erzulie mars_four perspectives of propaganda and their implication in a modern society

8/21/2019 Erzulie Mars_Four Perspectives of Propaganda and Their Implication in a Modern Society

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Running Head: FOUR PERSPECTIVES OF PROPAGANDA

Four Perspecties o! Propaganda and T"eir I#p$ication in a %odern Societ&

Er'u$ie %ars

(or) Co$$ege* CUN(

+


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Abstract

T"is paper inestigates t"e concept o! propaganda t"roug" e,isting t"eories o!

propaganda- T"is paper reie.s t"e t"eories o! propaganda as set /& t"e ear$& t.entiet"

centur& pioneers o! t"e science0 1a$ter 2ipp#ann* Ed.ard 3erna&s* 4ac5ues E$$u$ and !or

a #ore #odern perspectie Noa# C"o#s)&- 1"i$e none o! t"ese #en cou$d !oresee a

.or$d .it"out propaganda E$$u$ sa. its $i#itations 6E$$u$* +789- C"o#s)& ie.ed it as a

s&ste# used /& t"e e$ite ia t"e #edia to ensure t"eir do#inance 6Her#an ; C"o#s)&*

+799- 2ipp#ann !ound t"at t"e po.er o! our de#ocratic societ& $ies .it"in t"e c&c$e o!

in!$uence /et.een pu/$ic opinion and t"e e,ecutie /ranc" 62ipp#ann* +779- 3erna&s

ie.ed propaganda as a part o! our dai$& $ies* s"aping pu/$ic opinion in t"e interest o!

t"e corporation* goern#ent and so#eti#es /ot" 63erna&s* - Contrar& to popu$ar

/e$ie! propaganda is not an ideo$og& t"at died .it" t"e end o! 11II* it is an integra$ part

o! our #odern societ& t"at continues to in!$uence our dai$& $ies- Propaganda in!$uences

t"e "ea$t"care po$icies .e !ig"t oer* t"e /ai$ out .e do or do not support* it te$$s us t"e

#oies t"at are suita/$e !or our !a#i$ies and t"e decisions t"at protect our .a& o! $i!e-


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Four Perspecties o! Propaganda and T"eir I#p$ication in a %odern Societ&

Noe#/er ?*


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1a$ter 2ipp#ann and Ed.ard 3erna&s ."ose .or) in t"e Cree$ Co##ission during

President 1oodro. 1i$sons Peace 1it"out Victor&B ca#paign turn a nation !ro# its

o.n i#per!ections to supporting a .ar pro#ising to protect its .a& o! $i!e- T"e

o/@ecties o! t"is paper is to e,a#ine t"e t"eories o! propaganda as set /& t"e ear$&

t.entiet" centur& pioneers o! t"e science0 1a$ter 2ipp#ann* Ed.ard 3erna&s* 4ac5ues

E$$u$ and !or a #ore #odern perspectie Noa# C"o#s)&- T"e i#p$ications o! t"is paper

suggest t"at propaganda is @ust as #uc" o! our dai$& $ies as is $iing our dai$& $ies-

General Definition of Propaganda

T"e %erria# 1e/ster on$ine dictionar& 6


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+79=- His ear$& e,perience .it" a superstitious careta)er and t"e !ear s"e instituted in

"i#* ."ic" in adu$t"ood "e resented* droe "i# to ad#ire t"e po.er o! reason- Stee$

.rites t"at !or 2ipp#ann* reason .as t"e $ig"t t"at dispe$$ed dar)ness* turned g"osts into

$ace curtains* a$$o.ed #en to con!ront and con5uer t"e dar)B 6Stee$* +79=* p- >-

In t"e spring o! +7=9 2ipp#ann o$unteered .it" "is !e$$o. students !ro#

Harard to "e$p t"ose ."o $ost eer&t"ing to a !ire t"at s.ept t"roug" t"e to.n o!

