKg¦ nwgRtÚveKcat;Tukfamin)anGnuvtþnUvkatBVkic© RKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn dUecñHRtÚvTTYlxus RtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlCMnYs[GñkRbRBwtþvij .


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4> GanuPaBénGMeBIGnItüanukUl 4>1> eKalkarN_sgkarxUcxatCaR)ak; CaeKalkarN_ sMNgCMgWcitþkñúgerOgkIþGMeBIGnItüanukUlRtÚveFIVeLIgedayviFIecj

sgCaR)ak;kas ¬maRta 722 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . cMeBaH krNIénkarbrihaekri_átulakar GacecjsalRkmbBa¢a[GnuvtþnUvdMeNaHRsaysmRsb sMedAsþarkitiþysrbs;Cnrg eRKaHeLIgvijedaytRmUv[carIcuHpSaynUvkarEktRmÚvenA elITMB½rsarBt’manedIm,ICMnYs [ b¤bEnßmeTAelIsMNgékarxUcxat ¬maRta 723 ¦ .

4>2> visalPaBénsMNgxUtxat minmanbBaØtiþénmaRtaNamYykMNt;GMBIbBaðaenHeT . dUecñH CaeKalkarN_ ral;

karxUcxatTaMgGs;EdlekIteLIgmkBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl RtÚvCakmμvtßúénsMNgxUcxat . k¾bu:Enþ eKcaM)ac;RtÚvbdiesFpgEdrcMeBaHkarTamTarsMNgEdlmanbrimaNeRcInhYs ehtu ¬]TahrN_dUcCakrNIéneRKaHfñak;navacrbNþal[navaRtÚvliceTAkñúgsmuRT bnÞab; BImankarb:HTgiÁc . eRkaymksRgÁam)anekIteLIgPøamjaMg[tMélénkarCYlem:AnavaRtÚv eLIgx<s; . ehIym©as;navaEdlrgeRKaH KNnakarxUcxatrbs;xøÜnedayEp¥kelItMélx<s; enHvijCaedIm¦ . Rtg;enH yutiþsaRsþc,ab;)ankMNt;fa caM)ac;RtÚvmanTMnak;TMngCaehtu plsmRsb rvagGMeBIRbRBwtiþnigkarxUcxatEdlekItmaneLIg . RTwsIþényutiþsaRsþ c,ab;enH ekItmaneLIgkñúgRkbx½NÐénmaRta 416 énRkmrdæb,evNI ¬manerobrab;rYc mkehIykñúgCMBUkTI 4 s<IBIkarminGnuvt<tamktaBVkic©¦ ehIyk¾GacykRTwsIþdEdlmkGnuvtþ kñúgkrNIenHEdr edayviFIbkRsayeRbobRbdUc . BitEmnEttamry³énkarsegátCaTUeTA eKeXIjfakartRmUv[sgeTAtamvisalPaBsmRsbnwgkarxUcxatenH KWCaKMnitRtwmRtÚv . k¾bu:EnþKMnitenH)anmkBIRTwsIþénRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsGaløWm:g; EdlrebobrbbkMNt; GMBIsMNgénkarxUcxatmindUcKñanwgc,ab;rbs;Cb:uneT ehIyk¾minmanbBaØtiþGIVEdlkMNt; RBMEdnénvisalPaBsMrab;sMNgxUcxatEdr . ehtudUecñH karbkRsaytamrebobenH


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cMeBaHc,ab;rbs;RbeTsCb:unk¾)anecaTeLIgCabBaðaxøH²Edr . ¬eRBaHEtenARbeTsCbu:n karminGnuvt<katBVkic©RtÚvedaHRsaytambBaØtiþénmaRta 416 EdlEbgEckkarxUcxat CaBIrRbePT KWkarxUcxatCaFmμtanigkarxUcxatBiess edayGnuvtþnUveKalkarN_sMNg mankMNt; . GaRs½yehtuenH mankarTietonxøHfaminRtÚvkarnaMcUlnUvBaküCMnajfIμsIþBI TMnak;TMngénehtuplsmRsb dUcEdlmaneRbIenAkñúgkal³eTs³rbs;RbeTsGaløWm:g; enaHeT¦ .

4>3> karTUTat;nUvkMhus

kñúgkrNIeRKaHfñak;cracrCaedIm ebIPaKIrgeRKaHk¾mankMhusEdrenaH tulakarnwg BicarNasMercGMBIcMnYnTwgR)ak;énkarxUcxat edayEp¥kelIkarTUTat;nUvkMhusrvagPaKI TaMgBIr . ]TahrN_ ebIsinCakarxUcxatmanRTg;RTayCa 1 laney:n ehIytulakar)an rkeXIjfaPaKIrgeRKaHk¾manrYmcMENk 30 PaKrykñúgkMhusEdlnaMmknUvkarxUcxat enHEdr ¬]bmadUcCaeRKaHfñak;cracr)anekIteLIg edaymUlehtufaGñkebIkbrmincab; GarmμN_emIleTAmux bu:EnþedaysarEtCnrgeRKaHk¾mankMhusEdrmkBIxøÜn)anbeBa©jLan mkkNþalfñl;y:agRbjab;Rbjal;¦ tulakarGacEjkkMhusenHecjCaBIrcMENk KW 70° nig 30° ehIysMerc[TUTat;sMNgénkarxUcxatmkCnrgeRKaHcMnYn 70 mwuney:n .

5> GMeBIGnItüanukUlBiess 5>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

eRkAGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlTUeTA EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 709 énRkmrdæb,evNI enAmanbBaØtiþmYycMnYnepSgeTot EdlEcgGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlBiess . GMeBIGnItüanukUl BiessTaMgenHmanlkçN³Biess edaysarEtl½kçx½NÐbegIátGMeBITaMgenHmanrab;bBaÚ©l pgEdr nUvTidæPaBénkarTTYlxusRtÚvxøHEdlminEmnmkBIkMhuseTenaH . eBalKWCakrNI


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EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgGMeBIEdlsamIxøÜnmin)anRbRBwtþk¾BitEmn k¾bu:EnþGñkRbRBwtþGMeBIenaHman TMnak;TMngBiessCamYysamIxøÜn ehtudUecñHsamIxøÜnk¾RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvmYykMritEdr . ¬dUcnwgmanbriyayxageRkamenH ebIsinCaeKTTYlsÁal;fa samIxøÜn)aneFIVkareRCIserIs nigRtYtBinitüGñkRbRBwtþGMeBIenaH edaymankarykcitþTukdak;RbugRby½tñRKb;RKan; KW samIxøÜnGacnwgTTYl)annUvkarelIkElg . eRBaHEtmankal³eTs³elIkElgEbbnHehIy eTIbeyIgGacsniñdæan)anfa bBaØtiþTaMgenHminEmnCakartRmUv[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH RKb;krNIxUcxatTaMgGs;EdlminEmnbNþalmkBIkMhusenaHeT¦ .

5>2>karTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;GñkRtYtBinitüelICnEdlminman smtßPaBkñúgkarTTYlxusRtÚv maRta 714 manEcgfa kñúgkrNIénGMeBIRbRBwtþrbs;CnEdlminmansmtßPaBkñúg

karTTYlxusRtÚv GñkmankrNIykic©RtYtBinitüCnTaMgenaH ¬]TahrN_ cMeBaHkumartUc enAsalabzmsikSaKW«BukmþayCaGñkRtYtBinitü ehIycMeBaHCnEdlmanvibtiþEpñkbBaØa sμartI KWGñkGaNaBüa)as b¤naymnIÞreBTüviklcrit CaGñkRtYtBnitü¦ b¤GñkRtYtBinitüCMnYs ¬sMrab;krNIkumartUcenAsalabzmsikSa KWmancaghVagsalaCaedIm¦ RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚv sgsMNgxUcxat . maRtaenHk¾manEcgGMBIkarelIk ElgcMeBaHkrNIEdlminmankar eFVsRbEhskñúgkic©karRtYtBinitü bu:EnþkarGHGagedIm,IeFIV[eKTTYlsÁal;fa BitCaminman kareFVsRbEhsenaHminEmngayRsÜleLIy .

5>3> karTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;nieyaCk

eyagtammaRta 715 karTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;nieyaCk tRmUv[nieyaCk b¤GñkEdl eFIVkarRttBinitüCMnYsnieyaCk RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlEdlRbRBwtþeLIg edaynieyaCit eRkABIkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;neyaCitxøÜnÉg kñúgeBlkMBugbMeBjKeRmag


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kargarrbs;nieyaCkpÞal; . k¾b:uEnþ karTTYlxusRtvenHnwgRtvelIkElgecal ebIsinCa eKrkeXIjfa nieyaCk b¤GñkRtÜtBinitüCMnYs )anykcitþTukdak;RtwmRtÚvenAeBlEtgtaMg nigRtYtBinitünieyaCitenaH . ehIyRBmTaMgmanbBaØtiþEcgGnuBaØat[nieyaCk nigGñk RtÚtBinitüCMnYs bnÞab;BII)ansgsMNgeTA[CnrgeRKaHehIyenaH GacTamTarsMNg BInieyaCitEdl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIGnItüanukUlenaH mkvij)an ¬maRta 715 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ . eday ehtufabBaØtiþsIþBIkarTarrksMNgBInieyaCikmkvijenH GacjuaMg[mankrNIminKb,I EdlnieyaCitRtUvkøayeTACaGñkecjsMNgTaMgGs;enaH yutisaRsc,ab; nigRTwsIsikSa fμI²)ankMNt;famankrNIxøHRtÚ©veFIVkarBicarNaeTAtameKalkarN_sc©Fm’ minGacTarrk sMNgTaMgRsugBInieyaCitmkvij)aneT .

5>4> GMeBIGnItüanukUlrYm maRta 719 manEcgGMBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlrYm . ]TahrN_ Cnmñak;RtÚvCnmYyRkum

EdlmanKñaeRcInnak;B½Tævay ehIymindwgCaRtÚvkNþab;édrbs; nrNaeTCnenaHRtÚv snøb;)at;sμartI . kñúgkrNIenH ebIsinCaeKkMNt;famin[TamTarsMNg)aneT BIeRBaH CnrgeRKaHminGacsMKal;Cnéddl;)aneTenaH KWeyIgminmanviFIGIVedIm,IkarBarCnrgeRKaH eT . dUecñHmaRtaenH)anEcgfa kñúgkrNIEbbenH smasPaBénRkumGñkRbRBwtþRtUv TTYlxusRtÚvrYmKa . ¬eBalKW ebIsinCa D RtÚvRkumCn 3 nak; EdlmaneQaH A, B nig C vayRbhar ehIyRtÚvTamTarrkeQ μaHNak_)anEdr kñúgcMeNam 3 nak;enaH[sgsMNg xUcxat¦ . KMnitenHk¾GacykmkGnuvtþ)anEdr sMrab;krNIeRKaHfñak;cracrrvagLan X nigLan Y ehIybNþal[ Z EdlCaGñkedIrkat;TIkEnøgekItehtuenaHRtÚYvrgrbYs. ¬X nig Y )ankøayCaGñkRbRBwtþGMeBIGnItüanukUlrYm¦ . CagenHeTAeTot GñkjuHjg; nigGñúñkCMnYy Edl)anCMrujnigCYysMrYldl;karRbRBwtþ enaH k¾Rtvcat;Tukfa GñkRbRBwtrYmEdr ¬maRta dEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .


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5>5> karTTYlxusRtÚvkan;kab;stV Gñkkan;kab;stVb¤GññkRKb;RKgstVCMnYsGñkkan;kab; RtÚÚvTTYlxusRtÚvsgsMNg

cMeBaHkarxUcxatEdlstVenaH)anbgámkelIGñkdéT ¬maRta 718 kfax½NÐTI 1 nig 2¦ . ]bmadUcCakrNI EdlstVciBa©wmkñúgpÞHrt;eKcecjeTAxageRkAxaM[manrbYsdl; GñkdéT Gñkkan;kab;stVenaHRtÚvTTYlxusRtÚv ¬EdlehAfaCaGñkkan;kab;KWminEbgEckfa Cam©as; b¤minEmnm©as;rbs;stVenaHeT KWCaGñkEdlciBa©wmstVenaHBitR)akdEtmþg¦ . cMeBaHstVEdlrt;ecjBIsßanIy×eBTüstVeTAeFIV[GñkdéTrgrbYsenaH KWnayksßanIy×eBTü stV EdlCaGñktMNagRKb;RKgRtÚÚvTTYlxusRtÚv . ebIsinCakrNIstV)anrt;eKcecj eTAeRkA ehIyeFiV[GñkdéTrbYsenaH KWRtÚvykmaRta 718 mkGnuvtþ . k¾b:uEnþÚcMeBaH krNIEdlm©as;CaGñkedaHElgstVenaH[vaeTAxaMGñkdéT enaHKWCaGMeBIGnItüanukUlrbs; xøÜnm©as;enaHpÞal;EdlRtUvykmaRta 709 mkGnuvtþvij .

5>6>karTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsMNg;EdlCab;nwgdI

eyagtammaRta 717 ebIsinCakarerobcMEfrkSasMNg;EdlCab;nwgdI dUcCa pÞHsEm,g b¤rbgsYnCaedIm manvikar³ eFIV[mankarxUcxatdl;GñkdéT ¬]TahrN_ dUcCa krNIEdl\dæmYydMu)anFøak;mkBIelIrbgsYn eFIV[GñkdMeNIrRtÚvrgrbYs¦ eKRtÚÚvGnuvtþnUvkar TTYlxusRtvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlenHCa 3 tMNak;kar . ebIsinCaGMeBIGnItüanukUlenH ekIteLIgmkBIkarsagsg; TImYyKWGñkkan;kab;EdleFVIkarRKb;RKgpÞal;elIsMNg;enaH ¬ebIsinCakrNIénpÞHCYl Gñkkan;kab;enHKWCaGñkCYlpÞHEtmþg¦ RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH sMNgxUcxat . k¾b:uEnþ ebIsinCaGñkkan;kab;)anykcitñTukþdak;tamesckIþcaM)ac; edIm,I cat;viFankarkarBarrYcehIyenaH KWkarTTYlxusRtUvFøak;mkmμsiTi§krrbs;sMNgvij ¬ebI sinCakrNIénpÞHCYl GñkTTYlxusRtÚvKWCam©as;kmμsiTi§rbs;pÞHCYlenaH¦ ¬maRta 714


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kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . ehIykñúñgkrNImanGñkepSgeTot EdlRtÚvrYmcMENkkñúgkarTTYsxusRtÚv enHEdr ¬dUcCakrNIEdl\dæenaHFøak;edaysarEtkargarerob\dærbs;Gñkem:Akarmin)anl¥¦ Gññkkan;kab; b¤m©as;kmμsiTi§ Edl)ansgsMNagxUcxateTA[CnrgeRKaHrYcehIy GacmansiT§iTamTarsMNgBIGñkenaH ¬dUcCaGñkem:AkarCaedIm¦ vij)an ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 3¦ .

6> bTbBaØtiþdéTepSgeTotsIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl KP’kñúgépÞeBaHmansiTiæTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat dUckUn)ancab;kMeNIty:ag

dUecñHEdr . bBaØtiþenHmanEcgenAmaRta 721 . ]TahrN_ Cnmñak;RtÚvsøab;edaysar eRKaHfñak;cracrbnSl;TuknUvPriyaEdlkMBugmanKP’ . PriyanigKP’enaH GacTamTar sMNgénkarxUcxatCacMENkrbs;BIrnak;)an . bBaØtiþenH)anEcgeLIgsMedArkdMeNaH Rsay[CnrgeRKaH .

bBaØtiþsIþBIGaCJayukalénsiTi§TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxag manEckCaBIr . ebIcab; KitBIeBlEdlGMeBIekIteLIgenaH KWGaCJayukalmanry³eBl 20 qñaM b:uEnþebIcab;KitBIeBl EdlsÁal;BIGtþ sBaØaNrbs;carI nigkarxUcxatenaH KWGaCJayukalmanry³eBl 3 qñaM .

7> c,ab;sIþBIkarFanasMNgénkarxUcxatBak;B½n§nwgrfynþ

cMeBaHkrNIéneRKaHfñak;cracrbNþalmkBIrfynþvij eKGnuvtþnUv {c,ab;sIþBIkar FanakarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarsgnUvkarxUcxatBak;B½n§nwgrfynþ} EdlCac,ab;rdæb,evNI Biess ¬ehAkat;fa c,ab;s<IBIsMNgénkarxUcxatsMrab;rfyn<¦ . c,ab;enHEp¥k elIeKalKMnitsIþBI {PaKIGñññkpÁt;pÁg;kardwkCBa¢Ún} edaytRmUv[GñkxøHEdlminEmnCaGñk ebIkbrpÞal;k_eday b:uEnþCaGñkkan;kab;rfynenaH ¬fIVt,itEtkñúgkrNICaeRcInGñkenHk¾Ca GñkebIkbrpÞal;pgEdr¦ RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvelIsMNgénkarxUcxatEdr . ¬CakarBitehIyGñk


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ebIkbrpÞal;RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUl edayGnuelamtammaRta 709 énRkm rdæb,evNI¦ . mü:agvijeTot c,ab;enHmanEcgBIkarbegIátrbbFanar:ab;rgedaybgçM sMrab; GnuvtþkatBVkic©sgsMNgxUcxat . Gñkkan;kab;rfynþTaMgLaycaM)ac;RtÚvTijkarFana r:ab;rgenH ehIyR)ak;sMNgsMrab;karxUcxatnwgRtÚvdkecjBIrbbFanar:ab;rgenH . GaRs½yehtuenH CnrgeRKaHedaysareRKaHfñak;cracr nwgebIkR)ak;sMNgxUcxat BIrbbenHmkCamunsin ehIyebIsinCaenAxVHeToteTIbeKTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat eEp¥kelIGMeBIGnItüanukUl RsbtammaRtaénRkmrdæb,evNI . ¬sUmrMlwkfac,ab;BiessenH sMedAEtelIkarxUcxatEdlBak;B½n§dl;xøÜnR)aNrbs;mnusS dUcCaéføeBTüCaedIm . c,ab;enHminmanFanacMeBaHkarxUcxatelIsMPar:eT . ehtudUecñH ral;karxUcxateTAelI sMPar³ nigsMelokbMBak; .l. rbs;CnrgeRKaHnwgRtÚvTamTarsMNg edayGnuelamtam maRta 709 énRkmrdæb,evNI¦ .

8> c,ab;sIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHplitpl

cMeBaHkrNIEdlmankarxUcxatbNþalmkBITMnijmanvikar³ eKRtÚvGnuvtþc,ab;sIþBI karTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHplitplEdl)ancUlCaFrmankalBIEx 7 qñaM 1995 . ¬c,ab;enH bkERbCaPasaGg;eKøsehAfaCa Product Liability ehIyCaTUeTAeKehAtamGkSrkat;fa Cac,ab; PL¦ . c,ab;enH )anykeKalKMnitGMBI {vikar³} rbs;plitplmkCMnYs {kMhus} EdlCal½kçx½NÐkMNt;énGMeBIGnItüanukUl . kñúgkrNIEdlvikar³énplitpl)anbNþal [mankarb:HBal;dl;GayuCIvit xÜønR)aN b¤RTBüsm,tiþrbs;GñkdéT c,ab;enHtRmUv [plitkrTTYlxusRtÚv cMeBaHkarxUcxatEdlekItmaneLIg ¬maRta 3 c,ab; PL¦ . k_b:uEnþ cMeBaHkarxUcxatEdlekItmaneTAelIplitplenHpÞal;Etmþg pltikrminRtÚvTTYlxusRtÚv enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab;enHeT ¬bdibBaØaénmaRta 3¦ . CakarBitNas; edayehtufac,ab;enH Cac,ab;rdæb,evNIBiess ehIyRtvGnuvtþTnwÞmKañnwgc,ab;rdæb,evNI ¬tamlMdab;lMedayeK


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RtÚvGnuvtþc,ab;Biessmun rYcehIyebIeXIjmanxVHnUvkarEcgEbbNamYyenaH eTIbeK ykc,ab;rdæb,evNITUeTAmkGnuvtþb®gÁb;¦ . kñúgkrNIenH eKGacTarrksMNgcMeBaH karxUcxatEdlmanelIplitplenaH)an edayEp¥kelIbBaØtiþTUeTAsIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUl bBaØtiþsIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ ehIynigbBaØtiþsIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkar minGnuvt<katBVkic© EdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;rdæb,evNIRsab; ¬maRta 6 énc,ab; PL dEdl¦ .

CakarsMxan;Nas;EdleyIgKb,IRtÚvyl;dwgGMBImUlehtu Edlc,ab;BiessEbbenH ®tUv)aneKtak;EtgeLIg . cUreyIgBicarNaGMBIkrNIéneRKaHGKIÁP½ymYyEdlekItmaneLIg mkBIkareqHeRKÓgeGLicRtUnicEdleKTijmkehIykMBugEteRbIR)as; . eRKaHGKIÁP½y)an bNþal[eqHGs;rbs;rbrkñúgpÞH . eyIgeXIjfa eKGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatBI haglk;eRKÓgeGLicRtUnic b¤BIeragcRkplit)an . b:uEnþkarbwþgcMeBaHhaglk;eRKÓg eGLicRtUnicenaH TMngCanwgnaMmknUvesckIþsniñdan)anfa haglk;minGacRbmaN dwg)anCamunfaplitplmanvikar³enaHeT . ehIyk¾minmanRbkarGIVEdlGaceFIVesckþI snñidan)ancMeBaHkMhusrbs;haglk; edIm,IsMrYldl;karbwþgfa hagenaHxkxanmin)an Gnuvt<katBVkic©énkic©snüalk;enaHeT . ebIsinCacg;bwþgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtÚv GaRs½ybBaØtiþ sIþBIGMeBIGnItüanukUlvij k¾eKmingayrkkMhusrbs;hageXIjEdr . dUecñHeKRKan;EtGac rkkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;hagkñúgkarFanavikar³Etb:ueNÑaH ¬eTaHCaminmankMhus k¾Gac TamTar)anEdr¦ . k_b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIénkarTTYlxusRtUvelIkarFanavikar³enH tamBiteTA KWeKecjsMNgxUcxat [)anRtwmkMritTwkR)ak;esμ IrnwgtMéleRKÓgeGLicRtUnicEtb:ueNÑaH ¬BIeRBaHenHCakarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHtMéledIménkic©snüalk; edayminKitGMBIktþakMhus eT¦ . cuHcMeBaHeragcRkplitvij etIeKmanviFIedaHRsayEbbGIV? eragcRkplitminEmn CaédKUCab;kic©snüalk;CamYyGñkTijeT dUecñHGñkTijBi)aknwgrkkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs; eragcRkkñúgkarGnuvt<katBVkc©énkic©snüaenaH . cMENkkarbwþgcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlvij BitEmnEtkarbwþgenHGaceFIVeTA)an cMeBaHGñkEdlminEmnCaédKUkic©snüak¾eday b:uEnþCn rgeRKaHRtÚvbBa¢ak;bgðajpsþútagfa carI)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenH edaymankMhusectna


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b¤Gectna . GñkTijEdlCaCnsamBaØenaHGacRtÚv RbQmmuxnwgkarlM)aky:agxøaMg kñúgkarrkPsþútagbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa eragcRkBitCa)anRbRBwtþnUvkMhusy:agNamYy kñúg dMNak;karplitkmμenaH . ehtudUecñH )anCaeKGnum½tnUvc,ab;sIþBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH plitpl EdlsMrYl[CnrgeRKaHGacbwþgttaMgnwgeragcRkplit)an edaymin)ac;bgðaj GMBIkMhusrbs;eragcRkeT KWRKan;EtRtÚvbBa¢ak;faTMnijBitCamanvikar³Emn::Etb:ueNÑaH . edayehtuBaküfa {vikar³} enHmankMNt;niymn½yfaCa {karxVHnUvlkçN³suvtißPaBEdl plitplenaHRtÚvmanCaFmμta} ¬maRta 2 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ dUecñH ebIsinNaeyIgKit GMBIkrNIénTMnij dUcCaTUrTsSn_CaedIm EdlRtÚveqHenAeBlkMBugeRbIR)as;tamFmμtaenaH KWeyIgGac eXIjfakarbBa¢ak;PsþútagGMBIvikar³enH manPaBgayRsYleRcInCagkarbBa¢ak; PsþútagGMBIkMhus .

c,ab;enHkMNt;faplitkrKWCaCnEdlplit Ekéqñ b¤naMcUlnUvplitplCaedIm ¬fIVt,itEtCnenaHmin)anplitedayxÜønÉgk¾eday¦ edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgCnEdl)anbgðaj eQ μaHyIeha sBaØaBaNiC¢km μ nigsBaØaNepSgeTotrbs;xÜøn enAelIplitplenaH kñúgtYnaTIxÜønCaplitkr ¬maRta 2 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ .

k¾bu:Enþ kartRmUv[plitkrTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHral;karxUcxat edayKitTaMgvikar³ EdlsUm,IEteRbIviFIRtÜtBinitümanbec©keTsx<s;k¾minGacrkeXIjeTenaH KWCakartRmUv mYyminsmehtuplcMeBaHPaKIGñkplit . dUecñH c,ab;enHmanEcgGMBI {karttaMgeday GHGagGMBIeRKaHfñak;kñúgkarGPivDÆn_} edaykMNt;fa plitkrGacTTYl)annUvkarelIkElg [rYcBIkarTTYlxusRtÚv ebIsinCaplitkrGacbBa¢ak;Psþútag[)aneXIjfa enAeBlEdl eKRbKl;plitplmk[GñkTijenaH eKminGacRbmaNnUvvikar³rbs;plitpl)aneT eTaHCaeRbIbec©keTsviC¢asaRsþy:agNak¾eday ¬maRta 4 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .


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III. karsikSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;énkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al nigesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu 1> karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al

1>1> niymn½y

mUlehtuTI 3 EdlnaM[mankarekIteLIgénsiTi§elIbMNul KWkarRKb;RKgeday QWq¥al . ebIsþab;eTA BaküenHmankarBi)akyl; mindwgfaRtÚveRbIkñúgkal³eTs³ y:agNaeT . b:uEnþ cUreyIgBicarNaGMBIkrNIénCnmñak; Edl)anbMeBjnUvkargarGIVmYy edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;Cnmñak;epSgeTot eTaHCaminmankarBwgBak;BIGñakNak_eday . dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgkarsikSasIþBIkic©ñsnüaenACMBUkTI 4 rYcehIy ebImankarBwgBak;BIGñk déT ehIymankarRBmeRBógKñaCamunfa nwgsMerc[)annUvGIVmYyCUn enaHKWCakic©snüa GaNti< . kñúgkrNIénkic©snüa eKGacTarsMNgcMeBaHral;cMNayepSg²)an . ebIsinCaKUrPaKI)anRBmeRBógKaCamunehIyfa nwgKNnakMérsMrab;kargarGIVmYyenaH KWRtUvmansiTi§TamTarkMérpgEdr . k¾bu:Enþ ebIsinCaeyIgBicarNaBIkrNImYyeTotEdlm©as; pÞHCitxag)annaMRkumRKYsareTAedIrelgenAxageRkA enAeBlEdlxül;BúüHbk;mkeFIV [dMbUlénpÞHCitxagenaHRtUv)ak;Ebk . edayyl;faenHCakarxUcxatF¶n;F¶r ehIyman eRKaHfak;pgenaH eyIg)anñCYsCuldMbUlenaHedaykarsMercrbs;xÜøneyIgpÞal; ehIyKit faenHCakic©karl¥EdlKYreFIV eTaHCaminmankarEpþpþaMTukCamunBIm©as;pÞH[CYyEfemIlGIV k¾eday . edaysarEtminmankarBwgBak;TukCamun enHminEmnCakic©snüaGaNt<I b¤ kic©snüaGVIeT . b:uEnpÞúyeTAvij ebIsinCac,ab;min [tMélGIVeTAnwgTegVIrenHeT eyIgnwgRtÚveKb<wgfa )anbMBanelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;GñkdéT ehIyEfmTaMgGacRtUvTTYl


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xusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIGnItüanukUlpg . enHnwgnaM[GñkpgTaMgBYgkñúgsgÁmQb;CYyKñaeTAvij eTAmk . ehtudUecñH Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;fa kñúgkrNIEbbenH eTaHCaeyIgminman siTi§TamTarkMérk¾eday k¾eyIgGacTamTar[eKecjsgvij)annUvRtwmcMNayEdl eyIg)anbg;xatEdr ¬eBalKW cMNayEdlnaMRbeyaCn_mkdl;samIxÜnenaH¦ . enHKWCa krNIénkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al ¬cab;BImaRta 697 teTA¦ .

1>2> l½kçx½NÐbegIát nigGanuPaB edIm,IbegIátnUvkarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al caM)ac;RtUvEtc,as;fay:agehacNas;enA

xN³eBlénkarRKb;RKgenH minmanRbkarGIVbMBanelIGtßRbeyaCn_nigqnÞ³rbs;samIxÜøn CaPaKITTYlenaHeT . kñúgkrNIEdlGMeBImYyRtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;fa CakarRKb;RKgeday QWq¥alehIyenaH PaBxusc,ab;nwgRtÚvbdiesFecaledaycat;TukGMeBIenHfaCaGMeBIRsb c,ab;vij . GñkRKb;RKgmansiTi§TamTar[samIxÜønsgmkvij nUvral;cMNayTaMgGs; EdlGñkRKb;RKg)anbg;xatedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;samIxÜønenaH ¬maRta 702 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . dUecñH ebIsinCaGñkRKb;RKg)anbg;R)ak;cMNayrYcehIyenaH GñkRKb;RKgGacTamTar [samIxÜønsgmkvij)an k¾bu:EnþebIsinCaGñkRKb;RKgkMBugEtCMBak;bMNuleK ¬]TahrN¾ GñkRKb;RKg)anehACagsMNg;mkCYsCuldMbUlpÞHCitxag b:uEnþenAminTan;bg;R)ak;CYsCul enaHeT¦ ehIyebIsinCaR)ak;cMNayenaH)annaMmknUvplRbeyaCn_Emn GñkRKb;RKgGac TamTar[samIIxÜønbg;R)ak;enaHCMnYsxÜøn)an dUcenAkñúgkrNIénkic©snüaGaNt<iy:agdUecñaH Edr ¬maRta 650 kfax½NÐTI 2 nwgRtÚvykmkGnuvtþ edayGnuelamtambBaØt<iénmaRta 702 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .

bnÞab;BI)ancab;epþImkargarRKb;RKgehIy GñkRKb;RKgRtÚvGnuvt<dUcKñanwgGaNt<I Kahkénkic©snüaGaNt<ienaHEdr KWRtUvmankrNIykic©ykcitþTukdak;kñúgzan³xÜønCaGñk RKb;RKgsucrit ehIyRtUvGnuvtþkarRKb;RKgedayviFIsmRsbedIm,Ipþl;CaGtßRbeyaCn_mk samIxÜøn ¬maRta 697 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlGñkRKb;RKg)aneFVIkarRKb;RKg


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edayQWq¥al edIm,ICYysamIxÜøn[ecjputBIeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;ehIy ebIsinNakargarenH minEmneFIVeLIgedayTuc©rit b¤mankMhusGIVF¶n;F¶reTenaH GñkRKb;RKgminRtUvmankarTTYl xusRtÚvGIVTal;EtesaHcMeBaHsMNgénkarxUcxat EdlekItecjmkBIkargarenHeT . ¬]TahrN_ eBlcuHeTACYyGñkEdlkMBuglg;Twk GñkcuHeTACYyenaH)anTajrEhkGavrbs; Cnlg;Twk . ebIsinCakarTajrEhkGavenHCalT§plcaM)ac; EdlRtUvekItmaneLIgTnwÞmKña nwgkarCYyse®gÁaH EdlGñkcuHeTACYyminGaceCosvag)aneT enaHKWGñkRKb;RKgminRtUv TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarxUcxatenHeLIy¦ . enHeKehAfaCakarRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al kñúgPaBbnÞan; ¬maRta 698¦ .

2> esckIþcMerIneday\tehtu 2>1> niymn½y

mUlehtuTI 4 EdlnaM[mankarekIteLIgénsiT§ielIbMNul KWesckIþcMerIneday\t ehtu. enHKWCakrNIEdlCnNamñak;)anTTYlesckIþcMerInpl edayKanmUl ehtusm RsbxagpÚøvc,ab;eT . ]TahrN_ dUcCakrNIEdlluyrbs;CnNamñak; tÚv)an bgVilcUleTAkñúgkugFnaKarrbs;eyIg edaykarP½nþRcLM . GñkEdlmansiTi§BitR)akd GacmansiTi§TamTar[eyIgRbKl;luyenaHeTAeKvij)an BIeRBaHenHCakrNIénesckIþcMerIn eday\tehtu . b:uEnþkñúgkrNIénesckIþcMerIneday\tehtuenH visalPaBénsiTi§TamTar karRbKl;vtúßeTAvij RtvERbRbÜleTAtamktþakMNt;fa etICakrNIsucrit b¤CakrNI Tuc©ritenaH . ebICakrNIsucrit KWGñkTTYlesckIþcMerInplmin)andwgCamunfapl enaHminEmnCaplrbs;xøÜnenAeLIyeT . cMeBaHkrNIenH eKRKan;EtTamTar[RbKl; eTAvijnUvbrimanRsbeTAtamkMriténplEdlmanCak;EsþgnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlehAfaCa esckIþcMerInEdlmanbc©úb,nñ ¬maRta 703¦ . cMENkkñúgkrNITuc©ritvij EdlGñkTTYl esckIþcMerInpl)andwgy:agc,as;enAeBlTTYlplfa enHminEmnCarbs;xÜøneT GñkTTYl esckIþcMerInplenHRtÚvRbKl;eTAvijnUvplTaMgGs; EdlxÜøneKTTYl)anedaybUkTaMg


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karR)ak;eTotpg . CagenHeTAeTot ebIGkñEdlmansiTi§BitR)akd)anRbTHnwgkar xUcxatehIyenaH KWGñkTTYlesckIþcMerInplRtÚvEtsgsMNgénkarxUcxatpgEdr ¬maRta 704¦ .

2>2>l½kçx½NÐkMNt; karbwþgcMeBaHesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu RtUvbMeBjnUvl½kçx½NÐmYycMnYnCamun dUc

teTA³ TImYy RtÚvmankarcMerInpl . TIBIr RtÚvmankarxUcxat . TIbI karcMerInplnigkar xUcxatRtUvmankarBak;B½n§Kña ¬ehtukarEdl)annaMmk[mankarcMerInplenH k¾Caktþa bNþal[mankarxUcxatenaHEdr¦ . TIbYn esckIþcMerInplminEmn)anmkBIehtupl smRsbtampÚøvc,ab;eT . ehtudUecñH eTaHbImanesckIþcMerInplk¾eday ebIminmanGññkNa rgkarxUcxateTenaH KWminGaccat;Tuk)anfaCaesckIþcMerIneday\tehtueT ¬CakarBit Nas; karxUcxatEdlRtÚverobrab;kñúgkrNIenHminEmnsMedAeTAelIkarxatbg;RTBüsm,tiþ Etb:ueNaHeT KWmanrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarxkxanmin)anbegIánRTBüsm,tiþ edaysarEtmankar raraMg bNþalmkBIesckIþcMerIneday\tehtuenaHeTotpg¦ . BIeRBaHEtsMNgcMeBaH esckIþcMerIneday\tehtuenHRtUv)ankMNt;eLIg edayeRbIviFIKNnaEdlyktamtYelx mYyNaticCageK kñúgcMeNamtYelxEdlbgðaj[eXIjrvagkarcMerInplnigkarxatbg; . dUecññH ebIsinCaCnNamak;RtÚvrgkarxatbg;nUvR)ak;cMnYn 50 mWuney:n cMENkkarcMerInpl rbs;Cnmak;eTot EdlBak;B½n§kñúgerOgdEdlenH KitCaR)ak;RtUvmancMnYn 1 laney:n KWcMnYnR)ak;EdlRtÚvykmk BicarNakñúgkarkMNt;sMNgcMeBaHesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu enH mancMnYnsrubRtwm 50mWuney:nEtb:ueNÑaH .

2>3> GanuPaB dUcmanerobrab;xagelIehIy visalPaBénsiTi§TamTar[RbKl;plmkvijenH

ERbRbYleTAtamktþasucrit b¤Tuc©rit rbs;GñkcMerInpl . ebICakrNIsucrit KWGñkcMerInpl


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min)andwgfaplEdlxøÜn)anTTYlenaHminEmnCarbs;xøneTenAeBlTTYl . cMeBaHkrNI enaH eKRKan;EtTamTar[RbKl;mkvij nUvplEdlmanCak;Esþgb:ueNÑaH EdlehAfaCa esckI<cMerInEdlmanbc©úb,nñ ¬maRta 703¦ . cMENkkñúgkrNITuc©rit KWGñkEdlcMerIn pl )andwgy:agc,as;fa plEdlxøÜn)anenHminEmnCarbs;xøÜneT . GñkcMerInplenH RtÚvRbKl;mkvijnUvplTaMgGs; EdlTTYl)anedaybUkTaMgkarR)ak;eTotpg . CagenH eTAeTot ebIGñkEdlmansiTi§BitR)akd)anrgnUvkarxUcxatehIyenaH GñkcMerInplRtÚvEt sgsMNgénkarxUcxatpgEdr ¬maRta 704¦ . eBalKW CnEdl)anTTYlplCasMPar³ edaysucrit ehIy)aneRbIR)as;nigeFIV[xUcsMPar³enaH edaymin)andwgCamunfaxÜøn kMBugeRbIrbs;GñkdéTpgenaH CnenHRtUvRbKl;sMPar³xUcenaHeTA[eKvijEtb:ueNÑaH . ebICaTwkluyvij KWGacRbKlEtcMnYnR)ak;EdlmanenAkñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;xÜøn)anehIy . bu:EnþebIsinCa)anykluyenaHeTATukCacMNayCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ KWcMENkluyenaHk¾RtÚvyk mkKitCaplEdlmannabc©úb,nñEdr .

2>4> krNIelIkElgénesckIþcMerIneday\tehtu

mankrNIelIkElgmYycMnYn EdleKminGacmansiTi§TamTarkarRbKl;pllaPmk vij)aneT eTaHCaesckIþcMerInenaHmin)anmkBIehtuplsmRsbtampøÚvc,ab;k¾eday . kñúgenaHmankrNIénkarsgbMNulEdlmin)anCMBak; eBalKWkrNIEdlsamIxÜøn)ansg sMNg[eK edaydwgfaxÜønmin)anCMBak;bMNuleKeT ¬maRta 705¦ . ehIyeRkABIenH enAmankarpþl;tavkalikedaymUlehtuxusc,ab;eTotpg ¬maRta 708¦ . edaysarenH CabBaØtiþEcgmin[TamTarkarRbKl;mkvijnUvtavkalik Edl)anp<l;[edaymUlehtuxus c,ab;eTenaH vamanskçN³CasmmUlesIμeTAnwgbBaØtiþEcgGMBIGMeBIKtiyutiþEdlRbqaMgnwg sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmøab;l¥rbs;sgÁm EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 90 dUc Edl)anerobrab;CUnxagelI . ]TahrN_ kic©snüaEdltRmUv[PaKIGñkcaj;El,gsIusg


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RtÚvbg;R)ak; KWCakic©snüaemaX³ BIeRBaHfakarsnüaenHmanlkçN³bMBanelIsNþab;Fñab; saFarN³nigTMenomTMmøab;l¥rbs;sgÁm . kic©snüaemaX³ minGacnaM[ekItmansiTi§ nigkatBVkic©eT . dUecñH tamkarBit Gñkcaj;El,gsIusgminmankatBVkic©RtUvbg;R)ak;eT . k¾bu:Enþ ebIsinCaCnNamñak;caj;El,gsIusg ehIy)an[luyeTAeKenAnwgkEnøgenaH rYceRkaymkGHGagfaGMeBIenHemaX³ ehIybwþgeTAtulakarTamTar[eKsgsuymkvij . enHk¾eKminGacTTYlsÁal;)aneTEdr . edaymUlehtufa c,ab;minsMedAeTACYykarBareT CnNaEdl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIRbqaMgnwgsgÁmedayxÜønÉgpÞal; rYcenAeBlEdleXIjfaxÜøn RtÚvxatbg;RbeyaCn_ehIycg;rkviFIsþarkarxatbg;mkvijtampøÚvc,ab;enaH ¬ebIBuMenaH esateT CalT§plcugeRkay c,ab;nwgkøayeTACa]bkrN_sMrab;karBarGMeBIRbqaMg nwgsgÁmeTAvij¦ . GMeBIenHKWCakarpþl;tavkalikedaymUlehtuxusc,ab; ehIyRtÚv)an bBaØtiþedayeKalkarN_ Clean Hands EdleK)anGHGagtaMgBIburaNkalmk enARbeTs mYycMnYn dUcCaRbeTsGg;eKøsCaedIm ¬eKalkarN_enHkMNt;fa mnusSEdlnaM bNþwgkIþcUlmktulakar caM)ac;RtÚvEtCamnusSEdl)at;édminmankarRbLak;eT¦ .


