ert 422/4 introduction to the bottom line procedures of generalized bioprocess view miss. rahimah...

ERT 422/4ERT 422/4INTRODUCTION TO THE BOTTOM INTRODUCTION TO THE BOTTOM

LINE PROCEDURES OF LINE PROCEDURES OF GENERALIZED BIOPROCESS GENERALIZED BIOPROCESS

VIEWVIEW

MISS. RAHIMAH BINTI OTHMAN(Email: [email protected])

COURSE OUTCOMESCOURSE OUTCOMES

OUTLINESUNDERSTAND and APPLY high ethical principles in process design related to regulations, economic, environmental issues and safety considerations that are prevalent in the design of new processes.

GENERALIZED VIEW OF BIOPROCESS

RAW MATERIALS

UPSTREAM PROCESSES

InoculumPreparation

EquipmentSterilization

Media Formulationand

Sterilization

BIOREACTOR - FERMENTER

Reaction Kineticsand Bioactivity

Transport Phenomenaand Fluid Properties

Instrumentationand Control

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES

SeparationRecovery andPurification

Waste Recovery,Reuse and Treatment

THE BOTTOM LINE

REGULATION ECONOMICS HEALTH AND SAFETY

BOTTOM LINE

REGULATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES &

SAFETY CONSIDERATIO

NS

ECONOMICS

• The Department of Standards Malaysia (Standards Malaysia) is the national standardisation and accreditation body.

• The main function; to foster and promote standards, standardisation & accreditation promoting industrial efficiency and developmentbenefiting the health and safety of the publicprotecting the consumersfacilitating domestic and international tradefurthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation.

Capital cost, capital investment, or

capital expenditure of a bioprocess facility.

- is the total amount of money that has to

be spent to supply the necessary plant (the

fixed capital investment) plus the working capital that

is needed for the

operation of the facility.

• Ref. Book: Peters et al.

(2003), Perry’s Handbook

(1997), Atkinson & Mavituna (1991).

• Purpose (Environmental Issues) : to identify the environmental “hot spots” of the process.

• That means it should draw

attention to those materials or process

steps that cause most of the potential environment

burden.

• Purpose (Safety Consideration) :

prevention of working accidents, occupational

diseases, or work caused dangers to health.

REGULATIONS

Safety

Environment

Environmental management is conducted at the federal level by the Department of Environment (DOE) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. - Its main objective is to administer and enforce the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendments 1985, 1996), and the Section of the Economic Exclusive Zone Act, 1984.

REGULATIONS

The Department of Environment (DOE) under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment has been given the onus of monitoring and enforcing environmental standards in Malaysia.

Strategies for Environmental Improvement Within the EQA (ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT), there are several progressive provisions that can contribute to pollution prevention: 1.The prescription for the reduction, recycling, recovery, or regulation of specified hazardous substances (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 30A);

2.The prescription of minimum percentages of recycled substances for specified products, and the labelling of such with declarations on recycled constituents as well as methods of manufacture and disposal (eco-labelling) (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 30A);

3.The prescription of rules on deposit and rebate schemes to ensure environmentally sound recycling or disposal of specified products (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 30B);

4.The provision for environmental audits to be conducted, irrespective of whether the operator is operating out of prescribed premises (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 33A); and

5.The right to impose a “research cess” on wastes to finance research into any aspect of pollution or prevention (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part VA, section 36A).

REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS

Air

Hazardous/S olid Waste

Wastewater

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

The Department of Environment (DOE) initiated the development of Receiving Water Quality criteria for Malaysia in 1985 which aimed at developing a water quality management approach for the long term water quality of the nation's water resources.

The approach recommended that Malaysian rivers be classified according to the six classes and described in Table 1.

The Department of Environment (DOE) initiated the development of Receiving Water Quality criteria for Malaysia in 1985 which aimed at developing a water quality management approach for the long term water quality of the nation's water resources.

The approach recommended that Malaysian rivers be classified according to the six classes and described in Table 1.


Table 1 - Receiving Water Quality (from Interim Water Quality Standard, INWQS)


Wastewater

Parameters (Units) Classes

l llA llB lll lV V

DO mg/l 7 5 - 7 5 - 7 3 - 5 < 3 < 1

COD mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 > 100

BOD mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 > 12

Total Dissolved Solids

mg/l 500 1000 - - 4000 -

Total Suspended Solids

mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 > 300

Faecal Caliform counts/100ml 10 100 400 5000 5000 -

Total Coliform counts/100ml 100 5000 5000 5000 5000 >50000


Wastewater – cont’

Class Uses l Represent water bodies of excellent quality. Standards set for the conservation

of natural environment in its undisturbed state. Water bodies such as those in the national park areas, fountain heads, and in land and in undisturbed areas come under this category where strictly no discharges of any kind is permitted. Water bodies in this category meet the most stringent requirements for human health and aquatic life protection.

ll Represents water bodies of good quality. Most existing raw water supply sources come under this category. In practise, no body contact activity is allowed in this water for the prevention of probable human pathogens. There is a need to introduce another class for water bodies not used for water supply but similar quality which may be referred to as Class IIB. The determination of Class IIB standards is based on criteria for recreational use and protection of sensitive aquatic species.

lll Is defined with the primary objective of protecting common and moderately tolerant aquatic species of economic value. Water under this classification may be used for water supply with extensive/advanced treatment. This class of water is also defined to suit livestock drinking needs.

lV Defines water required for major agricultural activities which may not cover minor applications to sensitive crops.