C"e$sea 6Stee$* +79=- T"e icti#s .ere ."at .e toda& .ou$d consider t"e .or)ing c$ass

t"e anonous @anitors* po$ice#en* s"op c$er)sB "o.eer t"eir $oss gae "i# "is !irst

g$i#pse o! poert& 6Stee$* +79=* p-


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#isapp$ication o! de#ocrac&B 6Stee$* +79=* p-


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"is editoria$s in t"e Ne. Repu/$ic as a e"ic$e 6Stee$* +79=- Stee$ adds not on$& did

2ipp#ann "e$p s.ing t"e Ne. Repu/$ic /e"ind 1i$son "e .rote speec"es !or t"e

President and een de$iered ca#paign ta$)s in upstate Ne. (or) !ro# t"e /ac) o! a

trai$er truc)B 6Stee$* +79=* p- +=-

See#ing$& appre"ensie to go to .ar* in +7+8 1i$sons instruction to dra.

up a peace treat& .as #et surprising$& .it" a peace reso$ution proposed /& t"e Ger#ans

t"e#se$es 6Stee$* +79=- T"is created po$itica$ dread !or 1i$son /ecause regard$ess o!

t"e actions ta)en /& t"e U-S and its a$$ies t"e Ger#ans .ere poised to .in and t"e A$$ied

!orces .ou$d /e !orced into .ar- T"is predica#ent see#ed to e,cite 2ipp#ann- In an

editoria$ tit$ed Peace .it"out Victor&B 2ipp#ann argued* T"e Ger#an o!!er .as si#p$&

a p$o& to conso$idate territoria$ gains on t"e eastern !ront 6Stee$* +79=- T"us* i! accepted*

it .ou$d a#ount to a peace .it"out ictor&B t"at .ou$d "u#i$iate t"e de#ocracies and

$eae Prussian #i$itarists in contro$ o! Centra$ EuropeB 6Stee$* +79=* p- +=7- T"is artic$e

persuaded no one #ore t"an 1i$son and in 4anuar& +7+ used "is /u$$& pu$pit to #oe

t"e senate to support "is /id !or .ar against Ger#an& and a peace .it"out ictor&B

6Stee$* +79=* p- +=7- 3orro.ing 2ipp#anns p"rase $ed #an& to incorrect$& credit

2ipp#ann !or t"e 1i$son speec" and gae t"e Ne. Repu/$ic t"e reputation as a

propaganda #ac"ine !or t"e 1i$son ad#inistration 6Stee$* +79=- 1"en t"e peace ta$)s

!e$$ t"roug" and Ger#an& continued its su/#arine .ar!are 2ipp#ann continued "is

argu#ent !or .ar noting t"at t"e U-S s"ou$d stand .it" 3ritain and France-

Ho.eer /eing t"at t"e aerage reader o! Ne. Repu/$ic .as a paci!ist "e en$isted

t"e "e$p o! ot"ers to get t"e# to see t"at .ar .as in t"eir 6t"e aerage reader* t"e #asses

/est interest- Ho.eer 1i$son .as s$o. to act 6Stee$* +79=- In a series o! eents ending


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.it" t"ree attac)s against U-S #erc"ant#en t"e paci!ist c$i#ate o! t"e U-S /egan to s"i!t-

Apri$


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a/out t"e genera$ idea t"at !reedo# o! t"oug"t and speec" present t"e#se$es in a ne.