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CMBUkTI 6 c,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul ¬3¦

-TidæPaBTUeTA-

I. TRmg;énTidæPaBTUeTAGMBIsiT§ielIbMNul 1> Gtßn½yTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul

2> lkçN³CamUldæanénsiT§ielIbMNul 3> sarsMxan:énbBaØtþienAkñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul

sar³sMxan;enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kic©karGaCIvkmμCak;Esþg II. karsikSacMnucsMxan;²kñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul

1> RbePTénsiT§ielIbMNul 2> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© 3> karEfrSaRTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv 4> TMnak;TMngenAkñúgsiT§ielIbMNulEdlmanBhuPaKI 5> Gnub,TansiT§ielIbMNul 6> karrlt;siT§ielIbMNul

III. Rkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgkic©karpøÚvc,ab;énshRKas


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I. TRmg;énTidæPaBTUeTAGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul 1> Gtßn½yénTidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul dUc)anBiBN’narYcmkehIy Tid æPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNulKWCaEpñkEdlkMNt;nUv

lkçN³crit GanuPaB karepÞr nigkarrlt;énsiTi§elIbMNul . EpñkenHsißitenAkñúgCMBUkTI 1 énKnßITI 3 ¬GMBIsiT§ielIbMNul¦ enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI . Cabzm Rkmrdæb,evNI)an kMNt;vKÁmYysþIBIkmμvtßúénsiTi§elIbMNul . Kb,Iyl;fakmμvtßúEdlBiBN’naenATIenH minEmnsMedAeTAelImUlehtuEdlCMruj[eFVIGVImYy b¤eKalbMNgEbbNamYyeT KwsMedA eTAelIxwømsarnigmuxsBaaØénsiT§ielIbMNul . enAkñúgvKÁbnÞab;mkeTot manbBaØtþiGMBI suBlPaBénsiTi§elIbMNul EdlEcgGMBIkrNIénkarbMBanepSg²eTAelIcMNgkatBVkic© EdlCamUldæanénsiTi§elIbMNul sMrab;RKb;RkgTMnak;TMngrvagm©as;bMNulnigkUnbMNul . Cak;Esþg KWmanEcgGMBIkarGnuvtþkatBVkic©edaybgçM sMNgénkarxUcxatedaysakarmin GnuvtþkatBVkic© ehIynwgkarrkSakarBarRTBüsm,táisMrab;karGnuvtáedaybgÐM . l . cMeBaH sMNgénkarxUcxat bNþalmkBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic© eyIg)aneFVIGtßaFib,ayBnül; xøH²rYcmkehIy ¬GMBIkic©snüa¦ . vKÁTI 3 EcgGMBITMnak;TMngBhuPaKICam©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNul EdlsMedAeTAelIkrNIEdlmanm©as;siTi§elIbMNul nigkUnbMNulCaeRcIn nak; . vKÁCabnþmkeTotEcgGMBIGnub,TanénsiTi§elIbMNul eBalKWkarepÞrsiTi§bMNul eTA[CndéTtamkic©snüa . rYcehIyCMBUkcugeRkayEcgGMBIkarrlt;siTi§elIbMNul bnÞab; BI)aneFIVkarsgbMNulcb;sBVRKb;CaedIm .

2> lkçN³CamUldæanénsiTi§elIbMNul dUc)ansikSarYcmkehIyfa siTi§Rbtü½kSKWCasiTi§EdleKGacGHGagcMeBaHGñkNa

k¾)an eRBaHCasiTi§pþac;mux nigCasiTi§dac;xat . dUecñHehIy)anCac,ab;mankMNt;Tuk CamunnUvRbePTepSg²énsiTi§enH . pÞúynwgsiT§iRbtü½kS siTi§elIbMNulKWCasiTi§rbs;buKÁl


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mñak; eFVIkarTamTarcMeBaHbuKÁlmañk;eTot [RbKl;GIVmYy b¤[eFVIGVImYy . CaeKalkarN_ siTi§enHmanGanuPaBrvagPaKIénkic©snüaEtb:ueNÑaH eBalKWmanlkçN³CasiTi§EdlcgP¢ab; PaKIedayeFob ¬saebkçPaBénsiTi§elIbMNul¦ . ehtudUecñHehIy)anCarvagPaKITaMgGs; eKGacbegáItkatBVkic© Edlmann½yeRcInEbbeRcInya:g)anedayesrI kMu[Etb:HBal;eTA elIsNþab;Fñab;sarFarN³nigTMenomTMlab;l¥enAkñúgsgÁm . müa:geTot siTi§elIbMNulenH KμanlkçN³dac;xat b¤lkçN³pþac;muxdUcsiTi§Rbtü½kSeLIy ehIyk¾KμankMNt;faRtUUvEt eKarBtameKalkarN_siT§imYyelIvtßúmYy ¬siTi§mYyminGacmaneTAelIvtßúelIsBImYy)aneT¦ Edr . ]TahrN_ dUcCakrNIfaGñkcMerog A )aneTAP¢ab;kic©snüasMEdgCamYy salmehaRsB B rYcehIy)aneTAP¢ab;kic©snüasMEdgenAéf¶nigevlaema:gdUcKñaCamYy salmehaRsB C eTotCaedIm . kñúgkrNIenHkic©snüaTaMgBIr mansuBlPaBdUcKña . siTi§TamTar[ecjsMEdg nigeRcogcMerogEdlsalmehaRsB B maneTAelIeQ μaH A TaMgb:unμan salmehaRsB C k¾maneTAelIeQ μaH A dUcKñaEdr . siT§iTaMgBIrenH ekItmaneLIgedayKμanbBaðaGVIeLIy ¬kñúgkrNIenH TaMg B nig C suT§EtminmanGaTiPaBelI KñaeT . enHeKehAfaCa eKalkarN_smPaBrvagm©as;siTi§elIbMNul¦ . CakarBit Nas;Edlfa GñkcMerog A manxøÜnEtmYy ehIyebIbeNþay[sPaBkarN_enHman dMeNIrkarRCuleTAmux GñkcMerog A nwgecjsMEdg)anEtenAsalmehaRsBNamYy bu:eNÑaH . enHminmann½yfa salmehaRsBEdlGñkcMerog A min)aneTAsMEdgenaH RtUv)at;bg;siTi§enaHeT . KWRKan;EtbþÚreTACasiTi§TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatvij edaysar A minGnuvtþkatBVkic©Etb:ueNÑaH .

edayehtufasiTi§elIbMNulCasiTi§edayeFob ehIyCamUldæan KWmanGMNac TamTar b¤GMNacbáwg cMeBaHEtPaKImÐageTotEtb:ueNÑaH ¬siTi§GMNackñúgkarykCMelaH mkbwþg¦ . eTaHCamanTTYlrgkarrMxanBIttiyCnk¾eday CaeKalkarN_ eKBMuGacbBaÄb; b¤bgáakarraraMgBIttiyCn)aneLIy . b:uEná dUcmankñúg]TahrN_xagelIRsab; eKRKan;Et GacTamTarnUvsMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat EdlbNþalmkBIPaKImçageTotmin)anGnuvtþ


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katBVkic©Etbu:eNÑaH RbsinebImUlehtuénkarTTYlxusRtUvmansßinenACamYyPaKImçageTot Emn . b:uEnþ cMeBaHkrNIelIkElg dUcCasiTi§CYlEdl)ancuHkñúgbB¢aI ¬CaTUeTAeRkABI karepÞrsiiTi§elIbMNulecj KwminmanrbbGVIsMrab;eFVIkarRbkasCasaFarN³GMBIvtþmanén siTi§elIbMNuleT . k¾b:uEnþ edayELkcMeBaHsiTi§CYlGclnRTBüvij eKmanerobcMnUv rbbcuHbB¢aI¦ yutþisaRsþc,ab;nigRTwsþIsikSa )anTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHkarTamTar[bBaÄb;nig bgáakarraMgBIttiyCn EdlKμansiTi§GVIenaH . tamkarBit cMeBaHsiTi§elIbMNuldéTeTot RbsinebImanGMeBIGnItüanukUlkñúgCMnYjNamYy ¬dUcEdl)anBiBN’namun²rYcmkehIy enaH¦ edayeRbIGMeBITuc©ritkBaäk;deNþImkic©snüa raraMgdl;karGnuvtþn_siT§ielIbMNulrbs;;; GñkdéT ehIyebIsinCaGMeBIGnItüanukUlenHRtUv)anrkeXIj eKGacTamTar[ttiyCn bg;sMNgénkarxUcxat)an . sUmbBa©ak;fa karTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatBittiyCn enHGaceFVIeTA)an eRBaHEtmankarrkeXIjnUvGMeBIGnItüanukUlEtb:ueNÑaH KwminEmn edaysarGanuPaBénsiTi§elIbMNulenaH eT .

3> sarn½yénbBØatþienAkñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul sar³sMxan;enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kic©karGaCIvkmμCak;Esþg

TidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul k¾dUcCac,ab;sþIBIR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdr KICavis½ymYy EdlqøúHbBa©aMgnUvTMnak;TMngplRbeyaCn_d¾sμúKsμajCaTIbMput enAkñúgsgÁmeFVICMnYj . dUecñH ebIeyIg)anyl;GMBIkarGnuvtþn_kic©karCak;EsþgenaH eyIgnwgyl;rwtEtc,as;nUv xøwmsarénemeronenHEfmeTotCaBMuxan . sUmcab;GarmμN_fa TidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielI bMNulnigc,ab;sþIBIR)atiePaKRbtü½kSenH mankarTak;TgnwgcMNucsMxan;²swgEtTaMgGs; kñúgkickarc,ab;rbs;shRKas EdlmanCaeFVIR)atiePaK karRKb;;RKg nigkarRbmUlmkvij nUvsiT§ielIbMNul .

ebIelIkbBðaaR)atiePaKmkBiPakSa[)anCak;Esþg eyIgeXIjfa cMeBaHvtßú eBalKW clnRTBü b¤GclnRTBü EdlykeTAdak;bBa©aMedIm,Ix©IR)ak;enaH eKehAfa R)atiePaKCavtßú¦ .


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bu:EnþebIkUnbMNulBMumanclnRTBü b¤GclnRTBü RKb;RKan;sMrab;dak;CaR)atiePaKeT eKRtUvGaRs½yelIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgmUlrbs;buKÁlNamñak; eRkABIkUnbMNulenaH edIm,ItukeFVI CaR)atiePaK . enHeKehAfa R)atiePaKedaybuKÁl . Ca]TahrN_tMNag[ R)atiePaK edaybuKÁlenH KwkarFanaEdlmanBiPakSaenAxageRkam . ebIeRbobeTAnwgR)atiePaKCavtßú RTBüsm,tþiTaMgmUlrbs;buKÁl EdlRtUvCab;karFana rEmgmanPaBERbRbYlcuHeLIg K μan lMnwgeLIy . k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIénR)atiePaKCavtßú eKRtUvcuHbB¢aI ehIyenAeBlRbKl;vtßú eTotesat k¾eKRtUvbMeBjEbbbTepSg²eTotEdr EdlbegáItnUvPaBsμúKsμajeRcInEbb ya:g . cMENkR)atiePaKedaybuKÁlvij KWmanPaBgayRsYlNas; edayeKRKan;EteFVIkic© snüamYyc,ab;b:ueNÑaH eBalKWRtwmEtmankarRBmeRBógKñarvagPaKITaMgGs;Etbu:eNÑaH .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot sBVéføeyIgsegáteXIjmankarniymxøaMgeLIg² nUvkaryk siTi§elIbMNul eTAbegIátCaR)atiePaKedIm,Ix©ITun b¤k¾lk;siTi§enHedIm,IRbmUlTunsMrab; shRKasCaedIm . taMgBIdMbUgTImk c,ab;)ankMNt;EdrnUvkaryl;RBmcMeBaHkareFVI Gbub,TansiT§IelIbMNulenH k¾b:uEnþebIsegáteTAelIesckþIénbTbBØatþieyIgeXIjfa kñúgRkm rdæb,evNI BMumankarsμanTukfamankarbgVilsiT§ielIbMNulenHcuHeLIgya:gskmμ edIm,I RbmUlTundUecñHeLIy . dMeNIrkarenHeKehAfa crnþþkm μénsiT§ielIbMNul. ehtudUecñH TidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNulenH k¾manTMnak;TMngCab;;CamYynwgbBaðaQanmuxnabc©úb,nñ kalEdr .

II. karsikSacMnucsMxan;²kñúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul 1> RbePTsiT§ielIbMNul eyagtameKalkarN_esrIPaBénkic©snüa eKGacbegáItsiTielIbMNul)anRKb;Ebb

RKb;y:ag b:uEnþkñúgenaHeKGacEbgEckeTAtamRbePTénsiTi§elIbMNulmYycMnYn . ]TahrN_ dUcCakarEckecjCa siTi§elIbMNulTak;TgnwgvtßúEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak; nigsiTi§elI


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bMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßúEdlmansar³sMxan;CaBiess .

1>1> siTi§elIbMNulTak;TgnwgvtßúEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak; ebIeyIgKitBIbBaðalk;pÞaMgKMnUr b¤lk;dIFøI eyIgnwgeXIjfavtßúlk;dUrenHBMuGacmanBIr

dUcKñaeLIy. dUecñHsiTi§elIbMNulKWCasiTi§TamTartavkalikCavtßú Edl)ankMNt;Cak;lak; . enHeKehAfa siTi§elIbMNulTak;TgnwgvtßúEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak; . kñúgkrNIénsiTi§elI bMNulTak;TgnwgvtßúEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;enH kUnbMNulmankatBVkic©nwgRbugRby½tñ EfrkSatavkalik kñúgzan³xøÜnCaGñkRKb;RKgl¥rhUtdl;eBlRbKl;vtßúenaH ¬maRta400 . dUecñH kñúgkrNItavkalikCavtßúCak;lak;sMrab;lk; ehIyenAeRkayeBlP¢ab;kic©snüa ebIbENþtbeNþayTukvtßúenaHecalhalePøóghalxül; eFVI[mankarxUcxatenaH KwvaRtÚv køayeTACakarminGnuvtákatBVkic© ehIyRtUvmankarTTYlkrNIykic©sgsMNgénkar xUcxat¦ . kñúgkrNIEdltavkalikRtÚv)at; muneBlRbKl;vtßú ¬edayehtufaminmanGVIGac CavtßúCMnYseTenaH¦ vanwgeTACakarminGacGnuvtákatBVkic©)an ehIyRtÚvkøayeTACasiT§I TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatvij.

1>2> siTi§elIbMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú 1>2>1> RTws áITUeTA

]bmadUcCakarlk;Rsaeborma:k A dbFMmYyLÚCaedIm EdlGacykRsaeborma:k dEdldbepSgmkCMnYs)aneKehAfa siTi§elIbMNulTak;TgnwgRbePTénvtßú . cMeBaHsiTi§ elIbMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú ¬edayehtufamanvtßúCMnYs)an¦ Rkmrdæb,evNI BMuumankMNt;nUvkrNIykicrbs;kUnbMNulkñúgkar©RKb;RKgEfrkSavtßúeT b:uEnþCaCMnYsnwg krNIykic©enH c,ab;)ankMNt;fa RbsinebItavkalikRtUv)at;bg;muneBlRbKl;enaH kUnbMNulmankrNIykic©sVHEsVgrkvtßúepSg EdlmanRbePTdUcKñaBITIpSarmk edIm,IRbKl;


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[ ¬eBalKW ]bmafa haglk;RsaeborEdlRtUv)anGñkTijbBaöa[ykRsaeboreTA[enaH ebIdbRsaeborenaHEbkenAkñúghagrbs;xøÜn m©as;hagRtUvykRsaebordbepSgma:kdEdl eTA[GñkTij¦ .

1>2>2> karkMNt;siTi§elIbMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú eTaHbIdUcenAkñúg]TahrN_RsaeborxagelIk¾eday enAeBlGnuvtþkic©snüaenA

dMNak;kalNamYy CYnkalGacmankarkMNt;Cak;lak;fa {RtUvykmYyLÚenH} eTaHCakñúg cMeNamRsaeborRbePTEtmYyk¾eday . cMeBaHkarbBa¢aTijRsaebor ¬tamTUrs½BÞCaedIm¦ tamFmμtaK μankarkMNt;faykdbNaeT muneBlm©al;hagykeTA[dl;pÞHGñkTijehIy bgðajR)ab;fa {enHRsaeborEdl)anbBa¢a}enaH. k¾bu:Enþ cMeBaHRsavisÁIsMrab;CaCmnUn EdlGñkTij)anmkTijdl;hagedayerIsykBITUvij enAeBlEdlx©b;s¥at)at ehIy GñkTij)anbBaöa[ykeTA[dl;pÞHePJóvenaH eKGacniyay)anfaenAdMNak;kalenHman karkMNt;ykdbNamYyCak;lak;ehIy . enHeKehAfaCakar {kMNt;} nUvsiTi§elIbMNul Edl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú .

Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbBaØtþifa kñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNul)anRbKl;vtßúsnüa eTAm©as; bMNulrYcRCHRsLHehIykþI b¤mYyenAeBlEdlmankaryl;RBmBIm©as;bMNulnUvkarkMNt; vtßúRtUvRbKl;enaHkþI cab;BIeBlenaHteTA vtßúenaHRtÚvcat;faCavtßúEdlRtUvRbKl; ¬maRta 401 kfax½NçTI 2¦ . CalT§plbnÞab;BImankarkMNt;Cak;lak;nUvkm μvtßúehIy siTi§elIbMNul Edl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú RtÚv)ancat;TukdUc siT§ielIbMNulTak;TgnwgvtßúEdl)ankMNt; Cak;;lak;Edr ehIykUnbMNulmankrNIykic©nwgRKb;RKgEfrkSa[)anl¥ nUvvtßúsnüaenaH ¬enHKWCakarBRgwgdl;krNIykic©RKb;RKgEfrkSaEdlmann½yfa RbsinebIvtßúsnüaenaH vinas)at;bg; kUnbMNulmankrNIykic©RtÚvsgsMNgénkarxUcxateTA[m©as;bMNul b:uEnþBMumankrNIykic©nwgeTArkvtßúRbePTdUcKñamkCMnYseT ¦.


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1>2>3> siTi §elIbMNulEdlmandak;kMritRBMEdnénRbePTvtßú EbbbTmYyeToténsiTi§elIbMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú KWkardak;kMritRBMEdn

énRbePTvtßú ¬dUcCaPUmiPaKCaedIm¦ EdleKehAfa siTi§elIbMNulEdlmandak;kMritRBMEdn énRbePTvtßú . ]TahrN_ dUcCafamankatBVkic©RbKl;Ggársuma:lIEdlTukkñúgXøaMg AcMnYn 300KILÚRkamCaedIm. enAkñúgkrNIdUcenH RbsinebIGs;Ggársuma:lIenAkñúgXøaMgAenaH nwgRtUvcat;TukfaK μan lT§PaBnwgGnuvtþkatBVkic©CabnþeTAeToteT ehIyk¾K μanTTYlkrNIy kic©eTArkvtßúRbePTdEdlBITIpSarmkCMnYsvijeT ¬mann½yfa RbsinebIGgársuma:lIkñúgXøaMg A RtUvePøIgeqHexÞcGs;enaH kUnbMNulnwgenAsl;EtkrNIkic©mYyeT KWRtUvsgsMNgénkar xUcxatb:ueNÑaH ¦.

1>3> siTi§elIbMNulEdlmaneKalbMNgsgCaR)ak; cMeBaHsiTi§elIbMNulEdltRmUv[sgCaR)ak; EdleKehAfa sTi§elIbMNulEdlman

eKalbMNgsgCaR)ak; KWCa siTi§elIbMNulEdl)ankMNt;RbePTénvtßú EdleyIgGac niyay)anfa CasiTi§elIbMNulEdlmanlkçN³hμt;ct;Nas; ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbman kMNt;nUvbTbBØatþiBiess² sMrab;katBVkic©sgCaR)ak;enH . GrtakarR)ak;Edlc,ab;)an kMNt;sMrab;kic©karrdæb,evNI KW 5 PaKrykñúgmYyqñaM ¬maRta404¦ .

1>4> siTi§elIbMNulEdlCaR)ak;edIm nigsiTi§elIbMNulEdlCakarR)ak;

enAkñúgkrNIx©IR)ak; mansiTi§elIbMNulEdlCaR)ak;edIm nigsiTißelIbMNulEdlCa karR)ak; k¾b:uEnþm©as;bMNulGacbMEbksiTi§elIbMNulCakarR)ak; EdlekItmanrYcehIy edIm,IykmkedaHRsaydac;edayELkBI)an . ]bmafaebIm©as;bMNulmanR)ak;edIm 5 lan ey:n[x©I ehIyTTYlplkarR)ak; 25 mWuney:nkñúgmYyqñaM² . CakarBitNas;Edlfa m©as;bMNulGacepÞrsiTi§TamTarR)ak;edIm ¬EdlmankarR)ak;P¢ab;CamYypgenaH¦ eTAGñkd


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éT)an . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkarR)ak;mYyqñaMmunEdlekItmanehIyenaHminTan;)anTTYleT m©as;bMNulGaceFVIGanub,TansiTi§elIbMNulCakarR)ak;cMnYn 25 mWuney:nenaH eTAGñkdéT k¾)anEdr .

1>5> siTi§elIbMNultamkareRCIserIs dUckñúgkrNIEdlPaKI)anRBmeRBógKñafayk :kg;mYyeRKOg b¤R)ak;cMnYn 1 lan

ey:n} mkeFVICatavkalikCaedIm siTi§elIbMNulEdleK)ankMNt;eRCIserIsykvtßúmYykñúg cMeNamvtßúCaeRcInepSg² mkeFVICatavkalikenaH ehAfaCasiTi§elIbMNultamkareRCIs erIs ¬maRta 406¦ . edayehtufa vtßúEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsenaH manlkçN³xus Kñay:agc,as;las;BImYyeTAmYy dUecñHsiTi§elIbMNulenHxusKñaTaMgRsugeTAnwg :siTi§elI bMNulEdlmankMNt;vtßúCak;lak;enAkñúgRbePTénvtßú} EdlGnuBaØati[eKeRCIserIsvtßú CMnYs)ankñúgRbePTénvtßúEtmYy dUcCafa :GacerIsb‘IEy:rmYyekHenH b¤mYyekHenaH ¬EdlsuT§EtCab‘IEy:enaH¦ )an} .

2> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© 2>1> karGnuvtþn_katBVkic©edaybgçM

karTTYlkmøaMgCMnYyBIGaCJaFrrdæedIm,IbgçM[PaKICaédKUGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnenA eBlEdlPaKIédKUenaHmineKarBkic©snüaehAfakarGnuvtþn_edaybgçM . Rkmrdæb,evNIén RbeTsCb:unnigc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_kic©karrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un )ankMNt;nUvviFIeFIV karbgçM[GnuvtþkatBVkic©edayEckCa3RbePTdUcxageRkamenH .

2>1>1> karbgçMpÞal; enHCaviFIEdlGaCJaFrrdæecjmuxbgçMpÞal;eTAkUnbMNul[sgR)ak; b¤RbKl;vtßú

eTaHbICakUnbMNulmanqnÞ³dUcemþck¾eday.eBalKWPñak;garGnuvtþRbcaMGaCJaFrrdænwgecj


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eTAdl;kEnøgkUnbMNulEtmþg.

2>1>2> kar[ttiyCnGnuvtþCMnYs enHCaviFIEdl[ttiyCn ¬CnTI3¦ GnuvtþesckþIénkatBVkic©enHCMnYs[kUnbMNul

ehIyGCJaFrrdænwgeFVIkarTamTaresah‘uyTaMgLayBIkUnbMNul. ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIEdlshRKassMNg;mYy)anbBaÄb;karsagsg;enABak;kNþáalTI eKGacBwgshRkas sMNg;mYyepSgeTot[bnþkarsagsg;enaH)anedayTamTaresah‘uyEdl)ancMNayTaMgLayBIshRKasedImmkvij .

2>1>3> karbgçMmincMeBaH enHCaviFIEdlRtÚvGnuvt<enAkñúgkrNIEdlTaMgkarbgçMpÞal; nigkar[ttiyCnGnuvt<

CMnYs suT§EtminGacykmkGnuvt<)an . tulakarbBaöa[kUnbMNulbg;R)ak;mYycMnYn rhUtdl;eBl)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÚn eBalKWCaviFIKabsgát;tampøÚvcitþsaRsþeTAelI kUnbMNul edIm,IbgçM[eKGnuvtþkatBVkic©. ]TahrN_ viFIenHnwgRtÚvGnuvtþ kñúgkrNIEdl mankarbMBanCabnþbnÞab;elIkatBVkic©min[beB©ajsUrs½BÞføg;LÚLaenaH ¬tulakarGac ecjsalRkm {bBa¢a[bg;R)ak; 10 mWuney:nkñúgmYyéf¶rhUtdl;éf¶Qb;eFVI[føg;LÚLa CaedIm¦.

enARbeTsCb:un CMerIs 2>1>2> minGacGnuvt<)aneT ebIsinCaeKGacGnuvt<nUv CMerIs 2>1>1> . ehIyCMerIs 2>1>3> Føab;Gnuvtþ)anEtkñúgkrNIEdlKμanlT§PaB sMerc)annUvCMerIs 2>1>1> nig 2>1>2> . b:uEn<viesaFnkm μénc,ab;s<IBIkarGnuvt<erOg rdæb,evNI )anCYyBRgIkvisalPaBénkarGnuvt<viFIbgçMmincMeBaH .


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2>2> sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxatedaysarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©

2>2>1> lkçN³TUeTA

bBaðaenHeyIg)anBiBN’naRtYs²rYcxøHehIyenAkñúgCMBUkTI4 ¬GMBIkic©snüa¦ . kar minGnuvtþkatBVkic© ¬K μankarGnuvtþn¾eTAtamesckþIénkic©snüa¦ EckecjCa3RbePTKW³ kar yWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾ GlT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾ nigkarGnuvtþn¾min)aneBjelj . TaMg3 RbePTenHCamUlehtutRmUv[kUnbMNulbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat edaysarminGnuvtþ katBVkic©kalNamanehtuplfaCakMhusxagkUnbMNul¬edayectnakþI b¤edaykMhus rbs;kUnbMNulpÞal;kþI b¤mYyedayectna b¤edaykMhusrbs;GñkCYyGnuvtþ katBVkic©kþI. k¾b:uEnþebImanrBa¢ÜyEpndIEdlCakrNIRbFans½kþi¬minGaceCosrYc¦ eFVI[dac;pøÚvCaehtunaM [mankaryWty:av kñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©CaedImvij edayehtufaenHminEmn CakMhusxagkUnbMNuleT dUecñHkUnbMNulnwgminTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarmin)anGnuvtþ katBVkic©enaHeLIy ¦.

2>2>2> TMhMénsMNgkarxUcxat

Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;nUvTMhMénsMNgdUcteTA³ kUnbMNulRtUvTTYlbnÞúkbg; sMNgénkarxUcxatNaEdlGacekIteLIgCaFmμta edaysarEtkarmin)anGnuvtþkatBVkic© rbs;xøÜn . enHeKehAfakarxUcxatFmμta rIÉkarxUcxatEdlekIteLIgedaysarman RBwtþikarN_BiessNamYyvijenaH kUnbMNulRtUvTTYl bnÞúkbg;EtsMNgénkarxUcxatNa EdlxøÜnGacRbemIldwgCamun)anEtb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 416 ehAfaRTwsþIdak;TMhMénsMNg¦ . faetIGVIeTACakarxUcxatFmμta ehIyGVIeTACakarxUcxatBiessenaH? TaMgenHGaRs½yeTAelI krNICak;EsþgnImYy². ]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüalk;pÞHCaedIm enAkñúgkrNIEdlGñklk; A

RbKl;pÞHedaymankaryWtya:v 1 ExEdlCaehtunaM[GñkTij B bgçMcitþeTACYlpÞHepSg enAbeNÑaHGasnñ 1 ExEdrenaH CaTUeTAeyIgGaccat;Tukfa enHKWCakarxUcxatFmμta.


- 166 -

k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdlGñkTij B )aneFVIkic©snüalk;bnþeTAGñkdéTepSgeTot ehIyrgkar xatbg;nUvPaKcMeNjedayehtumkBIkarRbKl;pÞHeFVIedayyWtya:v bNþal[ B RtUvlub ecalkic©snüalk;bnþCaTUeTA eyIgGaccat;Tukfa enHKWCakarxUcxatBiess. RbsinebI Gñklk; A ¬EdlmantYnaTICakUnbMNul¦ )andwgGMBIkarlk;bnþenHCamun b¤k¾GacRbemIldwg TukCamun)anenaH eTIbsMNgenHRtUvenAkñúgbnÞúkrbs;kUnbMNul ¬KWGñklk; A ¦ .

2>2>3> karTUTat;nUvkMhus kñúúgsMNgénkarxUcxatedaysarkarminGnuvt<katBVkic© Gacmankarkat;bnßycMnYn

TwkR)ak;énsMNg)an edayBicarNaGMBIkMriténkMhusrbs;PaKIm©as;bMNulenaH . ¬maRta 418 . swgEtdUcKñaeTAnwgkarTUTat;nUvkMhuskñúgGMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬maRta 722¦ Edl)ansikSarYcmkehIy . sUmGanCMBUkTI 5 vKÁ II>4>3>¦ .

2>2>4> karkMNt;CamunnUvcMnYnénsMNgkarxUcxat PaKIénkic©snüa GacsnüakMNt;TukCamun)an nUvcMnYnénsMNgsMrab;karxUcxat .

kñúgkrNIenH tulakarminGactemIøg b¤kat;bnßycMnYnEdl)ansnüaKñaenH)aneT . ¬maRta 420 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .

2>2>5> ])aeTskmμénGñksg EnAeBlEdlm©as;bMNulTTYl)ansMNgTaMgmUlénvtßú b¤siT§I EdlCakmμvtßúén

siTi§elIbMNulenaH kUnbMNulRtÚvTTYl)anedaysV½yRbvt< nUvzan³CaGñkCMnYs[m©as; bMNul Tak;Tgdl;vtßú b¤siTi§ EdlCakmμvtßúénsMNgenaH . enHeKehAfaCa ])aeTskmμ énGñksg ¬maRta 422 . sUmGanvKÁ 3>1>¦ . ]TahrN_ GñkEdl)ansgtamcMnYnén sMNgTaMgmUleTA[m©as;bMNul ¬kmμsiTi§kénTMnij¦ sMrab;TMnijEdlRtÚv)at; enAeRkam karRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜnGaRs½ykic©snüaenaH eRkaymkebIsinCaeKrkeXIjTMnijmkvij GñksgRtÚv)anTTYlnUvkmμsiTi§elITMnijenaH ¬CMnYs[kmμsiTi§kredIm¦ .


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2>3> karyWtya:vrbs;m©as;bMNulkñúgkarTTYl

müa:gvij enAkñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNuleRtomnwgGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnEmn Etm©as; bMNulminTTYlykkarGnuvtþn¾enH eK[eQμaHfakaryWtya:vkñúgkarTTYl . maRta 413 énRkmrdæb,evNI)anbBØatþifa m©as;bMNulRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkaryWtya:v EdlekIteLIg BIkarRbEkkminRBmTTYl b¤BIkarminTTYlyksMNgdl; kUnbMNul)anRbKl;[xøÜn ¬karRbKl;sMNgmann½yfa RbsinebIkic©snüafaCakatBVkic©RtUvykeTARbKl;[ KWkar ykvtßúsnüaenaHeTARbKl;Cak;Esþgdl;m©as;bMNul ehIyRbsinebIkic©snüafa CakatBVkic© Edlm©as;bMNulRtUveTAyk enaHKWkarCUndMNwgrbs;kUnbMNulR)ab;[mkyktavkalik EdlxøÜn)aneRtomRbKl;cb;sBVRKb;ehIyenaH¦ . eBal[cMeTAKWfakUnbMNulrYcputBIkar TTYlxusRtUvelIsMNgénkarxUcxat EdlbNþalmkBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnenaH ehIycMeBaHkarRKb;RKgtavkalikeTotesat EdlkalBImunkUnbMNulRtUvmankatBVkic© Kb;RKgEfrkSa[)anl¥kñúgzan³xøÜnCaGñkRKb;RKgl¥enaH \LÚvRtUv)anbnßymkenARtwmkar EfrkSaFmμtaTukdUcCarbs;pgxøÜnmkvij eBalKWmankarTmøak;kMritkatBVkic©RKb;RKg tavkalik ¬cMeBaH{karEfrkSaFmμtaTukdUcCarbs;pgxøÜn} cUrGanCMBUk TI2sþIBIkic©snüaepJI TukKμansMNg¦. müa:geTot cMeBaHbBðaafaetIGñkNa CaGñkRtUvTTYlbnÞúkeRKaHhaniP½y enAkñúgkrNIEdltavkalikRtUvvinas)at;bg;muneBlRbKl;enaHeKyl;fa eTaHbICamankar RBmeRBogBImunmkya:gdUcemþck¾edaykarTTYlbnÞúkeRKaHhaniP½y EdlekItmaneLIg edaysarkaryWtya:vkñúgkarTTYlenH RtUvFøak;eTAelIm©al;bMNulvij. k¾b:uEnþenAmankar CECkBiPakSaKñaBMudac;eRscenAeLIyfa etIenHCalT§plecjmkBIkaryWtya:vkñúgkarTTYl b¤mYyk¾CalT§plecjmkBIkarRbKl;sMNg ¬maRta 492¦ eT? mYyvijeTot TsSn³PaK eRcInyl;fakaryWtya:vkñúgkarTTYlenH CH\Ti§BltampøÚvc,ab;kñúgkMritmYydUc)anerobrab; xagelIEtb:ueNÑaH ehIymincat;faenHCa {karminGnuvtþkatBVkic©} rbs;m©as;bMNuleLIy ¬manTsSn³mYyeTotEdlKitfakarTTYl KWCakatBVkic©ehIym©as;bMNulminGnuvtþkatBVkic©


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enH¦ . mann½yfa PaKIkUnbMNulK μansiT§irhUtdl;eTATamTarbRB©aaseTA m©as;bMNulvij edaysMueFVIkarrMlaykic©snüa b¤sMu[bg;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat ¬sMNgCMgWcitþBikar minTTYlvtßúsnüa¦ enaHeLIy . cMeBaHbBðaaenHTsSn³cMbgsBVéf¶)anGHGagnUvTsSn³ sMrbsMrYlmYyfa enAkñúgkic©snüaEdlm©as;bMNulmankatBVkic©TTYlyk tYya:gdUcCa kic©snüalk;CaedIm eKKb,ITTYlsÁal;nUvkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;m©as;bMNulenH ¬eBal KWTsSnfaebIGñkTijminTTYltavkalikeT cat;TukfaGñkTijminGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn¦.

3> karEfrkSaRTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv 3>1> GVIeTAEdlehAfakarEfrkSaRTBüFn

enAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv? dUcCakñúgkrNITTYlTunBIFnaKarCaedIm tamFmμtaFnaKarEdlCaGñk[x©IR)ak;Etg

EtTTYlykRTBüFana ¬hIub:UEtk vtßúbBa©aM¦ BIGñkx©IR)ak; . k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgrbrrksIueFVICMnYj EdlFøab;eFVICahUrEhCamYyKñadUcCakarykTMnijmkRbKl;CamuneTIbTTYl®)ak;CaeRkayCaedImeTaHbICaR)ak;éføTMnijenaHenAkb;CaeRcIndgk¾edayCaTUeTABMMumankarykvtßúTAdak;bBa©aM Fanaral;EtelIkenaHeT enHKWmkBImankarTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk . enAkñúgkrNIdUcxagelI eK[eQ μaHm©as;bMNulEbbenHfa m©as;bMNulTUeTA Eckdac;BI m©as;bMNulEdldak; GaTiPaBeTAelIkarhUtykRTBüFanaeFVICasMNg . ebIdUecñHedIm,IeFVI[karTamTarsMNg rbs;m©as;bMNulTUeTAsMerceTA)an luHRtaEtkUnbMNulmanRTBüFnRKb;RKan;lμmsg)an Camunsin. RTBFnrbs;kUnbMNulTaMgGs; EdlGacTUTat;edIm,Isgm©as;bMNul)anehAfa RTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv. RTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvenH mankarfycuH b¤ekInEfmeTAtamsPaBkarERbRbYlCayfaehtuénkUnbMNul vis½ydUcCa eb:ge)a:gEdl mþgFUrmþgtwgdUecñaHEdr. dUecñHeBal[xøI cMeBaHbMNul 1lanerol etagkUnbMNulman RTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvCagmYylanerol eTIbGacTUTat;KñaedayKμanbBaða


- 169 -

k¾b:uEnþ ebIRTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvmanEt 8Esn b¤6Esnerolvij m©as; bMNulnwgBMuGacRbmUlR)ak;sMNg[)anRKb;cMnYneLIy. ehtudUcñHehIyedIm,IkarBarPaB KμanlMnwgénm©as;bMNulTUeTA nigkñúgeKalbMNgkarBarkarRbmUl RTBüFnenAeRkam karTTYlxusRtUvénkUnbMNulkñúgcMnYnmYykMrit Rkmrdæb,evNI)anerobcMrbbmYyeday GnuBaØat[m©as;bMNulTUeTAeRCotERCkeTAkñúgkarCMrHRTBüFnrbs;kUnbMNul)an . enHKWCa siTi§])aeTskmμ ¬siTi§dak;CMnYs¦ rbs;m©as;bMNul nigsiTi§lubecaledaym©as;bMNul. k¾b:uEnþ edayehtufatamBiteTAkUnbMNulGacnwgCMrHRTBüFnrbs;xøÜn)anedayesrIenaH c,ab;GnuBaØatcMeBaHkarcUleRCotERCkBIm©as;bMNul edaydak;kMrit[eFVIkñúgRkbx½NðkarBar bMNulrbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH ¬sUmbBa¢ak;fa])aeTskmμmann½yfa Cakardak;CMnYsCnNamñak; edaykarepÞrzan³xusKñanwgn½yrbs;BaküfatMNagCnNamñak; cUrGanCMBUkdEdlenH ¬6¦ karrlt;siT§ielIbMNul x>karsg ¬3¦ ])aeTskmμedaykarsg pg¦ .