V Represents other water which do not meet any of the above uses.



Discharge Quality Standard

The effluent quality of any discharge from a sewage treatment process to an inland water (that is, other than one having an ocean outlet) shall meet the minimum requirements of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the limits set down by the Environmental Quality (Sewage Industrial Effluent Regulations, 1979 which are presented in Table 2.

Note: Standard A criteria applies only to catchments areas located upstream of drinking water supply off-takes.

1.

Standard A for discharge upstream of drinking water take-off

2.

Standard B for inland waters


Parameters (Units) Standard

A (1) B (2)

1 Temperature oC 40 40

2 pH - 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

3 BOD5 @ 20oC mg/l 20 50

4 COD mg/l 50 100

5 Suspended Solids mg/l 50 100

6 Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05

7 Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02

8 Chromium, Hexalent mg/l 0.05 0.05 9 Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.10

10 Cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.10

11 Lead mg/l 0.10 0.5

12 Chromium, Trivalent mg/l 0.20 1.0

13 Copper mg/l 0.20 1.0 14 Manganese mg/l 0.20 1.0 15 Nickel mg/l 0.20 1.0

16 Tin mg/l 0.20 1.0

17 Zinc mg/l 1.0 1.0

18 Boron mg/l 1.0 4.0

19 Iron (Fe) mg/l 1.0 5.0

20 Phenol mg/l 0.001 1.021 Free Chlorine mg/l 1.0 2.0

22 Sulphide mg/l 0.50 0.50

23 Oil and Grease mg/l Not detectable 10.0

Air


Wastewater


Ignitability (i.e., flammable)CorrosovityReactivityToxicity


A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous:

Hazardous/Solid Waste

A Solid Waste is any discarded material which is:• Abandoned• Recycled• Inherently Waste-Like

Materials are solid waste if they are abandoned by being:

•Disposed of•Burned or Incinerated•Accumulated, stored, or treated (but not recycled) before or in lieu of being abandoned by being disposed of, burned, or incinerated

Materials are solid waste if they are recycled - or accumulated, stored, or treated before recycling - by being:

•Used in a manner constituting disposal•Burned for energy recovery•Reclaimed•Accumulated Speculatively

Hazardous/Solid Waste – cont’’

The Material Is A Solid Waste???

Is It A Hazardous Waste?

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS EXAMPLE

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS EXAMPLE – cont’

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES &

SAFETY CONSIDERATIO

NS

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SAFETY

CONSIDERATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES


CONSIDERATIONS

Safety CONSIDERATIONSIn Malaysia, the health and safety of employees, is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Activity

OSHA Incident Rate (Injuries and

Deaths per 200,000 h)

Fatal Accident Rate (Deaths per

100,000,000 h)

Fatality Rate (Deaths per Person

per Year)

Working in chemical industry

0.49 4

Staying at home 3Working in steel industry 1.54 8

Travelling by car 3.88 67 170 x 10-6

Rock climbing 57 40 x 10-6

Smoking (1 pack per day) 4000 5000 x 10-6

Being struck by lightning 0.1 x 10-6

* Comparison of Three Risk Measurement.

Safety CONSIDERATIONSProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals

No. Process Safety Management1 Employee participation2 Process safety information3 Process hazards analysis4 Operating procedures5 Training6 Contractors7 Pre-starts-up safety review8 Mechanical integrity9 Hot work permit

10 Management of change11 Incident investigation12 Emergency planning and response13 Compliance safety audit


CONSIDERATIONS

ECONOMICS

ECONOMICSBIOENGINEERI

NG

Conversion, yield Process Flow Diagram

Raw materials

Utilities/ waste

Labor

Consumables

Operating cost Capital investment

Purchase equipment cost

Volume/mass of product Equipme

nt prices

Multipliers

Steps in the estimation of capital investment and operating costs..

ECONOMICSEXPECTED

OUTCOMESHow much money (capital cost) it takes to build a new plant.

How much money (operating cost) it takes to operate a plant.

How to combine (1) and (2) to provide several distinct types of composite values reflecting process profitability.

How to select the best process from competing alternatives.

How to estimate the economic value of making process changes and modification to an existing processes.

How to quantify uncertainty when evaluating the economic potential of a process.

ECONOMICS

Prepared by, MISS RAHIMAH OTHMAN

ert 422/4 introduction to the bottom line procedures of generalized bioprocess view miss. rahimah...

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