$ig"t and raise ne. pro/$e#s /ecause o! t"e discoer& t"at opinion can /e #anu!acturedB

6Stee$* +79=* p- ++- One so$ution to t"is pro/$e# 3erna&s 6+7


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c"ie! propagandist .ere "ope and !ear in t"e #inds o! reporters and editorsB 6Stee$* +79=*

p- +* nep"e. o! Sig#und Freud* esta/$is"ed t"e

engineering o! consentB ."ic" .as t"e scienti!ic #et"od o! in!$uencing and operating

pu/$ic opinion 63erna&s* * on /ac) coer- T"roug"out 1or$d 1ar I* "e and 1a$ter

2ipp#ann0 .ere /ot" ita$ #e#/ers o! t"e U-S- Co##ittee on Pu/$ic In!or#ation or

CPI- C"o#s)& as .e$$ see $ater #a)es re!erence to t"is organi'ation as t"e Cree$

Co##ission- T"e do#inant instru#ent constructed to adertise and se$$ t"e .ar to t"e

A#erican citi'en as one t"at .ou$d %a)e t"e 1or$d Sa!e !or De#ocrac&B t"e CPI t"us

created t"e #ode$ t"at a$$ !uture .ars .ou$d !o$$o. 63erna&s* +7


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For 3erna&s an i#portant e$e#ent in de#ocratic societ& is t"e conscious and

inte$$igent #anipu$ation o! t"e organi'ed "a/its and opinions o! t"e #asses- T"e

#anipu$ators /eing t"e inisi/$e goern#ent* ."ic" is t"e true ru$ing po.er o! our

countr&* do#inate our dai$& $iing- T"e& are t"e puppeteers- T"e inisi/$e goern#ent

3erna&s argues arose !ro# t"e desire o! t"e A#erican oter to "ae organi'ation

t"roug"out t"e po$itica$ process- T"e c"aos produced !ro# t"e $ac) o! organi'ation o!

ear$& oting processes .as oer."e$#ing t"us* ."en t"e t.o part& s&ste# ca#e a$ong it

.as an easi$& accepted a$ternatie- 3erna&s points out t"at ."i$e in t"eor& eer& citi'en

#a)es up "is or "er o.n #ind on /ot" pu/$ic and priate #atters* in practice "o.eer t"e

data co$$ection and researc" needed .ou$d /e in t"e end inconc$usie 63erna&s* +7


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to co##unicate ideas a$ong !urt"er distances* and t"e groupings or a!!i$iatesB o! societ&

are not $i#ited to our $oca$it& 63erna&s* +7


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For 3erna&s t"e ne. propaganda is t"e continuing e!!ort to s"ape t"e pu/$ic #ind

in t"e interest o! t"e corporation or t"e idea$s o! certain interests 63erna&s* +7


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pu/$ic opinion a$so constitute t"e inisi/$e goern#ent in!$uencing t"e #inutest detai$s o!

our $ies 63erna&s* +7


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3erna&s "o.eer* c$ari!ies t"at t"e pu/$ic re$ations counse$ is not an ad #an /ut

"e .i$$ counse$ t"e adertising agenc& a$so e#p$o&ed /& "is c$ient to assist t"e# in

pus"ing t"eir 6#utua$ c$ients agenda- Ho.eer* "is concerns $ie in 63erna&s* +7 ."et"er "e can conince t"e pu/$ic to /u& into "is c$ients idea$- For e,a#p$e "e #a&

po$$ t"e pu/$ic interests in "o. it !ee$s a/out contri/uting ta, do$$ars to.ards an

orp"anage and ."en "e !inds t"at t"ere is pu/$ic resent#ent oer a ne.$& proposed p$an

"e .i$$ adise "is c$ient to reise t"at particu$ar p$an- Once t"is is done* t"e reised p$an

.ou$d /e adertised to t"e pu/$ic0 a$$o.ing !or t"e !unding o! t"e orp"anage 63erna&s*

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ec"oed /& 4ac5ues E$$u$ as "e .rote on t"e $i#itations o! propaganda- Per"aps one o! t"e

#ost i#portant $essons 3erna&s teac"es is i! &ou can in!$uence t"e $eaders* eit"er .it" or

.it"out t"eir conscious cooperation* &ou auto#atica$$& in!$uence t"e group ."ic" t"e&

s.a&B 63erna&s* +7


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propaganda ai#s to spea) si#u$taneous$& to /ot" t"e indiidua$ and t"e #asses 6E$$u$*