3>2> siTi§])aeTskmμrbs;m©as;bMNul

3>2>1> lkçN³TUeTA \LÚveyIgelIk]TahrN_mYymkBiPakSadUcteTAkñúgkareFIVCMnYjKμandak;RTBüFana

m©as;bMNul A)an[kUnbMNulBCMBak;R)ak;10lanerol . rYcehIyeQ μaH Bman kUnbMNul C EdlCMBak;R)ak; 15lanerolBMuTan;Tar)an . eRkABIbMNul15lanerol enHecj eQ μaHBBMumanRTBüFnGVICaFMduMeLIy minEtb:ueNÑaHeQ μaHBmin)anTamTarbMNul BIeQ μaHCeT TukecalrhUtmk EdlGacnwgputGaCJayukal ehIyGac)at;bg;siTi§TamTar bMNulenH. enAkññúgkrNIenH c,ab;GnuBaØat[eQμaHAykzan³rbs;eQ μaHBmkeRbICMnYs edIm,ItamTar bMNulBIeQμaH C EdleKehAfa siTi§])aeTskmμ ¬siTi§dak;CMnYs ¦rbs;m©as;bMNul ¬maRta 423¦ . mann½yfasiTi§])aeTskmμrbs;m©as;bMNul KWCa siTi§Edlm©as;bMNulyksiTi§TamTarrbs;kUnbMNulxøÜn EdlmaneTAelIkUnbMNulTI 3


- 170 -

¬EdlCakUnbMNulrbs;kUnbMNul¦ mkeRbICMnYsedIm,IkarBarsiTi§RbmUlbMNulrbs;xøÜn .

siT§i])aeTskmμrbs;m©as;bMNul

A ¬m©as;bMNul¦ B ¬kUnbMNul¦

C ¬kUnbMNulTI3¦

¬kUnbMNulrbs;kUnbMNul¦

3>2>2> GanuPaB

k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIenH c,ab;GnuBaØat[eQμaHAeFVIkarTamTarEtkñúgkMritTMhMbMNul rbs;xøÜneT eBalKWmankMritRtwmEt 10lanerolb:ueNÑaH . mYyvijeTotedayehtufa CakarTamTarCMnYseQμaHBenH bMNulKb,IRtUvsgeTAeQμaH B Camunsin k¾b:uEnþRbsin ebIbMNul TamTarenaHCaTwkR)ak; c,ab;GnuBaØat[eQ μaH AmanGaTiPaBTTYlkarsgenH munedayeFVIkarTUTat;TwkR)ak;CamYynwgbMNul EdleQμaHBCMBak;xøÜn[Gs;sin ¬CMBUkdEdl 6¦ karrlt;siT§ielIbMNul ¦ .

3>2>3> TMhM nigl½kçx½NÐénkarGnuvtþn_

siTi§])aeTskmμrbs;m©as;bMNulGacykeTAGnuvtþelIsiTi§TamTareRkABIR)ak;dUcCasiTi§TamTarnUvvtßúCak;lak;Edr edIm,IkarBarsiTi§rbs;xøÜn ¬siTi§TamTar[RbKl;vtßúCak;lak; NamYyeRkABITwkR)ak; ]TahrN_mandUcCa siTi§CYl siTi§TamTarkarcuHbBa¢IepÞrdIFøI CaedIm¦. ]bmafaeQμaH A )anCYldIrbs;eQμaH B edaycuHkic©snüaCamYyeQμaH B Etmþg


- 171 -

rYcmkeQμaH C EdlCaGñkKμansiTi§)anrMelaPcUlmkkñúgdIenaH ehIycab;epþIm eRbIR)as; dIenaH eBalKWeFVIkarraraMgsiTi§iCYlrbs;eQ μaH A . edayehtufa siTi§CYlenH CasiT§ielI bMNul RbsinebIeQ μaH A KμanbBa¢IdI ¬maRta 605¦ b¤K μanbnÞal; ¬Psþútag¦ sMrab;GHGagvij eTenaH eQμaHAminGacGHGagtTl;nwgttiyCn ¬eBalKIeQμaHC¦)an eLIy . GaRs½yehtu enH edIm,IkarBarsiTi§CYlrbs;xøÜnEdl)anTTYlBIeQ μaH B eQ μaH A GacGnuvtþCMnYs eQμaH B

¬EdlCam©as;dImansiTi§TamTar[Tat;ecalkarraraMgmkelIkmμsiTi§rbs;xøÜn¦ )annUvsiTi§Tam Tar[Tat;ecalkarraraMgEdleQμaH C)anRbRBwtþ.

dUcBiBN’narYcehIyfa edayehtufa siTi§])aeTskmμrbs;m©as;bMNul KWCasiTi§ EdleRCotERCkeTAelIkarCMrHbMNulrbs;GñkdéTenaHCadac;xat siTi§enHRtUvGnuvtþenAkñúg Rkbx½NÐEdl])aeTsik ¬GñkTTYlsñgsiTi§¦ eFVIedIm,IkarBarbMNulrbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHkarkarBarsiTi§TamTarnUvvtßúCak;lak;dUcCasiTi§TamTarbBa¢IdICaedIm RbsinebI KμanmeFüa)aykarBarNaepSgeToteTeKGacGnuvtþsiTi§])aeTskm μCam©as;bMNulenH)an edayminKitfakUnbMNulenaHmanRTBüFn b¤k¾K μanRTBüFneT .

3>3> siTi§lubecaledaym©as;bMNul

3>3>1> lkçN³TUeTA

eKehAsiTi§lubecaledaym©as;bMNul müa:geTotfasiTi§lubecalGMeBIe)akbnøM. elIk yk]TahrN_mYyfa m©as;bMNuleQ μaH A mankUnbMNulmñak;eQμaH B CMBak;R)ak; 10lan erol . edIm,Irt;eKcBIkarTamTarrbs;m©as;bMNul eQμaH B)anykdI EdlCakmμsiTi§EtmYy Kt;rbs;xøÜnmantémøCaR)ak;RbmaN 50 laneroleTAeFVICaGMeNay eTAdl;eQ μaH D ¬bdi KÁahk¦ EdlCajatielahitrbs;xøÜn . kñúgkrNIenH edIm,IkarBarbMNul10lanerolrbs; xøÜn m©as;bMNuleQμaH A Gaclubecalkic©snüa eFVIGMeNay ¬kic©snüaRbTankmμ¦ rvag


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eQ μaH B nig eQμaH D EdlCaGMeBIe)ak bnøM)an¬maRta424¦ . mann½yfa siTi§lubecal edaym©as;bMNulCarbbmYysMrab;bM)at;GMeBIqe)akecalecj kñúgeKalbMNgRbmUlyk RTBüFnenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNulEdlXøatcakecjenaH [mkbBa©Úlkñúg karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNulvij ¬RbdUceTAnwgkarpøúMeb:ge)a:g ¬RTBüFnrbs;kUnbMNul¦ EdlkUnbMNul)anbn§Úr edayectnaenaH[e)a:gmkvijdUecñaHÉg¦ .

siTi§lubecaledaym©as;bMNul

A¬m©as;bMNul¦ ¦ B ¬kUnbMNul¦

D¬bdiKÁahk¦

3>3>2> GanuPaB CaeKalkarN_ siTi§lubecaledaym©as;bMNulnwgGnuvtþ)anenAkñúgRkbx½NÐ Edl

mankarb:HBal;xUcxatdl;siTi§TamTarrbs;m©as;bMNulxøÜnÉgpÞal;Etb:ueNÑaH . dUecñH RbsinebIeQ μaH B CMBak;bMNul10lanerol ehIyR)ak;EdleQμaH BeFVIGMeNayeTA eQ μaH DenaHmantémø50laneroleQ μaH AmansiTi§lubecalkic©snüaeFVIGMeNayenaH RtwmtémøR)ak;10lanerolEtb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþedayehtufa dIFøICaRTBüFnEdlminGac bMEbk)an ¬GviPaKPaBénRTBü¦enaH eKGaclubecalGMeNayTaMgmUl)an . bnÞab;BI dIenaHRtLb;mkkñúgédeQ μaH B vijehIy eKnwgeFVIkarlk;edjéfø rYcehIyeQ μaH A

nwghUtyk 10 lanerol EdlCaPaKénbMNulrbs;xøÜnBItémødIenaH)an . sUmbBa¢ak;fa enAkñúgkrNIenH m©as;bMNulTUeTAepSgeToteRkABIeQμaH A k¾GaccUlrYmTamTarbMNul


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rbs;xøÜn)anEdr . dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa CaeKalc,ab; siTi§lubecalenHGnuvtþeLIgsMrab;Ca plRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;bMNulTUeTATaMgGs;Kña¬maRta 425¦ k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdlRTBüenaH CaR)ak;kasvij tamBiteTAdUcKñanwgsiTi§])aeTskmμEdr m©as;bMNulEdl)anGnuvtþ siTi§lubecalmanGaTiPaBkñúgkardk hUtykRTBüFnenHmuneK . Cak;EsþgenAeBl mankarlubecalGMeBIe)akbnøMtavkalikCaR)ak; kUnbMNul ¬eQ μaH B¦ GacnwgminTTYl mkvij)annUvtavkalikEdl A )andkhUtenaHeT . enAkñúgkrNIenH Cabzmc,ab; GnuBaØati[m©as;bMNul ¬eQ μaH A¦ TamTarTTYlykR)ak;GMeNayenaH pÞal;Etmþg)an rYcehIybnÞab;BI)aneFVIkarTUTat;R)ak;TTYlCamYynwgbMNulehIy m©as;bMNulmanGaTiPaB TTYlyktémøR)ak;CaPaKénbMNulrbs;xøÜn)anEtmþg .

3>3>3> l½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;

xusBIsiTi§])aeTskmμ siTi§lubecalénm©as;bMNulGacGnuvtþ)an EteTAelI katBVkic©sgCaR)ak; ¬bMNulCMBak;CaR)ak;¦Etb:ueNÑaH . edIm,IGHGagfaCaGMeBIe)ak bnøMEmn b¤minEmnenaH eKRtUvBicarNaenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐfa GMeBIenaHmanlkçN³qe)akEdlCa l½kçx½NÐstüanum½t ¬KiteTAtamFatuBitEdlK μankarERbRbYl¦ pg nigfakUnbMNul manectnaeFVI[mankaxUcxatdl;m©as;bMNul RBmCamYyfaGñkTTYlGMeNaymanKMnit Tuc©ritEdlCal½kçx½NÐGtþenam½t ¬KiteTAtamKMnitmñak;²¦ pg . mYyvijeTot dUc)an BiBN’narYcehIyfa siTi§])aeTskmμGacGnuvtþenAeRkAesckþIsMercrbs;tulakark¾)anEdr k¾b:uEnþ siTi§lubecalRtUvEtGnuvtþ edayTTYlesckþIsMercrbs;tulakarCadac;xat .

4> TMnak;TMngenAkñúgsiT§ielIbMNulEdlmanBhuPaKI 4>1> cMNucsikSaGMBITMnak;TMngBhuPaKI xusBIkic©snüa EdlmanPaKIm©as;bMNulmñak;Tl;nwgPaKIkUnbMNulmñak; kic©snüa

EdlCYnkalmanPaKIm©as;bMNuleRcInrUb b¤CYnkalmanPaKIkUnbMNuleRcInrUbvij rEmg


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ekItmanbBaðaepSg²eRcInEbbeRcInya:gNas; EdleyIgnwgsakl,gerobsMrYldUcteTA . eyIgsegáteXIjmankarEvkEjkbBaðaEbbenH eyaleTAtamviFIepSg²dUcCaeyaleTAelI katBVkic©GacEbgEck)an b¤ eTAelIkatBVkic©minGacEbgEck)anCaedIm . elIkkrNIkUn bMNulmaneRcInrUb ehIybMNulenaHCaTwkR)ak;mkBiPakSa bBaðaEdleyIgRtUverobsMrYl enaHKW³ ¬1¦ etIm©as;bMNulGacTamTarbMNulBIkUnbMNul EdlmanKñaeRcInrUbtamrebobNaEdr? ¬TMnak;TMngépÞkeRkA³ rvagm©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNul¦. ¬2¦ enAeBlmanehtumYyekIteLIgrvagkUnbMNulmñak; ¬kñúgbNþakUnbMNulTaMgLay¦ Ca mYynigm©as;bMNul dUcCafamankarelIkElgkatBVkic©rbs;kUnbMNulNamñak;CaedIm etIGacman\Ti§BlCHeTAelIkUnbMNulÉeTotya:gNaEdr? ¬TMnak;TMngtamcMNg\Ti§Bl¦. ¬3¦RbsinebIkUnbMNulNamñak;sgbMNulTaMgmUlehIy etIkUnbMNulenaHGacTamTar sMNgBIkUnbMNulÉeTot)anb¤eT? ¬TMnak;TMngxagkarTarsMNgépÞkñúgrvagkUnbMNulKña Ég¦.

cMnucEdlRtUvcgcaMKWfa eyIgGacelIkykcMNucTaMg3enHeTAGnuvtþelITMnak;TMng rvagPaKIeRcInrUbenARKb;RbePTénkic©snüa)anehIyGacerobsMrYlbBaðaTaMgGs;enaH)an . bnÞab;mk KWRtUvsikSayl;GMBImuxgarénkarFana enAkñúgTMnak;TMngBhuPaKIenH . k¾b:uEnþ muxgarénkarFanaenH minsuT§EtRtUvmanCacMa)ac;sMrab;RKb;RbePTénkic©snüaeT enAkñúg Rkmrdæb,evNI muxgarénkarFanamansar³sMxan;xøaMgcMeBaHkatBVkic© edaysamKÁIPaB ¬karTTYlxusRtUvedayrYmsamKÁIKña¦ ehIyrwtEtxøaMgNas;eeTAeTotcMeBaHkatBVkic©énkar Fana EdlswgEteBal)anfa karbegáIt[manPaKIeRcInrUbKWedIm,IbMerImuxgarénkarFana enHÉg.


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4>2> viPaKPaBénsiTi§elIbMNul nigviPaKPaBénkatBVkic© Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unkMNt;fa enAcMeBaHmuxsiTi§TamTarmYy ¬b¤katBVkic©

mYy¦ enAkñúgkrNIEdlmanm©as;bMNuleRcInrUb b¤mankUnbMNuleRcInrUb RbsinebIKμan karRBmeRBogCaBiessNamYyrvagsamICnTaMgGs;eTCaeKalkaN_siT§iTamTar¬b¤katBVkic©¦ enaHRtUvEbgEckKñakñúgbNþam©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNulTaMgGs; ¬maRta 427¦ . rYc ehIyPaKénkarEbgEckenHeTotesat RbsinebIsamICnTaMgGs;min)ankMNt;fadak;ya:g Na²eTenaH RtUvEbgEck[es μIPaKKña . ]TahrN_fa ebIkUnbMNulmanKña 3 nak;)anx©I R)ak; 3 lanerolBIFnaKar kUnbMNulmñak;²RtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©sgbMNul 1 lanerol EdlCacMENkrbs;xøÜn ¬viPaKPaBénkatBVkic©¦ . ehIyebImanKñaBIrnak;kan;kab;vtßú mYyrYmKñavij RbsinebIIIPaKImYykñúgcMeNamBIrnak;enHlk;vtßúenaH témø 3 laneroleTA [GñkdéT enaHKWmñak;²mansiT§ieTAelIR)ak;cMnYn 1 lan 5 EsnerolkñúgRkbx½NÐénsiT§ielI bMNul ¬viPaKPaBénsiT§ielIbMNul¦ . k¾b:uEnþ mtimYycMnYnyl;fa RbsinebIeKeKarB eKalkarN_enHxøaMgeBk CaBiesskñúgkrNIviPaKPaBénkatBVkic© m©as;bMNulnwg CYb]bs½KÁeRcInCaBMuxan ¬cUrGan X> katBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaB EdlBiBN’naenAEpñkxag eRkay ¦ .

4>3> GviPaKPaBénsiT§ielIbMNul nigGviPaKPaBénkatBVkic© eyaleTAtamcritlkçN³rbs;va tavkalikxøHBMuGaceFVIkarEbgEck)aneLIy. enAkñúg krNIenH Cakarc,as;Nas;EdlfaBMumankarEbgEcksiT§ielIbMNul b¤karEbgEckkatBV kic©eLIy eBalKWeKRtUvGnuvtþnUvkatBVkic©enaHTaMgmUlEtmþg ¬maRta 428¦. ]TahrN_ dUcCafaCn2nak;eFVIkic©snüaTijrfynþmYyeRKOgCamYyKñakñúgkrNIenH eKminGackat; rfynþCa2kMNat;Eckm©as;2rUb)aneT dUecñHRtUvm©as;Namñak;TTYlykrfynþTaMgmUl enaHeTAeRbIedayeFVIdUcemþc[m©as;mñak;eToteBjcitþpgEdr¬GviPaKPaBénsiT§ielIbMNul¦ .pÞúyeTAvijkñúgkrNIEdlm©as; 2rUbmanrfynþmYyeRKOgCamYyKña ebIm©as;Namñak;)an


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lk;rfynþenaHeTA[GñkdéTm©as;mñak;eTotk¾RtUv)ancat;Tukfa)anGnuvtþkatBVkic© ¬kar RbKl;rfynþ¦ xøÜnEdr ¬GviPaKPaBénkatBVkic©¦ . müa:geTot vtßú b¤katBVkic©xøHGacRbKl; b¤ GnuvtþedayEbgEck)anEdr k¾b:uEnþeyaleTAtamkarRBmeRBogKñarvagsamICnTaMgGs; eK Gaccat;TukfaCasiT§ielIbMNulminGacEbgEck ¬GviPaKPaBénsiT§ielIbMNul¦ b¤katBVkic© minGacEbgEck¬GviPaKPaBénkatBVkic©¦ )anEdr¬maRta428 ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkic©snüa lk;FüÚg1etan RbsinebIGñkTijbMEbkykmþgbnþic² enaHnwgeFVI[GMBl;dl;Gñklk;Camin xan kñúgkrNIdUcenH eKGaceFVIkarRBmeRBogmYycat;TukfaCakatBVkic©GviPaKIy)an¦ .

4>4> katBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaB 4>4>1> Gtßn½yénkatBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaB

eyIgyl;fakatBVkic©énkarFanamansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput enAkñúgCIvPaBCak;Esþg dUecñHedIm,IsikSabBaðaenH CabzmeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvdwgGMBI katBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaB Camun sin. \LÚvKitfamaneQμaH B, C, D 3 nak;)anmUlmtiKñaeTAx©IR)ak;90lanerolBIFnaKar edIm,ITukeFVITunsMrab;ebIkhagmYyCamYyKña . kñúgkrNIenH RbsinebIBMumankarsMerc CamYyKñarvagm©as;bMNul ¬eBalKWFnaKar¦ nigkUnbMNul 3 rUbfaya:gNa²eTenaH dUc)anBiBN’narYcmkehIyfa Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unnwgkMnt;TukCakatBVkic©Ebg Eck¬viPaKPaBénkatBVkic©¦ehIykarEbgEckenH manlkçN³RsbeTAtameKalkarN_ c,ab; ¬EbgEckCaPaKesμIKña¦ ¬maRta427¦ . RbsinebIkatBVkic©RtUvEbgEcktamEbb Epn samBaØ luHdl;ry³eBlkMNt;ehIy m©as;bMNul¬FnaKar A ¦nwgTarR)ak;bMNulBIeQμaH B, C, D kñúgmñak;²30laneroldac;edayELkBIKñaEtb:ueNÑaH . ebIdUecñH enAeBlEdl kUnbMNulNamñak; ]bmafaeQμμaH B )anrt;eKcxøÜn)at; b¤k¾rkRTBüsg Kμan ¬GesaFnIy¦ CaedImeTaHbI CaTar)anBIkUnbMNul2rUbeTotmñak;²30lanerolk¾eday m©as;bMNulRtUv xatbg;R)ak;30 laneroledaysarxøÜnTarBIeQ μaHBmin)anenaHdEdl. ebIEtya:genHeT m©as;bMNulminsb,aycitþeLIy . \LÚvKitfam©as;bMNul A )aneFVIkic©snüa[x©IR)ak;


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90lanerolCamYy nwgkUnbMNul B, C, D edaydak;faCakUnbMNulrYmsamKÁImþg . ebIdUecñHEmn enAeBldl;éf¶kMNt;ehIy m©as;bMNul A GacTamTarCaTwkR)ak;bMNul 90lanerolTaMgmUlBIkUn bMNulNamñak;k¾)anEdr BI B kþI C kþI D kþI . R)akdNas;Edlfam©as;bMNulAminGacTamTarCaTwkR)ak;bUksrub 270 laney:nenaH ekIteTk¾b:uEnþ edayehtufakatBVkic©eday samKÁIPaB KWCakatBVkic©tRmUv[kUnbMNulrYm samKÁIKña mñak;²GacsgrhUtesμInwgtémøbMNulTaMgmUlEtmþg ehtudUecñHehIym©as; bMNulGaceRCIserIsykkUnbMNulNamñak; kñúgbNþakUnbMNulTaMgLay mkbgçM[sg bMNulTaMgmUlrbs;xøÜnk¾)an b¤k¾TarbMNuledaybMEbkCacMENkEbbNamYyk¾)anEdr ¬maRta 432 mann½ydUecñHÉg¦ . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)ankMnt;nUvl½kçx½NÐén katBVkic©samKÁIenH edayEp¥kelIkarsnñidæanfa etagmanectnarYmsamKÁICamYyKñaeday Gtþenam½trvagkUnbMNulEmn ¬]TahrN_xagelI kUnbMNulTaMg 3 )anbgðajqnÞ³eday mUlmtiKñax©IR)ak;kñúgeKalbMngebIkhagCamYyKña.eKehAfa {manTMnak;TMngrYmsamKÁIKña CaGtþenam½t}CaedIm¦. CaFmμtaeTEdlfaRbtibtþikñúglkçN³CakatBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaBkþI b¤minRbtibtþikþIvaCaesrIPaBeBjTIrbs;samICnRKb;rUb . ehIymüa:geTot samICnRKb;rUb GaceFVIkarRBmeRBogKñaCaBiessNamYy)antamcMNUlcitþpgEdrRKan;EtfaebIeFVIkic© snüadak;CakatBVkic© edaysamKÁIPaBenaHnwgmanEbbbTdUcxageRkamenH . cMeBaH]TahrN_xagelI ]bmafaenAkñúgrgVg;kUnbMNulrYmsamKÁI eKGackMnt;fa nacug bBa©b; mñak;²RtUvTTYlcMENkénbnÞúkelIR)ak;bMNulcMnYn 30 laney:nya:gdUecñHk¾)anEdr ¬cUrGann½yénBakücMENkénbnÞúuk¦ k¾b:uEnþenAcMeBaHmuxm©as;bMNul kUnbMNulNak¾eday etagmankatBVkic©nwgbg;éføbMNulTaMgmUl enAeBlmankarTamTarmkelIrUbxøÜn . cMeBaH m©as;bMNulvij eTaHbICakUnbMNulNamñak;)at;xøÜneTANak¾eday [EtTarBIkUnbMNulÉ eTot)anenaHKWGs;bBaðaehIyeBalKWGanuPaBénsiT§ielIbMNulenH)anBRgIkdl;kMrithñwg. ebIbkRsaymüa:geTotKWfakUnbMNulmñak;²)anykxøÜneTAdak;CaniekçbCMnYsKñaeTAvijeTAmk.k¾b:uEnþedayehtufakatBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaBenHekIteLIg)anedaysarEtmanTMnak;TMn


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gcgP¢ab;Kña CaGtþenam½t ¬eyaleTAtamKMnitmñak;²¦ rvagkUnbMNuldUcKñaenaH.

cMENkénbnÞúk cMENkénbnÞúkKW GaRta b¤PaKénbnÞúk . dUecñHenAkñúgkrNIEdlmankUnbMNul 3 nak;eQμaH B, C, D

CMBak;bMNul90lanerol RbsinebIK μankarsnüaBiessNaeT ehIyebIKittamkarEbgEckesμIPaKKña mñak;²RtUvTTYlbnÞúk30lanerol . enAkñúgsßanPaBenH ebIeQ μaH B )ansg 18laneroleTAm©as;bMNulehIyenaH eQμaH B GacTarykBIeQμaH C nigBIeQμaH D kñúgmñak;² 6lan erolmkvij)an . k¾b:uEnþsUmbBa©ak;Caf μImþgeTot ehIysUmkMuRcLM[esaHfaenAkñúg krNI katBVkic© edaysamKÁIPaBenHfVIt,itEtenAkñúgrgVg;kUnbMNuleKmñak;²GacTamTarR)ak;EdlxøÜn)anbg;CYsKñak¾edayb:uEnþenAcMeBaHmuxm©as;bMNulvijkUnbMNulmñak;²mankatBVkic©sgbMNulTaMgmUl¬90lanerol¦ dUcenHkUnbMNulmñak;² minGacRbEkkGHGagfa xøÜnnwgsgEtcMENkEdlCabnÞúkrbs;xøÜnenaH)aneLIy.

dUecñHebImanRBwtiþkarN_NamYyekIteLIgcMeBaHkUnbMNulNamñak; enaHGacnwgCH

\T§ileTAelIkUnbMNuldéTeTot)an ehIyenHCaktþamYyEdlEbrCaeFVI[karGnuvtþn_siT§I elIbMNulcuHTn;exSayeTAvijk¾manEdr ¬nwgBiBN’nabnÞab;eTAenH¦ .

4>4>2> ehtuePTEdlnaM[manGanuPaBdac;xaténkatBVkic©

edaysamKÁIPaB edayehtufa katBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaBekItmaneLIg edaysarEtmanTMnak;TMng

cgP¢ab;KñaCaGtþenam½trvagkUnbMNuldUcKñaenaH eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfaehtukarN_ Edl ekItmaneLIgrvagm©as;bMNulCamYykUnbMNulNamñak; Gacnwgman\T§iBlmYykMriteTAelI kUnbMNuldéTeTot)an . ]TahrN_dUcCafaebIkUnbMNulNamñak;TTYlkarTamTarbMNul


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BIm©as;bMNultampøÚvkarehIykUnbMNuldéTeTotk¾cat;Tukfa )anTTYlkarTamTartampøÚvkardUcKñaEdr ¬maRta 434¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlehtuePTekItmaneTAelIrUbkUnbMNul mñak;CH\Ti§BleTAelIkUnbMNuldéTeTot eKeBalfaehtuePTenHmanGnuPaBdac;xat ¬cMeBaHehtuePTEdlminmanGanuPaBeTAelIkUnbMNuldéTeTotvij eKfaCaehtuePTbegáIt GanuPaBeRbobeFobEtb:ueNÑaH¦ . katBVkic©edaysamKÁIsm,ÚN_eTAedayehtuePTman GanuPaBdac;xateRcInNas; . RkeLkemIlmYyEPøteTA eyIgeXIjhak;bIdUcCaehtuePT TaMgenHCYyxagPaKIm©as;bMNuleRcIn k¾b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijenAkñúgkrNIxøH ehtuePTenHEbrCa bg¥n;GanuPaBénsiT§ielIbMNuleTAvij eBalKWeFVI[karTamTarrbs;m©as;bMNulrGak;rGYl eTAvijk¾manEdr . TaMgenHmkGMBIkarkekItmanCasßaBrénGBaØRtkmμ ¬karelIkElg¦ nigkarputGaCJayukal ¬karputry³eBl¦ . mann½yfaRbsinebImankarelIkElgbMNul cMeBaHkUnbMNulNa bMNulsMrab;kUnbMNuldéTeTotk¾nwgRtUvfyeTAtamenaHEdr eday rYcputBIcMENkbnÞúkénkUnbMNul EdlelIkElgenaH ¬maRta 437 cMeBaH]TahrN_ xagelI ebIm©as;bMNul A elIkElgcMENkbnÞúkTaMgGs;rbs;kUnbMNul B cMEnkbnÞúk 30 laney:nrbs;kUnbMNul BenH nwgCH\T§iBleTAelIkarelIkElgcMeBaHkUnbMNul C nig D pgEdr . mann½yfa cab;BIeBlenaHmk katBVkic©edaysamKÁIPaBsMrab;eQ μaH C nig D

EdlRtUvsgenaH enAsl;Et 60 laney:nb:ueNÑaH¦ . müa:geTot enAeBlEdl kUnbMNulNamñak;putGaCJayukal ¬dUcCaRtUvp¥akdMeNIrGaCJayukalCaedIm¦ kUnbMNul déTeTotk¾nwgRtUvrYcBIcMENkbnÞúkénkUnbMNulputGaCJayukalenaHEdr ¬maRta 439¦ .

4>5> katBVkic©énkarFana 4>5>1> lkçN³TUeTA

bnÞab;BI)anyl;dwgxagelIehIy \LÚveyIgeFVIGtßaFib,ayGMBIkatBVkic©énkarFana mþg .karFanaenHk¾K μanGVIeRkABIykbuKÁlmkdak;CaniekçbdUcEdl)anBiBN’narYcmkehIy enaHeT dUecñHeyIgetagRby½tñehIyRtUvRby½tñEfmeTot kalNadak;xøÜnCaGñkFanaGVImYy .


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karFanaenHEckecjCa karFanaFmμta nig karFanaedaysamKÁIeTot ehIyEdl eyIgRtUvRbugRby½tñCaBiessenaH KWkarFanaedaysamKÁI . cMeBaHkarFanaenH eyIg mñak;²Føab;B¤EdrehIyenAkñúgCIvPaBrs;enA ehIyk¾RbEhlCamankaryl;dwgxøHrYcmkehIy Edr k¾b:uEnþbBaðaenARtg;faetIkaryldwgenHRtwmRtUvb¤eT? enATIenHeyIgnwgsakl,g eFVIGtßaFib,aydUcxageRkamenH .

4>5>2> kic©snüaFana nigkatBVkic©énkarFana elIbBaðafaeQμaH ACam©as;bMNul ehIyeQ μaH BCakUnbMNul ehIyenAeBl Edl

eQ μaH B eTABwgeQ μaH C [eFVICaGñkFana[xøÜn sYrfaetIeQμaH CRtUveFVIkic©snüa CamYyGñkNa? cemøIyKWminEmnCamYyeQμaH B eT . kic©snüaFanaenHRtUveFVICamYy m©as;bMNul A . GaRs½yehtuenHkñúgkrNIEdleQμaH B )anniyayfa{´mineFVI[elak ekItGMBl;edaysar´eT eRBaHmanGñkFana[´epSgeTotEdr} ehIyeQ μaH C eCOsMdIenH suxcitþeFVIGñkFana[ bnÞab;mkRsab;EtdwgerOgBitfaK μanGñkFanaepSgeTenaH eQ μaH C

EdlCaGñkFanaminGaceTArMlaykic©snüaCamYy A EdlKμanBak;B½n§nwgerOgenH)aneLIy . eRkaymkeTot luHdl;éf¶kMNt;¬éf¶Nat;¦ sgbMNulehIy m©as;bMNul A nwgmkTar eQ μaH C [sgbMNul[xøÜn . sYrfa etIenAeBlenaHeQ μaH C GacniyayeTAkan; eQ μaH A

fa {etageTATarBIeQ μaH B Camunsin)anEdrb¤eT?} cemøIyKWfa RbsinebICa GñkFanaFmμta eKGacniyaydUcenH)anEmn k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNICaGñkFanarYmsamKÁIvij eKminGacniyay dUcenH)aneLIy .

4>5>3> karFanaFmμta nigkarFanaedaysamKÁIPaB maRta 446 énRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)ankMNt;fa GñkFana KWCaGñkEdl

GnuvtþkatBVkic© ¬dUcCasgbMNulCaedIm¦ enAeBlEdlkUnbMNulminGnuvtþkatBVkic©enaH. enAkñúgkrNICaGñkFanaFmμta GñkFanaenaHGaceqøIytbTl;nwgm©as;bMNul)anedaysar xøÜnmansiTi§eqøIytva:2RbePTKW³ siTi§eqøIytva:[das;etOn dUcCafa {KYreTATarBIkUnbMNul


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Camunsin} nig siTi§eqøIytv:a[esIerI dUcCafa {kUnbMNulR)akdCamanRTBüFn dUecñHKYreTArwbGUsykCamunsin} CaedIm . eBalKW GñkFanaFmμtamannaTICa GñkQrenABIeRkayxñgkUnbMNulEtb:ueNÑaH . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHGñkFanarYmsamKÁIvij Kwmin dUecñHeT eBalKWKμansiTi§GHGagTaMg 2 RbePTxagelIenH enAcMeBaHmuxm©as;bMNuleLIy GñkFanarYmsamKÁIman katBVkic©dUcKñanwgkUnbMNulrYmsamKÁI ¬Edl)anBiBN’na xagmuxrYc mkehIy¦ Edr ¬maRta 454 nig 458¦ . mann½yfaGñkFanarYmsamKÁITTYl l½kçx½NÐdUcKñanwgkUnbMNulEdr dUecñHenAeBldl;éf¶kMNt;sgbMNul ehIym©as; bMNulmineTATarBIkUnbMNultaMgBIdMbUgTIk¾)an ehIybEgVrmuxRBYjsMedAeTATarGñkFana rYmsamKÁI[sgbMNulTaMgGs;k¾)anEdr . Rtg;cMnucenHmanGñkxøHKitfakarFanaeday samKÁIPaBEdlmanKñaeRcInnwgCYysMrYldl;karsgbMNul edayGacrMElkbnÞúkEckKña)an dUecñHFUrRsalCagkarFanaFmμta . sUmbBa¢ak;favamindUecñaHeT eBalKWpÞúyRsLHEtmþg .

karFanaFmμta nigkarFanaedaysamKÁIPaB

kUnbMNulnigGñkFanarYmsamKÁI kUnbMNulnigGñkFanaFmμta


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4>5>4> karFanarYm karFanaEdlmanKñaeRcInnak;ehAfa karFanarYm . kñúgkrNIkarFanarYm EdlCa

karFanaFmμtaenaH mankarEbgEckrMElkbnÞúkKñaEmn ¬maRta456 ]bmafa manGñkFana FmμtacMnYn2nak;eTAelIbMNul 4lanerol mñak;²TTYlbnÞúk2lanerol¦. b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIkarFanaedaysamKÁIPaBvij eTaHbICamanGñkFanaepSgeTotb:unμannak;k¾ edaydUc)anBiBN’nasþIBIkUnbMNulrYmsamKÁIdUecñaHEdr GñkFanamñak; EdlkalNaRtUv m©as;bMNulTamTar CabzmRtUvsgbMNulTaMgGs;Camunsin ¬]bmafamanGñkFanarYm samKÁIcMnYn 2nak; eTAelIbMNul 4lanerolk¾eday mñak;²mankatBVkic©sgbMNul 4lanerol enAeBlman karTamTarBIm©as;bMNul . cUrcgcaMfa EdlehAfaFanaeday samKÁIPaBenH minEmnkarrYm samKÁIKñarvagGñkFanadUcKñaeTenaH EtCakarrYmsamKÁIKña CamYykUnbMNuleTAvij¦.

4>5>5> karFanabMNulGENþt tamFmμta karFana KWeFVIeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgdak;Caniekçb eTAelIbMNul

b¤eTAelIkatBVkic©NamYy k¾b:uEnþ]bmafa ebIm©as;bMNulnigkUnbMNulCaGñkrksIuCMnYj eRcInelIkeRcInRKaCamYYyKñaCahUrEhmk ¬dUcCafaTijTMnijcUlral;éf¶ ehIybg;éføTMnij enAral;dMNac;ExCaedIm¦cMnYnTwkR)ak;CMBak; ¬b¤R)ak;eCO¦ RbcaMExrEmgekIneLIg b¤fycuHBMu eTogTat;eLIy . enAkñúgkrNIEbbenH RbsinebIeKnaMKñaeFVIkic©snüaFanaRKb;EtR)ak; CMBak;nImYy²enaHeXIjfaCab;rvl;KμaneFVIGVIekIteT . dUecñHehIyedIm,IFanacMeBaHR)ak; CMBak;enH eKetagkMritcMnYnTwkR)ak; nigry³eBlRtwmNamYy ¬]TahrN_dUcCakMrit cMnYnTwkR)ak;x<s;bMput 30 laney:nkñúgry³evla 3 qñMaCaedIm¦ ehIyeFVIkarFanaenAkñúg Rkbx½NÐenaHEdlCal½kÐx½NÐGac[eKeFVIkic©snüaekIt . eKehAkarFanaenHfa karFana bMNulGENát . rYcehIyebIeKBRgIkEbbbTenHeTAeTot eKnwgQaneTAcab;)anKMnit mYysMrab;karFanabnþ EdleRkABIkarFanaedaybUksrubecjmankarFanaR)ak;QñÜlenA kñúgkic©snüaCYlEdlmankMriteBlevlamYyry³kal .


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4>5>6> karFanaedaysßab½n bc©úb,nñenHmansßab½n EdlbegáItedayc,ab;BiesssMrab;RbkbGaCIvkm μFanaenH

Edr. ]TahrN_dUcCa smaKmFana\NTan enAkñúgRbeTsCb:unCaedImEdlbegáIteLIg sMrab;CYyshRKastUctac kñúgkarx©IR)ak;BIsßab½nhirBaØvtßú ¬tYya:gdUcCaFnaKarCaedIm¦. smaKmxagelIenHtaMgxøÜnCaGñkFana[ edayTTYlkMéreCIgsarbnþicbnþÜcBIshRKastUc tacenaH . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IrkSaplRbeyaCn_énsßab½nxøÜn smaKmFana\NTanxagelIEtg tRmUv[shRKastUctacTaMgLay ¬EdlCakUnbMNulenaH¦ cat;taMgGñkFanarYmsamKÁI b¤P¢ab;kic©snüaBiessNamYy EdlsMrYl[xøÜnmaneRbobkñúgkarTamTarsMNgnadMNak; karcugeRkay .

4>5>7> karFanamnusS sUmbBa¢ak;fa karFanamnusS enATIenHmanlkçN³xusKñabnþiceTA nwgkic©snüa

FanamnusS dUcCafaFanak μÜymñak;enAeBlcUleFVIkarkñúgRkumh‘unNamYyCaedImenaH. xusKñaBIkarFanaTaMgLay EdlsMedAeTAelIkarFanaR)ak;bMNulrbs;kUnbMNul karFana mnusSsMedAeTAelIkarFanaenAeBlmanekItkarxUcxateTAelIRkumh‘un EdlsamIxøÜnnwg cUleTAeFVIkarenaH. eBalKICakic©snüaFanakarxUcxatmYyRbePT k¾b:uEnþeKBMuGac)a:n; sμan)anTukCamunnUvTMhMénkarxUcxatenaHekIteT. enAkñúgkrNIenH bnÞúkEdlFøak;mkelI GñkFanaGacnwgmanTMhMFMmhima)an dUecñHehIy)anCac,ab;sþIBIkarFanamnusS)anRtUv begáIteLIg edaydak;kMritry³evlasuBlPaBénkic© snüadak;katBVkic©[m©as;Rkumh‘un ¬GñkCYlmnusS¦ RbkasR)ab;GñkFanaeBlNakic©kar rbs;samIuxøÜnRtUvpøas;bþÚr . l . edIm,ICYysRmal bnÞúkdl;GñkFanamnusS .


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4>5>8>karFanaedayCYypþl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kS enATIenH eyIgnwgbkRsayGMBIBaküfa karFanaedayCYypþl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kS TukCa

mun . fVIt,itEtmanBaküFanaeRbICamYyEmnk¾eday BaküenHxusKñadac;RsLHBIn½yénkarFana enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul . GñkFanaedayCYypþl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kS KWCattiyCn ¬Cn TI3¦Edlpþl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kSenAeRkamkmμsiTi§rbs;xøÜneTA[kUnbMNul EdleK[eQμaHfaCa {CnRbKl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kSCYyGñkdéT} . eBalKWkñúgkrNIdUcCa eQμaH C )anCYykUn bMNul B edayRbKl;dIrbs;xøÜneTAeQμaH B [dak;bBa©aMsMrab;m©as;bMNul A CaedIm. xusBI GñkFanaTUeTA EdlmankatBVkic©FanacMeBaHbMNulTaMgmUlrbs;kUnbMNulenaH GñkFana edayCYypþl;R)atiePakRbtü½kSmankatBVkic©RtwmR)atiePaKRbtü½kS EdlxøÜn)anRbKl;Et b:ueNÑaH eBalKWKμankatBVkic©nwgsgbMNulNamYyeTAm©as;bMNuleLIy ¬mann½yfa ebIkUnbMNul B min sgbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul A eT eQ μaH C nwg)at;bg;dIEdl dak;CakarFanaenaHEtb:ueNaÑHK μankarsgbMNulNamYyedaypÞal;eTA[eQ μaH AeT ¦ .


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5> Gnub,TansiT§ielIbMNul 5>1> lkçN³TUeTA

\LÚveyIgBiPakSaGMBIkarepÞrsiTi§elIbMNulrbs;m©as;bMNulmþg. siTi§elIbMNul EdleyIgBiPakSaenATIenH KWCasiTi§TamTar EdleQμaH A maneTAelIQ μaH B edaysar [x©IR)ak; 1 lanerol EdlCaFmμtaeKehAfaCa siTi§elIbMNulkMNt;eQ μaH . sUmRby½tñ kMu

karepÞrsiT§ielIbMNul¬siT§iTamTar¦

siT§iTamTarrbs; AeTAelIBEdl A)anepÞreTA Ctamkic©snüa CamYy C enaH nwgbþÚreTACasiT§iTamTarrbs; CeTAelI B

RcLMnwgmUlFnb½Rt ¬securities¦ EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;xagvis½yBaNiC¢km μ[esaH . mUlFnb½RttYya:gdUcCarUbiyNtþ ¬bill¦ b¤mUlb,Tanb½Rt ¬cheque¦ CaedIm)anykrUbPaB snøwkRkdasmktag[siT§ielIbMNul ¬EdlCasiTi§rbs;mnusSeTAelImnusS¦ . ehIytam ry³énviFIcarenAxñgb½NÑTukCakareRbIR)as;CaedIm karRbKl;b½NÑ naM[mankarepÞrsiTi§kñúg n½ybMerIeKalbMNgsMrYl nigBRgIkcrnþPaBénsiT§ielIbMNulEtmþg . rIÉkrNIsiTi§elI bMNulkMNt;eQμaHenH minmanlkçN³dUcmUlFnb½RteT . eTaHbICamanlixitbBa¢ak;nUv siT§ielIbMNulenHk¾eday k¾lixitnHRKan;EtCalixitbBa¢ak;nUvsiTi§GMNacEtb:ueNÑaH ehIy karRbKl;siTi§GMNacnwgGaceFVIeTA)anluHRtaEtmanesckþIRBmeRBogKñarvagsamIuCnCadac;xat. dUc)anBiBN’narYcehIyfac,ab;GaNacRkr:UmnaRKadMbUg)anEcgfasiT§ielIbMNul


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KWCaRcvak;tampøÚvc,ab; EdlcgP¢ab;mnusS nigmnusS eyalelIKMnitenHeTIbnakalenaHBuM mankarGnuBaØt[eFVIkarepÞrsiTi§edayesrIeLIy k¾b:uEnþc,ab;bc©úb,nñenH enARbeTsNak¾ edaykarepÞrsiT§ielIbMNulenHRtUv)anGnuBaØat[eFVIedayesrI ¬maRta 466¦ . karepÞr)an edayesrIenH mann½yfa enAeBlmankarRBmeRBogKñarvagm©as;bMNulCamYynwgGñkNa mñak; m©as;bMNulGacepÞrsiT§ielIbMNuleTAGñkenaH)an edayBMucaM)ac;TTYlkaryl;RBmBI kUnbMNuleLIy .

5>2> l½kçx½NÐttaMgénGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNulEdlmankMNt;eQμaH dUcKñanwgkarepÞrsiTi§Rbtü½kSEdr Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)aneRCIserIsyk

eKalkarN_tMrUv[karepÞresiTi§bMeBjnUv l½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGagkarepÞrsiTi§enHtTl; nwgttiyCn . enHCakaryktambTbBaØatiþenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIEbbRbeTs)araMg . eBalKW[EtmanesckþIRBmeRBogKñar vagGñkRbKl;nigGñkTTYlkarepÞrsiTi§nwgGnuvtþeTA)an k¾b:uEnþedIm,IGHGagGMBIkarepÞrsiTi§enHcMeBaHmuxkUnbMNul b¤ttiyCn)an ¬enAeBlmankar CMTas;RbqaMg¦ eKRtUvbMRBYjnItiviFItaml½kçx½NðcaM)ac;edayxanBMu)aneLIy . dUceyIg dwgRsab;ehIyfa cMeBaHGclnRTBü l½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;enaHKWkarcuHbBa¢I k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHsiTi§elI bMNulmandak;eQμaHvij l½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGag KWkarCUndMNwgeTAkUnbMNultam ry³lixitbBa¢ak;mancuHéf¶ExCak;lak; ¬maRta 467 x2¦ . k¾b:uEnþebIcMeBaHEtTMnak;TMngCa mYynwgkUnbMNuleT KWmankargayRsYlbnþicmkedaytRmUv[manEtkarCUndMNwgeTA kUnbMNul b¤tRmUv[manesckþIyl;RBmrbs;kUnbMNul b:ueNÑaH \tcaM)ac;manlixitbBa¢ak; mancuHéf¶ExCak;lak;eLIy ¬maRta 467 x1¦ . eyIgeXIjehIyfa karCUndMNwgeTAkUn bMNulkþI esckþIyl;RBmrbs;kUnbMNulkþI eBalKWl½kçx½NÐ\tcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGagttaMg TaMgLaysuT§EtmanBak;B½n§CamYykUnbMNulCadrab . enHmkBIehtufaxusBIsiTi§Rbtü½kS siT§ielIbMNulCasiTi§Edl nwgGnuvtþ)anCa sßaBr luHNaEtmankarGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs; kUnbMNul . dUecñHehIy)anCaeKRtUvpþl;dMNwgeTAkUnbMNul R)ab;[dwgfaRtUvsg


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bMNuleTA[ GñkNamñak;Cabzmsin . ebIGñkepþImKMnitepÞrsiTi§TamTar)anR)ab;eTAkUn bMNulehIyenaH CnNaEdlcg;dwgGMBIsßanPaBénsiT§ielIbMNulenH CnenaHGaceTasYr kUnbMNul)anPøam eBalKW tamry³kar sMrYl[kUnbMNuledIrtYdUcCamCÄmNÐl pþl;Bt’manEbbenH nwgeFVI[eKGacbMeBjmuxnaTICUndMNwgCasaFarN³)anmYykMrit EfmeTot eTaHbICa)aneBjlkçN³k¾eday . rIÉlixitbBa¢ak;mancuHéf¶ExCak;lak;vij manmuxnaTIbBa¢ak;[dwgGMBIEf¶ExCak;lak; Edl)aneFVIlixitdUecñHetagCalixitpøÚvkar ¬lixityfaPUt¦ eFVIeLIgedaysarkarI b¤k¾CalixitbBa¢ak; Edlmane)aHRtacuHéf¶Exeday sßab½nrdæCaedIm .

5>3> karcuHéf¶ExCak;lak; nigGnub,TansiTi§elIbMNulCaeRcIndg ehtuGVI)anCaRtUvkar[mancuHéf¶ExCak;lak;? BIeRBaHfaxusBIkarcuHbBa¢InUvdMeNIr

karERbRbYlénsiTi§Rbtü½kS karCUndMNwgeTAkUnbMNul b¤karyl;RBmrbs;kUnbMNul Edl Cal½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGagtTl;enH GacmaneRcInc,ab; ¬eFVIlixitepSg²Can;KñaeRcIn c,ab;¦ dUecñHedIm,I[dwgfakñúgbNþalixitTaMgenaH etIlixitmYyNa)aneFVIRtwmRtUv¬eBj lkçN³¦muneK eKRtUveRbIviFIykbnÞal;fa mYyNaeFVImun mYyNaeFVIeRkaymksMerc . kñúgn½yenH enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankarepÞrsiTi§elIbMNulEtmYyEdleFVIeRcIndg ¬epÞrsiTi§Et mYyeTACneRcInrUbTIéTBIKña¦ GñkEdlmansiTi§nwgTTYlenaHminEmnGñkEdl)aneFVIkic©snüa epÞrmuneKenaHeT EtCaGñkEdl)anerobcMl½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGagenaHRtwmRtUvmuneK ¬cUrcgcaMesckþIenH[)anc,as;¦. enARbeTsCb:unviFITTYlkarcuHéf¶ExCak;lak;Edlgay RsYleFVICageK KWkarepJI sMbuRtéRbsNIy_manbBa¢ak;esckþIeFVIenAmnÞIrTUrKmnaKmn_ .

viFIenHgayRsYlEmn k¾b:uEnþ)anbnSl;TuknUvbBaðaFMmYy. eRBaHfaéf¶ExcuHCak;lak; eFVIenAmnIÞrKmnaKmn_enH KWCaéf¶ExepJIsMbuRt dUecñHenAcMNuceBlenaHkUnbMNul ¬EdlCa GñkmannaTIcMbgBak;B½nænwgl½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;GHGagenH¦minTan;)andwgGVIenAeLIyeT. cMeBaHbBaðaenH CaBiessedImI,edaHRsaybBaðamankarepÞrsiTi§RtYtKña faetIl½kçx½NÐNa


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mYymaneRbobCagenaH RTwsþIQanmuxenARbeTsCb:un)ancat;fa ¬enAkñúgkrNIlixit mancuHéf¶ExCak;lak;¦ lixitEdl)anepJIeTAdl;kUnbMNulmuneK CalixitmaneRbobCag .

karcuHéf¶ExCak;lak; nig sMbuRtéRbsNIy_manbBa¢ak;esckþI

enARbeTsCb:un edIm,IepJIsMbuRtéRbsNIy_manbBa¢ak;esckþI eKRtUvyklixit 3 c,ab;dUcKña ¬lixitedIm 1 c,ab; niglixitcmøg 2 c,ab;¦ RBmCamYyeRsam sMbuRteTARbKl;[mnÞIrTUrKmnaKmn_ . rYcehIymnIÞrKmnaKmn_ nwge)aHRtacuHéf¶Ex elIlixitTaMgenaHedayepJI 1 c,ab;eTAGas½ydæanGñkTTYl tmál;Tuk 1 c,ab;enAmnÞIr TUrKmnaKmn_ nigRbKl;1c,ab;mkGñkepJI¬ebsk³¦vij TuksMrab;eRbIR)as;tam RtUvkar.

5>4> karcuHbBa¢IRsbtamc,ab;Biesss<IBIGnub,TansiTi§elIbMNul

kñúgkrNIEdleFVIkarRbmUlsiTi§elIbMNulp<MúKñaEtmYy edIm,Ilk;siTi§TaMgenHecj ehIyRbmUlRTBüFnmkvij ¬eFVIcrn<kmμénsiTi§elIbMNul¦ b¤eFVIR)atiePaKedayGnub,Tan edIm,ITTYl)annUvzvika eBalKWCa ¬kareFVIR)atiePaKedayGnub,TanelIsiTi§elIbMNulp<úMKña EtmYy¦enaH ebIsinCaRtÚvCUntMNwgdl;kUnbMNulmñak;² KWCakargarmYysμúKsμaj edayRtÚvcMNayeBlevlaeRcIneTotpg . ehtudUecñH enAqñaM 1998 c,ab;Biesss<IBI Gnub,TansiTi§elIbMNul RtÚv)anGnum½teLIg ehIykMNt;[erobcMkarcuHbBa¢ItamRbB½n§ Bt’manviC¢aeGeLRtnic edaypÞúkBt’manCaeRcIns<IBIGnub,Tan EdlFøab;EttMkl;CaÉksar sresr . enH)anbegIáteLIgCaRbB½n§mYy EdleKTTYlsÁal;fadUcKñanwgkarCUndMNwg edayeRbIlixitbBa¢ak;EdlmankalbriecäsßaBrenaHEdr dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 467 kfax½NÐTI 2 énRkmrdæv,evNI ¬b:uEn<RbB½n§enHsMrYldl;karcuHbBa¢I edayKμaneFVIkarCUn


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dMNwgdl;kUnbMNuleT . dUecñH Ganub,TanikGacmanlk½çx½NÐRKb;RKan;sMrab;ttaMgnwg ttiyCn)an tamry³énkarcuHbBaI¢enH . b:uEn<ebIsinCacg;[kUnbMNulGacGnuvt<siTi§ rbs;xøÜneK)anEdrenaH caM)ac;RtÚvmankarCUndMNwgmYyepSgeTot[eTAkUnbMNultamviFI ep£IlixitbBa¢ak;GMBIcMNucEdlRtÚv)ancuHkñúgbBa¢I¦ . enHKWCakarcuHbBa¢ItamRbB½n§ eGeLRtnicmundMbUgbg¥s;enARbeTsCb:un ehIysBVéf¶RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlay kñúgkarGnuvt<Cak;Es<g .

5>5> Ganub,TansiT§elIbMNulEdlmankMNt;eQμaH

nigkarttaMgénkUnbMNul kUnbMNul EdlRtÚvrgkareFVIGanub,TansiT§ielIbMNulenaH GacbnákarttaMgnwg

m©as;fμIénsiTi§elIbMNul ¬Ganub,Tanik¦ )an RsbtamkMriténkarttaMgnwgm©as;siTi§elIbMNul cas; ¬Ganub,TanyI¦ ¬dUcCafa xøÜn)ansgsMNgmYyEpñkehIy b¤GHGagGMBIkarTUTat; bMNulKñaeTAvijeTAmkedaysarPakImÐageTot k¾kMBugRtÚvCab;bMNulRtÚvsgmkvijEdr . l .¦ rhUtTl;eBlEdlTTYl)annUvkarCUndMNwgGMBIGanub,TanenaH ¬maRta 468 kfax½Nç TI 2¦ . cMeBaHkUnbMNul bBaØtiáenHmanlkÐN³FmμtaeT eRBaHfakic©snüaGanub,TanenaH RtÚv)anbegIáteLIgedayminmankarcUlrYmrbs;pgxøÜneTenaH karEdlxøÜnRtÚvFøak;kñúg sßanPaBGn;CagmuneBleFVIGanub,TanenaH KwminsmehtupleT . b:uEná eKalkarN_enH nwgminGacrkSa)aneT ebIsinCakUnbMNulyl;RBmedaymin)antv:anwgGanub,TansiTi§elI bMNulenaH . [Et)aneFVIkaryl;RBmedaymin)antv:a KWkUnbMNulRtÚv)at;bg;nUvral; lT§PaBkñúgkarGHGagttaMgnwgGanub,TayI tamEdlxøÜnFøab;GHGagcMeBaHGanub,Taniky:ag dUecñH . GanuPaBén)at;bg;karttaMgenH GacKit)anfaCaviFIkarBardl;Ganub,Tanik eday QrelICMhdak;TNçkmμelIkUnbMNul Edl)an[karyl;Rbmedayminmankartv:aenaH . edayehtufaenHmanGanuPaBxøaMgNas; Ganub,TanikcaM)ac;RtÚvmanPaBsucritedIm,IGacnwg TTYlnUvkic©karBarGaRs½ybTbBaØtáienH .


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5>6> karTTYlykkatBVkic© nigGnub,Tanzan³kñúgkic©snüa fVIt,itEtK μanbTbBaØtþikMNt;GMBIkarepÞrkatBVkic© ¬karTTYlykkatBVkic©¦ k¾eday

tamry³yutþisaRsþc,ab; nigtamry³RTwsþIsikSasBVéf¶enH eKTTYlsÁal;nUvkarepÞr katBVkic©enH. edayehtufabMNulEdlnwgmanlT§PaBCMrH)an Tal;EtkUnbMNulman smtßPaB nwgsg)anCamunsinenaH dUecñHkarpøas;bþÚrkUnbMNulCaehtueFVI[lT§PaB énkarCMrHbMNul ERbRbYleTAtamenaHEdr enHCabBaðamYyFMNas;sMrab;m©as;bMNul . dUcenH kic©snüa TTYlykkatBVkic©RtUvEteFVIeLIgedaymankarcUlrYmBIsamICnTaMg 3 PaKI KWm©as;bMNul kUnbMNul nigGñkTTYlykkatBVkic© b¤mYyRbsinebIeFVIeLIgrvag PaKIkUnbMNul nigPaKI GñkTTYlykkatBVkic©vijRtUvEtmankaryl;RBm ¬karTTYlsÁal;¦ BIPaKIm©as;bMNulCadac;xat.

müa:geTot mincMeBaHEtsiTi§elIbMNulNamYy b¤k¾katBVkic©NamYyeT eKk¾GacepÞr eTAGñkTI3 ¬ttiyCn¦ )anEdrnUvsiTi§elIbMNulrYmCamYynwgkatBVkic©bUksrubTaMgmUl EdlekItecjBIkic©snüa EdleKehAfaGnub,Tanzan³kñúgkic©snüa . enAkñúgkrNIepÞr zan³ enAelIkic©snüaenH edayehtufamankarTTYlykkatBVkic© rYmCamYypgenaH enAeBlEdlPaKIGñkepÞr nigPaKIGñkTTYlCaGñkeFVIkic©snüa eKRtUvEtTTYlkaryl; RBm¬karTTYlsÁal;¦ BIPaKICaédKUmçageTotCacaM)ac; . müa:geTot sUmkMuePøcfaGnub,Tan zan³kñúgkic©snüaenH minRtwmEteGabRkesabnUvkarepÞrsiTi§elIbMNul nigkarTTYlyk katBVkic©Etb:ueNÑaHeT EtRkesabTaMgsiTi§lubecal RBmCamYysiTi§rMlaykic©snüa EdlCasiiTi§pÞal;rbs;PaKIeFVIkic©snüapgEdr .


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6> karrlt;siT§ielIbMNul 6>1> lkçN³TUeTA

PaKxagcugénesovePAsþIBIbTbBaØtþiTUeTA enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)an kMnt;GMBIbuBVehtuénkarrlt;siTi§elIbMNul . CaeKalkarN_karrlt;siTi§elIbMNulekIt eLIgedaysarkUnbMNul)anbMeBjkatBVkic© xøÜncb;bribUrN_eTAtamesckþI énkic©snüa . eRkABIenH c,ab;)ankMNt;fakarpat;vtßúdéT[CasMNg ¬karsgvtßú epSgCMnYs¦ edayeyaleTAtamkic©snüaEdl)aneFVICamYyKñakþIkar Edlm©as;bMNulminTTYlyk sMNgkþI b¤ karyksMNgeTAtMkl;Tuk enAkEnøg tMkl;Tuk vtßúRbcaMmnÞIryutþiFm’ enAeBlEdlBMudwgfanrNaCa m©as;bMNulCaedImkþI karTUTat;bMNulKñaeTAvijeTAmk rvagPaKITaMgsgxag ¬BüakulPaB³ PaBCam©as;bMNulpg CakUnkþIbMNulpg¦ kþI k¾CabuBVehtueFVI[rlt;siTi§elIbMNulEdr . cUrcgcaMfa kñúgbNþabuBVehtu TaMgenHkar TUTat;bMNulKñaeTAvijeTAmkenHmanmuxgarCaniekçb ¬eBalKWfaebIédKUminsg k¾edayk¾xøÜnGacRbmUlbMNul)anmkvijEdredayTUTat;CamYynwgbMNulrbs;édKU)an¦ pgnigCameFüa)ayRbmUlbMNulmYyya:ggayRsYlCaTIbMput enAkñúgkarrksIu eFVICMnYj CYjERbCamYyKñapg .

>2> karsg 6>2>1> sMeNIpþl;karsg

CaFmμtaeT kalNamankarsgeTAtamesckþIedIm énkatBVkic©CaCak;EsþgehIy katBVkic©nwgGs;¬rlt;¦ eTAtamenaHEdr . k¾b:uEnþ ]bmadUcCakñúgkrNIEdlfa PaKImçag eTotminRBmTTYlbMNuledayK μansMGagelIehtuplsmRsbb¤k¾faPaKImçageTotminenAnwgTIkEnøg CaehtuminGacsgbMNuleTA[eK)an RbsinCakUnbMNul)anesñIpþl;kar


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sgehIyenaH kUnbMNulnwwg)anrYcBIkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarmin)anGnuvtþnUvkatBVkic© rbs;xøÜn. cMeBaHkaresñIpþl;karsgenH eRkABI {sMeNIpþl;tavkalikCaCak;Esþg} edayyktavkalikeTAkan;TIkEnøgsnüa ¬maRta493¦ecj enAman {sMeNIpÞal;mat;} pgEdr ¬maRta 493 vKÁxagelIénbTbdibBaØtþi¦ kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bMNulRbEkk minRBmTTYlbMNul b:uEnþ kUnbMNul)aneRtomnwgpþl;karsgCaeRsc ehIy)anCUndMNwg [m©as;bMNulmkTTYlbMNulenaH . sMeNIpÞal;mat;EdlmankareRtomxøÜnehIy nigkar CUndMnwgenHRtUv)anTTYl sÁal;famanGanuPaBCasMeNIpþl;karsgEdr . kñúgkrNIEdl karsgenH tRmUv[man skmμPaBCak;EsþgBIsMNak;m©as;bMNulpÞal; ¬dUcCakñúgkrNI Edlkic©snüa)ankMNt;fa m©as;bMNulRtUv)anTTYlbMNul b¤fam©as;bMNulRtUvEt kMNt;GMBITIkEnøgRbKl;bMNulCaedIm¦enaH kUnbMNulk¾GaceFVIsMeNIpþl;karsg edaysMeNIr pÞal;mat;)anEdr ¬maRta 493¦.

6>2>2> karsgedayttiyCn karsgGaceFVIeTA)anedayttiyCn ¬CnTI3¦ Edr ¬maRta474¦ . karsgeday

ttiyCnenH Cakarsgedaysucrit b¤k¾kñúgkrNIEdlfa ebIminsgenHeTxøÜnnwgRtUvxat bg;plRbeyaCn_GVImYyCaedIm ¬]TahrN_dUcCaedayehtukUnbMNul B minGacsgm©as; bMNul A)anenaH eQ μaH C bgçMcitþRtUvsgCMnYseQμaH B eRBaHfaebIBuMeFVIdUecñaHeTvtßúbBa©aM ¬niekçb¦EdlxøÜn)anRbKl;ehIyEdlxøÜnmincg;[)at;bg;enaHnwgRtUvdak;lk;LayLúgCaBMu xan¦.k¾b:uEnþeyaleTAtamlkçN³énkatBVkic©¬dUcCabMNulCaedIm¦RbePTxøHeKminGnuBaØat[GñkdéTeFVIkarsgCMMnYs)aneTdUcCakatBVkic©RbKMuePøgrbs;t®nþIIkrNamñak;CaedIm.


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6>2>3>karkat;bMNul kñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNulRtÚvTTYlbnÞúknUvkatBVkic©eRcInEdlmanRbePTEtmYydUcKña

¬]TahrN_ bMNulmYyCaTwkR)ak; 5 laney:n nigbMNulmYyeTotCaTwkR)ak; 6 laney:n¦ cMeBaHm©as;bMNulmñak; b:uEnáminGaceFVIkarsgbMNul)anRKb;RKan; edIm,I[bMNulTaMgGs; rlt;enaHeT ¬]TahrN_ sg)anEt 4 laney:n¦ . Cabzm GñksgGacsMerc)anfa KYrsg cMENkbMNulNamun ¬maRta 488 kfax½NçTI 1¦ . ebIsinCaGñksgmineFVIkarsMerc)aneT GñkTTYlkarsgGacsMerc)an ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NçTI 2¦ . ebIsinCaTaMgGñksg TaMgGñk TTYlkarsg min)aneFVIkarsMercenHeT eKRtÚvedaHRsaytamlMdab;lMeday EdlmanEcg kñúgbBaØtáiénmaRta 489 ¬karkat;bMNultamc,ab;kMNt;¦ .

6>2>4>])aeTskmμedaykarsg kñúgkrNIEdlmankarsgbMNulCMnYsedayttiyCn ttiyCnGacTarsMNg

enaHBIkUnbMNulmkvij)an elIkElgEtkarsgCMnYsenH )aneFVIeLIgedaymanqnÞ³CUnCa GMeNay. k¾b:uEnþ ebIRKan;EteRbIsiTi§TamTarsMNgenH edayniyayfa {RtUvsg´vij} Etb:ueNÑaHeT GMNacbgçM[eKsgenaHmanlkçN³Tn;exSayNas;. enAkñúgkrNIEbbenH c,ab;)ankMNt;nUvrbbmYyedIm,IFananUvkarGnuvtþsiT§iTamTarsMNgenH EdlehAfaCa rbb])aeTskmμedaykarsg ¬cab;BImaRta499teTA¦ . ])aeTskmμmann½yfa Cakar dak;GñkNamñak;[CMnYsGñ μkepSgeTotkñúgzan³dUcKña dUecñHmann½yxusKñanwgkarEtgtaMg tMNag . enATIenH ttiyCnEdl)aneFVIkarsgehIyenaH nwgcUlCMnYskñúgzan³ Cam©as;bMNulehIyTTYlsiT§iTaMgb:un μanEdlrlt;eTAehIyenaHEdlm©as;bMNulmaneTA elIkUnbMNulykmkeRbI)anTaMgGs; . ]bmafakñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNul B mandak; niekçb b¤k¾mandak;GñkFanacMeBaHbMNulEdlxøÜnCMBak;m©as;bMNul A ttiyCn C nwgTTYl CMhrBIeQμaHAedIm,IRbmUlbMNulmkvijedayGacGnuvtþsiTi§dkykniekçbb¤TamTar[ Gñ


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kFanaeFVIkarsg[xøÜnvij)an . ])aeTskmμedaykarsgmanEckecjCaBIrRbePTKW³ ])aeTskmμeday s½μRKcitþ nig ])aeTskmμkMNt;edayc,ab; . kñúgkrNIttiyCnCaGñk FanaEdl)an CYypþl;R)atiePaKRbtü½kSCMnYskUnbMNuldUcmanenAkñúg]TahrN_xagelI edayehtufa ebIxøÜnminsgCMnYseT nwgRtUvRbQmnwgkarxUcxatplRbeyaCn_enaH KWCaGñkEdlmanCab;CMBak;CaplRbeyaCn_enAkñúgkarsgkrNIenHeKehAfa])aeTskm μkMNt;edayc,ab; EdlRtUvTTYl])aeTskmμ ¬karTTYlCMnYskñúgzan³Cam©as;bMNul¦ CasV½yRbvtþi ¬maRta500¦ . rIÉkrNIttiyCnNa EdlsgCMnYsedayK μanCab;CMBak; plRbeyaCn_GVImYyeTeKehAfaCa])aeTskm μ edaykars½μRKcitþehIyebIKμanesckþIyl; RBmBIm©as;bMNuleTnwgBMuGacTTYl])aeTskmμ)aneLIy rYcehIyebIcg;eFVIkarGHGag cMeBaHmuxkUnbMNul b¤ cMeBaHmuxCndéT Namñak;faxøÜnCa])aeTsikedays½ μRKcitþenaH luHRtaEtmanl½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;sMrab;karGHGag dUcKñanwgkrNIepÞrsiTiæTamTarmandak; eQ μaHdUecñaHEdr ¬maRt499¦ .

6>2>5> karsgeTACnKμansiT§iTTYl CakarBitNas;Edlfa RbsinebIkUnbMNulmin)ansgbMNuleTA[m©as;bMNul

BitR)akd b¤k¾eTA[GñkEdlm©as;bMNulRbKl;siTi§[TTYl ¬dUcCaGñktMNagCaedIm¦ eT enaHkarbMeBjkatBVkic©nwgRtUvcat;faKμansuBlPaBeLIy. k¾b:uEnþc,ab;)ankMNt;GMBIIkar elIkElgcMeBaHkarsgeTA]bePaKI ¬CnEdlmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlnwgsiTi§kr¦ ¬maRta478¦ b¤eTAGñkkan;vik½yb½Rt ¬maRta480¦ edaycat;TukfakarbMeBjkatBVkic© mansuBlPaBEdr . karsgbMNuleTA]bePaKIenH BitEmnEtBuMEmnCakarsgeTA m©as; bMNulBitR)akdk¾eday EtCakarsgedayeTogRtg;rbs;kUnbMNul EdleXIjGñk enaHhak;bIdUcCam©as;bMNulBitR)akdEmn ¬eyagtamyutþisaRsþc,ab;enHKWCaGMeBIeTog Rtg;K μankMhus¦ . cMeBaHkrNIén karsgbMNuledayeCOTukcitþeTA elIPinPaKxag


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eRkAfaCam©as;bMNulenaH c,ab;kMNt;fa karsgenHmansuBlPaB . tamBiteTAenHCa bTbBaØtþielIkElgmYyedayyl;faGñkNa k¾mankarP½nþRcLMEdr k¾b:uEnþenARbeTsCb:uun eK)anykbTbBaØtþienHeTAeRbIya:gTUlMTUlayxagvis½ybg;R)ak;[eTAGñkmkebIkR)ak;enAFnaKareTaHbICaGñkenaHminEmnCasamIxøÜnEdl)anepJIR)ak;k¾eday ¬bTbBaØtiþenH)anyk tambTbBaØatiþénRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTs)araMg k¾b:uEnþenARbeTs)araMgbTbBaØatiþenH)an RtUvykmkeRbIedaykMriteTAelIEtkrNIEdlmankarP½nþRcLMecosminrYcEtb:ueNÑaH. kar ykmkeRbIya:gTUlMTUlaydUc]an erobrab;xagelIEbbenH KWCalkçN³Biessénc,ab; rbs;RbeTsCb:un¦ . cMeBaHCnEdlman vik½yb½½Rtvij eTaHbIBMuEmnCam©as;bMNulBit R)akdk¾edayEtCaGñkmanvik½yb½RtBitR)akdc,ab;)ancat;TukfaCaCnmansTi§TTYlyk bMNul ehIy)ankMNt;fakarsgbMNuleTACn enHmansuBlPaB .

6>3> karsgedayykvtßúCMnYs ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIEdleQμaH A )an[eQμaH B x©IR)ak;cMnYn10lanerol

ehIyedaymankaryl;RBmBIeQ μaH A eQμaH B )anykpÞHEdlCakmμsiTi§rbs;xøÜn mksg CMnYskm©I¬R)ak;x©I¦ enaHvijCaedIm . karykvtßúdéTmksgCMnYsvtßúEdl)anx©Iedaymankar yl;RBmBIm©as;bMNul edIm,IrMlt;siT§ielIbMNuldUc]TahrN_xagelIenH eKehAfakar sgedayykvtßúCMnYs ¬maRta482¦ . edayehtufa karsgedayykvtßúdéTmksgCMnYs tRmUv[mankarRBmeRBogKñarvagm©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNul enHKWCakic©snüa . müa:geTot RbsinebIBMumankarykvtßúdéTeTAsgCMnYsCak;EsþgeTenaHeKminTTYlsÁal;fakarsgenH mansuBlPaBeLIyeBalKWCa kic©snüaGMBIkarRbKl;vtßú . kñúgkrNIxøHeKGacsnüaGMBIkar sgedayvtßúCMnYsEdlman¬b¤k¾Cakic©snüadak;l½kçx½NÐGMBIkarsgedayykvtßúCMnYs¦dUcCa Baküsnüafa {ebI´minmanlT§PaBsgkm©IeTenaH´nwgRbKl;pÞHenHCUn} . enHCakic© snüa EdleFVIeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgdak;CakarFana .


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6>4> karyksMNgeTAtMkl;Tuk kñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNulmanectnanwgsgbMNul b:uEnþm©as;bMNulBMusuxcitþTTYl

b¤m©as;bMNul)at;xøÜnBMudwgCaenATINaeT ebIsinCakUnbMNul)aneFVI sMeNIpþl;karsg ehIyenaH KWkUnbMNulnwg)anrYcBIkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn . k¾b:uEnþkUnbMNulminTan;)anrYcBIkatBVkic©enAeLIyeT . edIm,IrMlt;katBVkic©enH kUnbMNul RtUvGnuvtþviFImYyKW karyksMNgeTAdMkl;Tuk. kñúgkarRbtibtþiCak;EsþgenARbeTsCb:un eKRtUvykvtßúEdlCasMNgenaHeTAdMkl;TukenAkEnøgdMkl;vtßú enAmnÞIryutþiFm’NamYyenA TUTaMgRbeTsCb:un edaysUm[rMlt;siT§ielIbMNulrbs;m©as;bMNulecal. k¾b:uEnþkñúg krNIEdlGacsgbMNul)anCaFmμtadUcesckþIkñúgkic©snüakaryksMNgeTAdMkl;Tuk enHBMuRtUv)anGnuBaØateLIy eBalKWkardMkl;TukenHtRmUv[manbuBVehtuCacaM)ac; . buBVehtuTImYyKWm©as;bMNulRbEkkminRBmTTYl b¤mYyk¾minGacTTYlsMNg)an . buBVehtuTIBIr KW karminGacsÁal;[)anc,as;GMBIm©as;bMNul ehIyEdlminEmnCakMhus rbs;kUnbMNuleTenaH . ]TahrN_dUcCakrNI m©as;bMNulsøab;eTA ehIyBMudwgfa etInrNaCaTayaT¬Gñk sñgmrtk¦c,as;las; b¤dUcCakrNImankar epÞrsiT§ielIbMNul EtmYy EdlepÞreRcIndgeTACneRcInrUbCaehtu EdlminGacdwg[)anc,as;las;fa etInrNaCam©as;bMNulfμIBitR)akd eTenaH ¬maRta494¦ .

6>5>karTUTat; elIkykkrNIfaeQμaH A )an[eQ μaH B x©IR)ak;cMnYn5lanerol ehIyeQ μaH B )an

lk;TMnijeTA[eQ μaH A mantémøCaR)ak; 2lanerolEdlminTan;)anbg;R)ak; enA eLIymkBiPakSa.enAkñúgkrNIxagelIRbsinebIeQ μaH B )anbgðajqnÞ³faxøÜnnwgpat; R)ak;éføTMnij 2 lanerolEdlCasiTi§TamTarrbs;xøÜneTAnwgmYyPaKénbMNulEdlxøÜn


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CMBak;enaH eQμaH B GacRbEkkminsgmYyPaK ¬2lanerol¦ énbMNulenaH)an . enHeKehAfakarTUTat; . karTUTat;enHenAkñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNul manbMNulRbePTdUcKña ¬dUcCamñak;mansiTi§TamTarR)ak; ehIymñak;eTot k¾mansiTi§ TamTarR)ak;EdrCaedIm. eKehAPaBEdl buKÁlmñak; Cam©as;bMNulpg ehIyCakUn bMNulpgfaBüakulPaB¦ehIyRbsinebIPaKINamYy)anbgðajqnÞ³TUTat;enaHTMhMtémøesμIKñaeTAvijeTAmknwgRtUv rlt;CamYyKña¬maRta505¦. eKehA siT§ielIbMNulrbs;PaKI epþImKMnitTUTat;fa siT§ielIbMNulskmμehIyehAsiTi§elI bMNulrbs;PaKIEdl TTYlkar TUTat;fasiT§ielIbMNulGkmμ . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)anEcgkMNt;nUv bTbBaØatþiGMBIkarTUTat; EdlekIt eLIgedaykarbgðaj qnÞ³tamcMNUlcitþÉketaPaKI Etb:ueNÑaHk¾b:uEnþPaKITaMgsgxagmanesrIPaBeBjTIkñúgkarRBmeRBogKña eFVIkic©snüaTUTat; enH . enAkñúgkrNIEdlmanPaKIEtmçagbgðajqnÞ³TUTat;enaHsiT§ielIbMNulTaMgsgxagmin RtwmEtRtUvmanRbePTdUcKñab:ueNÑaH eTEtcaM)ac;RtUvcUldl;eBlkMNt;RtUvsg dUcKñaeTotpg ¬maRta505 x 1¦. l½kçx½NÐRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVI[karTUTat;mandMeNIrkar)anenH eKehAfa l½kçx½NÐeBjeljsMrab;kar TUTat;.k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNI dUcCafam©as;bMNul A cUldl; ry³eBlTarsMNg ¬eQμaH B RtUvsgeTAeQμaH A ¦ehIy Etm©as;bMNul BminTan;cUldl;ry³ eBlTarsMNgenAeLIyeT ¬eQμaH A minTan;sgeTAeQμaH B k¾)an Edr¦enaH PaKI A GaceFVIkar TUTat;)an edaye)aHbg;ecal nUvplcMeNjGaRs½yeBlevla EdlxøÜnmansiT§inwgTTYl .


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III. Rkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgkic©karpøÚvc,ab;énshRKas dUc)anBiBN’rYcmkehIyfaenAkñúgkic©Gnuvtþn¾Cak;Esþg bBðaaEdlsμúKsμajCageK

enaHKWbBðaaTamTarbMNulnigbBðaaGnuvtþeTAelIniekçbEdlCabBðaaBak;B½n§CaBiesseTAnwg EpñkTidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul nigc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§R)atiePaKRbtü½kS . rYcehIy eyIgk¾)anBiBN’napgEdrfaKWenAkñúgdMNak;kalenHehIyEdlc,ab;rdæb,evNI)anKUs bgðajy:agc,as;CaTIbMputnUvkarGHGagtTl;KñaGMBIplRbeyaCn¾rvagRKb;PaKI. cMeNH dwgdUc)aneFVIGtßaFibb,ayxagelIenHmansarHRbeyaCn¾FMeFgNas;cMeBaHnisSit ral;rUbEdleronc,ab;eTaHbICaedIm,IRbLgcUleFVICaGñkÉkeTsc,ab;kþICabuKÁlikRkumh‘un ÉkCndUcCaFnaKarRkumh‘unBaNiCökmμb¤eragcRk]sSahkmμNamYykþI. \LúÚveyIgnwg elIkyk]TahrN¾Cak;EsþgmYymkbgðajdUcteTA³ ]bmafaRkumh‘unEdleyIg)an vinieyaKTunb¤k¾)aneFVICMnYjlk;eCOCamYyenaH)anFøak;kñúgsßanPaBdundabxatbg;y:agF¶n;TaMgenACMBak;bMNuleyIgenAeLIypg.enAeBlenaHGñkTaMgLayEdlkan;kic©karpøÚvc,ab; sMrab;shRKasR)akdCabeB©ajtMriHxøÜnTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkñuúgTidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elI bMNulnigkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§ R)atiePaKRbtü½kS ehIysÞúHsÞarRbECgKñaeTARbmUl bMNul xøÜnmkvijCaBMuxan . CadMbUgRbsinebIRkumh‘unCitrlMenaHmandak;niekçbedIm,IfanabMNul CaedIm eyIgRtUvGnuvtþkardk ykniekçbenaHsin. bnÞab;mkkñúgkrNImandak;GñkFana ¬karFanaedaybuKÁl¦vij eyIgGac Kit)anfa GñkFanaGacnwgrlMCamYyRkumh‘unenaHpg k¾mindwg dUecñHeyIgRtUvRbjab;Rbjal; cat;EcgerOgenHCabnÞan;pgEdrmuneBlEdlGñk Fana®tUv)at;bg;RTBüFnrbs;eK. rYc ehIycMeBaHbMNulNa EdlKμandak;R)atiePaK vij eyIg®tUvesIerIfaetIRkumh‘uneyIgmanCMBak;bMNulRkumh‘unenaHeTeBalKWRsavRCavrkfa mansiTi§TamTarbRBa©asrbs;Rkumh‘unenaHmkvijeTehIyRbsinebImanEmn CabzmeyIg ®tUveFVIkarTUTat;edIm,IRbmUlcMENkenH Tuksin .