+789- T"e indiidua$ a$one is o! no i#portance and t"e ti#e .ooing eac" indiidua$

.ou$d /e e,traneous- According to .ou$d to E$$u$ t"e indiidua$ is not"ing #ore t"an a

representatie o! t"e #ean or aerage o! socia$ consciousness 6E$$u$* +789- T"is is not to

sa& t"at t"e #asses a$one are o! "ig"er i#portance- On t"e contrar&* E$$u$ argues t"at

propaganda ai#ed tota$$& on t"e cro.d or #ass .ou$d /e ine!!icient 6E$$u$* +789- E$$u$

!urt"er postu$ates t"at t"e indiidua$* to t"e propagandist* part o! t"e #ass !or its

e!!icienc& 6E$$u$* +789-

T"e e#otiona$ and ps&c"o$ogica$ c"aracteristic t"e indiidua$ carries .it" "i# to

t"e group proes out /ene!icia$ !or propaganda- E$$u$ uses radio $istenersB as a pri#e

e,a#p$e 6E$$u$* +789* p- - E$$u$ a$so points out "o.eer t"at considering a$$ t"ose

t"ings /e!ore #entioned propaganda to e!!ectie$& a!!ect t"e group #ust reac" t"e

indiidua$ spea)ing direct$& to t"e#B 6E$$u$* +789* p- - E$$u$ points out t"at once part o!

a group a reerse ps&c"o$og& ta)es p$ace ."ere a$t"oug" t"e indiidua$ is part o! a group

"e !ee$s .ea)ened t"is to co#pensate "e puts on airs to proe "e is strong* !u$$ o!

coniction and #ore readi$& open and aai$a/$e to t"e #essage t"e propaganda spouts

6E$$u$* +789- 3ut* "e .arns t"at ."at is )e& as to not #a)e t"e indiidua$ !ee$ $i)e &ou

are p$acating t"e group ot"er.ise "e .i$$ /e turned o!! so its i#portant t"en to #a)e t"e

indiidua$ !ee$ specia$* essentia$ and on$& t"en .i$$ "e /eco#e an actie participant in t"at

ca#paign o! propaganda- E!!ectie in acco#p$is"ing t"is E$$u$ states is t"e #ass #edia*

reac"ing t"e #ass and indiidua$ a$$ at once- T"e /est ti#e to ingrain or captiate t"e

indiidua$ is ."en* as E$$u$ states* t"e& are a$one /ut part o! t"e group* $i)e ."en

.atc"ing or $istening to a particu$ar progra#- For e,a#p$e* t"e indiidua$ #a& /e a$one

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in t"e p"&sica$ sense is a$one in "is car $istening to t"e radio* /ut "e is sti$$ a part o! t"e

$arger group o! $isteners ."o s"are in "is ie.s* ."o $isten to t"at sa#e progra# 6E$$u$*

+789-

E$$u$ /e$iees t"at t"e success and suria$ o! propaganda rests on t"e s"ou$ders

o! t"e #ass #edia 6E$$u$* +789- E$$u$ argues t"at /esides spea)ing to t"e #asses ."i$e

#oing t"e indiidua$ propaganda #ust /e tota$B 6E$$u$* +789* p- 7- Tota$it& re!ers to

t"e #eans or use o! t"e #ass #edia to prope$ propaganda- Propaganda !or E$$u$ is

consistent and to /e e!!ectie a$$ aspects o! t"e #ass #edia #ust /e uti$i'ed

si#u$taneous$& 6E$$u$* +789- Propaganda* E$$u$ argues* is not #ani!ested !ro# t"in air

and cannot #a)e a person go against t"eir /e$ie!s or #a)e an indiidua$ do so#et"ing

t"e& .ou$dnt "ae done an&.a& 6E$$u$* +789- T"e propagandist #ust )no. "is

audience- Contrar& to popu$ar /e$ie! E$$u$ states t"at t"e propagandist ."o tries to

c"ange t"e group opinion once its #ade up its #ind on a .e$$reasoned argu#ent or

t"oug"t is a /ad propagandist 6E$$u$* +789- A good propagandist "o.eer .i$$ s)i$$!u$$&