- 199 -

bnþmkeTot RbsinebIRkumh‘unenaHmansiT§iTamTarbMNuleTAelIttiyCn ¬CnTI3¦ eyIg ®tUvTamTarykbMNulenaHmkCMnYsR)ak;lk;eCOeBalKWtMrUveGayeFIVkarepÞrsiT§iTamTar kñúglkçN³Cakarpat;vtßúdéTeGayCasMNg k¾b:uEnþeyaleTAtamkal³eTs³ karepÞrsiT§I TamTarenHGac®tUvecaledayGñkmansiTi§TamTardéTeTot¬EdlCam©as;bMNulEdr¦edayelIkyksiT§ilubecalGMeBIe)akbnøM ¬siT§ilubecaledaym©as;bMNul¦ mkGnuvtþeTAelI bMNulenaH.edayehtufam©as;bMNulNaEdl)anGnuvtþsiTi§lubecalGMeBIe)akbnøMmun eKrEmg maneRbobkñúgkarRbmUlbMNulenaH eyIgk¾®tUvXøaMemIlskmμPaBrbs;m©as; bMNuldéTeTotCabeNþIrpg nigrMéBemIl»kasedIm,IGnuvtþsiT§ilubecalenaHCabeNþIr pgEdr . ebIBinitüdUecñHeTA eyIgnwgeXIjfaGVI² EdleyIg)anKits μanfaRKan;EtCaviFan carTukecalenAelITMB½resovePAemeronEtb:ueNÑaHeTenaHmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúg kic©karGnuvtþCak;EsþgeRBaHfaviFanTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACaGavuFd¾skþisiT§imYyRbkbeTA edayRbsiT§iPaBtampøÚvc,ab;eTotpgsMrab;eRbIenAkñúgs®gÁamvivaTrvag shRKasTaMg T,ayEdlRbECgKñaBImYy vinaTIeTAmYyvinaTIenaH .

kic©karpøÚvc,ab;énshRKas

kic©karpøÚvc,ab;énshRKasmandMeNIrvivtþn_ecjBIkic©karpøÚvc,ab;sMrab;edaH RsayvivaTeTACakic©karpøÚvc,ab;edIm,IkarBarehIyqøgmYytMNak;eToteTACakic©karpøÚvc,ab; CayuT§saRsþ ¬strategy¦. EdlehAfakic©karpøÚvc,ab;Ca yuT§sa®sþKWkic©karshRKasEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgc,ab;nanasMrab;GnuvtþeFVI CMnYjeGaymanRbsiT§iPaBedayføwgeRKaHfñak;nigplcMMeNjEdlGacekItmandl;shRKas. edayyl;nUvsar³sMxan;dUecñHehIy eTIbshRKasTMenIb² nabc©úb,nñnaMKñaBRgwgEpñkc,ab;enHenAkñúgkarRKb;RKgshRKasrbs;xøÜn .

- 200 -CMBUkTI 7 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§Rbtü½kS ¬2¦

- 200 -

CMBUkTI 7 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§Rbtü½kS ¬2¦

c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS 1> niymn½yniglkçN³TUeTAénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

2> tYnaTIénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSnigzan³énc,ab;sþIBI

siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

II. karsikSaBIcMnucsMxan;²énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS 1> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüa

2> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;

3> R)atiePaKvisamBaØ


- 201 -

I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS 1> niymn½yniglkçN³TUeTAénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS 1>1> niymn½y

eyIgsakl,gKitemIlfa etIeyIgRtUveFVIdUcemþcenAeBlEdleyIgpþl;hirBaØb,Tan

¬pþl;R)ak;x©I¦ dl;buKÁlNamñak;epSgeTot. eTaHbICakñúgTMnak;TMngrvag «Bukmþay nigkUn

b¤rvagbgb¥Ún mankrNICaeRcInEdlédKUmankarTMnukcitþKña ehIy[x©IedayRBmeRBogKñaCa

FmμtacMeBaHkarR)ak; nigeBlevlasgR)ak;vijk¾eday k¾ehtukarN_enHminGacekItman

eTenAkñúgkarCYjdUrCaTUeTA. kñúgkrNIesÞIrEtTaMgGs; PaKIGñk[x©InwgTTYlykGVImYyeFVICa

R)atiePaKsMrab;krNIEdlGñkx©IminGacsgbMNulmkvij)an. manmeFüa)aymYyKWyk

RTBürbs;Gñkx©ImkeFVICaR)atiePaKehIyenAeBlEdlGñkx©IminGacsgbMNulvij)anGñk[x©I

GacbþÚrRTBüenHeTACasac;R)ak; ¬tamry³karlk;eday bgçM¦ edIm,IRbmUlkmI©mkvij.

karFanaEbbenH KWCakarFanaedayvtßú ¬karFanaEbbenH manPaBxusKñaeTAnwgkarFana

mYyeTotehAfakarFanamnusS EdltMrUv[cat;taMgGñkFanaCaedIm dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúg

CMBUkmun¦. Bak;B½n§nwgRTBü Edl)anykmkeFVICaR)atiePaKenAkñúgkrNIenH m©as;bMNul

Edl)anpþl;hirBaØb,TanminRKb;RKgtémø eRbIR)as;rbs;RTBüenaHeT b:;uEnþRKb;RKgelItémø

edaHdUr ¬eBalKWkarkMNt;faetIRTBüenaHRtUvmanémøb+unμanebIRtUvkarbþÚreTACasac;R)ak;¦.


- 202 -

eTaHbICasiT§iRKb;RKgedaypÞal;elIRTBüsßitenAkñúgsiT§iRbtü½kSk¾eday k¾siT§iRKb;RKgrebob

enH RtUv)aneKehAfa siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS.

1>2> lkçN³c,ab;

ehtudUecñH siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSmanPaBbnÞab;bnSMEdlEckrMElkP½BVvasna

CamYynwgsiT§ielIbMNul EdlbegáItsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSenH ¬ebIsinCasiT§ielIbMNul

RtUvrlt; enaHsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSk¾RtUvrlt;Edr. ehIyk¾manPaBeTACamYyKñaEdr kñúg

TMnak;TMngCamYynwgsiT§ielIbMNul eBalKWebIsinCasiT§ielIbMNulRtUv)anepÞr enaHsiT§I

R)atiePaKRbtü½kSk¾RtUv)anepÞrEdr¦. m:üagvijeTot edIm,IeFVI[siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSman

GanuPaBkan;EtxøaMg c,ab;k¾manEcgpgEdrGMBIGviPaKPaB Edltamry³enHm©as;bMNul

GacGnuvtþ)annUvsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS elIvtßúTaMgmUlEdlCakm μvtßúénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

rhUtdl;eBlEdlm©as;bMNulenaH)anTTYlsMNgénsiT§ielIbMNulTaMgGs; ¬maRta

296¦. elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAeBlekItmankarCYsCulsMNg edaysar kar)at;bg;

b¤karxUcxat b¤enAeBlmané;føQñÜl b¤karbg;R)ak;tamry³karCYl b¤karlk;

nUvvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénR)atiePaK siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSk¾GacmanGanuPaBmkelIsMNg

b¤é;føQñÜl b¤karbg;R)ak;TaMgenaH)anEdr tamry³])aeTskmμelIvtßú . kñúgcMeNam


- 203 -

RbePTTaMgbYnénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS mansiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSdl;eTAbIRbePTEdl

TTYlsÁal;nUv])aeTskmμelIvtßúenH ¬dUcCamaRta 304 CaedIm. siT§iXat;TukEdlnwg

manerobrab;enAEpñkxageRkayBMuTTYlsÁal;])aeTskmμelIvtßúeT BIeRBaHsiT§ienHBMuman

GanuPaBTTYlsMNgedayGaTiPaBEp¥kelItémøénvtßúenaHeLIy¦.

1>3> RbePTénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS

dUcEdl)anerobrab;bgðajenAkñúgCMBUkTI3xagedIm siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSmanBIr

RbePT eBalKWsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüaEdlekIteLIgecjBI

kic©snüarvagPaKI nigsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;enAeBlmansßanPaB

Cak;lak;kMNt;NamYy. Rkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgkMNt;fa ÉksiT§i nigsiT§iXat;TukKWCa

siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; cMENksiT§ielIkarbBa©aM nighIub:UEtk KWCa

siT§IR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüa. cMeBaHRkumh‘unCYjdUrnaeBlbc©úb,nñ

siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüamansar³sMxan;xøaMgCag ehIyCaBiess

hIub:UEtkeTotesatmansar³sMxan;Nas;. m:üagvijeTot eTaHbICaRkmrdæb,evNITTYl

sÁal;EtbYnRbePTénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSenHk¾eday k¾bEnßmBIenH enAmanrebobrbb

CYjdUrepSg²eTotEdl)anécñRbDitekItecjmkBIkarGnuvtþn_nana nig)anbegáIt[man


- 204 -

kareFIVR)atiePaKsMGagelIvtßú ehIyEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayviFanTMenomTMlab;

b¤edaykrNIyutþisaRsþrbs;tulakarpgEdr. siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEbbenH eKehAfa

R)atiePaKvisamBaØ ¬EdlnwgmanBnül;edaysegçbenAEpñkxageRkayénCMBUkenH¦ .

2> tYnaTIénsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü ½kS nigzan³énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü ½kS

eTaHbICasiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSRtUveKehAfaCasiT§iRbtü½kSk¾eday k¾siT§iR)atiePaK

Rbtü½kSenHRKan;EtCasiT§iRKb;RKgelItémøedaHdUrénvtßúEtb:ueNÑaH. dUc)anBnül;rYcRsab;

enAEpñksþIGMBIlkçN³KtiyutþixagelIenH siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSKW KμanGVIeRkABIsiT§ Edl)an

begáIteLIgedIm,ICakarFanacMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNul Edlsn μt;famanGtßiPaBrYc ehIymantémø

smRsbeTAnwgtémøénvtßúEdlRtUvtMkl;sMrab;karFanaenaH. dUecñHkarsikSaBIsiT§IR)atiePaK

Rbtü½kS TnwÞmKñanwgc,ab;sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul KWCaerOgmYy smehtusmpl.

ebIniyay[)anCak;Esþg ]bmafa GILÚvenH kUnbMNul “x” man RTBüsm,tþi

TaMgGs; ¬RTBüsm,tþisßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn EdlGacykmkeFVICa

sMNg)anCaedIm¦ témøsrub 1000 mWuneyn EdlkñúgenaH mandILÚ {k} mYykEnøg

Edlmantémø 500mWuneyn. ]bmabnþeTotfa kUnbMNulenHmanm©as;bMNul cMnYnR)aMnak;

A, B, C, D, E EdlmansiT§ielIbMNulcMnYn 500 mWuneyn köúgmöak;².


- 205 -

RbsinCaK μanGñkNaköúgcMeNamm©as;bMNulTaMgR)aMnak; mansiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS

Bak;Bn½§nwgsiT§ielIbMNulenHeT ehIyedaysarEtmin)anTTYlsMNgBIkUnbMNuleT enaH

m©as;bMNulTaMgR)aM A, B, C, D nig E k¾)ancat;nitiviFIGnuvtþedaybgçM. kñúgkrNI enH

eyagtameKalkarN_smPaBrbs;m©as;bMNul R)aMnak;enaHGacEckKñaeday

smPaBnUvTwkR)ak;cMnYn 1000 mWuneynEdlCaRTBüsm,tþirbs; X edaymñak;²

TTYl)anmkvijcMnYn 200mWuneynEtb:ueNÑaH ¬esckþIlMGit sUmsikSaBIc,ab;sþIBIkar

GnuvtþsalRkmrdæb,evNI¦. b:uEnþ enAkñúgkrNIenH RbsibCamanEtm©as;bMNul A mñak;Kt;

Edl)anbegáItsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSeRkamrUbPaBCa huIb:UEtk ¬Edlnwgman

erobrab;bgðajkñúgEpñkxageRkayenH¦ elIdILÚ {k} rbs;kUnbMNul X ehIy

ebIkUnbMNulmin)ansgbMNuleT bnÞab;BIry³kalkMNt;sMrab;karsgenaH)anmkdl;

m©as;bMNul A nwgGnuvtþhIub:UEtkelIIdILÚ {k} enH)an ¬karlk;edaybgçM¦. ehIykñúg

krNIEdldILÚ {k} enHlk;)antémø 500mWuneyn TwkR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;

cMnYn500mWuneynenH GacykmkeFVICasMNgdl;m©as;bMNul A edaymanGaTiPaBmun

m©as;bMNulepSg²eTot. ehtudUecñH m©as;bMNulbYnnak;epSgeTot GacTTYlsMNg

edaysmPaB)anRtwmEtBIköúgcMnYn 500 mWuneynénRTBüsm,tþi EdlenAsl;Etb:ueNÑaH

eBalKW mñak;²TTYl)ansMNgcMnYn 125 mWuneyn. mann½yfasiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS


- 206 -

dUcCahIub:UEtkCaedIm nwgnaM[mankarTTYlsMNgedaymanGaTiPaB.

tamBiteTA cMeBaHmeFüa)ayFanasiT§ielIbMNulenH mankarFanaepSg² dUcCa

karFanaedaybuKÁlpgEdr Edl)ansikSakñúgCMBUkmunCaedIm. cMeBaHkrNIxageRkam

enH ]bmafa Y KWCaGñkFanarbs; X cMeBaH B . [Et Y mansaFnPaB RKb;RKan; KW B

GacTTYl)ansMNgsrubcMnYn 500 mWuneynBI Y ¬b¤BI Y nig X rYmKña¦. k¾b:uEnþ

karFanaedaybuKÁlEbbenH KWmanPaBminR)akdRbCa GaRs½yeTAtamRTBüFnskm μ

EdlGacmankarpøas;bþÚr rbs;GñkFana. pÞúyBIkarFanaEbbenH R)atiePaKRbtükS

CahIub:UEtkCaedIm KWmanPaBc,as;las; nigR)akdRbCa. b:uEnþ edaysarenHCaRbePT

énsiT§iRbtükSEdlnaM[manGaTiPaB nitiviFIbegáItR)atiePaKenHtRmUv[mankarcuHbBaöI

CaedIm manlkçN³Bi)akCagkarFanaedaybuKÁlEdlGaceFVIeLIg)anedayRKan;Et

cuHkic©snüaEtb:ueNÑaH. m:üagvijeTot kñúgkrNIEdltémøelITIpSarénGclnvtßúFøak;cuH xøaMg

KWsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS k¾RtUvmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgkarFanaedaybuKÁlEdr Edl

bgá[manPaBRbfuyRbfanBMuGacFananUvkarsgbMNul[)anRKb;cMnYneLIy. ehtu decñH

edIm,IFanakarRbmUlmkvijnUvsiT§ielIbMNul eKRtUvkarGnuvtþtamviFIsaRsþepSg² TaMgGs;

EdlmanEcgkMNt;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐénbBaØtþiTUeTAsþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul nigc,ab;

sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS bnÞab;BI)aneFIVkarBicarNaRKb;RCugeRCayrYcmk .


- 207 -

II. karsikSaBIcMnucsMxan;²énc,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kS 1> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüa 1>1> hIub:UEtk

1>1>1>esckIáepIþmRtÜs²

siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEdlkMNt;edaykarsnüa rYmmansiT§ielIkarbBa©aM nig

hIub:UEtk . edaysarsiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS KWRKan;Etpþl;karRKb;RKgelItémøesdækic©én vtßú

eTaHbICakrNIhIub:UEtktRmUv[mankarcuHbBaöIkarbegáIthIub:UEtkelIdIFøI b¤GaKark¾ eday

k¾mincaM)ac;epÞrkarkan;kab;GaKarb¤dIFøIenaHeTA[m©as;bMNulEdr ehIyGñkx©IR)ak;

eBalKWkUnbMNul enAEtGaceRbIR)as;dIFøI b¤GaKarenaHdEdl ¬eyagtammaRta 369¦ .

enAeBlEdlkUnbMNulminGacsgR)ak;)an m©as;bMNulGnuvtþhIub:UEtkEdl)ancuHbBaöI

eBalKWGaceFVIkarlk;edaybgçMnUvdIFøI b¤GaKarenaHtamry³tulakar ehIyGacTTYl)an

sMNgedaymanGaTiPaBmunm©as;bMNuldéTeTot BIcMnYnTwkR)ak;Edllk;)an . enAkñúg

karCYjdUrCak;EsþgenAkñúgsgÁm hIub:UEtkKWCasiT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSd¾sMxan;CaTIbMput .


- 208 -

1>1>2> karcuHbBaöI nigtYnaTIrbs;hIub:UEtk

karcuHbBaöIhIub:UEtksMrab;TukbgðajCasaFarN³ rwtEtmansarsMxan;eTAeTot

BieRBaHhIub:UEtk KWCasiT§iRbtükSGrUbiy ¬minGacvaytémøBIlkçN³xageRkA)an¦ Edl

RKb;RKgEteTAelItémøénkmμvtßú dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgEpñkxagelIrYcmkehIyenaH .

ehtudUecñH Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;yk RtwmGclnvtßúEdlmanRbkasCasaFarN³enAkñúg

esovePAbBaöI nigsiT§iRbtükSelIGclnvtßúmYycMnYnEtb:ueNÑaH EdlGaceFIVCakmμvtßúén

hIub:UEtk)an ¬maRta 369 . eRkABIenH c,ab;BiessmYycMnYn mankMNt;nUv RbB½n§cuHbBaöI

b¤karcuHbBaöI edIm,IGacykGaKanigeRKOgbrikçareragcRk k):al; nigmUlniFi

mkeFVICakmμvtßúénhIub:UEtkk¾)anEdr¦ .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot hIub:UEtktaMgBImunmk KWCaRbB½n§mYyedIm,IFanacMeBaHsiT§i

elIbMNulnImYy² . Rkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:unEdlyklMnaMtamRkmrdæb,evNI

RbeTs)aMraMg manninñakarxøaMgeTArkkarFanaEbbenH ¬b:uEnþ RbeTsmYycMnYndUcCa

RbeTsGaløWm:g;CaedIm minEmnRKan;Etfat;TukhIub:UEtkfaCaRbB½n§FanasiT§ielIbMNul

Etb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg)anGnum½tc,ab;cat;TukhIub:UEtk faCakm μvtßúénkareFIVvinieyaK

eTotpg . RbeTsTaMgenHrMBwgfa hIub:UEtknwgeTACaRTBüEdlGacdak;lk;nigbgiVl

cuHeLIgenAköúgTIpSar)an¦ . edaysarmankarRKb;RKgelItémøénkmμvtßú rbs;hIub:UEtk


- 209 -

edIm,IFanabMNulnImYy²dUecñHehIy eTIbCaFmμtamanelceLIgnUvTsSn³mYysþIBIkar

erobcMlMdab;GaTiPaBénhIub:UEtk . eBalKWkUnbMNulGacnwgbegáIthIub:UEtkeRcIn enAkñúg

siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEtmYy ehIyGaccuHbBaöIhuIb:UEtkTaMgenaH)an . ]TahrN_fa

CadMbUgenAeBlx©IR)ak;cMnYn 5000 mWuneyn BIm©as;bMNul B kUnbMNul A

begáIthIub:UEtkelIdIFøI {k} Edl A kan;kab; ehIyEdlGac):anRbmaNfa

lk;)ancMnYnTwkR)ak;srub 100 laneyn bnÞab;mk)ancuHbBaöIhIub:UEtkenH ¬hIub:UEtk

enHehAfa hIub:UEtkTI1¦ . eRkaymk kUnbMNul A x©IR)ak;cMnYn 4000 mWuneyn

BIm©as;bMNul C ehIy)anbegáIt nigcuHbBaöIhIub:UEtkelIdIFøI }k} dUcKñaCa R)atiePaK

FanasiT§ielIbMNulenH ¬ehAfa hIub:UEtkTI2¦ . minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaHeT kUnbMNul A

x©IR)ak;cMnYn 2000 mWuneyneTotBIm©as;bMNul D ehIyk¾)anbegáIt nigcuHbBaöIhIub:UEtk

elIdIFøI }k} dUcKñamþgeTot CaR)atiePaKFanasiT§ielIbMNulenH ¬ehAfa hIub:UEtkTI3¦ .

kñúgkrNIEdlputkMNt;eBlRtUvsgehIy b:uEnþkUnbMNul A enAEtminGacsgbMNul

eTAm©as;bMNulNamYykñúgcMeNamm©as;bMNulTaMg3 B, C, D enaH eyIgsnñmutfa

m©as;bMNul)anEbreTArkkarGnuvtþn_hIub:UEtkEtmþg ¬enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg KWman

bBaðaTak;TgnwgkarR)ak;pg b:uEnþkarsikSaenAkñúgEpñkenH minBicarNaBIbBaðaenHeT .

sUmemIlkfax½NÐTImYy maRta 374¦ . ]bmafa enAeBlGnuvtþCak;Esþg dIFIø }k}


- 210 -

lk;)anTwkR)ak;cMnYn 100 laneyn tamry³karlk;edaybgçM . edaysar B

manGaTiPaBeRBaHxøÜnsßitenAlMdab;TI1 B GacTTYl)andMbUgeKbg¥s; nUvTwkR)ak;sMNg

srubcMnYn 5000 mWuneyn BITwkR)ak; 100 laneyn Edl)anBIkarlk;enaH . bnÞab;mk

m©as;bMNul C GacTTYl)ansMNgsrubcMnYn 4000 mWuneyn BITwkR)ak;

EdlenAsl;cMnYn 5000 mWuneyn . cugeRkaybg¥s; eTaHbICam©as;bMNul D

EdlmanhIub:UEtkkñúglMdab; TI3 )an[x©IR)ak;cMnYn 2000 mWuneynk¾eday

k¾m©as;bMNulenH GacTTYl)ansMNgRtwmEtcMnYn 1000 mWuneynEtb:ueNÑaH BITwkR)ak;

Edl)anlk; dIFøI }k} edaybgçM nigEdlCacMENkenAsl;bnÞab;BI B nig C TaMgBIr

xagelI)anTTYlsMNgrYcmk ¬cMnYnTwkR)ak; 1000 mWuneyn EdlenAsl; nwgRtUv)an

bnþTamTar[sgedayK μanGVIFanaTaMgGs;¦ . b:uEnþ RbsinebIm©as;bMNulmanhIub:UEtk2

CaedIm¦ )anTTYlR)ak;sMNgedayeyageTAtamkic©snüa ehIykarcuHbBaöIhIub:UEtk

rbs;m©as;bMNulenHRtUv)anlubecal enaHlMdab;énsiT§ihIub:UEtk rbs;m©as;bMNul D

EdlsßitenAkñúglMdab;TI3 nwgeLIglMdab;mYykMritvij ¬enAkñúg]TahrN_xagelI lMdab;TI3

nwgkøayeTACalMdab;TI2 ehIym©as;bMNul D edayGnuvtþhIub:UEtk

GacTTYl)ansMNgsrubcMnYn 2000 mWuneyn bnÞab;BIm©as; bMNul B¦ . tamBiteTA

RbsinebIdIFøI }k} RtUv)anlk;edaybgçM ehIy)anTTYlTwkR)ak;Et 5000 mWuneyn


- 211 -

edaysartémøTIpSaréndIFøIenHFøak;cuH enaHmanEtm©as;bMNul B eT EdlmanhIub:UEtk

kñúglMdab;TI1 Etmñak;Kt; EdlGacTTYlsMNgcMnYn 5000 mWuneyn ehIym©as;bMNul

EdlmanlMdab;hIub:UEtkbnÞab; minGacTTYlsMNg)an sUm,IetmYyesn .

EdlmanlMdab;GaTiPaBx<s;Cag ¬]TahrN_dUcCa m©as;bMNul C EdlmanlMdab; TI

A sgeTA C

(lubhuIb:UEtkrbs; C)

lk;edaybgçM

lk;)an1000 mWuneyn

GacsgeTA B = 500mWuneyn

GacsgeTA C = 400mWuneyn

GacsgeTA D = 100mWuneynb:ueNÑaH

A dIFøI {k}

huI>TI2 D200mWuneyn

huI>TI1 B 500mWuneyn

huI>TI3 D200mWuneyn

huI>TI2 C 400mWuneyn

huI>TI1 B 500mWuneyn

A dIFøI {k}


- 212 -

1>1>3> TMnak;TMngrvagsiT§ieRbIR)as; nighIub:UEtk

edaysarhIub:UEtkRKb;RKgEtelItémøénvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúhIub:UEtk ehIybnSl;Tuk

[kmμsiT§ikrnUvsiT§ieRbIR)as;vtßúenaH kmμsiT§ikr bnÞab;BI)anbegáIthIub:UEtkehIyk¾eday

GacGaRs½ypledaybegáItPtisnüa Bak;Bn½§nwgGclnvtßúenaH)an . edIm,IkarBarPtik³

enAkñúgkrNIenH Ptisnüary³eBlxøI ¬minhYsBIGMLúgeBlEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 602 .

cMeBaHdIFøIkñúgGMLúgeBlR)aMqñaM cMeBaHGaKarkñúgGMLúgeBlbIqñaM¦ RtUv)anEcgkMNt;Tuk

Camunfa GacykmkttaMgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulhIub:UEtk eTaHbICa)ancuHbBaöIrYcbnÞab;BI

begáIthIub:UEtkehIyk¾eday ¬maRta 395 cas;¦ . b:uEnþ enAeBlfμI²enH krNI

Ptisnüary³eBlxøI EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Ibg¥ak;karGnuvtþn_

hIub:UEtk mankarekIneLIgeRcIn naM[maRtaenHRtUv)aneFVInirakrN_ tamry³viesaFnkmμ

énRkmrdæb,evNIenAkñúgqñaM 2003 ehIybegáIt[manry³eBlGnueRKaHcMnYnR)aMmYyEx

dl;Ptik³ EdlRtUv)anbgçM[cakecjnigRbKl;Gclnvtßú tamry³karGnuvtþn_hIub:UEtk

¬karlk;edaybgçM¦ ¬maRta 395 fμI¦ .


- 213 -

1>1>4> hIub:UEtk nigsiT§iTamTaredayEp¥kelIsiT§iRbkü½kS

edayehtufa hIub:UEtk KWCaRbePTmYyénsiT§iRbkü½kS m©as;bMNulhIub:UEtkman

siT§iTamTar[bBaÄb;karraraMg cMeBaHkarbMBannana . b:uEnþ edaysarhIub:UEtkKWCa

siT§iRKb;RKgtémø karCECkBiPakSaKña)anekIteLIgsþIGMBIbBaðafa etIkarbMBanekItman

eLIgenAeBlNa ehIyenAeBlNaEdlGacbBaÄb;karraraMgcMeBaHkarbMBanenaH)an .

TsSn³PaKeRcInyl;eXIjfa karbBaÄb;karraraMg ¬karTamTar[eFVIbdiTan b¤kar

TamTar[bBaÄb;karerIecjCaedIm¦ GaceFVIeTA)an RbsinebItémøénkmμvtßúFøak;cuHrhUt

dl;kMritmYyEdlminGacFanarkSaTukhIub:UEtk)an edaysarEtkarbMpøajpÞH b¤GaKar

nigkarkab;pþÜlrMlMedayK μanehtuplnUvéRBPñMCaedIm EdlCaGclnvtßúCab;hIub:UEtk .

1>1>5> hIub:UEtkedIm,IFanabMNulGENþt

enAkñúgRbePThIub:UEtk Rkmrdæb,evNIk¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdr nUvhIub:UEtkedIm,IFana

bMNulGENþt . hIub:UEtkFmμta nwgRtUv)anbegáItedIm,IFanasiT§ielIbMNulmankar

kMNt;Cak;lak; ¬]TahrN_fa siT§ielIbMNulrbs; A cMeBaHR)ak;x©Irbs; B cMnYn 500

mWuneyn¦ b:uEnþ karbegáIt nigkarlubecalhIub:UEtkcMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulnImYy²epSg²Kña

KWmanbBaðalM)ak RbsinebI A nig B eFVIkarCYjdUrCanirnþn_ . GaRs½yehtuenH


- 214 -

hIub:UEtkedIm,IFanabMNulGENþt RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IGacFanay:agTUlMTUlaydl;

siT§ielIbMNulEdlK μankarkMNt;Cak;lak; ¬kñúgcMnYnGtibrma eBalKWkMNt;rhUtdl;

kMritx<s;bMputénTMhMCYjdUr edIm,IFanasiT§ielIbMNul¦ . edaysarEtmanbBaðaepSg²

ekIteLIgTak;TgnwgcMnucenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbEnßmbBaØtþiBisþarCaeRcIn edIm,ITukdak;

bBaðaTaMgenH[manlkçN³RKb;RKan; ¬maRta 398-2 rhUt dl;maRta 398-22¦ .

1>1>6> TMhMénvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúCab;hIub:UEtk

maRta 370 ¬köúgbBaØtþicMbg¦ )anEcgfa hIub:UEtkmanvisalPaBRKbdNþb; elIvtßú

EdlkøayeTACa PaKmYyénGclnvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénhIub:UEtk ¬vtßútaMgPöab;¦ .

Bak;B½n§nwgvtßútaMgPöab;enH manTsSn³yl;RsbKñafa hIub:UEtkmanvisalPaBRKbdNþb;

elIvtßútaMgPöab; ¬]TahrN_ dUcCarbgfμ fμcieBa©Imfñl; rukçCati nigkUnrukçCatiCaedIm

EdlBak;B½n§nwgkrNIdIFøI . sUmemIl maRta 242¦ . b:uEnþTsSn³ExVgKña)anekIteLIg

Tak;TgnwgbBaðafaetIRtUvrYmbBa©Úl b¤minRtUvrYmbBa©ÚlnUvvtßúcMNuHnanaEdrb¤eT ¬dUcCa

RbePTfμEdldak;sßitenAelIdIFøI fμkñúgsYnc,arEdlGacykecj)an kenÞltatamI EbbCb:un

nigeRKOgsgðarwmCaedImEdldak;bBa©ÚleTAköúgGaKar . ⇨ BaküKnøw³ vtßúcMbg vtßúcMNuH

vtßúedIm pl . sUmemIlmaRta 87¦ . b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij


- 215 -

plFmμCatiKWCaplEdlbegáItCaPaKmYyrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGclnvtßú b:uEnþedaysarGñk

begáIthIub:UEtkmansiT§ikan;kab; nigsiT§iGaRs½yplelIvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúénhIub:UEtkenaH

GanuPaBénhIub:UEtk CaeKalkarN_ BMuRKbdNþb;elIplFmμCatienHeT ¬kfax½NÐTI1

énmaRta 371 bBaØtþicMbg ¦ .

m:üagvijeTot hIub:UEtkk¾manvisalPaBRKbdNþb;pgEdr elIsiT§iEdlekIteLIg

bnÞab;bnSMBIvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénhIub:UEtk ¬siT§iEdlmanCabnÞab;bnSMelIGclnvtßúEdl

Cab;hIub:UEtk¦ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIbegáIthIub:UEtk elIGaKarEdlsßitenAelIdICYl

hIub:UEtkmanvisalPaBRKbdNþb; siT§iCYldIFøI ehIyGñkEdledjéfø)anGaKarenH

¬GñkEdl)anTijGaKarenHtamry³karlk;edaybgçM¦ nwgTTYlkan;kab;GaKarenH RBm

CamYynwgsiT§iCYldIFøIpg b:uEnþsUmemIl EpñkTI3>3 köúgCMBUkTI 4 énesovePAenH

sþIBITMnak;TMngrbs;bBaðaenHeTAnwgbBaðasiT§iCYlénRkmrdæb,evNI nigbBaðaénc,ab;

sþIBIkarCYldIFøI nigpÞH¦ .

1>1>7> ])aeTskmμelIvtßú

]TahrN_fa B )anTTYlhirBaØb,TanBI A eday B )anbegáIthIub:UEtkelIpÞH b¤

GaKar {k} ¬m©as;bMNul A ehAfa m©as;bMNulhIub:UEtk kUnbMNul B ehAfaGñkbegáIt


- 216 -

hIub:UEtk¦ . enAkñúgkrNIEdlpÞH b¤ GaKar {k} enHRtUv)anePøIgeqHrlMGs; enaHA

nwg)at;bg;nUvR)atiePaKFanaTaMgRsug . b:uEnþ RbsinebI B manb½NÑFanar:ab;rgGKÁIP½y

cMeBaHpÞH b¤GaKar {k} enH ehIykñúgkrNIGacTamTarsMNgxUcxatBI Rkumh‘unFana

r:ab;rgEdlFanar:ab;rgelIpÞH b¤GaKarenH)an GanuPaBénhIub:UEtk KYrEtGacbnþmanelI

siTi§TamTarR)ak;Fanar:ab;rgGKÁIP½yenHeTot ¬A GacdkykBIR)ak;Fanar:ab;rgGKÁIP½yenH

edIm,IRbmUlmkvij nUvR)ak;hirBaØb,Tan¦ . lkçN³EbbenH eKehAfa ])aeTskmμ elIvtßú

EdlsMedAelIlT§PaBGacBRgIkbnþGanuPaBénhIub:UetkeTAelI {TwkR)ak; b¤vtßú epSgeTot}

EdlGñkbegáIthIub:UEtk ¬enAkñúgkrNIxagelIsMedAdl; B¦ RtUvTTYl)anenA

kñúgkrNImankar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxagénkm μvtßúR)atiePaK ¬b¤kñúgkrNIkmμvtßúenaH RtUv)anlk;

b¤CYl¦ . eRkAGMBIkrNIénhIub:Uetk Rkmrdæb,evNIRbeTsCb:un k¾TTYl

sÁal;])aeTskmμelIvtßúenHpgEdr cMeBaHkrNIénÉksiT§i nigsiT§ielIkarbBa©aM ¬maRta 372

nigmaRta 304¦ Edlnwgmanerobrab;enAxageRkay . salRkmtulakar

k¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdrnUv])aeTskmμelIvtßúcMeBaHbMNulelIéføQñÜl . Ca]TahrN_ m©as;

bMNulhIub:UetkénGaKar EdlmanGñkCYlcUlmkenACaRbcaMenaH GacGnuvtþhIub:UEtk

tamry³karlk;GaKaredaybgçM b¤GacRbmUlbMNulelIéføQñÜl)antamry³])aeTskm μ

elIvtßú edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIkarlk;edaybgçMeLIy .


- 217 -

1>1>8> siT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøIEdlkMNt;edayc,ab;

]TahrN_faenAeBlTTYlhirBaØb,TanBI A eTaHCa B mandIFøI nigGaKarenAelI

dIFøIEdlsißtenAkñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜnk¾eday B Rkan;Et)anbegáIthIub:UetkelIGaKar

Etb:ueNÑaH ¬dUcEdl)anerobr:ab;bgðajenAkñúgEpñkxagmuxrYcmkehIy enAkñúgRbeTs Cb:un

dIFøI nigGaKar RtUv)ansnμt;fa CaGclnvtßúdac;edayELkBIKña . sUmemIlEpñkTI I ¬1¦

énCMBUkTI 3¦ . bnÞab;mk ]bmabnþeTotfa C Tij)anGaKarenaH

tamry³karlk;edaybgçMEdlGnuvtþhIub:UetkenAeBl B BMuGacsgbMNul)an ¬A

nwgdkykR)ak;km©IBIkñúgéfølk;enaH¦ . tamry³kareFVIEbbenH eTaHbICa C )an

TTYlsiT§ikan;kab;elIGaKark¾eday k¾ C køayeTACaminmansiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøIenaH .

ehtudUecñH enAkñúgkrNIEdlenAeBlbegáIthIub:UEtk manGaKarEdlsßitenAelIdIFøI

ehIyEdlGaKar nigdIFøITaMgenaH KWCarbs;kmμsiT§ikrEtmñak; ¬enAkñúg]TahrN_xagelI KW

B¦ ehIyenAeBlEdlkarlk;edaybgçMnUvGaKar b¤dIFøI Edl)anykmkeFVICa hIub:UetkenaH

nwgeFVI[mankmμsiT§ikrBIrepSgKña eBalKWkmμsiT§ikrénGaKarnigkmμsiT§ikr

éndIFøICabuKÁlxusKña ¬enAkñúgkrNIxagelI C KWCakmμsiT§ikrénGaKar¦ tamRkm rdæb,evNI

GñkbegáIthIub:UEtkEdlCakmμsiT§ikréndIFIø RtUv)ankMNt;fa)anbegáItsiT§ieRbI R)as;dIFøI

enAeBllk;edaybgçM sMrab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;kmμsiT§ikrfμ IénGaKar ¬C¦ .


- 218 -

mankarerobrab;GMBIsiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFIø enAEpñkxagmuxénesovePAenHrYcmkehIy ¬sUm

emIlCMBUk TI3¦ edImeLIysiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøI ekItmaneLIgtamry³kic©snüabegáItrvag KUPaKI

k¾b:uEnþ enAtamsßanPaBCak;lak;mYycMnYn siT§ieRbIR)as;dIFIø RtUv)ankMNt;pþl;

[edayc,ab; . enHKWCasiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøIEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; ¬maRta 388¦ .

1>2> siT§ielIkarbBa©aM

siT§ielIkarbBa©aM KWenAEtCasiT§iEdlRKb;RKgEtelItémøesdækic©Etb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþ

xusBIhIub:UEtkRtg;fa siT§ielIkarbBa©aMtMrUv[RbKl;vtßúEdldak;bBa©aMenaH eTA[m©as; bMNul

¬m©as;bMNulCaGñkkan;kab;vtßúenaH¦ . siT§ielIkarbBa©aMmintMrUv[epÞrkmμsiT§ieT

ehIym©as;bMNulkan;kab;vtßúrbs;kUnbMNul kñúglkçN³CakarrkSaTuknUvvtßúenaH .

RbsinebIkUnbMNulminGacsgR)ak;x©I)aneT enaHm©as;bMNulGacRbmUlbMNuleday

manGaTiPaB tamry³karlk;edaybgçMnUvvtßúenaHCaedIm ¬eyagtammaRta 342¦ .

siT§ielIkarbBa©aM GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaydak;bBa©aMnUvclnvtßú Gclnvtßú b¤siT§ielI

RTBüsm,tþidéTeTotdUcCasiT§ielIbMNulepSg²CaedIm)andUcKña . ehIyfIVt,itEtbBaØtþi

sþIBIIsiT§ielIkarbBa©aMenH GacykmkGnuvtþ)anCaviFIsmRsb cMeBaHkrNIclnvtßúkIþ

¬BIeRBaH RbsinCaTuk[kUnbMNulGaceRbIR)as;clnvtßúenaH )anedayK μankarGnuBaØatþi


- 219 -

eTenaH nwgmanbBaðaekIteLIgkalebIkUnbMNulEbrCalk;ehIyRbKl;clnvtßúenaH eTA

[ttiyCnNaepSg¦ k¾kñúgkrNIénGclnvtßúvij KWeKeRcInEteRbIviFIbegáIthIub:UEtk

EdlTuk[kUnbMNulGacbnþmansiT§ieRbIR)as;GclnvtßúenaH)an ¬naeBlfμI²enH sUm,Iet

cMeBaHclnRTBük¾eday k¾mankarniymeRbIR)as;kan;EteRcInpgEdr nUvsiT§iR)atiePaK

edayGnub,Tan Edlnwgmanerobrab;enAEpñkxageRkayénCMBUkenH¦ .

2> siT§iR)atiePaKRbtü½kSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;

2>1> siT§iXat;Tuk

]bmafa A CaGtifiCn)aneTABwgBak; B EdlCaCagCYsCulnaLika sMu[ B

CYsCulnaLikarédrbs;xøÜn kñúgtémømYymWuneyn . enAeBlCYsCulrYcehIy

RbsinebICagnaLika B RbKl;naLikaenaHeTA[ A vij edayBMu)anykR)ak;éføQñÜlBI A

eTenaH B nwgkøayeTACaminmanGVITal;EtesaH sMrab;Fanadl;karTamTaréføQñÜl

¬meFüa)aybgçMedayRbeyal¦ . ehtudUecñH enAkñúgkrNIEbbenH Rkmrdæb,evNI)an

EcgkMNt;viFanmYy EdlGnuBaØat[ B Xat;TuknaLikaédenaH rhUtdl;eBlEdlR)ak;

QñÜlRtUv)anbg;cb; ¬edayKμanTak;TgeTAnwgqnÞ³rbs;KUPaKIeT¦ . enHKWCasiT§iXat;Tuk

EdlCa siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; . ebIniyaytamvaküs½BÞc,ab;


- 220 -

siT§iXat;Tuk KWmann½yfa Ca{siTi§EdlGñkkan;kab; ¬CagnaLika B¦ vtßú ¬naLikaéd¦

rbs;Gñkd¾éT GaceFIVkarXat;TukvtßúenaH)an RbsinebIGñkkan;kab;enaHmansiTi§elIbMNul

¬siTi§elIbMNulmYymWuneyn EdlCaéføQñÜlsMrab;karCYsCulnaLika¦ Edl)anekIteLIg

edayTak;TgnwgvtßúenaH rhUtdl;eBlEdlGñkkan;kab;vtßú)anTTYlkarsgcMeBaHsiT§ielI

bMNulenaH} ¬b:uEnþ siT§iXat;TukBMumanGanuPaBnaMdl;karTTYlsMNgBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;

Edl)anmkBI karcat;EcgbþÚrCaR)ak; nUvkmμvtßúEdl)anXat;TukenaHeT ¬GanuPaBTTYl

sMNgedaymanGaTiPaB¦ . bEnßmBIenH RbsinebIcg;eRbobeFobsiT§iXat;TukenH

CamYynwg siT§itv:a[GnuvtþRBmKña Edl)anerobrab;bgðajrYcehIykñúgCMBUkTI 4 xagelI

sUmemIlEpñkTI III-3 ¬3¦ énCMBUkTI 4¦ .

2>2> ÉksiT§i

]bmafa X CabuKÁlikbMerIkargarenAkñúghag Y mYyEdlCYbkarlM)akkñúgkar

EsVgrkhirBaØb,Tan ehIy X BMu)anTTYlR)ak;ebovtScMnYn 20 mWuneyn Edl Y RtUvbg;

[xøÜnenaHeT . m:üagvijeTot ]bmafa Z KWCaGtifiCnEdlman siT§ielIbMNulR)ak;x©I Edl

Y )anx©IcMnYn 180 mWuneyn ehIy Y BMu)ansgbMNulenHeT eTaHbICaputry³eBl

kMNt;RtUvsgk¾eday ehtudUecñH eKRtUvGnuvtþedaybgçM ¬mann½yfalk;edaybgçMnUv

RTBüsm,tþienH edIm,IbþÚreTACaTwkR)ak;sMrab;sgbMNul¦ cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþirbs; Y ¬Edl


- 221 -

mantémøRtwmEt 100 mWunb:ueNÑaH¦ . enAkñúgkrNIenH RbsinebI X TamTarcMENk

rbs;xøÜnEdrenaH Z nig X RtUvEckrMElkKñanUvRTBüsm,tþirbs; Y . b:uEnþedayehtufa

siT§ielIbMNulsrubrbs; X nig Z RtUvmansmamaRtCa 1PaK9 enaH

ebIeyagtameKalkarN_smPaBénm©as;bMNul EdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_

salRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un enaHTwkR)ak;srubcMnYn 100 mWuneynrbs; Y

RtUvEckrMElk[eTA X cMnYn 10 mWuneyn nig[eTA Z cMnYn 90 mWuneyn .

b:uEnþebIeyageTAtamTsSn³eKalneya)aysgÁm TwkR)ak;srubTaMgGs; KyrEtFana

dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs; X BIeRBaHsiT§ielIbMNulR)ak;ebovtS KWCasiT§ielIbMNul Edl

mantémøsMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs; X . ehtudUecñHehIy)anCaRkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;fa Ca

{siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; Edltamry³enaHGñkmansiT§ielIbMNul

kMNt;Cak;lak;NamYy ¬sMedAelI X kñúgkrNIxagelI¦ GacTTYl)ankarsg BIRTBü

rbs;kUnbMNul ¬Y¦ edaymanGaTiPaBCagm©as;bMNulepSgeTot ¬Z¦ ¬ebIniyay

BI]TahrN_xagelI KWGacTTYl)ansMNg edaymanGaTiPaBkñúgcMnYnTwkR)ak;srubTaMg

Gs; 20 mWuneyn¦} . siT§iEbbenHeKehAfa ÉksiT§i . Rkmrdæb,evNImanEcgBIÉksiT§i

enHcab;BImaRta 306 teTA ehIyEbgEckÉksiT§iCabIRbePT³ KWÉksiT§iTUeTAEdl

manGanuPaBelIRTBüTaMgGs;rbs;kUnbMNul ÉksiT§ielIclnvtßúEdlmanGanuPaBelI


- 222 -

clnvtßúCak;lak;rbs;kUnbMNul nigÉksiT§ielIGclnvtßúEdlmanGanuPaBelI

GclnvtßúCak;lak;rbs;kUnbMNul . b:uEnþ eRkayeBlEdlkUnbMNul)anRbKl;clnvtßú

rbs;xøÜn EdlCakmμvtßúén ÉksiT§i eTA[ttiyCnEdl)aneFVIlT§kmμehIy enaHÉksiT§i

minfaCaÉksiT§iTUeTA b¤ ÉksiT§ielIclnvtßú minGacGnuvtþelIclnvtßúenaH)anteTA

eToteLIy ¬eBalKWBMumanGanuPaBtam sUmemIlmaRta 333¦ .

3> R)atiePaKvisamBaØ siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükSTaMg 4 RbePT Edl)anerobrab;xagelI ehIyEdlman

EcgkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI KWCaR)atiePaKsamBaØ . Rkmrdæb,evNIBMumanbTb,BaØtþiEcg

R)atiePaKepSg²eTot eRkABIR)atiePaKsamBaØTaMgenHeLIy b:uEnþenAeBlEdlminGac

sgbMNul)an KMnitepSg²CaeRcIn)anelceLIgTak;TgnwgTMrg;epSg²énR)atiePaK

EdlepÞrsMNgbMNulenH tamry³kardak;vtßúEdlCakmμvtßúpÞal;énR)atiePaK [sßitenA

eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;m©as;bMNul ¬]TahrN_fa eKalbMNgKWcg;eFVIkarFana b:uEnþ

kMNt;TukCamunfa karFanaenH KWeFVIkñúgTMrg;mYyEdlRtUvRbKl;kmμvtßúénR)atiePaKsMrab;

mYyry³sin ehIyenAeBlEdlBMuGacsgbMNul)aneTenaH eKk¾RbKl;siT§ielIkmμvtßú

enaHeTA[m©as;bMNulEtmþgeTA¦ . meFüa)ayrebobenH RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eday


- 223 -

krNIyutþisaRsþrbs; tulakar b¤ viFanTMenomTMlab; . R)atiePaKEbbenH eKehAfa

R)atiePaKvisamBaØ . R)atiePaKvismBaØenHrYmman siT§iR)atiePaKsMrab;cuHbBaöIbeNþaH

Gasnñ siT§iR)atiePaKedayGnub,Tan nigsiT§irkSaTukkmμsiT§i ¬edayehtufa

R)atiePaKvisamBaØTaMgenHBMuEmn CaRbePTf μIénsiT§iRbtükSEdlRtUv)anbgábegáIteLIgCa

fIμeTenaH R)atiePaKvisamBaØTaMgenHBMumanlkçN³GIVpÞúynwg eKalkarN_kMNt;siT§i

RbtükSedayc,ab;eLIy . kñúgcMenamR)atiePaKvisamBaØTaMgenH R)atiePaKsMrab;

cuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ Rtuv)anbBaØtþiedayc,ab;BiessmYy¦ . CaBiess siT§iR)atiePaK

edayGnub,Tan )ankøayeTACamansar³sMxan;sMrab;Rkumh‘unCYjdUrsBVéf¶ .

3>1> R)atiePaKsMrab;cuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ

]bmafa B x©IR)ak;BI A ehIyminGacsgbMNul)an eTAtamry³eBlkMNt;

RtUvsgenaH B b¤ttiyCn ¬GñkFanaedayvtßú¦ eFIVkic©snüabþÚrkarGnuvtþn_edIm eday

RbKl;kmμsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜneTA[ A . RbePTCYjdUredaymanR)atiePaK

EdlrkSaTuknUvsiT§irMBwgTukfanwgmankarepÞrkmμsiT§iRTBüsm,tþiedaycuHbBaöICabeNþaH

GasnñEbbenH eKehAfa {siT§iR)atiePaKsMrab;cuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ} . enAkñúgkar

Gnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg enHKWCaviFIénkarcuH{kic©snüasgbMNuledayykvtßúCMnYs{ b¤ {kic©

snüasgbMNuledayykvtßúCMnYs nigedaymanl½kçx½NÐbg¥g;{ EdlmankarEcgfa


- 224 -

{vtßúenHnwgRtUvyksgCMnYs enAeBlEdlBMuGacsgbMNul)an{ b¤karcuH{kic©snüa

lk;{epSg²eTot EdlEcgfa {vtßúenHnwgykeTAlk; enAeBlEdlBMuGacsg

bMNul)an{ bnÞab;mk eKeFVIkarcuHbBaöIepÞrkm μsiT§iCabeNþaHGasnñTukCamunsin ¬eday

ehtufa karcuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ nwgRtUykmkeFIVCakarcuHbBaöICasßaBr enAeBlEdl

BitCaminGacsgbMNul)aneTenaH dUecñHkarcuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñenHmanGanuPaBGac

rkSaTuklMdab;CaGaTiPaB)an eTaHbICakñúgGMLúgeBlenaH manGñkd¾éTeToteFIVkarepÞr

bBaöIehIyk¾eday¦ ¬tamkarBit eTaHbICaKμancuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñk¾eday k¾kic©snüa

mansuBlPaBEdr¦ . viFIEbbenH RtUv)aneKGnuvtþkan;EtTUlayeLIg edaysarman

cMNab;GarmμN_cMeBaHlT§PaBEdlGaceFVIlT§kmμvtßú EdlmantémøTwkR)ak;eRcInCag

TwkR)ak;Edl)anx©I ¬]TahrN_ dUcCacMeBaHkarx©IR)ak; cMnYn 100 mWuneyn eKeFIVkic©

snüasgbMNuledayykvtßúCMnYs EdlvtßúenaHmantémø 200 mWuneyn¦ ehIyenAkñúgqñaM

1987 c,ab;BiessEdleKehAfa c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iR)atiePaKsMrab;cuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ

RtUv)anGnum½teLIg edIm,IeCosvagkMu[Gñkpþl;hirBaØb,Tan b¤Gñk[x©IekgcMeNjy:ag

sn§wksn§ab;BImeFüa)ayenH edayEcgbTb,BaØtþitMrUv[mankrNIykic©bg;TwkR)ak;Edl

elIs ¬R)ak;CMrH¦ edaysarcMnYnTwkR)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNulEdlRtUv)anFana xusBItémø

énvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénR)atiePaK .


- 225 -

3>2> R)atiePaKedayGnub,Tan

R)atiePaKedayGnub,TansMedAelITMrg;CYjdUrmYy EdlkñúgenaH B )aneFVI Gnub,Tan

tamlkçN³pøÚvkar nUvRTBürbs;xøÜneTA[ A enAeBlEdl A [R)ak;x©IeTA B

ehIykñúgkrNIdl;eBlkMNt;RtUvsg ebI B GacsgbMNul)an A RtUvRbKl;RTBü

enaHCUneTA B vij b:uEnþRbsinebI B minGacsgbMNul)aneT A nwgeFVIlT§kmμnUv

RTBüenaHEtmþg . Tak;TgnwgR)atiePaKedayGnub,TanenHEdr karlBImunbBaðaFMbMput

KWCabBaðanItüanukUlPaB b¤PaBsmRsbtamc,ab; BIeRBaHR)atiePaKedayGnub,Tanman

TMrg; ¬Cakarlk;Tij¦ FMhYsehtu elIsBIsarFatuBit ¬énkarx©Inigkar [x©I¦ eTAeTot enaH .

eTaHCay+agdUecñHk¾eday krNIyutþisaRsþ)anTTYlsÁal;fa GMeBIEbbenHBMu

EmnCaGMeBIeKcevsBIc,ab;eLIy . b:uEnþ edaysarenAkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmμCak;Esþg

R)atiePaKedayGnub,TanRtUv)anbegIáteLIgCajwkjab; ehIyköúgkrNICaeRcIn Gñk[x©I

TTYlyk)annUvplcMeNjy:agelIslub dUecöHsalRkmtulakark¾)antRmUv[GñkTij

¬Gñk[x©I¦ mankrNIykic©bg;CMr³ dUcKñanwgkrNIénR)atiePaKsMrab;cuHbBaöIbeNþaHGasnñ

Edr . m:üagvijeTot sUm,IEtGILÚvenH k¾mankarCECkBiPakSaKñaCaeRcInEdrBak;B½n§

nwgRTwsþInana faetIR)atiePaKedayGnub,TanRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCakarepÞrkmμsiT§i ¬eday

TTYlsÁal;Gñk[x©Ifa CakmμsiT§ikr . eBalKWCa karerobcMtamEbbkm μsiT§i¦ b¤mYy


- 226 -

RtUv)anerobcMeLIgkñúglkçN³CakarbegáItnUvsiT§iR)atiePaKenaH ¬edayTTYlsÁal;fa Gñk

[x©I)anTTYlEtsiT§iR)atiePaKEtb:ueNÑaH . eBalKWCa karerobcMbegáItCasiT§iR)atiePaK¦ .

eKyl;eXIjfa krNIyutþisaRsþ )anrkSaTukCamUldæanfa enHCakarerobcMtamEbb

kmμsiT§i ehIyeFVIkarEktMrUvbEnßmedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgxøwmsarénR)atiePaK RbsinebI caM)ac; .

Bak;B½n§eTAnwgcMnucenHEdr R)atiePaKedayGnub,Tan)ankøayeTACaviFI érGgÁasR)ak;

EdlRtUv)aneKGnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlaycMeBaHsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi Edlman

CasiT§ielIbMNulCaedIm edayBMukMNt;Rtwmclnvtßu nigGclnvtßúeLIy ¬cMeBaHkrNI

siT§ielIbMNul nigclnvtßú eKeRcInEtRbmUlvtßúCaeRcInKña edIm,IerobcMeFIVkarFana kñúg

TMrg;Ca R)atiePaKedayGnub,TanelIclnvtßúpþMúKña nig Gnub,TansiT§ielIbMNulpþúMKña .

enAkñúgkrNIenH cMeBaHclnvtßú naeBlknøgmk Føab;manEtviFIyktaml½kçx½NÐttaMg

EdlminGacyl;c,as;)anBIxageRkA tamry³karbþÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab;clnvtßú eTenaH

¬sUmemIl EpñkTI II-2 ¬5¦ 3 énCMBUkTI3¦ k¾kareFVIviesaFnkmμenAkñúgqñaM 2004

elIc,ab;sþIBIkrNIBiessénkareFVIGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNul )anbegáItnUvRbB½n§

cuHbBaöIkareFVIGnub,Tanclnvtßú EdldUcKñanwgkarcuHbBaöIkareFVIGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNul

Edr ¬sUmemIlEpñkTI 5 ¬4¦ CMBUkTI 6¦ . ehtudUecñH viFIRbkasCasaFarN³[)an

c,as;las;k¾RtUv)aneRbIpgEdrcMeBaHclnvtßú . b:uEnþ CaBitR)akdNas;edayehtufa


- 227 -

karcuHbBaöIKWCal½kçx½NðttaMg EdlmantémøesμInwgkarbþÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab; nigkar

RbKl;vtßúCaedIm dUecñHRbsinebImanGñkNamñak;bþÚrlkçN³énkarkan;kab;)anmuneK

GñkenaHnwgmanGaTiPaBmuneK . m:üagvijeTot tamry³viesaFnkmμenH c,ab;fμIRtUv)an

bþÚreQμaHeTACa c,ab;sþIBIkrNIBiessénkareFVIGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNulénclnvtßú¦.

3>3> karrkSaTukkmμsiT§i

]bmafa Gñklk;bNþak; A ¬sMedAelIkarlk; kñúgTMrg;mYyedaybg;R)ak;Ca cMENk²

dUcCakarbg;bNþak;RbcaMExCaedIm¦ lk;TMnij[eTA B edayRbKl;TMnijPøam²

b:uEnþ ]TahrN_fa témøTMnij niwgRtUv)anbg;RKb;cMnYnmYyqñaMeRkay . karsnüaEbb

enHEtgekIteLIgCajwkjab; eday A enArkSaTuknUvkmμsiT§ielITMnijrbs;xøÜnrhUtdl; eBl

B sgtémøTMnijRKb;cMnYn ¬enAkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMenH eTaHbICa B eRbIR)as;TMnij

enHk¾eday k¾ B minGackøayCakmμsiT§ikrénTMnijenHEdr¦ . enHKWCarebobkargarmYy

EdlGacFana)anfa tamry³énkarrkSaTuknUvkmμsiT§irbs; A y:agenH B nwgRtUvbg;

témøTMnijEdlenAsl; . enHk¾CaRbePTkic©snüaEdlmansuBlPaB ehIyRtUv)aneK

Gnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlay . Rkmrdæb,evNImanEcgBIÉksiT§ielIclnvtßú EdlCameFüa)ay

mYysMrab;FanasiT§ielIbMNultémøTMnij rbs;Gñklk;clnvtßú Edl)anRbKl;TMnijCUn

Camun dUcmanerobrab;xagelI ¬kfax½NÐTI 6 énmaRta 311¦ . b:uEnþ CaTYeTA


- 228 -

cMeBaHkrNIxagelI KWEtgEtmancuHkic©snüaBiessTukCamunEdlkmμsiT§iminRtUv)an

epÞreLIyrhUtdl;eBlbg;témøTMnijGs; ehIyRbsinebIminGacbg;témøTMnij)aneT

Gñklk;eRcInEtlubkic©snüaecal ehIyykTMnijCakmμvtßúenaHmkvij edayEp¥kelI

kmμsiT§iEdlman . viFIEbbenHeKehAfa {karrkSaTuknUvkmμsiT§i} . viFIEbbenH

KWRsedogKñanwgsiT§iR)atiePaKedayGnub,TanEdr b:uEnþ xusKñaRtg;fa eKalbMNgKW

BuMEmnCakarx©IR)ak;eLIy ehIyGñkTujmanqnÞHeFVIlT§kmμnUvvtßú EdlCakmμvtßúBak;B½n§ .

enAmanRTwsþIepSg²ExVgKMnitKñaenAeLIy b:uEnþkrNIyutþisa®sþkMNt;elIktMekIgkar

erobcMtamEbbkmμsiT§i ¬eBalKWTTYlsÁal;Gñklk;faCaGñkEdlmantYnaTICa kmμsiT§ikr

énTMnijenaH¦ CabBaØtþiTMnak;TMngKtiyutþiCamYyPaKIxageRkA ¬enAkñúgkrNIEdlmanvivaT

ekIteLIg edaysarGñklk;)anlk;TMnij[eTAttiyCn¦ .

- 229 -CMBUkTI 8 c,ab;sþIjati

- 229 -

CMBUkTI 8

c,ab;sþIBIjati I> Gtßn½y nigmuxgarénc,ab;RKYsar

II. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIjati

1> xøwmsarsþIBIc,ab;sþIBIjati

2> TsSn³TUeTAsþIBIjati

III> karskiSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;sþIBIjati

1> GaBah_BiBah_

2> karElglHKña

3> TMnak;TMngrvag«Bukmþay kUnbegáIt nigkUnciBa©wm

4> GMNacem)a GMNacGaNaBüa)al³ hitUbtßmÖ nigGñkCMnYy


- 230 -

I> Gtßn½y nigmuxgarénc,ab;RKYsar

karsikSarYcmkehIyeTAelIbTbBaØtiþTUeTA c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iRbtü½kSnigsiT§ielIbMNul

Edl manerobrab;rhUtmkTl;CMBUkmunenH RtUv)aneKcat;cUleTAEpñk c,ab;sþIBIRTBü

sm,tþiénnItirdæb,evNI . pÞúyeTAvij cMENkc,ab;sþIBIjati ¬KnßITI 4 sIáBIjatién

nItirdæb,evNI¦ nigc,ab; sþIBIsnþtikmμ ¬KnßITI5 sIáBIsnþtikmμénnItirdæb,evNI¦ RtUv)an

eKcat;cUlCavis½yc,ab;RKYsar ¬BImuneKFßab;ehAfa Cac,ab;sþIBIzan³buKÁl¦ . c,ab;RKYsar

KWCavis½yc,ab;Edlmansar³sxan;Nas; enAkñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf£rbs;RbCaBlrdæ .

ehIysBVéf£enH enAkñúg»kasénkarRbLgepSg² minsUvmansMNYreRcInEdl

sYrGMBIvis½yc,ab;RKYsareT ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgvis½yc,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tþi . b:uEná

kñúgc,ab;sþIBIsnátikmμ mancMNucCaeRcInEdlmanxøwmsarBak;B½n§nwg c,ab;sIþBIRTBüsm,tiþ .

kñúgmYyEpñkénc,ab;sIþBIjati k¾mancMNucEdlmankarP¢ab;eTAnwgbBaðaén c,ab;RTBüsm,tiþ .

mü:ageTot karyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;enH k¾CaTidæPaBsMxan;mYyEdr kñúgkarRbmUl

cMeNHTukCamun sMrab;swkSac,ab;sþIBIBn§elIsnþtikmμ . l . bnÞab;teTAenH

edayykcitáTuk dak;cMeBaHcMNucTaMgGs;xagelI eyIgnwgsakl,gerobrab[)any:ag


- 231 -

gayyl;GMBIcMENkén c,ab;sIþBIRKYsar edayepþatsMxan;CaBiessmkelIcMNucEdl Tak;

Tgnwgc,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tiþ .

II. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;sþIBIjati

1> xøwmsars<IBIc,ab;sþIBIjati

KnßIsþIBIjatienAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI cab;epþImBIbTbBaØtiþTUeTAEdlkMNt;GMBITsSn³

TUeTA sþIBIjati dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgEpñkxageRkamenH . rYcCMBUkTI 2 s<IBIGaBah_BiBah_

manEcgGMBIkarerob GaBah_BiBah_ emaXPaBnigkarlubecalGaBah_BiBah_ GanuPaBén

GaBah_BiBah_ ehIyEfmTaMgmanEcgGMBIRbB½n§RTBüsm,tþirYmrbs;bþIRbBn§ nigkar

ElglHKña . CMBUkTI 3 GMBI«Bukmþay nigkUn manEcgCabBaØtþisþIBIkUnbegIátnigkUnciBa©wm .

bnÞab;mkeTot CMBUkTI 4 EcgGMBIjati CMBUkTI 5 EcgGMBIGaNaBüa)al nigCMBUkTI 6

EcgGMBIGaharkatBVkic© . kñúgcMeNamCMBUkTaMgenH viesaFnkmμEdlcUlCaFrman

naExemsa qñaM 2000 )anEkERb nig bBa©ÚlbBaØtiþbEnßmeTAkñúg CMBUkTI 5 .

enHnwgmanerobrab;enAxageRkam .


- 232 -

2> TsSn³TUTAsþIBIjati

2>1> jati nigfñak;jati

Rkmrdæb,evNI cat;TukfaCa}jati} cMeBaHbIkrNI . TImYy KWjatielahitkñúg 6

fñak; . TIBIr KWshB½T§ . TIbI KWjatiBn§kñúgbIfñak; ¬maRta 725¦ . karkMNt;TMhMrbs;jati

EbbenH minsUvmanGtßn½yb:un μaneTnaeBlbc©úb,nñ . b:uEnþCabzmeyIgKYrEsVgyl;

GMBIrebobKNnafñak;jati kñúglkçN³CacMeNHdwgTUeTA . fñak;jati RtUvkMNt;eday

KNnacMnYnéntMNBUCrvag jati ¬maRta 726 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . dUecñH «BuknigkUnxøÜnÉg

KWCajatienAkñúg 1 fñak; . CItanig ecA RtUvCajatienAkñúg 2 fñak; . RbsinCa

jatipÞal;EdlmandUcCakrNIén«BuknigkUn b¤CIta nigecAenH ¬RtUvCaTMnak;TMngExSr

TTwgenAkñúgtaragBgSvlI¦ KWCakargayRsYleT . b:uEnþ cMeBaH krNIénsaxajati

dUcCabgb¥ÚnbegIátb¤bgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyCaedIm ¬manTMnak;TMngtamExSbeN<ay enAkñúgtarag

BgSvlI¦ eKRtUvKNnacMnYntNBUCedayKitcab;BICnmñak; eLIgeTAdl;buBVCn dUcKñaCamYy

Cnmñak;eTot rYcKitcab;BIbuBVCnenaHcuHrhUtmkdl;Cnmñak;eTotenaH ¬maRta 726

kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . ehtudUecñH bgb¥ÚnRtUvCajatienAkñúg 2 fñak; edayKitcab;BI bg eLIgdl;

«Bukmþay ehIycuHmkdl; b¥Ún . cMENkkrNIénbgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYy ¬]TahrN_


- 233 -

dUcCakUnrbs;BU xag«BukCaedIm¦ KWRtUvCajatienAkñúg 4 fñak; edayKitcab;BI samIuxøÜn →

«Buk → CIta → BUxag«Buk → b¥ÚnCIdUnmYy .

2>2> jatielahit nigjatiBn§

jatielahit KWCaRkumGñkmanbuBVCnrYmKña ehIyEdlehAfamanTMnak;TMngQam

C½r . mü:ageTot rvagkUnciBa©wm ¬sUmGanEpñkTI III> 3 énCMBUkenH¦ nig«Bukm<ayciBa©wm

RBmTaMgjatielahitrbs;«BukmþayciBa©wmenaHnwgRtUvekItmanTMnak;TMngjatiPaBdUcKñanwg

jatielahit Kitcab;BIéf£Edl)ansMukUn ¬maRta 727¦ . b:uEn< jatiPaBenHRtUv)an

bBa©b;edaykarkat;kal; ¬karrlays μMúkUn¦ ¬maRta 729¦ . jatiBn§

KWCaRkumGñkmanTMnak;TMngbegIáteLIgedaysar GaBah_BiBah_ ¬sUnGanEpñkTI III

énCMBUkenH¦ dUcCab¥ÚnRsIxagPriyanigm<ayrbs;sVamI CaedIm . dUecñH

TMnak;TMngjatiBn§RtUvbBa©b;edaysarkarElglHKña ¬maRta 728 kfax½NÐTI 1 .

kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§Namçag)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIyshB½T§EdlenArs;)anbgðajqnÞ³

bBa©b;TMnak;TMngjatiBn§enaH k¾RtUvbBa©b;dUcKñaEdr . sUmemIlkfax½NÐTI 2

énmaRtadEdl¦ . enAeBlKNnafñak;jatikñúgcMeNamjatiBn§ Kb,Icat;Tukb<IRbBn§faCa

ÉktarYmKñamYy .


- 234 -

III> karskiSaGMBIcMNucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;sþIBIjati

1> GaBah_BiBah_

1>1> karerobGaBah_BiBah_

cMeBaHGaBah_BiBah_EdlEp¥kelIeKalkarN_GaBah_BiBah_tampøÚvc,ab; eKRtUv

TTYlsÁal;faCab<IRbBn§luHRtaEtmankardak;BaküsMuerobGaBah_BiBah_eTAsßab½nrdæ ¬maRta

739¦ . dUecñHkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ tRmUv[manCabzmqnÞ³erobGaBah_BiBah_rvagKUPaKI

EdlCa l½kx½NÐsarFatucaM)ac; ¬GaBah_BiBah_k¾Cakic©snüamü:agEdr¦ . elIsBIenH

eTAeTotkardak;BaküsMuerobGaBah_BiBah_ nigkarTTYlBaküenaH KWCal½kx½NÐ caM)ac;Ca

rYbPaB . eTaHCa)an erobcMBiFIkarenAtamvihar b¤vtþGar:am ehIymanerobcMBiFIsay

mgÁlkary:agKRKwkKERKgk¾edaycMeBaHb<IRbBn§Edlmin)andak;BaküsMuerob GaBah_BiBah_

eTenaH KWc,ab;cat;TukfaeKRKan;EtmanTMnak;TMngrs;enACamYyKñaEtb:ueNÑaH . enARbeTs

Cb:un Tak;TgnwgGayuRKb;lkçN³ erobGaBah_BiBah_ c,ab;)an;kMNt;fabrusEdlman

GayuminRKb; 18 qñaM b¤narImanGayuminRKb; 16 qñaMeT KWminGacerobGaBah_BiBah_)aneLIy

¬maRta 731¦ . ehIyeTVBn§PaB k¾RtUv)an hamXat; ¬maRta 732¦ . eRkABIenH


- 235 -

c,ab;hamXat;cMeBaHnarImin[erobGaBah_BiBah_fμ I eTot)aneT kñúgGMLúgeBl 6 Ex

Kitcab;BIéf¶rMlay b¤lubecalGaBah_BiBah_mun ¬kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 733 .

enHKWedIm,IkMu[mankarekIteLIgnUvbBaðasIþBIkarkMNt;rk«Bukrbs;kUnEdl)ancab;kMeNIt¦ .

c,ab;k¾manEcgpgEdr GMBIkarhamXat;cMeBaHGaBah_BiBah_rvagjatiCitKña enAkñúgkMrit

mYykMNt; minfaCaburs b¤narIeLIy ¬kfaxNÐTI 1 CaedIménmaRta 734¦ nigkar

caM)ac;RtUvmankaryl;RBmBIsMNak;«Bukmþay enAeBlGnItiCnerobGaBah_BiBah_

¬kfax½NÐTI 1 énmaRta 737¦ . GMBIkarhamXat;cMeBaHGaBah_BiBah_rvagjatiCitKñaenaH

eyIgnwgbnül; [)any:agl¥itl¥n;CagenHbn<icfa Cabzm c,ab;hammin[man

GaBah_BiBah_rvagjatielahitpÞal; ¬dUcCa«Bukm<aynigkUnCaedIm¦ b¤saxajatielahit

kñúg 3 fñak; ¬]TahrN_ dUcCarvagkUn rbs;bgnigb¥ÚnCaedIm¦ ¬kfax½NÐTI 1 énmaRta

734 . dUecñHebIsinCarvagbgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyvij enaHeKGacerobGaBah_BiBah_)an

eRBaHEtCajatienAkñúg 4 fñak;¦ . rvagkUnciBa©wmnig«Bukb¤ m<ayk¾dUcKñaEdr

minGnuBaØati[erobGaBah_BiBah_)aneT edaysarfaTMnak;TMngénjatielahit pÞal;

RtUv)anekItmaneLIg Kitcab;BIéf¶sμMúkUnmk . k¾b:uEn< rvagkUnciBa©wm nigkUnrbs;«Bukm<ay

ciBa©wm GacerobGaBah_BiBah_)an ¬sUnemIlEpñkbdiBaØakñúgkfax½NÐTI 1 énmaRta 734¦.

elIs BIenHeTAeTot GaBah_BiBah_rvagjatiBn§énExSpÞal; ¬]TahrN_dUc


- 236 -

Carvag«Buek μknigkUnRbsaRsICaedIm¦ k¾RtUv)anhamXat;Edr . cMeBaHkrNIenH

fVIebIshB½T§Namçag)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIyshB½T§EdlenArs;)ansMEdgqnÞ³bBa©b;

TMnak;TMngjatiBn§enaHrYcehIyk¾eday k¾RtUv Gnuvt<y:agdUcKñapgEdr ¬maRta 735¦ .

1>2> namRtkUlrbs;bþIRbBn§

kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIbc©úb,nñenH enAeBlerobGaBah_BiBah_ bþIRbBn§RtUvEteRCIserIs

yk namRtkUlmYyrYmKña . enHeKehAfaCaeKalkarN_ bþIRbBn§rYmRtkUlCamYyKña ¬maRta

750¦ . EpñktamTRmg;EbbbT KWeKminGacGHGag)anfaenHmanPaBpÞúyeTAnwgsmPaB

rvagbþIRbBn§ enaHeT . b:uEnþCakarBit manbþIRbBn§cMnYnCit 98 PaKry)an

eRCIserIsyktamRtkUlrbs;bþI . naeBlbc©úb,nñ eKkMBg;EtBicarNaGMBIkar

eFIVviesaFnkmμc,ab; sMedAkMNt;nUvxøwmsarTTYlsÁal; CMerIsrbs;bþIRbBn§ edIm,ITukRtkUl

rbs;erog²xøÜn[enAdEdl)an kñúgkrNINaEdlbþIRbBn§manbMNgcg;rkSaTuknam

RtkUlrbs;erog²xøÜn[enAdEdlenaH ebIeTaHCa)anerobGaBah_BiBah_ ehIyk¾eday .


- 237 -

1>3> RbB½n§RTBüsm,tiþrYmrbs;bþIRbBn§

bþIRbBn§GacsMercedayesrItamry³énkic©snüaCamYyKña)an GMBIrebobRKb;RKg

TMnak;TMngRTBüsm,tþikñúgGaBah_BiBah_ ¬kic©snüaRTBüsm,tiþbþIRbBn§¦ . Rkmrdæb,evNI

rbs;RbeTsCb:un mankMNt;karritt,itxøHfa RbsinCabþIRbBn§min)ancuHbBa¢Ikic©snüaenH

muneBldak;Bakü sMuerobGaBah_BiBah_eT KWminGacttaMgcMeBaHRbtisiTi§rbs;bþIRbBn§

b¤ttiyCn)aneLIy ¬maRta 756¦ ehIyminGaceFIVkarEkERb)aneTeRkay eBldak;Bakü

sMuerobGaBah_BiBah_rYcral;ehIyenaH ¬kfax½NÐTI 1 énmaRta 758¦ .

kñúgkrNIEdlminmankic©snüaedayELkNamYy munnwg dak;BaküsMuerobGaBah_BiBah_eT

KWRtUvGnuvt<tambBaØtþisþI<BIRbBn§RTBüsm,tþiEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; manEcgenAkñúgRkm

rdæb,evNI ¬maRta 755¦ . ehtudUecñH enARbeTsCb:un kñúgkrNICa eRcIneKGnuelameTA

tamRbB½n§RTBüsm,tiþEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; .

ebIGnuelamtamRbB½n§RTBüsm,tiþEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; KWRTBüsm,tiþEdlmantaMg

BImunerobGaBah_BiBah_ nigRTBüsm,tþiEdlsamIuCnTTYl)ankñúgnamrbs;xøÜneKpÞal;

¬eBalKWkñúgnamrbs;bþIb¤RbBn§erog²xøÜn¦ eRkayeBlerobGaBah_BiBah_ehIyenaH

RtUvbBa©ÚlCaRTBüsm,tþi pÞal;xøÜn . cMeBaHkrNINaEdlsiTi§TTYlRTBüsm,tiþminc,as;eT


- 238 -

eKRtUvsn μtfaCaRTBüsm,tþi rYmrbs;bþInigRbBn§ ¬maRta 762 . karsn μt;enH mann½yfa

Cakarcat;TuktampøÚvc,ab;CabeN<aHGasnñehIyebIsinNaPaKIGacbgðajPs<útag pÞúyBI

enH)ankarsn μt;enHk¾GacnwgRtUv lubecal)anEdr¦ . enHeKehAfa CaRbB½n§RTBü

sm,tþiedayELk .

mü:ageTot cMeBaHsah‘uyGaBah_BiBah_ eBalKWCasah‘uysMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;

bþI RbBn§ nigesah‘uyciBa©wmbI)ac;kUnEdlenAminTan;eBjv½y . l . bþIRbBn§

RtUvmancMENkbnÞúk elIesah‘uyTaMgenH edayBicarNaeTAelIRTBüsm,tiþ R)ak;cMNUl

nigkt<aepSg²eTot ¬ehAfa katBVkic©EckbnÞúkelIesah‘uyGaBah_BiBah_ . maRta 760 .

esah‘uyGaBah_BiBah_enH min sMedAeTAelIcMNaysMrab;BiFIGaBah_BiBah_eT¦ .

1>4>karTTYlxusRtUvedaysamKÁIPaBcMeBaHbMNuleKhkic©RbcaMéf£

karTTYlxusRtUvedaysamKÁIPaBcMeBaHbMNuléneKhkic©RbcaMéf£ RtUv)ankM

Nt;kñúg bBaØtiþénc,ab; EdlCaTidæPaBmYyénlkÐN³Biessrbs;c,ab;sþIBIRTBüsm,tiá

kñúgTMnak;TMng bþIRbBn§CamYynwgCnEdlsßitenAeRkATMnak;TMngenH . maRta 761

énRkmrdæb,evNIEcgfa enAeBlEdlshB½T§NamÐag mankarBak;B½n§kñúgskm μPaBKtiyutþi

CamYyttiyCnTak;TgnwgeKhkic©RbcaMéf£enaH shB½T§mÐageTotRtUvTTYlxusRtUveday


- 239 -

samKÁIPaBcMeBaHbMNulEdl ekItmaneLIgedaysarskm μPaBenH ¬b:uEná kñúgkrNIEdl

mankarpþl;dMNwgCamunGMBIesckIá sMercfanwgminTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHttiyCneT KWeK

minybBaØtiþenHmkGnuvtþeLIy¦ . bMNul EdlshB½T§mçagmanbnÞúkTTYlr:ab;rg

kñúgeBlEdlRtUvx©IR)ak;nigTijTMnijepSg² sMrab;karrs; enA es,ógGahar nigsMelok

bMBak; edIm,IrkSaCIvPaBrYmrbs;bþIRbBn§enaH RbsinebImanlkçN³ CaeKhkic©nigman

lkçN³RbcaMéf¶KWBInak;bþIRbBn§RtUvTTYlxusRtUvedaysamKÁIPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©enH

. ]TahrN_dUcCacMeBaHkarGnuvt<katBVkic©EdlRbBn§CaGñkbegIáteLIgenaHbþIk¾RtUvTTYl

xusRtUvEdr . enHRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHral;bMNulkñúgkarTUTat;éføePøIg éføCYlpÞH nigéfø

TijsMPar³GKÁIsnIsMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar CaedIm . eBalKWCabBaØtiþsMedAp<l;kic©karBar

dl;PaKICaédKUkñúgkarCYjdUredaytRmUv[shB½T§mçageTotTTYlxusRtUvedaysamKÁIPaBpg

EdrcMeBaHral;bMNulEdlTak;TgnwgCIvPaBshKmn_rYmrvahb<InigRbBn§ ¬BIeRBaHeKmin

Gacdak; bMNulsegçbelIshKmn_mYyEdlrs;enACamYyKñaenaHeT¦ ehIyEdlminEmn

CabMNulpÞal; xøÜnrbs;b<I b¤RbBn§eT . ehtudUecñH GIVEdlGaccat;Tuk)anfaCa

bMNuléneKhkic©RbcaMéf¶ KWR)akdCamanRBMEdnkMNt; . ]TahrN_ cMeBaHskm μPaB

cat;EcgGclnvtßúEdlCaRTBüsm,t<IpÞal;xøÜnrbs;shB½T§mçag KWminGaccat;Tuk)anfa

CaeKhkic©RbcaMéf¶eT .


- 240 -

1>5> kic©snüarvagbþI nigRbBn§

kñúgkrNIEdlmankic©snüamYyRtUv)anbegIáteLIg ]TahrN_dUcCaRbTankmμrvagbþI

nigRbBn§CaedIm shB½T§NamçagGaclubkic©snüaenaHecalnaeBlNak¾)anEdr kñúgGMLúg

eBlénGaBah_BiBah_enaH ¬maRta 754¦ . bBaØti<enH maneKalbMNgTukkarGnuvt<

kic©snüarvag bþInigRbBn§ [sßwtenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénmenaseBa©tnanigsIlFm’ edaycat;Tuk

faminKb,IbgçMkar Gnuvt<tampøÚvc,ab;enaHeT . b:uEn< karriKn;BIEpñkRTwsþIsikSak¾maneRcInEdr .