!ind ot"er #eans o! persuasion 6E$$u$* +789- And persuasion to #oe an indiidua$ in

&our direction is possi/$e t"roug" t"e use o! a#/iguit&- Propaganda is /orn out o!

necessit& and it #ust address t"e needs o! a group 6E$$u$* +789- And t"at need is not to

e$eate t"e indiidua$ /ut to $o.er "i#* to #a)e "i# su/serient 6E$$u$* +789- Trut" is

not propaganda instead it seres itse$! to prope$$ing !a$se trut"s 6E$$u$* +789-

E$$u$ doesnt e,pound on t"e t"e#e o! po$itica$ propaganda its a$read& engrained

into our ps&c"e- Its t"e sc"e#a t"at co#es to #ind ."en .e t"in) o! propaganda- It

ino$es tec"ni5ues o! in!$uence e#p$o&ed /& a goern#ent* a part&* an ad#inistration* a

pressure group* .it" a ie. to c"anging* .it" a ie. to c"anging t"e /e"aior o! t"e

+9


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pu/$ic 6E$$u$* +789* p- 8


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t"e cro.d /e$o. 6E$$u$* +789* p-7- E$$u$ states t"at ."i$e ertica$ propaganda is

deised /e"ind c$ose doors* t"e e,ecutors o! ertica$ propaganda re#ain in t"e pu/$ic e&e

6E$$u$* +789- Vertica$ propaganda re5uires t"e su/@ugation o! its participants and an

e,a#p$e o! "o. it p$a&s out .ou$d /e as !o$$o.s: a preac"er or po$itician stands on a

pu$pit giing t"eir ser#on or speec" to a cro.d or t"e #asses #ean."i$e an indiidua$ a

part o! t"e cro.d /ut a$one in "is t"oug"ts /egins to s"out "is praise or dis#a& as it

re$ates to ."at t"e spea)er is sa&ing 6E$$u$* +789- He is s"outing to /e "eard /& t"e

spea)er* "e is not in co##unication .it" t"e cro.d0 "e is captiated* engaged- And as

$ong as "e is actie$& engaged* regard$ess o! "is 6t"e indiidua$s ie.point* t"e

propagandist "ad done "is @o/- 3ecause ."i$e o/edience or a )ind o! su/serience is

re5uired "ere t"e indiidua$ sti$$ needs to /e an actie participant0 a passionate$& actie

participant* propagating t"e ie.s o! anot"er0 ideas t"at .ere not origina$$& "is /ut "as

/een ingrained in "i# /& t"e propagandist- Vertica$ propaganda .or)s /est .it" agitation

propaganda 6E$$u$* +789

A ne.er tec"ni5ue is t"at o! "ori'onta$ propaganda- E$$u$ argues t"at it is

presented in t.o !or#s: C"inese propaganda and group d&na#ics in "u#an re$ationsB

6E$$u$* +789* p- 9=- C"inese propaganda is po$itica$ ."i$e t"e $atter can /e understood as

socio$ogica$ propaganda and t"e t.o !a$$ under t"e u#/re$$a o! t"e propaganda o!

integration 6E$$u$* +789- Hori'onta$ propaganda as E$$u$ ca$$s it re!ers to its $atera$

po.er structure- T"e propaganda is #ade inside t"e group 6not !ro# t"e top* ."ere in

princip$e* a$$ indiidua$s are e5ua$ and t"ere is no $eaderB 6E$$u$* +789* p- 9+- 1"at is o!

#ost i#portance or at $east ."at #a)es t"is !or# o! propaganda specia$ is t"at it .or)s in

s#a$$ groups- T"in) o! t"e startup o! a $oca$ grassroots or co##unit& organi'ation


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6/$oc) association etc- 3ut #e#/ers o! t"is group cannot /e a!!i$iated .it" ot"er groups*

so to preent an& additiona$ opinions !ro# entering t"e !o$d 6E$$u$* +789- Anot"er t"ing

to note is t"at education .it" t"e e,ception o! ciic educationB "as no p$ace in t"is

propaganda 6p-9?- As E$$u$ 6+789* states a$$ A#ericans a$read& )no. t"e great

princip$es and institutions o! de#ocrac&- (et t"ese groups are po$itica$0 t"eir education is

speci!ica$$& de#ocraticJ indiidua$s are taug"t "o. to ta)e action and "o. to /e"ae as

#e#/ers o! a de#ocrac&B 6p- 9?- E$$u$ /e$iees t"at propaganda can a$so /e considered

irrationa$ /ecause it appea$s to our e#otions0 it spea)s to our passions* ."ereas

in!or#ation is rationa$ /ecause it dea$s .it" !acts and data 6E$$u$* +789- 3ut t"e $ines "e

argues are /eco#ing /$urred as #ore and #ore propaganda re$ies on stats and data in

order to pass itse$! o!! as in!or#ation 6E$$u$* +789- As preious$& stated* uti$i'ation o!

#ass #edia is essentia$ !or t"e success o! propaganda "o.eer E$$u$ goes a $itt$e !urt"er

/& e,p$aining t"at its not an& !or# o! #edia /ut a centra$i'ed !or# o! #edia 6E$$u$*

+789- He e,p$ains t"at t"e nu#/er o! ne.s agencies and #edia out$ets #ust /e operated

/& on$& a $i#ited nu#/er o! $arge corporations to ensure contro$ and con!or#it& 6E$$u$*

+789- One group out o! propagandas grasps /e&ond een t"e #edias in!$uence E$$u$

argues are t"e destitute0 t"e& are not consu#ers so t"e& do not "ae t"e #eans to

purc"ase a te$eision* dai$& ne.spaper etc 6E$$u$* +789- And in our societ& its t"ose

.it" t"e #eans ."o are #ost suscepti/$e to propaganda0 t"e .or)ing and #idd$e c$ass

6E$$u$* +789-

T"e state or goern#ents need !or propaganda can /e sur#ised* as t"e

goern#ent cannot !o$$o. opinion* opinion #ust !o$$o. t"e goern#entB 6E$$u$* +789* p-

+


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t"e state is acting .it"in its 6t"e #asses /est interests 6E$$u$* +789- T"e indiidua$s

necessit& re!ers to t"e #odern #an* ."o /e$iees in !reedo# and dignit&* needs reasons

and @usti!ications to #a)e "i#se$! .or)B 6E$$u$* +789* p- +


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C"o#s)& $ists as t"e !irst goern#ent propaganda operation 1oodro. 1i$sons

ca#paign p$at!or# Peace .it"out Victor&B 6C"o#s)&*


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ideo$ogica$ s&ste#sB ."o construct* coordinate* and co#pre"end t"e co##on interests

6C"o#s)&*


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In a tota$itarian countr&* #ost peop$e* /e!ore t"e& are !u$$&

integrated* .ant to "ear ."at is !or/idden t"e ot"er $ine* ."ic"*

incidenta$$& is t"e on$& support !oreign propaganda "as- 3ut in a

de#ocrac& t"is need is #uc" $ess !e$t* so t"at een t"oug" t"e

reasons are $ess o/ious* it is as di!!icu$t to conduct e,terna$

propaganda against a de#ocrac& as against a dictators"ipB6p-


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%ean."i$e C"o#s)& argues t"at t"is process is so sea#$ess t"at o!ten t"ose in t"e

#edia t"e#se$es /e$iee t"e& are !u$!i$$ing t"eir duties .it" t"e /est o! intentions- In