1>6> kMCab;Bakü nigkarrs;enACamYyKñaCabþIRBn§

karsnüafanwgerobGaBah_BiBah_ ¬erobkar¦ CamYyKñaenaH CaTUeTAkñúgsgÁm

eKehAfa kMCab;Bakü . b:uEn< Rkmrdæb,evNIminmanbBaØtiþEcgGMBIkMCab;BaküeT . dUecñH

karvaytMélRtUvEtEp¥kelIyuti<saRs<c,ab;nigRTws<IsikSa . ebIsinCaeyIgKitfa kMCab;Bakü

KWCakic©snüaGMBIGaBah_BiBah_naeBlGnaKtenaH KWkarbdiesFecalCaÉketaPaKI

RtUvcat;TukCakarminGnuvtkatBVkic© ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 6¦ . müa:geTot ebIsinCaeyIgKitfa

karbdiesFenH)anbgÁ[man karxUcxat ¬xagRTBüsm,tiþkþI xagstiGarmμN_kþI¦

dl;GñkdéT edayK μanmUlehtusmrmü edaykMhusectna b¤edaykMhusGectnaenaH


- 241 -

KWRtUvcat;TukfaCaGMeBIGnitüanukl . eTaHCa y:agNak¾eday karbdiesFCaÉk

etaPaKInigedayTMenIgcit< nwgkøayeTACakmμvtßúénsMNgkar xUcxat .

karbegIátkMCab;Bakü mincaM)ac;RtUvmanEbbbTGVIeT . enAkñúgsgÁm

eKGnuvt<karelIk CMnUny:agTUlMTMlay k¾b:uEn<enHCakareFVItamTMenomTmøab;Etb:ueNÑaH .

karEdl)anP¢ab;kMCab; Bakü b¤min)anP¢ab;enaH minEmnvinicä½yedayEp¥k elIkar[CMnUn

eTAvijeTAmk b¤min)an[enaHeT . tampøÚvc,ab; CMnUnRtUvKitfaCaRbTankmμmYyRbePT

EdlbBa¢ak;GMBIkarbegIátkMCab;Bakü . CaFm μta CMnUnRtUv)anelIk[KñaeTAvijeTAmk

edaysarmankarbegIátkMCab;Bakü ehIynig edaysarmaneKalbMNgcg;erob

GaBah_BiBah_enAéf£eRkay ehtudUecñHebIsinCakMCab;Bakü RtUvrlay KWcaM)ac;RtUvsg

CMnUneTAvij . CaTUeTA karTamTar[sgmkvijenHnwgeFIVeLIgeday Ep¥kelImUldæanén

esckáIceRmIneday\tehtu ¬sUmGan CMBUkTI 5¦ k¾b:uEnáeyagtam yutiásaRsác,ab;

RbsinebIPaKIGñkpál;CMnUnRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar rlayénkMCab;BaküenaH KWBMuGacTam

TarsMNgmkvij)aneT . enHKWCakardak;Bin½ymü:ag EdlGaccat;TukfaCaviFICYy

dl;PaKImÐageTotrkSaplRbeyaCn_énRTBüEdl)anmkBICMnUnenaH edIm,ITukCasMNg

xUcxatEdlbgáeLIgedaysarGMeBIGnItüanukUl¬ebIsinCasMNgxUcxat ekIteLIgkñúg


- 242 -

RTg;RTayFMCagtMélénRTBüsm,táiEdl)anmkBICMnUnenaH eKk¾GacTamTarsMNg bEnßm

eTot)anEdr¦ .

Baküfa :karrs;enACamYyKñaCabáIRbBn§{k¾minmanbBaØtiáenAkñúgRkmEdr .

kñúgcMeNamkrNIepSg² EdlbrusnignarImYuyKU)anbegIátCIvPaBrYmKña ¬krNIEdlrs;enA

kñúgpÞHCamYyKña ehIynigrMElkral;karcMNaycMNUl . l . rYmKña¦ edayminmandak;

BaküsMuerob GaBah_BiBah_eT k¾b:uEnáeTaHCamin)andak;BaküsMuk¾eday ebIsinCaKUbrus

narIenHmanqnÞ³erob GaBah_BiBah_CamYyKña CaTUeTAeKehAfaCakarrs; enACamYyKña

CabáIRbBn§¬CaPasaCb:un eKehAfa :éNeGn{¦ ¬cMeBaHkrNIEdlminman qnÞ³erob

GaBah_BiBah_eT eKehAfaCakarrs;enA CamYyKñaEtb:ueNÑaH¦ . edaysarkarGnuvt<

eKalkarN_GaBah_BiBah_tampøÚvc,ab; eTaHbICIvPaB rs;enABitEmnEtmanlkçN³

CaTMnak;TMngGaBah_BiBah_y:agdUecñaHk¾eday ebIsinCamin)andak; BaküsMuerob

GaBah_BiBah_eTenaH KWvaCakarrs;enACamYyKñaCab<IRbBn§ b:uEn<samIxøÜnminGac

TTYl)annUvkic©karBartampøÚvc,ab;eT . edayKitfaenHmanbBaða eTIb)anCayuti<saRs<

c,ab;nigRTws<IsikSa )anRbwgERbgrkkic©karBartampøÚvsMrab;GñkEdlrs;enACamYyKñaCab<IRb

Bn§enaH . RTws<IsikSasBVéf¶enHGHGagfa KYrcat;Tukkarrs;enACamYyKñaCab<IRbBn§

enHfaCaTMnak;TMngRbhak;RbEhlnwgGaBah_BiBah_ehIykarbdiesFTMnak;TMngenHecal


- 243 -

KWsmEtcat;TukfaCa GMeBIGnItüanukUl ¬RTws<IGMBIGaBah_BiBah_mineBjlkçN³¦ .

ebIniyaytamkarCak;Es<genAkñúgTMnak;TMngénkarrs;enACamYyKñaCab<IRbBn§ Edlminman

kardak;BaaüsMuerobGaBah_BiBah_enaHeT KWeKminGacTTYlsÁal;)aneT nUvGnuPaB

GaBah_BiBah_ EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarcuHb½NÑRKYsar . b:uEn< CalT§plénCIvPaBrs;enACa

mYyKña manKMnitCaeRcInyl;eXIjfa eKGacbkRsaytamviFI eRbóbRbdUc sMedAkMNt;

GMBIkrNiykic©rYmrs;nwgKñashkarnigseRgÁaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk katBVkic©EckcMENkbnÞúkén

esah‘uyGaBah_BiBah_ karTTYlxusRtUvedaysamKÁIPaBcMeBaH bMNuléneKhkic©RbcaMéf¶

nigkarEckRTBü CaedIm .

2> karElglHKña

2>1> nItiviFIénkarElglHKña

kñúgkrNIEdlTMnak;TMngrvagbáInigRbBn§minmandMeNIrkarl¥RbesI KWnwgbegIát

[manbBaðaElglHKña . b:uEná Rkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCbu:n manEcgGMBIkarEllHKña

edayEp¥k elIkic©BiPakSa EdlPaKIGacElglHKña)anedaykaryl;RsbKñaEtb:ueNÑaH

¬maRta 763¦ nig karElglHKñatamry³tulakar EdlRtUvEt[tulakarTTYlsÁal; .

kñúgviFIElglHKñatamry³ tulakar caM)ac;RtUvmanmUlehtuénkarElglHKña


- 244 -

dUcCakarpitk,t; b¤kare)aHbg;shBn§ mÐageTotecaledayK μammUlehtuRtwmRtUv

eTIbGacTTYlsÁal;[ElglHKña)an . b:uEnáenAeBl EdlmanehtukarN_F£n;F£r

eFIV[GaBah_BiBah_Bi)aknwgbnáeTAmux)anenaH k¾GacTTYlsÁal;)an faCamUlehtuénkar

ElglHKñaEdr ¬maRta 770¦ . GMBIcMNucenH GgÁCMnMuCRmHeBjGgÁrbs;

tulakarkMBUl)ansMercenAqñaM 1985 fakarTamTar[ElglHKñaEdlPaKImankMhus)ansMu

eBalKWCaPaKIEdlRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarbgá[manCMelaHénkarElglHKñaenaH

k¾GacTTYl yk)anEdr . eRkAGMBIviFIBIry:agEdlmanerobrab;xagelIenH enAman

bBaØtiáEcgGMBIkarElglH Kñatamsn§ankmμ nigtamkarsMercrbs;tulakarRKYsarpgEdr .

2>2> karEckRTBü

PaKImÐagénkarElglHKñaGacTamTarkarEckRTBüBIshBT§mÐageTot Edl)anElg

lHKñaehIyenaH . ebIsinCaPaKITaMgsgxagminGac RsuHRsYlKñatamry³énkarBiPakSa

Kña)aneTenaH tulakarRKYsarRtUvsMercfaetIGacEckRTBüenaH)anb¤min)an ehIynigGMBI

brmaNénRTBüEdlRtUvEck ¬maRta 768¦. enAeBlenaHtulakarRtUvKitKUrBicarNaGMBI

cMnYn RTBüEdlbáIRbBn§TTYl)anmkBIkic©shkarCamYyKña nigGMBIRBwtiákarN_déTepSgeTot .


- 245 -

müa:geTot enAmanbBaðaénTMnak;TMngrvagcMENkRTBünigTwkR)ak;énCm£Wcitá .

eKGacKit fa mankrNIxøH TwkR)ak;énCm£WcitákñúgkarElglHKña RtUv)anKitbBa©UleTAkñúg

karEcgRTBü . b:uEná eyagtamyutáisaRsác,ab; eTaHCakñúgkrNIEdlkarEckRTBüRtUv)an

sMercrYcral;Gs;ehIy k¾eday tulakarGac[eKeFVIkarTamTarTwkR)ak;én Cm£Wcitáeday

ELkepSgeTotk¾)anEdrebIsinCatulakarKitfasMNgénkarxUcxatminTan)anrYmbBa©Ul

eTAkñúgkarEckRTBüenaHeT b¤yl;eXIj facMnYnTwkR)ak;nigviFIEckRTBü minTan;RKb;RKg

sMrab;CYsCulkarQWcab;EpñkstiGarmN_rbs; GñkTamTarenaHeT .

elIsBIenHeTAeTotkñúgkrNIénkarEckRTBüedaykic©BiPakSaKña maneBlxøHvaCakar

lak;TuknUvRTBüsm,tiáBitR)akdEdlGacman]TahrN_dUcCabáIElglHRbBn§ehIyEck

RTBüKña edIm,IeKalbMNgrt;kic©BIkaredjedalBIsMNak;m©as;bMNul . dUecñH ebIsinCa

cMnYnTwkR)ak;én cMENkRTBümaneRcInhYsehtu xusBIxøwmsarEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 768

énRkmrdæb,evNI ehIyebIsinCamanRBwtiákarN_BiessEdlnaM[mankaryl;eXIjfa

karEckRTBüenH KWCaviFI cat;EcgRTBüedaybnøM eKGaccat;TukcMnYnTaMgGs;b¤mYy

EpñkéncMENkRTBüenaH faCakmμvtßú EdlRtUvlubecal edayGnuvtá siTi§lubecalGMeBIEdl

naM[xUcxatplRbeyaCn_ ¬maRta 424¦ .


- 246 -

3> TMnak;TMngrvag«Bukmþay kUnbegáIt nigkUnciBa©wm

3>1> «BukmþaynigkUnbegáIt

kUnekItmkBIbþIRbBn§Edlmandak;BaküsMuerobGaBah’BiBah’tampßÚvc,ab; ®tUv)aneK

ehAfakUnmanxan;søa ¬maRta 772 EdlmanerobrabenAxageRkamenH manEcg

kMNt;GMBIkarsn μt; énbitaPaBnigkarsnμt;énPaBmanxan;søa¦ . kUnekItmkBI bursnarI

mYuyKUEdlBuMmandak;BaküsMu erobGaBah’BiBah’enaHeT ehAfakUn\txan;søa . PaBxusKña

rvagkUnTaMgBIrRbePTenH sMxan;manenARtg;cMNucfa kUn\txan;søa TTYl)an mrtk¾esμI

nwgBak;kNþaalénPaKcMENkénmrtk ¬enAkñúgCMBUk 3 2 nwgmankarerobrab; bEnßmGMBI

PaKcMENkénmrtk¦ EdlTuksMrab; [kUnmanxan;søa ¬maRta 900 kfax½NçTI4¦.

Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðaenHnaeBlbc©úb,nñeKkMBugEtBiPakSaGMBIkarEkTMrg;c,ab;sMedAeFIV [manPaB

esμIKña .

enAkñúgTMnak;TMngrvag«BukmáaynigkUnmanxan;søa eBalKWTMnak;Tngsac;QamCa

Fm×Catirvag«BukmþaynigkUnbegIátenH man2krNIdUcteTA . krNITMnak;TMngr vagmþay

nigkUn KwPaKeRcInGacbBa¢ak;)any:aggayRsYledayGgÁehtuénkarsMralkUnenaH .

cMENkTMnak;TMngrvag«BuknigkUnvij mankrNICaeRcInEdlkarbBa¢ak;GMBITMnak;TMngenH

mankarBi)ak . maRta 772 kfax½NTI 1 Ecgfa TarkenAkñúgKP_RbBn§Edl manenA


- 247 -

kñúgeBlmancMng GaBah’BiBah’ ®tUv)ansnμt;faCakUnrbs;bIþ . karsn μt;xagelIenH

®tUv)anbdiesFEtkñúgkrNImannitivIFIc,ab;Biessb:ueNÑaH ¬edaysarbáI)anbdiesFGMBIPaB

manxan;søaenaH dUcmanEcgkñúg maRta 774¦ . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdlTarkekIt

enAeBlEdlmáayBMumancMngGaBah’BiBah’eTenaH eK)aneRKagTuknUvviFIsMrab;eFIVkar

TTYlsÁal; . viFITTYlsÁal;edaysμ½RKcitþ KWCakar TTYlsÁal;edaysμ ½RKcitá GMBITMnak;TMng

«BuknigkUnedaybuKÁlEdlGHGagfaxøÜnCa«BukenaH . kñúgkrNIenH eKsn μt;faGñk

Edl)aneFVIkarTTYlsÁal;enHKWCa«BukBitEmn ¬maRta 779 . maRtaenHmanEckGMBIkar

TTYlsÁal;CamþaypgEdr . karEcgenH KWsMrab;krNIBiessEdl máayRtUvelIkPsáútag

bBa¢ak;GMBIGgÁehtuénkarmanKP_nigkarsMralkUn dUcCakñúgkrNIkUnvegVg b¤kUn®tUveK

e)aHbg;ecal¦ . müa:geTot GñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; rbs;kUnnigbcäajati

Gacdak;bNþwgTamTar[TTYlsÁal;)aneTAtulakaredIm,I[CYybBa¢ak;GMBITMnak;TMng«Buk

nigkUn ¬maRta 787 . enHehAfaCakarTTYlsÁal;edaybgçM¦ .

eKGacpál;zan³CakUnmanxan;eTA[kUn\txan;søa)ankñúgkrNIBIr . krNITImYy

KWcMeBaHkUnEdl«Buk)aneFIVkarTTYlsÁal;ehIykUnenaHGacTTYl)anzan³CakUnmanxan;søa

edaysar karerobGaBah_BiBah_rbs;«Buknigmáay ¬maRta 789 kfax½NçTI 1¦ .

ehIynigkrNITIBIr KW«BukmþayTTYlsÁal;kUnenaHenAeBlkMBugmancMNgGaBah_BiBah_ .


- 248 -

kñúgkrNIenHkUnRtUv TTYl)anzan³CakUnmanxan;søa cab;KitBIeBl«BukmáayeFIkarTTYl

sÁal;enaH ¬maRta 789 kfax½NçTI 2¦ .

3>2> kUnciBa©wm

úkUncieBa©wm KWCakarTTYlkUnrbs;GñkdéT EdlBMumanCab;sac;jatiCamYyGñksMuenaH

TukCa kUntampøÚvc,ab;rbs;xøÜn edaymankarRBmeRBogKñarvagPaKEdlBak;B½n§ ¬maRta

792¦ . kUnciBa©wm min®tUv)ankat;páac;TMnak;TMngjatiPaBCamYynwg«BukmþaybegáItnigBI

sac;jatidéT eToteLIy dUecñHkUnciBa©wmenaHnwgman «Bukmþay4nak; . ¬CMBUkTI 9

EpñkTI II 1¬1¦ nwg erobrab;GMBIsiTi§rbs;kUnciBa©wmkñúgkarTTYlsnþtikmμBI«Buk mþay

begIát. bu:Enþ edaysarman krNIxøH eKcg;sMuTarkrbs;GñkdéTmkciBa©wm ehIy

cg;[mankarrlt;TMnak;TMngjatiPaBCamYy «BukmþaybegIáteTotpgenaH naqñaM 1987

RbeTsCbu:n)ankMNt;[manRbB½n§sμuMkUnBiess edIm,IeqøIytb eTAnwgtRmUvkarenH

¬Rkmrdæb,evNI cab;BImaRta 817 kfax½NÐTI 2 teTA¦ .

CaeKalkarN’ karsuMek μgGayueRkam 6 qñaMmkciBa©wm®tUvmansalRkmsMercBI

tulakarRKYsar. kUnciBa©wmBiess BMumanTMnak;TMngCamYy«BukmaþybegþItCabnáeToteLIy

¬ehIyk¾BuMmansiT§isnátikmμEdr¦. viFIcuHbBa¢IGRtanukUldæaneTotesatk¾xusEbøkBIkUnciBa©wm

FmμtaEdr. KWRtUvBüayameCosvagmineGaydwgy:aggayRsYlfaCakUnciBa©wmenaHeT.


- 249 -

¬ceBaHkrNIénkar sMucuHkMeNItTarkEdleTIbnwgekItrbs;GñkdéT faCaTarkrbs;xøÜn

EdleKehAfaCa :karsMukUn ceBa©wmenAeBlTarkeTIbnwgekItPøam² : enaH manRTwsáIswkSa

nig salRkmrbs;tulakarfañk;Tab elIkeLIgfa karcuHkMeNItenHminmansuBlPaBeT

ehIyTMnak;TMngenHminGackøayeTArvag «BukmáaynigkUnbegáIt)aneT KWRtUvTTYlsÁal;kar

cuHlixitbBa¢ak;sμMúkUnvij . b:uEnátulakarkMBUl minTan;TTYlsøal;karelIkeLIgenHeLIy¦ .

TMnak;TMngrvag«BukmþaynigkUnciBa©wEdlEp¥kelIkars μMúkUnmFmμtaGacbBa©b;eTA)an

edaykarkat;kal; ¬b:uEnþ CaeKalkarN_ eKminTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHkarrlayTMnak;TMngrvag

«BukmþaynwgkUnciBa©wmEdl)anmkBIkarsμMúkUnBiessenaH tamry³énkarkat;kal;eT ¬maRta

817 kfax½NÐ 10¬2¦¦ . BieRBaHfasμMúkUnBiess sMedAelIkarRbwgERbg rbs;PaKI

TaMgGs;edIm,I begIátnUvTMnak;TMngmYyEdldUcKñaeTAnwg«BukmáaynigkUnbegáIty:agdUecñaH¦ .

KMnigCamUldæan GMBIkarkat;kal;enH manlkçN³dUcKñanwgkarElglHEdr . mankar

kat;kal;tampøÚvtulakar nig karkat;kal;tamkarRBmeRBog . müa:geTot RbsinebIPaKI

mçagénkarsμMúkUnRtUvsøab; ehIyPaKI mÐageTotEdlenArs; cg;kat;kal;sμMúkUnenaH

GaceFIVy:agdUecñH)anluHRtaEtmanTTYlkar GnuBaØatBItulakar®KYsarCamunsin ¬maRta

811 kfax½NÐTI 6 . enHeKehAfaCakarkat;kal; eRkaymrNPaB¦ .


- 250 -

4> GMNacem)a GMNacGaNaBüa)al hitUbtßmÖk³ nigGñkCMnYy

4>1> RTwsþICamUldæan

c,ab;RKYsarbc©úbnñRtUvKitKUrGMBIkarkarBarkUn karkarBarshB½T§ nigkarkarBarCn

cas;CarapgEdr. edayRbQmmuxnwgsgÁmmYyEdlGaRtaénmnusScas;Cra kMBugekIn

eRcIneLIg enaH eKRtUvBüayamecaTeLigCafI μm<geTotnUvbBaðaGMBIGaNaBüa)alnighitUbmÖ

edayEp¥kelI TsSn³fIμ ¬enHehAfaCabBaðaénGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCn . Tak;TgeTAnwg

bBaðaenH eK)an eFVIviesaFnkmμRkmrdæb,evNIenAExFñÚqñaM1999 EdlRtUv)ancUlCaFrman

enAExemsaqñaM 2000. Rtg;enH k¾mankarKitKUpgEdrGMBITsSn³erobcMsgÁm[ manPaB

RbRktIedayeKarBcMeBaHqnÞ³nigsiT§isMercrbs;sam½yxøÜnGñkcas;CrapÞal; ehIyEfmTaMg

sMrYl[CnBikarGacmanCIvPaB rs;enACaFmμtakñúgRKYsarnigenAmUldæanpgEdr¦ .

4>2> GMNacem)a

4>2>1> GMNacem)a nigGñkmanGMNacem)a

kUnminTan;eBjv½yRtUvsßitenAeRkamGMNacem)a ¬maRta818¦ . eBalKWfakUnenaH

RtUvsßitenAeRkamkarbI)ac;rkSa Gb;rM nigRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþBIem)a . müa:geTot GnItiCn


- 251 -

nwg RtUvcat;TukfaCanItiCneRkayeBlerobGaBah_BiBah_ ¬maRta 753¦ ehIykñúgkrNIenH

GnItiCn enaHnwgRtUvecjputBIkarRKb;RKgeRkamGMNacem)a .

GñkmanGMNacem)aKWCa«Bukmþayrbs;GnItiCn ¬maRta 818 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .

«Bukmþay ciBa©wmk¾GacCaGñkmanGMNacem)adUc»BukmþybegáItEdr ¬maRta 818 kfax½NÐTI

2¦ . RTws<I sikSaenAminTan;EbgEck[)anc,as;fa kñúgkrNIEdl»BukmþayciBa©wmman

GMNacem)aenaHetI«BukmþaybegIátnwg)at;bg;GMNacem)a b¤mYyRKan;EtTuk[GMNacem)a

rbs;«BukmþayciBa¢wm manGaTiPaBCag b¤y:agNaeTenaH . müa:geTot »BukmþayRKb;rUbmin

EmnsuT§EtGackøay CaGñkmaGMNacem)aeLIy . dUcCakrNIEdl«BukmþayCaGnItiCn

eBlenaHGMNacem)a RtUv)anGnuvt<edayGñkmanGMNacem)a ¬b¤GñkGaNaBüa)al¦

elI«Bukb¤mþayEdlCaGnItiCn enaHCMnYsvij ¬maRta 833 nigmaRta 867 kfaxN½Ð 1¦ .

eTaHCaminmankarkMNt;Ca bBaØti<c,ab;k¾eday k¾RTws<IPaKeRcInGHGagfa «Bukb¤m<ayEdl

RtUvcat;TukCaCnEdlRtUv)an kRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<edayEp¥ktam

Rkmcas;enaHnwgminGacGnuvt<GMNac em)a)aneLIy ¬ehIyyuti<saRs<tulakrEfm

TaMg)anbkRsaypgEdrfakrNIénGñkEdlman sßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlnwgCnEdl

RtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<edayEp¥ktamRkmcas;enaH k¾minGac

Gnuvt<GMNacem)aEdr¦ .


- 252 -

4>2>2> xøwmsarénGMNacem)a

xøwmsarénGMNacem)a manCabzm karRKb;RKgEfrkSa eBalKWCaGnuvt<nUvkar

RKb;RKg EfrkSa nigGb;rMkUn . enHKWCasiT§inigkrNIkic©rbs;GñkEdlmanGMNacem)a

¬maRta 820¦ . müa:geTot xøwmsarTIBIr KWkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti< . em)aRtUvRKb;RKg

RTBüsm,tiþrbs;kUn nig RtUvtMNageGaykUncMeBaHral;skmμPaBKtiyut<iEdl Tak;TgeTA

nwgRTBüsm,tiþ ¬siTi§RKb;RKg RTBüsm,ti< maRta 824¦ . bu:EnþebIskmμPaBrbs;Gñkman

GMNacem)abegIátkatBVkic© EdlmankmμvtßúCaskmμPaBrbs;kUnenaH GñkmanGMNacem)a

RtUvTTYlkaryl;RBmBIkUnCamun sin ¬maRtadEdl . ]ThrN¾ Tak;Tgnwgkar[kUn

sEmþgelçankñúgTUrTsSn_ RbsinebI minmankaryl;RBmBIkUneT em)aminGaccuHkic©snüa

CamYyGñkkmμviFITUrTsSn’)aneLIy¦ . Bakü fa :day hiuGUsU‘rU} EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta

824 KYrERbmkfaCa :kartMNag} . Gñkman GMNacem)a KWCaGñktMNagEdl

c,ab;)ankMNt;rbs;kUn ¬minEmnCatMNagEdlEp¥kelIkic© snüaRbKl;siTi§tMNageT .

KWCabuKÁlEdl)anTTYlzan³CaGñktMNagedaykarkMNt;rbs; c,ab;¦ . CaeKalkarN¾

GñkmanGMNacem)amansiT§RKb;RKgelIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;rbs;kUn bu:EnþGñkmanGMNac

em)aminGacGnuvt<siTi§RKb;RKgenH)aneT cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiNaEdlGñkman GMNac


- 253 -

em)a)anpþl;siT§ieGaykUncat;EcgkñúgeKaledAmankarkMNt;TukCamun ¬maRta 5¦ nig

RTBüsm,ti<sMrab;GaCIvkmμRKb;RKgedaykUnEdl)ankarGnuBaØatieFIVGaCIvkmμenaH ¬maRta 6¦ .

4>2>3> skmμPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn’manPaBpÞúyKña

skmμPaBRbKl;RTB,sm,tþirbs;kUneTAGñkmanGMNacem)aCaplRbeyaCn’rbs;

GñkmanGMNacem)a b:uEnþvanaM[mankarxUcplRbeyaCn_dl;kUn . skmμPaBEdlnaM[pl

RbeyaCn_rbs;«Bukb¤m<aymanGMNacem)anigkUnmanPaBpÞúyKñaEbbenH eKehAfaCa

skmμPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_manPaBpÞúyKña. cMeBaHskmμPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwg

plRbeyaCn_manPaBpÞúyKñaEbbenH GñkmanGMNacem)a®tUvTamTar[tulakar®KYsar

eRCIstaMgtMNag BiesssMrab;kUn ¬maRta 826 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . RbsinebIman

kUneRcInnak;ehIyplRbeyaCn_;kUnmñak;manPaBpÞúyKñanwgplRbeyaCn_rbs;kUndéTeTot

enaH k¾eKRtUveFIVkarTamTardUcKña Edr ¬maRta 826 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .


- 254 -

4>3> GaNaBüa)al hitUbtßmÖ nigGñkCMnYy

4>3>1> niymn½y

GaNaBüa)alKWCarbbmYyEdlbegIáteLIgedIm,IkarBarGnItiCnEdlminGacTTYl

)ankic©karBarBIGñkmanGMNacem)a nigedIm,IkarBarnitiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al ¬Cn

EdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<eRkambBaØti<énRkmcas;¦. buKÁl

EdlbMeBjtYnaTI GaNaBüa)al ehAfaGñkGaNaBüa)al . dUecñH sMrab;GnItiCn

CabzmGñkmanGMNacem)a RtUveFIVCaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;rbs;GnItiCnenaH .

b:uEnþebIK μanGñkmanGMNacem)a rW k¾kñúgkrNIEdlGñkmanGMNacem)aenaH minman

siTi§RKb;RKgGnitiCn eBlenaH®tUvcat;taMg eGaymanGñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;GnItiCn .

GñkGaNaBüa)al k¾CaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)an kMNt;Edr . sMrab;nItiCnenAeRkam

GaNaBüa)al caM)ac;RtUvmanGñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCn . müa:geTot eKk¾Gaccat;taMg

GñkRtYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)al sMrab;RtYtBinitüelIGñkGaNaBüa)al enaH)anEdr

¬cab;BImaRta 848 teTA¦ . cMENk hitßÚbtßmÖ KWCaRbB½n§EdlbegIáteLIgedIm,I

karBarCnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ¬Rkmcas;kMNt;faCaGñkEdlmansßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlnwg

CnEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<¦. buKÁlEdlbMeBjtYnaTI

hitUbtßmÖk³ enH ehAfa hitUbtßmÖk³ . KYrsMKal;fa tamRkmrdæb,evNIcas; hitßÚbtßmðk³


- 255 -

RKan;EtmansiT§Ipál;karyl;Rsbb¤minyl;RsbenAeBlGñkEdlmansßanPaBRbhak;

RbEhlnwgCnEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<enaH eFIVskmμPaBxøH

Edl)ankMNt;TukCamun Etb:ueNÑaH . b:uEná RkmfIμ)anpál;siTi§[hitUbtßmÖk³ lb;ecal

skmμPaBNaEdlCnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ)anGnuvtáedayminmankaryl;RsbBIhitßÚbtþmðk³ .

ehIyelIsBIenHeTAeTothitUbtßmÖk³EfmTaMgmansiTi§tMNagpgEdrenAkñúgskmμPaBTaMg

LayNaEdlPaKI)aneRCIs erIskMNt;TukCamun . müa:geTot tamRkmfμIenHEdr

eKk¾)anbegáIt[manRbB½n§CMnYyfIμsMrab;CnEdlxVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarvinicä½yedaysarman

vibtþiEpñkbBaØasμartIkMritRsalEdlminFøab;CakmμvtßúkarBarénRkmcas;enaHeT. ¬enHk¾man

erobrab;enAkñúgEpñksIáBIbBaØtáiTUeTAénRkmrdæ b,evNI . sUmGanCMBUkTI 2 III2 ¬3¦¦ .

4>3>2> karcab;ep<ImGaNaBüa)al

GaNaBüa)al RtUvcab;epI<menAeBlEdlKμanGñkGnuvt<GMNacem)acMeBaHGnItiCneT

b¤enAeBlEdlGñkmanGMNacem)aenaHminmansiTi§RKb;RKgelIRTBüsm,ti< b¤mYyenAeBl

Edl mansalRkmrbs;tulakarRKYsar kMNt;karcab;ep<ImGaNaBüa)al cMeBaHnItiCn

enAeRkam GaNaBüa)al ¬maRta 838¦.


- 256 -

4>3>3>kareRCIstaMgGñkGaNaBüa)al nigGñk®tYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)al

GñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;GnItiCnGac®tUv)ankMNt;tammtksasn_rbs;GñkEdl

Gnuvt<GMNacem)acugeRkaybg¥s;)an. müa:geTot enAeBl«Bukb¤mþaymçag Edl

Gnuvt<GMNacem)aEtBMumanGMNacRKb;RKgeTenaH«Bukb¤mþaymçageTotGackMNt;GñkGaNa

Büa)al)an ¬maRta 839¦ . RbsinebIBMumankarkMNt;TaMgenHeT tulakar®KUsar

GaceRCIstaMgGñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;GnItiCntamkarTamTarrbs;GnitiCnenAeRkamGaNa

Büal)alenaH b¤rbs;jati b¤Gñk déTeTotEdlmanBak;B½n§plRbeyaCn’ ¬maRta 840¦ .

GñkGaNaBüa)alGnItiCn RtUv manEtmñak;Kt; ¬maRta 842¦ . cMENkGñkGaNaBüa)al

sMrab;nItiCnvij Gac®tUv)an eRCIstaMgedayqnÞanusiT§irbs;tulakar®KYsar enAeBlEdl

tulakarecjsalRkm[cab;ep<Im GaNaBüa)alenaH . eTaHCakñúgkrNIEdl

GñkGaNaBüa)a sMrab;nItiCn RtUv)aneRCIstaMg ehIyk¾eday ebIsinCatulakar

cat;TukfacaM)ac; tulakark¾GaceRCIstaMgGñkGaNBüa)al sMrab;nItiCnEfmeTot)anEdr

tamkarTamTarrbs;nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al b¤jatirbs;eK b¤GñkdéTeTotEdlman

Bak;B½n§plRbeyaCn’b¤tamkarTamTarrbs;GñkGaNaBüa)alpÞal;b¤edayeRbIqnÞnusiTi§rbs;

tulakar ¬maRta 843¦ . GMBIGñk®tYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)al KWman karEtgtaMgtam

rebobxusKña. Gñk®tYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)alNasMrab;GnItiCn GacRtUv)an kMNt;eday


- 257 -

buKÁlEdlCaGñkGackMNt;GñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;GnItiCn)an b¤GacRtUv)aneRCIs taMg

edaytulakarRKYsar . cMENkGñkRtYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCnvij KWRtUveRCIs

taMgtulakar®KYsar ¬cab;BImaRta 848 teTA¦ .

4>3>4> tYnaTIrbs;GñkGaNaBüa)al nigGñk®tYtBinitüGñkGaNaBüa)al

GñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;GnItiCn mantYnaTIesÞIrEtdUcKñanwgGñkmanGMNacem)aEdr

b:uEnþ mankMritxøH² ¬maRta 857¦ . GñkGaNaBüa)alsMrab;nItiCnman tYnaTIcat;

Ecgkic©karTak;TgeTAnwgCivPaBnigkarEfTaMBüa)alrbs;nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al

ehIynigCaGñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;edIm,IRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnEdlRtUv)ank

RmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb; RKgRTBüsm,ti<enaHpgEdr ¬maRta 858 nig 859¦ .

cMeBaHral;skmμPaBTaMgGs;enH RkmfI μmanbBaØti<bEnßm tRmUv[mankareKarBqnÞ³

rbs;nItiCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al ¬maRta 858¦ . cMENkÉGñkRtYtBiniü

GñkGaNaBüal)almantYnaTIRtUvRtYtBinitükic©karrbs;Gñk GaNaBüa)al . kñúgkrNIEdl

KμanGñkGaNaBüa)aleTGñkRtYtBinitüenH ®tUvTamTar [tulakar®KUsar eRCIstaMg

GñkGaNaBüa)alenaH edayBMumankarywty:aveLIy ¬maRta 851¦ .


- 258 -

4>3>5> hitUbtßmÖk³ nigGñkCMnYy

hitUbtßmÖk³ manGMNacpþl;karyl;RBmeTAskmμPaBmYycMnYnkMNt; rbs;Gñk

EdlmansßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlnwgCnEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBü

sm,ti< ¬dUcCa karlk;dUrGclnvtßú karFana kareFIVRbTankmμ karsagsg;sMNg;fμ I

karsg;eLIgvij CaedIm¦ ¬maRta 12¦ . müa:geTot hitUbtßmÖk³k¾mansiT§ilubecal

b¤siT§itMNagkñúgskmμPaBCak;lak; mYycMnYnpgEdr ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 2 III 2¬3¦¦ .

kñúgRbB½n§GñkCMnYyEdleTIbnwg)anbegIátfIμenaHGñkCMnYyk¾)anTTYldUcKñaEdrnUvsiT§ip<l;kar

yl;RBm siT§ieFIVkarlubecal b¤siT§itMNag cMeBaH skmμPaBKtiyut<iCak;

lak;mYycMnYnEdlPaKI)aneRCIserIsTukCamun ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 2 III 2¬3¦¦ .

- 259 -CMBUkTI 9 c,ab;sþIBIsnþtikmμ

- 259 -

CMBUkTI 9

c,ab;sþIBIsnþtikmμ

I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;s þIBIsnþtikmμ 1> rcnasm<½n§énsnþtikm μ

II. karsikSaGMBIcMnucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;snþtikmμ 1> snþtikmμtamc,ab;

2> karyl;RBm nigkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ

3> karEbgEckmt’k

4> snþtikmμtammt’ksasn_

5> karbMEbkRTBüsm,tþi

6> ntßiPaBénsnþtikm μ


- 260 -

I. TidæPaBTUeTAénc,ab;s þIBIsnþtikmμ 1> rcnasm<½n§énsnþtikmμ

1>1> karTTYlbnþnUvsiT§I nigkrNIykic©tamry³énkareFVIsnþtikmμ

buKÁlmñak;EdlTTYlmrNPaBnwg)at;bg;nUvsmtßPaBTTYlsiTi§ . eBalKWfamin

GactaMgxøÜnCakmμsiT§ikr b¤Cam©as;bMNul)aneToteLIy . dUecñHehIy Tak;TgeTA

nwgRTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlmñak; RtUvmankarKitKUrfa etImanbuKÁlNaepSgeTot nwgTTYl

bnþCam©as;siTÞifμI elIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHEdrb¤eT . cMENkÉkatBVkic©vij RbsinebIK μan

kUnbMNulfIμ TTYlbnþeTenaH suvtßiPaBrbs;m©as;bMNulk¾minGacFana)anEdr . viFanTaMg

Lay Tak;Tgdl;karTTYlbnþenH suT§EtRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgbBaØtþiénc,ab;sþIBIsnþtikmμ .

buKÁlEdlnwgTTYlbnþnUv siT§i nigkrNIykic© BImnusSEdlsøab;eTA ehAfa snþtiCn

rIÉbuKÁlEdleFVIsnþtikmμenaH ehAfamt’kCn .

1>2> snþtikmμtammt’ksasn_ nigsnþtikmμtamc,ab;

viFanCamUldæansþIBIsnþtikmμmanBIr . viFanTImYy KWsnþtikmμtammt’ksasn_ .

edaysarmankarTTYlsÁal;nUveKalkarN_sV½yPaBénqnÞH nigsV½yPaBbuKÁlÉkCn

CaeKalkarN_KWbuKÁlmñak;²GaceFVIkarsMerccitþedayesrIpgEdr GMBIzan³énRTBüsm,tþi


- 261 -

rbs;xøÜneRkayeBlEdlxøÜnsøab;eTA . enHGacnwgGnuvtþeTA)an tamviFIeFIVmt’ksasn_

EdlCaskmμPaBÉketaPaKI . xøwmsarmt’ksasn_GackMNt;fa m©as;bNþaMeFVI

RbTankmμnUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn eTA[buKÁlNamñak;EdlminEmnCajatielahit

bJeFVITayCTaneTA[TIkEnøgNamYyCaedIm k¾b:uEnþenARbeTsCb:un manbegáItnUv

RbB½n§mYyehAfa PaKbRmugénmt’ksasn_ Edlmandak;kMhwty:agCak;lak;mkelIkar

eFIVmt’ksasn_ebobenH EdleyIgnwgBiBN’nabEnßmenAxageRkay ¬mankarFananUv

siT§ielIcMENkNamYyénmt’kcMeBaH«Bukmþay shB½T§ nigkUn rbs;m©as;bNþaM¦ . b:uEnþ

RbsinebIKμankarTamTarnUvPaKbRmugénmt’ksasn_enHeT mt’ksasn_enaH nwgman

suBlPaBdUcEdlm©as;bNþaM)aneFVI .

viFanTIBIr KWsnþtikmμtamc,ab; Edltamry³viFanenH karEbgEckRTBüsm,tþi

rbs;buKÁlEdlsøab; eTA[sac;jatiRsbtamsmamaRtmYyCak;lak; RtUv)ankMNt;

edayc,ab; . Rkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un TTYlsÁal;TaMgsnþtikmμtammtksasn_

TaMgsnþtikmμtamc,ab; . b:uEnþ mankarExVgKMnitKñaxagEpñkRTWsþI cMeBaHsMNYrfaKYEt

ykviFanNamYymkeFIVCaeKalkarN_cMbgenaH . manGMNHGMNagxøaMgkøamYy)an

elIkeLIgfaebIRkeLkemIlBITsSn³vis½yrbs;sV½yPaBénqnÞ³snþtikmμtammt’ksasn_

KWCaviFanbBaØtþiCaeKalkarN_ cMENkÉsnþtikmμtamc,ab;vijRKan;EtCaviFanbMeBj bEnßm


- 262 -

sMrab;eBlEdlminmankarEcgkMNt;kñúgmt’ksasn_Etb:ueNÑaH . k¾b:uEnþebIEp¥k

eTAtamkarGnuvtþn_rbs;RbeTsCb:unvij edayminTan;mankarniymsresr Calixitmt’k

sasn_ snþtikmμtamc,ab;hak;dUcCaRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCabBaØtiþeKalkarN_ cMENk

ÉkarEbkEckmt’ktammt’ksasn_ RtUv)aneFIVeLIgluHRtaEtKμan bMNgEbgEckeTAtam

karkMNt;enAkñúgsnþtikm μtamc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH . enHKWCakarKMnityl;eXijTUeTA .

1>3> GanuPaBénsnþtikmμ

snþtiCnRtUvTTYlbnþnUvsiT§i nigkrNIkic©TaMgGs; EdlsßitenAeRkam

RTBüsm,tþirbs; mt’kCn cab;BIeBlEdlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ ¬maRta896¦ . b:uEnþ RtUv)an

elIkElgcMeBaHvtßúTaMgLayNaEdlCarbs;pþac;muxTaMgRsugrbs; mt’kCn ¬siT§i nig

krNIkic©EdlmrtkCnmansMrab;EtxøÜnÉg¦. siT§ipþac;muxrbs;mtkCnmandUcCa siT§I

TamTarGaharkatBVkic© nigsiT§iTTYl)anCMnYyCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶CaedIm . cMENkkrNIkic©

pþac;muxvij mandUcCakatBVkic©Fana EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©snüaFanacMeBaHbuKÁlNa

mñakCaedIm . kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; mt’kRtUvEbgEckkñúgcMeNam

shsnþtiCnTaMgenaH ¬maRta898¦ ehIysnþtiCnmñak;²RtUvTTYlbnþnUv siT§i nig krNIkic©

rbs; mt’kCn tamsmamaRténcMENkmt’kEdlxøÜnTTYl)an ¬maRta899¦ .