!act it is t"e idea$ de#ocrac& o! t"ose in t"e pu/$ic re$ations industr& ."ere t"ose e$ite

pro#ote t"e idea$s o! t"ose t"at tru$& run our societ&- 1"i$e t"e pu/$ic .ait id$& /& t"eir

te$eisions !eeding into t"e idea t"at t"ere is not"ing #ore to $i!e t"an )eeping up .it" t"e

4ones and pursuing t"e A#erican Drea# 6C"o#s)&*


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pu/$ic to /e in !aor o! do#estic progra#s t"at are "ar#!u$ to t"e#B 6p- ?+- Part o! t"e

#et"od used to ensure t"e success o! suc" goern#ent ca#paigns is iso$ation-

Indiidua$s #ust !ee$ a$one in t"eir opinions* so i! t"e& are to disagree .it" a goern#ent

ca#paign t"e& !ee$ iso$ated in t"eir opinion despite t"e !act in rea$it& t"e& are not0 t"e

reason /eing t"at as $ong as t"e #asses are )ept in t"e dar) a/out pu/$ic opinion t"e& are

$ess $i)e$& to organi'e and reo$t:

3ut as $ong as peop$e are #argina$i'ed and distracted and

"ae no .a& to organi'e or articu$ate t"eir senti#ents* or

een )no. t"at ot"ers "ae t"ese senti#ents* peop$e ."o

said t"at t"e& pre!er socia$ spending to #i$itar& spending*

."o gae t"at ans.er on po$$sJ assu#ed t"at t"e& .ere

t"e on$& peop$e .it" t"at cra'& idea in t"eir "eads

6C"o#s)&*


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t"e need !or t"e .ar or its /ruta$it&- In order to run a #i$itar& state* crisis suc" as t"e

Vietna# S&ndro#e and ot"ers $i)e it cannot e,ist 6C"o#s)&*


29/32


Noe#/er *


30/32


didnt sa& .as t"is .ou$d #a)e t"e .or$d sa!e !or de#ocrac&B 6Organi'ingForA#erica*

+779- In addition* t"e ?= /i$$ion do$$ar price tag .as do.n p$a&ed-

Not"ing in societ& can "appen .it"out t"e #edias ino$e#ent as C"o#s)&

.ou$d argue so o! course eer& #a@or ne.s out$et reported on t"e stor& &et none

contested "is ca$$ !or #ore troops 6Her#an ; C"o#s)&* +799- 4ust as 2ipp#ann argued

t"e i#portance o! pu/$ic opinion .it" eer& stor& .as inc$uded po$$s ."et"er it /e Ga$$up

!or %SN3C or Fo, ne.s o.n Fo, Ne.s OpinionD&na#ic 6Garrett* % ; Associated

Press*


31/32


So#e #a& 5uestion #& $a/e$ing o! t"e t.o Daids "o.eer0 t"ese #en sa. a

se$!$ess $eaderB and deised a #edia /$it' $i)e none een t"e Cree$ Co##ission cou$d

i#agine- T"eir tactic .ent !ar /e&ond )issing /a/ies and spea)ing to t"e e$der$& t"e&

in!i$trated a$$ !or#s o! #edia0 t"irt& #inute te$eision ads* radio /roadcasts* persona$

e#ai$s addressed to t"e indiidua$* an up to t"e #inute .e/page* not to #ention a

Face/oo) page- T"ere .ere !$&ers* ts"irts and ot"er #e#ora/i$ia- T"e& #ade t"e

candidate accessi/$e* t"e indiidua$ !ee$ needed and a$ued- T"e& did t"e i#possi/$e* and

t"e& cou$dnt "ae done it .it"out propaganda-

?+


32/32


Re!erences

3ars)&* R- F- 6+779- Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. Ca#/ridge: T"e %IT Press-

3erna&s* E- 6- Propaganda. Ne. (or): Ig Pu/$is"ing- 6Origina$ .or) pu/$is"ed

+7

erzulie mars_four perspectives of propaganda and their implication in a modern society

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