- 263 -

II. karsikSaGMBIcMnucsMxan;²rbs;c,ab;snþtikmμ 1> snþtikm μtamc,ab; 1>1> snþtiCntamc,ab;

Ep¥kelIsnþtikmμtamc,ab; CalT§plénmrNPaBrbs;mt’kCn buKÁlEdl

c,ab;)ankMNt;nwgkøayeTACasnþtiCn ¬eyagtammaRta882 cMnuccab;epþImsnþtikmμKW

bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs;mt’kCn¦ . etIGñkNanwgkøayeTACasnþtiCn ¬snþtiCntamc,ab;¦

EdlTTYlbnþmt’ktamkarkMNt;rbs;c,ab;enH? dMbUg RbsinebImtkCnman shB½T§

¬eBalKWkñúgkrNIbþICamtkCnenaHRbBn§KWCasnþtiCn¦ shB½T§enaHRtUvkøayCa snþtiCn

Canic© ¬maRta890¦ ehIymanlMdab;es μIKñanwgjatielahitrbs;mtkCn Edlman

GFib,ayxageRkamenHEdr ¬b:uEnþ buKÁlEdlrs;enACamYyKñadUcbþIRbBn§b:uEnþmin)ancuH

lixitGaBah_BiBah_minRtUv)anc,ab;TTYlsÁal;siT§isnþtikmμeLIy¦ . snþtiCn EdlCa

jatielahitenaH RtUv)ancat;CalMdab;epSg² . snþtiCnlMdab;TImYyKWkUnrbs;mtkCn

¬maRta887 kfax½NÐTI1¦ . b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdlkUnrbs;mtkCnsøab; muneBlcab;epþIm

snþtikmμ ¬eBalKWmunmrNPaBrbs;mtkCn¦ kUnrbs;buKÁlenaH ¬kñúgkrNIenH KWCaecA

rbs;mtkCn¦ EdlCabcäajatipÞal; ¬ecAKWCajatielahitCMnan;eRkayEdlmanTMnak;

TMngExSpÞal;nwgmtkCn¦ RtUvkøayCasnþtiCnCMnYs ¬enHehAfa snþtikmμCMnYs eyag

- 264 -CMBUkTI 9 c,ab;sþIBIsnþtikm μ

- 264 -

tammaRta 887 kfax½NÐTI2¦ . elIsBIenHeTAeTot Tak;TgnwgsnþtikmμenH Rkm

rdæb,evNITTYlsÁal;nUvsiT§isnþtikmμrbs;TarkenAkñúgKP’Edr edaymanEcgCabBaØØtiþcat;

TukTarkenAkñúgKP’ dUcKñanwgmnusSEdl)ancab;kMeNItmanCIvitrYcehIyenaH ¬maRta 886

kfax½NÐTI1 . b:uEnþ bBaØØtiþenHminGnuvtþcMeBaHkUnEdlekItehIysøab;enaHeT

eyagtammaRta 886 kfax½NÐ TI2¦ . kñugkrNIEdlmtkCn K μanTaMgkUn

KμanTaMgecAenaH snþtiCnnwgRtUv)ankMNt;eTAtamlMdab;lMedaydUcteTA . dMbUg

KWbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;snþtiCn RtUvkøayCasnþtiCnlMdab;TIBIr ¬«Bukmþay CIdUnCIta

EdlCajatielahitCMnan;munehIyEdlmanTMnak;TMnak;ExSpÞal;nwgmtkCn . b:uEnþ

«Bukmþayrbs;mtkCn manGaTiPaBCagCIdUnCItarbs;mtkCn¦ . bnÞab;mkeTotKW

bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn EdlCasnþtiCnlMdab;TIbI . ehtudecñH KY[kt;sMKal;fa

kñúgcMeNamsnþtiCnCajatielahit ebIsinCamankUn ¬b¤bcäajtipÞal;rbs;kUnenaH¦ KW

buBVjatipÞal; dUcCa«BukmþayCaedIm minRtUvkøayCasnþtiCneT . ehIyluHRtaEtK μan

bcäajati b¤buBVjatiNamñak;Tal;EtesaH eTIbbgb¥únbegáIt ¬b¤bcäajatirbs;BYkeK¦

GackøayCasnþtiCn)an ¬maRta 889¦ .


- 265 -

edayELk CnEdl)anTTYleTasBIbTb:unb:geFVIXatelImtkCn b¤Cn

Edl)anmtkCneFVImtksasn_edaykarqe)ak b¤edaykarKRmamkMEhg BuMGackøay

CasnþtiCn)aneLIy ¬maRta 891 sþIBImUlehtuénGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ¦ . elIsBIenH

eTAeTot CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnEdlmanPaKbRmug ¬eyagtamkfax½NÐmun

KWsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;rhUtdl;lMdab;TIBIr¦ ebIsin)aneFVI)abmtkCn b¤)anRbRBwtþ

bTelμIsF¶n;F¶rKYr[kt;sMKal;enaH mtkCnGacdak;BaküsuMeTAtulakarRKYsar[pþac;

mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnenaH)an ¬maRta 892 sþIBI karpþac;mt’kBI

snþtiCn¦ .

1>2> cMENkmt’kEdlkMNt;edayc,ab;

kñúgkrNIEdlmanmnusSeRcIn CasnþtiCntamc,ab;kMNt;EdlmanlMdab;dUcKña

Rkmrdæb,evNI maRta 900EcgGMBIcMENkmt’kdUcxageRkamenH ³

k- ebIshB½T§ nigkUn CasnþtiCn shB½T§ nigkUnenaHTTYlcMENkmt’kesμIKña KWmñak;

mYyPaKBIr . b:uEnþebIsinkUnmanBIrnak; cMENkrbs;kUn RtUvEbgEckes μIKñaCa

mYyPaKBIreTot ¬mñak;)anBak;kNþal¦ KWmann½½yfakUnmñak;TTYl)ancMENkRtUvCamYy

PaKbYn .


- 266 -

x- ebIshB½T§ nigbuBVjatipÞal;CasnþtiCn shB½T§TTYl)ancMENkmt’k BIrPaKbI

cMENkÉbuBVjatipÞal;TTYl)an mYyPaKbI . ebIbuBVjatipÞal;mancMnYneRcInnak; cMENk

mt’krbs;buBVjatipÞal;enaHRtUvEbgEckesμIKña[dl;mñak;² .

K- ebIshB½T§ nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCn shB½T§TTYl)ancMENkmt’k

bIPaKbYn cMENkbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnTTYl)anmYyPaKbYn . ebIbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;

mtkCnmancMnYneRcInnak; enaHcMENkmt’krbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáItenaHRtUvEbgEckes μIKña

[dl;mñak;² .

X- cMENkmt’krbs;kUnGt;x½nþsøa RtUvesμInwgmYyPaKBIréncMENkmt’krbs;kUnman

x½nþsøa . cMENkmt’krbs;bgb¥ÚnEdlman«Buk b¤ mþayEtmçagdUcKña RtUvman

mYyPaKBIréncMENkmt’krbs;bgb¥ÚnEdlman«Buk nig mþayTaMgsgxagdUcKña .

BaküKnøwH cMENkmt’krbs;shB½T§

eyagbBaØtþiCaFrmanénRkmrdæb,evNI EdlRtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkm μenAqñaM1980

cMENkmt’krbs;shB½T§ mankarekIneLIgeRcInCagbBaØtþienAkñúgRkmcas; ¬bBaØtþinaqñaM

1947¦ . karGFib,aydUcxagelIenH ebIsineyIgerobcMCatarag KWmanlkçN³

dUcxageRkam .


- 267 -

lMdab;TImYy

jatielahitCasnþtiCn

nigshsnþtikm μ

lMdab;TIBIr


nigshsnþtikm μ

lMdab;TIbI


nigshsnþtikm μ

shB½T§ kUn shB½T§ buBVjatipÞal; shB½T§ bgb¥ÚnbegáIt

1 PaK 2 1 PaK 2 2 PaK 3 1 PaK 3 3 PaK 4 1 PaK 4

maRta 901 énRkmrdæb,evNI manEcgcMeBaHcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCnCMnYs

EdlmanbBaØtþienAkñúgkfax½NÐTI2 nig TI3 énmaRta 887 enaHfa ebIsinbcäajatipÞal;

CasnþtiCnCMnYs ¬eBalKWebIsinkUnrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCnTTYlmrNPaB ecArbs;

mtkCnRtUvkøayCasnþtiCnCMnYs¦ bcäajatipÞal;enaHRtUvTTYlcMENkmt’k es μIKñanwg

cMENkmt’kEdlbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;xøÜnRtUvTTYl)an . k¾b:uEnþ ebIsinCamanbcäajati

pÞal;eRcInnak; cMENkmt’kEdlbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;bcäajatipÞal;enaHTTYl)an RtUvEbg

EcgtambBaØtþiénmaRta 900 ¬eyagtammaRta 901 kfax½NÐTI1 ebIsinCaecAman

cMnYneRcInnak; cMENkmt’krbs;kUnrbs;mtkCnEdl)ansøab;eTAenaH RtUvykmk

EbgEckesμI²KñarvagecA²TaMgGs;rbs;mtkCnenaH¦ .


- 268 -

cMENkÉkrNIEdlsnþtiCnCMnYsKWCa kUnrbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnvij

¬mann½yfaebIsinbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn EdlkøayCasnþtiCnBitR)akdrYcehIy

TTYlmrNPaB kUnrbs;buKÁlenaHRtUvkøayCasnþtiCnCMnYs¦ karEbgEckcMENkmt’k

RtUveFIVeLIgdUcKñanwgkarEbgEcgmt’kxagelIenHEdr ¬maRta901 kfax½NÐTI2¦ .

1>3> cMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;

tammaRta 902 énRkmrdæb,evNI edayminBak;B½n§nwgbBaØtþienAkñúgmaRtaTaMg

2xagelIenH mtkCnGackMNt;cMENkmt’krbs;shsnþtiCntammtksasn_ b¤Gac

RbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCnCaGñkkMNt;)an k¾b:uEnþmtkCnb¤ttiyCnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþi

enaH minGackMNt;GVI[pÞúyBIbBaØtþic,ab;sþIBIPaKbRmugeT ¬maRta 902 kfax½NÐTI1 .

Tak;TgnwgPaKbRmug sUmebIkemIlEpñk 2-4-4 enAxageRkam¦.

elIsBIenHeTot ebImtkCn)ankMNt;cMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCnEtmñak; b¤eRcIn nak;

kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; b¤ ebImtkCn)an[eKkMNt;y:agdUecñHehIy enaH

cMENkmt’krbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot ¬cMENkmt’kEdlmin)ankMNt;¦ RtUv

EbgEcktambBaØtþiénmaRtaTaMg 2 xagelI ¬maRta 902 kfax½NÐ TI2¦.


- 269 -

1>4> smPaBrvagsnþtiCn

1>4>1> cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess

ebIsinCamansnþtiCntamc,ab;eRcInnak; ehIymansnþtiCnxø³kñúgcMeNam

shsnþtiCnTaMgGsenaH; )anTTYlBImtkCnnUvRbTankmμBiessenAeBlEdlmtkCn

enArs; b¤)anTTYlGc©½yTantambNþaMmtksasn½ kñúgkrNIxøH karKNnacMENkmt’k

RtUvcat;TukRbTankmμnigGc©½yTanTaMgenHfa CacMENkmt’kEdlRbKl;[mun .

c,ab;kMNt;fa rbs;TaMgGs;enHRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlCamt’k ehIyRtUvKNnaeTAkñúgcMENk

mt’kPaK ¬cMeBaHPaKNaEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_rYceRscehIyenaH KWRtUvdkecj

BIcMENkmt’kEdlRtUvTTYl)an¦ . enHKWCaRbB½n§énkarRbmUlmkvijnUvplRbeyaCn_

BiessEdlbuKÁlTTYl)an ¬maRta 903¦ . karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess KWmandUc

CakarTTYlnUv]btßmÖsMrab;éføsala x<s;CagkarTTUl)anrbs;snþtiCnepSgeTot b¤

RbTankmμCaGclnvtßúsMrab;éf¶GaBah_ BiBah_CaedIm .

1>4>2> PaKénviPaKTan

kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgLay ebImanbuKÁlNamñak;)aneFVIviPaKTan Biess

edIm,IEfrkSab¤begáInRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn b¤)anEfrkSamtkCn nig )anpþl;

esvakmμelIkic©karrbs;mtkCn enaHtMrUv[mankarKNna[)ansmrmüelIcMENkmt’k


- 270 -

edayqøúHbBa©aMgBIviPaKTanEdlbuKÁlenaH)aneFVI . Ep¥ktamkaryl;eXIjEbbenHehIy

eTIbmanbTbBaØtþibEnßmGMBIPaKénviPaKTan enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIqñaM 1980 ¬maRta 904

kfax½NÐTI2¦. dUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlmanviPaKTandUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH c,ab;TTYl

sÁal;cMnYnTwkR)ak;srubéncMENkmt’k EdlmanbUkbBa©ÚlnUvPaKénviPaKTanEtb:ueNÑaH

ehIytMélénviPaKTanenH tMrUv[mankarvaytMélCaTwkR)ak;edayeyagelIsalRkm

rbs;tulakarRKYsar b¤edayEp¥kelIkarBieRKaHKñarvagshsnþtiCn.

2> karyl;RBm nigkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ snþtikmμKWCakarTTYlbnþnUvTMnak;TMngEdlBak;B½n§nwgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgmUlrbs;

mtkCn ¬karTTYlbnþTaMgRsug¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)anCab;bMNulmuneBlTTYl

mrNPaB bMNulenaHk¾RtUvKitbBa©ÚleTAkñúgmt’kEdr . GaRs½yelIkal³eTs³nImYy²

maneBlxøHbMNulGaceRcInCagRTBüsm,tþieTAeTot . kñúgkrNIEbbenH etIbuKÁlEdl

RtUv)ancat;TukfaCasnþtiCnenaH dac;xatRtUvEtTTYlmt’kedaysnþtikm μEdrb¤eT? ebI

eKBicarNaeTAelITsSn³éns½VyPaBxagqnä³rbs;buKÁlmñak;² KWeKKb,Ipþl;»kas

[snþtiCneFVIkarsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉg . kñúgn½yenHehIyeTIbRkmrdæb,evNITTYl

sÁal;nUvCMerIsbIdl;snþtiCn TI1- bdiesFn_TaMgRsug nUvkarTTYlbnþRTBüsm,tþi


- 271 -

¬kare)aHbg;snþtikmμ¦ TI2- TTYlykTaMgRsugnUvkarTTYlbnþRTBüsm,tþi ¬karyl;RBm

TaMgRsug¦ b¤ TI3- TTYlxusRtUvelIsMNgkatBVkic©CaGviC¢manepSg² RtwmkRmitén

RTBüsm,tþiCaviC¢man EdlxøÜn)anTTYltamry³snttikmμEtb:ueNÑaH ¬karyl;RBmeday

mankRmit¦ ¬CakarBitR)akdNas; minGacmanCMerIsTTYlEtRTBüsm,tþiCaviC¢man

edayminTTYlxusRtUvelIbMNul)aneT¦ . snþtiCnRtUveFVIkareRCIserIsNamYykñúg

cMeNamCMerIsTaMgbIxagelIenH kñúgGMLúgeBl3Ex ¬GMLúgeBlsMrab;BicarNa¦ Kitcab;

BIeBlEdl)andwgfa snþtikmμcMeBaHxøÜn)ancab;epþIm ¬maRta 915 kfax½NÐTI1¦ .

k> kare)aHbg;snþtikmμ buKÁlEdlmanbMNge)aHbg;snþtikmμ RtUveFVIesckáIEføgkarN_

BIkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ eTAtulakarRKÜsar ¬maRta 938¦ ehIybuKÁlenaHRtUv)ancat;Tuk fa

minEmnCasnþtiCntaMgBIdMbUgmk ¬maRta 939¦ .

x> karyl;RBmTaMgRsug snþtiCnEdl)anyl;RBmTaMgRsug RtUvTTYlbnþedayKμan

kMritnUvsiT§i nigkatBVkic©rbs;mtkCn ¬maRta 920¦ . enAkñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)an

cat;Ecgmt’kTaMgGs; b¤mYyPaK nigkñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnmin)anyl;RBmedayman

kRmit b¤e)aHbg; enAkñúgGMLúgeBl3Ex bnÞab;BI)andwgfasnþtikmμcMeBaHxøÜn)ancab; epþIm

enaHnwgRtUvcat;TukfasnþtiCn)anyl;RBmTaMgRsugehIy ¬maRta 921¦ .

K> karyl;RBmedaymankRmit snþtiCnEdlmanbMNgcg;yl;RBmedaymankRmit


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RtUveFVIesckþIEføgkarN_énkaryl;RBmedaymankRmitenaH edayRtUveFVIbBa©IsareBIP½NÐ

RTBüsm,tþi rUcehIydak;CUntulakarRKYsar enAkñúgGMLúgeBl3Ex bnÞab;BI)andwgfa

snþtikmμcMeBaHxøÜn)ancab;epþIm ¬maRta 924¦. b:uEnþebIsnþtiCnmaneRcInnak; kar

yl;RBmedaymankRmitenHGaceFVIeTA)an luHRtaEtshsnþtiCnenaH)aneFVIedayrYm

KñaTaMgGs; ¬maRta 923¦ BIeRBaHfa ebImineFVIdUecñHeT TMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab;nwgmanlkçN³

sμúKsμaj ehtuenHehIy ebIeTaHbICakñúgcMenamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; mansnþtiCnEt

mñak;EdlTamTareFVIkarbdiesFn_ b¤yl;RBmsnþtikm μ k¾karyl;RBmedaymankRmitmin

GaceFVIeTArYcEdr ¬pÞúyeTAvij ebIsinshsnþtiCnepSgeTot e)aHbg;snþtikmμ ehIy

enAsl;snþtiCnEtmñak; snþtiCnenaHGaceFVIkaryl;RBmedaymankRmit)an¦ .

3> karEbgEckmt’k krNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; eKRtUvRbmUlmt’kTaMgGs;mkeFIVCakmμsiT§irYm

rbs;shsnþtiCnTaMgGs;enaHCamunsin eTIbeFIVkarepÞrcugeRkaynUvmt’kdl;snþtiCn

nImYy²tamnitiviFIénkarEbgEckmt’k . karEbgEckmt’kmanBIrRbePTKW karEbg

EckedaykarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCn nigkarEbgEckedaytulakar ¬maRta 907¦ .

eKsegáteXIjfa CMelaHCaeRcInelIbBaðasnþtikmμ eRcInekIteLIgenAkñúgdMNak;kal

EbgEckmt’kenH . CakarBitNas;Edlfa RbesIrebIGacerobcM[mankarBiPakSarvag


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snþtiCn)an karEbgEckdIEdlCasnþtikmμrYmGacnwgeFIVeTAtamkarsMercrbs;snþtiCn

TaMgGs; edaymincaM)ac;erobcMEckCaLÚt¥¥×dIeT KWTukdUcedImdEdlsMrab;eRbIR)as;rYmKña

RsbtamcMENkmt’kk¾)anEdr . mtkCnk¾GackMNt;nUvviFICak;lak;sMrab;EbgEck

mt’k)anEdr enAkñúgmtksasn_rbs;xøÜndUcmanGFib,ayenAxageRkamenH ¬maRta 908¦ .

karEbgEckmt’kedaytulakar KWRtUveFIVeLIgedayEp¥ktamnitiviFIsvnaka

rbs;tulakarRKYsar .

4> snþtikmμtammtksasn_

4>1> TRmg;énmtksasn_

edayehtuplfa mtksasn_cab;manGanuPaB bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs;mtkCn

¬eyagtammaRta 985¦ Rkmrdæb,evNI tRmUv[mtksasn_eFVIeTAtamTRmg;y:agh μt;ct;

nigc,as;las; edIm,Iyl;[)anc,as;las;nUvqnÞ³taMgBIdMbUgrbs;mtkCn nigedIm,I

eCosvagnUvral;karb:unb:gEkøgbnøMBICnd¾éTeTot ¬eyagtammaRta 960 ebIsinmin

GnuelamtamTRmg;EdlkMNt;edayRkmrdæb,evNIeT mtksasn_BMuGaceFIV)aneLIy¦ .

TRmg;Fmμta ¬maRta 967¦ RtUvkMNt;CabIRbePT rYmman mtksasn_edaylixit

sresrpÞal;éd mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt nigmtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at;

cMENkÉTRmg;Biessvij ¬eyagtamkrNIelIkElgrbs;maRta 967¦ KWman


- 274 -

mtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan; nigmtksasn_rbs;CnEdl

sßitenATIkEnøgdac;edayELk ¬eyagtambBaØtiþelIkElgénmaRta 976 mtksasn_

rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit KWeFVIenAeBlEdlbuKÁlNamñak;

kMBugCYbRbTHnwgeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit edaysarCm¶WF¶n;F¶r b¤edayehtukarN_

epSgeTot edaymanvtþmanrbs;sakSIy:agticbInak;enAnwgkEnøg ehIyEdleFVIeLIg

tamviFIkarRbkasedaypÞal;mat;cMeBaHsakSImñak;kñúgcMeNamsakSITaMgenaH edIm,I

[sakSIrUbenaHeFIVkarkt;RtaTuk . mtksasn_EdleFVItamviFIenH GacehAm:üageTotfa

Camtksasn_enAdegðImcugeRkay¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlminmanmtksasn_ b¤enAeBl

Edlmtksasn_minmanGanuPaBeT enaHeKRtUverobcMsnþtikmμtamc,ab; .

4>1>1> mtksasn_edaylixitsresrpÞal;éd

mtksasn_edaylixitsresr pÞal;éd KWCaTRmg;mtksasn_gayRsYleFVIbMput

Edlm©as;bNþaMGacsesr)an eday minRtUvkarCMnYyBICnNamñak;eLIy .

b:uEnþm©as;bNþaM RtUvsresrBaküTaMgGs; cuHéf¶ ExqñaMnigsesreQ μaHedayxøÜnÉg

ehIyRtUve)aHRtaelIlixitenaH . karbEnßm karlub b¤karEkERbepSgeTot

BMumanGanuPaBeLIy ebIm©as;bNþaMmin)anbgðajnUvkEnøgEdl EkERb

nigsresrbEnßmnUvehtuénkarEkERbedaymancuHhtßelxa ehIyEfmTaMge)aH


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RtacMNaMkEnøgbEnßm lubecal b¤EkERbeTenaH ¬maRta 968¦ .

4>1>2> mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt

mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt KWCa mtksasn_EdlsarkarIeFVI[m©as;bNþaM

tamTRmg;dUcteTA³ 1- RtUvmanvtþmanrbs; sakSIy:agticBIrnak; . 2-

m©as;bNþaMRtUvR)ab;pÞal;mat;nUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_cMeBaH sarkarI . 3-

sarkarIRtUvsresrnUvGtßn½yénmtksasn_rbs;m©as;bNþaMenaHCalay l½kçN_GkSr

ehIyRtUvsURt[m©as;bNþaM nigsakSIsþab; b¤[emIl ¬bBaØtiþEdlTak;Tg dl;karGanenH

RtUv)anbEnßmenAeBleFVIviesaFnkmμc,ab;enAExemsa qñaM 2000¦ . 4- m©as;bNþaM

nigsakSIRtUvcuHhtßelxa b¤e)aHRta bnÞab;BI)anTTYlsÁal;BIPaBRtwmRtUvén

kMNt;Calayl½kçN_GkSrenaHehIy . 5- sarkarIRtUvcuHhtßelxa nige)aHRtaelI

cMNarbEnßmEdlbBa¢ak;fa mtksasn_RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGnuelamtamTRmg;xagelI

enH ¬maRta 969¦ . kareFVItamTRmg;EbbenH manlkçN³sμúKsμaj b:uEnþc,as;las; .

edayELk enAkñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlminGacniyay)an cg;eFVImtksasn_edaylixit

yfaPUt m©as;bNþaMenaH GacCMnYskarR)ab;EdltRmUvkñúgcMNucTI2)an edayeFVIesckþI

EføgkarN_GMBIxøwmsarénmtksasn_enaH tamkarbkERbrbs;GñkbkERbPasaéd b¤

sesrpÞal;éd . dUcKñaEdr RbsinebI m©as;bNþaM b¤sakSI CamnusSEdlminGacsþab;)an


- 276 -

sarkarIGac[GñkbkERbPasaédenaH bkERbxøwmsarénmtksasn_R)ab;m©as;bNþaM

b¤sakSI CMnYs[cMnucTI3EdltRmUv[sarkrIsURt[m©as;bNþaMnigsakSIsþab;enaH)an

¬cMnucenHKWeyagtammaRta 969 kfax½NÐ2 EdlRtUv)anbEnßmenAeBleFVIviesaFnkmμ

c,ab;enAExemsa qñaM 2000¦ .

4>1>3> mtksasn_edaylixitsMgat;

mtksasn_edaylixitsMgat; KWCamtksasn_Edlm©as;bNþaMsresreday xøÜnÉg

b¤[Gñkd¾éTsresrCMnYsxøÜn edaycuHhtßelxa b¤e)aHRtaedaym©as;bNþaM

rYcehIydak;kñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit Edlm©as;bNþaMRtUvcuHhtßelxaelIeRsam sMbuRtenaH

ehIybnÞab;mkm©as;bNþaMRtUvdak;lixitmtksasn_enH enAcMeBaHmux sarkarI

nigsakSIBIrnak;y:agtic nigRtUveFVIesckþIEføgkarN_fa lixitmtksasn_enHCarbs;xøÜn

b¤eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_BICnEdl)ansresr CMnYsxøÜn bnÞab;mk

sarkarIRtUvsresresckþIEføgkarN_TaMgenaH enAelIlixitEdl biTBIelIeRsamsMbuRtenaH

edaymankarcuHhtßelxarbs;GñkTaMgGs;Kñapg ¬maRta 970¦ .

enAkñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlminGacniyay)an manbMNgcg;eFVI mtksasn_eday lixitsMgat;

buKÁlenaHRtUveFVIesckþIEføgkarN_dUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH tamry³kar

bkERbrbs;GñkbkERb b¤tamry³karsresredaypÞal;édenAelIlixitEdlbiTCitenaH


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k¾)anEdr ¬eyagtammaRta 972 Edl)aneFIVviesaFnkmμenAExemsa qñaM 2000¦ .

4>2> Gc©½yTan

CaeKalkarN_ Gtßn½yénmtksasn_ GaceFVIeLIgedayesrI . tamry³

mtksasn_ m©as;bNþaM GacEcg[mankarEkERbsmamaRténsnþtikmμ EdlRtUvTTYl

edaysnþtiCntamc,ab; ehIyenAkñúgmtksasn_enH m©as;bNþaMk¾GaceFIVRbTankmμ

RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜneTA[nrNamñak;k¾)an ¬eTA[CneRkABIsnþtiCntamc,ab;k¾)anEdr¦ .

kareFVIdUecñHehAfa Gc©½yTan . eKGaceFVIGc½©yTannUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; Caskldl;

CnNamñak; ¬Gc©½yTanskl¦ b¤eFVIGc©½yTannUvRTBüsm,tþiEdlmankMNt;Cak;lak;

Etb:ueNÑaH ¬Gc©½yTanmankMNt;¦ dl;CnNamñak;k¾)an . k¾b:uEnþ Gc©½yTanminGac

kMNt;GVIpÞúyBIbBaØtþiEdlTak;TgnwgPaKbRmug)aneT ¬maRta 964¦ .

CnEdlTTYlGc©½yTanehAfaGc©½ylaPI . enAeRkayeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)an

TTYlmrNPaB Gc©½ylaPIGace)aHbg;Gc©½yTanenAeBlNak¾)an ebIsinxøÜnmincg;

TTYlGc©½yTaneTenaH ¬maRta 986 kfax½NÐTI1¦ . krNIenHKWvasmehtusmpl Nas;

eRBaHfasUm,IEt snþtiCntamc,ab;k¾Gace)aHbg;snþtikmμ)anEdr . Gc©½ylaPI

sklk¾RtUvman siT§i nigkrNIkic© dUcKñanwgsnþtiCnEdr ¬maRta 990¦ .

teTAenHeyIgnwgRkelkemIlBI RbTankm μedaymUlehtumrNPaBvijmþg .


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dUc)anerobrab;rYcmkehIyenAkñúgCMBUkTI 4 RbTankm μedaymUlehtumrNPaB KWCa

RbTankmμEdlcat;TukmrNPaBrbs;Taykfa Cal½kçx½NÐbg¥g; ¬begáItGanuPaBeday

mrNPaB¦ ehIyEdlmtkCnRtUvcuHkic©snüaRbTankmμenaHenAeBlenArs; . RbTankmμ

manlkçN³xusKñaBIGc©½yTanEdlCaskmμPaBÉketaPaKI k¾b:uEnþedaysar

RbTankmμmantYnaTIRsedogKñanwgGc©½yTan dUecñHRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;ykbBaØtþi

Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan mkGnuvtþcMeBaH RbTankmμedaymUlehtumrNPaB pgEdr ¬maRta

554¦ . enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIBn§elIsnþtikmμ RbTankmμedaymUlehtumrNPaB k¾RtUv)an

eKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGc½©yTanpgEdr ¬maRta 1 énc,ab;sþIBIBn§elIsnþtikmμ¦ .

4>3> karlubecalnUvmtksasn_

eKalkarN_esrIPaBmtksasn_KWmanrYmbBa©ÚlnUvesrIPaBkñúgkarkMNt;

xøwmsarnigesrIPaBkñúgkardkhUtmkvijnUvmtksasn_. m©as;bNþaMGaclubecal

¬dkhUtmkvij¦nUvmtksasn_mYyPaKb¤TaMgmUlenAeBlNak¾)anGnuelamtamTRmg;én

mtksasn_ ¬maRta 1022¦ . edayehtufaeKRtUveKarB tamqnÞ³cugeRkaybMputEdl

m©as;bNþaMmanenACiteBlTTYlmrN³PaBenaHeKGacEk ERbmtksasn_cuHeLIgb:unμan

elIkk¾)anEdr.dUecñHenAeBlEdlmanxøwmsarpÞúyKñarvag mtksasn_Edl)aneFVImunnwg

mtksasn_Edl)aneFVIeRkayRtUvcat;Tukfamtksasn_Edl)aneFVIeRkayenH)anlub


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ecalmtksasn_Edl)aneFVImuncMeBaHEpñkEdlpÞúyKñaenH¬maRta 1023 kfax½NÐTI1¦.

4>4> PaKbRmug

dUc)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy Rkmrdæb,evNIbegáItRbB½n§PaKbRmug Edl

eFVI[mankarrwtt,itmYyEpñk nUvesrIPaBénkareFVImtksasn_ . RbsinebIEp¥keTAelI

kareKarBqnÞ³rbs;buKÁlmñak;² eKKb,ITTYlsÁal;nUvesrIPaBrbs;buKÁlkñúgkarcat;Ecg

RTBüsm,tiþ TaMgeBlenArs; TaMgeRkayeBlTTYlmrNPaB b:uEnþeKk¾KYEtpþl;kic©

karBarpgEdr cMeBaHRKYsarEdlFøab;TTYlkar]btßmÖBImrNCn nigcMeBaHesckIþsgÇwm

rbs;snþtiCntamc,ab; EdlrMBwgfaxøÜnnwg)nTTYlbnþRTBüsm,tþienaH . ehtudUecñH ehIy

mt’kmYyEpñkCak;lak; RtUvTukCaPaKbRmug edIm,IFanacMeBaHsnþtiCnnUvkar TTYl)anmt’k .

eTaHbICaRtUvFana[manPaKbRmugk¾eday k¾minmann½yfa krNIén

Gc©½yTanelIRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs; b¤RbTankmμEdlbuKÁl)aneFIVmunnwgTTYlmrNPaB

RtUvGs;suBlPaBPøam²EdrenaHeT . cMeBaHPaKbRmugEdlRtUv)anbMBan GñkmansiT§I

elIPaKbRmugenaHGacTamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßynUv Gc½©yTan nigRTBüsm,tþi

Edl)aneFVIRbTankmμ RtwmkMritEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbRgÁb;PaKbRmugenaH sMedARbmUlmt’k

mkvij edayeyagtamkarGnuvtþ siT§iénkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,IbRgÁb;PaKbRmug

¬maRta 1031¦ .


- 280 -

GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faGacTTYlPaKbRmug

KWsnþtiCntamc,ab;TaMgGs; eRkABIbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnecj . smamaRtén

PaKbRmugRtUvEbgEckdUcteTA ebIsinmanEt buBVjatipÞal;CasnþtiCn enaHPaKbRmug

RtUvCa 1 PaK 3 énRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn eRkABIenH snþtiCntamc,ab;epSgeTot

¬shB½T§ nigbcäajatiCaedIm¦ PaKbRmugRtUvCa 1 PaK 2 énRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn

¬maRta 1028¦ . PaKbRmugedayELkBIKña rbs;GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugmñak;²

RtUvKNnaeTAtamcMENksnþtikmμtamc,ab;rbs;buKÁlmñak;² . ]TahrN_fa kñúg

krNIEdlshB½T§ nigkUnBIrnak; KWCaGñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . CadMbUgbg¥s;

PaKbRmugTaMgmUlKWRtUvCa 1 PaK 2 énRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn . bnÞab;mk

shB½T§RtUvTTYl)ancMENk 1 PaK 2 énPaKbRmugTaMgmUlenaH rIÉcMENk 1 PaK 2

eTot)aneTAelIkUnTaMgBIrnak; . bnþmkeTotkUnTaMgBIrnak;enaH mñak;²RtUv TTYl)ancMENk

1 PaK 2 éncMENkrYmrbs;xøÜneKTaMgBIr .

cMnucEdlRtUvcab;GarmμN_enAkEnøgenH KWRTBüEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNna

PaKbRmug rYmbBa©ÚlnUvRTBüEdl)anbgðÚrecjedaysarRbTankm μ Edl)aneFVIkñúgGMLúg

eBlmYyqñaM enAmuneBlcab;epþImeFIVsnþtikmμ ¬cMeBaHRbTankmμEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeday

PaKIsgxag)andwgfa nwgbNþal[xUcxatdl;GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug eTaHbI


- 281 -

Ca)aneFVIelIsBImYyqñaMk¾eday k¾RtUvKitbBa©ÚlEdr¦ ¬maRta 1030¦ . BIeRBaHfa

ebImineFVIdUecñHeT nwgebIk[man»kasGacbMpøaj RbB½n§PaKbRmug edaysarRbTankmμ

EdleFVImuneBlmtkCnTTYlmrNPaB)an . tamry³karEdleFVIEbbenH RTBüEdl

CamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug GacRtUv)ankMNt;eLIg edayykRTBüsm,tþiEdl

mtkCnmanenAeBlTTYlmrNPaB ¬enAeBlcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikmμ¦ mkbUkbEnßm

RTBüsm,tþimYycMENkCak;lak;Edl)aneFVIRbTankmμmunenaH rYcehIydknUvcMnYnR)ak;

srubénbMNulecj ¬maRta 1029 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ .

m:üagvijeTot siT§iénkarTamTar[kat;bnßyPaKbRmug nwgRtUvrlt;eday

GaCJayukal ebIsinCaminmankarGnuvtþsiT§iTamTarenaHeT kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyqñaMKitcab;

BIeBlEdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug)andwgGMBIkarcab;epþImsnþtikmμ nigGMBIGc©½yTan b¤

RbTankmEdlRtUvkat;bnßyenaHmk . siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßyenH k¾RtUvrlt;eday

GaCJayukalpgEdr ebIGMLúgeBl 10qñaM )anknøghYsKitcab;BIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ

¬maRta 1042¦ .

5> karbMEbkRTBüsm,tþi m©as;bMNulelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn ¬buKÁlEdlmtkCnCMBak;bMNul¦ b¤

Gc½©y laPIEdlTTYlRTBüsm,tþiBImtkCntamry³Gc©½yTan ¬kñúgkrNIEdlsnþitCnxøÜn


- 282 -

ÉgkMBugEtCMBak;bMNuleK¦ edIm,Ibgáar kMu[RTBüsm,tþi rbs;xøÜnenALÚkLMCamYyRTBü

sm,tþirbs;snþtiCn nigkarBarkMu[mankarraraMgcMeBaHkarTTYltavkalikrbs;xøÜn Gac

dak;BaküsMueTAtulakarRKYsar kñúgGMLúgeBl 3 Ex bnÞab;BIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ

[bMEbkRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn ecjBIkñúgRTBüsm,tþirbs;snþtiCn EdlRtUvTTYl)an

tamry³snþtikmμ ¬tammaRta 941 kfax½NÐTI1 ehAfa karbMEbkRTBüsm,tþi

RbePTTImYy¦ . ehIyGñkEdl)andak;BaküsMu[bMEbkRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCnenaH

RtUvTTYl)annUvsMNgBImt’kenaH munm©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCn ¬maRta 942¦ . pÞúy

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RTBúüFnrbs;snþtiCn kan;EtmankarlM)akeTAeTot bnÞab;BIkarTTYlnUvRTBüsm,tþi

edaysnþtikmμEdlmantémøticCagbMNul¦ edIm,IFananUvkarGnuvtþsiT§ielIbMNulrbs; xøÜn

k¾GacbþwgeTAtulakarsMu[bMEbkRTBüsm,tþienaHpgEdr ¬tammaRta 950 ehAfa

karbMEbkRTBüsm,tþiRbePTTIBIr¦ .

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buKÁlmt’k¦¬maRta951¦. enAkñúgkrNIenHtulakarRKYsarRtUveRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k

tamBaküsMurbs;buKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_b¤tMNagGyükar¬maRta


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mtkCnCnEdl)anxitxMemIlEfTaMBüa)almtkCnb¤Cnd¾éTeTotEdlmannisS½yBiess

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caymt’keTA[CnEdlmannisS½yBiess. b:uEnþ ebIminmanbuKÁlNamannisS½yBiess

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GñkniBn§

GuIkida m:asaGU (Ikeda Masao)

qñaM1949 ekItenATIRkugtUküÚ RbeTsCb:un qñaM1973 bBa©b;karsikSaenAmhaviTüal½yesd ækic©énsaklviTüal½ykiyGU qñaM1978 bBa©b;karsikSabriBaØab½Rtc,ab;enAsaklviTüal½ykiyGU bc©úb,nñ sa®sþacarüenAmhaviTüal½yc,ab;énsaklviTüal½ykiyGU qñaM1991-1993 smaCikKN³kmμkarBinitükarRblgelIkTI 2

yksBaØab½RtGñkvaytMélGclnRTBü qñaM 1996 tmk smaCikKN³kmμkarBinitükarRblgc,ab;elIkTI 2 bNÐitc,ab; ¬ecjBIsaklviTüal½ykiyGU¦

esovePAENnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI ¬krNIRbeTsCb:un¦ GñkniBn§ m:asaGU GuIkida GñkERbsMrYl Kg; eTlI Gñke)aHBum< smaKmGñkc,ab;Cb:unedIm,Ikm<úCa

mCÄmNÐlkm<úCaRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_

© 2008: Ikeda Masao, Kuong Teilee

『民法への招待』池田真朗 Introduction to the Japanese Civil Code

smaKmGñkc,ab;Cb:unedIm,Ikmú<Ca Japan Jurists League for Cambodia (JJL)

mCÄmNÐlkm<úCaRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_ Cambodian Development Research Center (CadRec)

esovepaennamsiksa c,ab;rdæb,evni€¦ · japanese civil code textbook called “an invitation to...

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