Upload File

eric harmsen, professor dept. of agricultural and biosystems engineering,

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
95
SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN WESTERN PUERTO RICO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Jarek Cintron Department of Industrial Engineering, UPRM, [email protected] Edvier Cabassa Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]

Upload: keaton-fowler

Post on 03-Jan-2016

47 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

Report

Tags:

DESCRIPTION

Small-Scale Rainfall Variability in Western Puerto Rico and its Implications on Agricultural Water Management. Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Jarek Cintron - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN WESTERN PUERTO RICO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Eric Harmsen, Professor

Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Jarek Cintron

Department of Industrial Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]

Edvier Cabassa

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]

Page 2: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

SITUATION

Rain gauges are the most common means for farmers to determine whether their crops have received sufficient water, and whether supplemental irrigation is needed.

Farmers commonly rely on rainfall information from a single rain gauge on their farm or from a rain gauge located off the farm.

Similarly, university researchers commonly rely on rainfall information from the single rain gauge located on the experimental station.

Page 3: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

But how reliable is rainfall information from a single gauge located, in some cases, several kilometers from a field?

To help answer this question, a rainfall variability study was conducted near the University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez Campus in Western Puerto Rico.

Page 4: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

APPROACH

Twenty-eight rain gauges were installed within a 4 km x 4 km area. Rainfall amounts were measured every 5 minutes between August 2006 and August 2007.

Page 5: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

INSTALLING THE RAIN GAUGES

Page 6: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

STUDY AREA

Page 7: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

STUDY AREA –RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS

Page 8: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

EQUIPMENT

Watchdog Rain Gauge Watchdog Shuttle

Page 9: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

STUDY AREA – FINAL RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS

Page 10: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

RESULTS

For the 62 storms evaluated, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 15.94 mm, 11.87 mm, 30.14 mm and 4.53 mm, respectively.

For any single storm the statistics can be more striking, for example, May 24th, 2007, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 55.4 mm, 30.74 mm, 129.4 mm and 28.2 mm, respectively.

Page 11: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

RAINFALL ANIMATION FROM RAIN GAUGES NETWORK

JUNE 27, 2007

Page 12: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:37 PM

Page 13: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:42 PM

Page 14: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:47 PM

Page 15: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:52 PM

Page 16: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

12:57 PM

Page 17: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:02 PM

Page 18: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:07 PM

Page 19: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:12 PM

Page 20: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:17 PM

Page 21: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:22 PM

Page 22: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:27 PM

Page 23: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:32 PM

Page 24: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:37 PM

Page 25: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:42 PM

Page 26: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:47 PM

Page 27: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:52 PM

Page 28: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

1:57 PM

Page 29: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:02 PM

Page 30: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:07 PM

Page 31: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:12 PM

Page 32: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:17 PM

Page 33: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:22 PM

Page 34: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:27 PM

Page 35: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:32 PM

Page 36: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:37 PM

Page 37: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:42 PM

Page 38: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:47 PM

Page 39: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:52 PM

Page 40: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

2:57 PM

Page 41: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:02 PM

Page 42: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:07 PM

Page 43: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:12 PM

Page 44: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:17 PM

Page 45: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:22 PM

Page 46: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:27 PM

Page 47: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:32 PM

Page 48: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:37 PM

Page 49: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:42 PM

Page 50: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:47 PM

Page 51: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:52 PM

Page 52: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

3:57 PM

Page 53: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:02 PM

Page 54: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:07 PM

Page 55: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:12 PM

Page 56: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:17 PM

Page 57: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:22 PM

Page 58: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:27 PM

Page 59: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:32 PM

Page 60: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:37 pm

Page 61: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:42 PM

Page 62: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:47 PM

Page 63: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:52 PM

Page 64: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

4:57 PM

Page 65: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:02 PM

Page 66: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:07 PM

Page 67: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:12 PM

Page 68: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:17 PM

Page 69: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:22 PM

Page 70: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:27 PM

Page 71: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:32 PM

Page 72: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:37 PM

Page 73: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:42 PM

Page 74: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:47 PM

Page 75: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:52 PM

Page 76: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

5:57 PM

Page 77: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:02 PM

Page 78: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:07 PM

Page 79: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:12 PM

Page 80: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:17 PM

Page 81: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:22 PM

Page 82: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2

6:27 PM

Page 83: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

mm

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

1 61 82 02 22 42 62 83 03 23 43 63 84 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8

P 1

P 3

P 5P 7

P 1 0P 1 1

P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6

C 1

C 2

C 3

C 4C 5

C 6

C 7C 8

C 9

C 1 0

C 1 1

C 1 2

- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1

1 8 . 2 1

1 8 . 2 1 5

1 8 . 2 2

1 8 . 2 2 5

1 8 . 2 3

1 8 . 2 3 5

0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 2

Total Storm Rainfall

Page 84: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

RESULTS

These results have implications for scheduling irrigation.

Page 85: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

IMPLICATIONS OF RAINFALL RESULTS

In the May 24th example previously mentioned, the rainfall gradient was 43.4 mm/km; which means that if a farmer’s field was located 1 km from the rain gauge, the rainfall value would have been in error by 43.4 mm (1.7 inches)!

This result could have lead to a serious over or under estimation of supplemental irrigation.

Page 86: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

RECOMMENDATION

Every farm should have at least one rain gauge.

Investigators should not assume that the experiment station rain gauge will provide accurate values of rainfall at their experimental plots.

$10 > $1,000

Page 87: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?

Page 88: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

THE COST OF OVER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER

Assume the following: Small 10-acre farm grows pumpkin Estimated consumptive use (CU) for season = 500 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Overall cost of water = $30/acre-ft (considering only: cost of water and electricity)

Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve in the next slide is applicable.

Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.

Page 89: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

Normalized Crop Yield as a Function of Normalized CU

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Normalized CU

No

rma

lize

d C

rop

Yie

ld

Page 90: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Results: Excess water applied = 100 mm = 1.07million gallons = 3 acre-ft (lost to groundwater)

Normalized CU = 1.25, therefore normalized yield = 0.9 (or 0.1 loss)

Potential $ LOST = cost of water + lost yield = 3 ac-ft x $30/ac-ft + [0.1*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $3690

Agr. Chemicals are leached to groundwater (cost was not included in calcluation). Groundwater was potentially contaminated

Page 91: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

COST OF UNDER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER

Assume the following: Same pumpkin farm (10-acres) Estimated CU for season = 300 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve is applicable.

Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.

Page 92: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Results Water deficit = 100 mm With a normalized CU of 0.75, the normalized yield

= 0.85 (or 0.15 loss) Potential $ LOST = lost yield

= [0.15*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $5,400

Page 93: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

CONCLUSIONS FROM EXAMPLES

The potential value of the crop may be significantly reduced by over or under-application irrigation water.

When water is over-applied, in addition to the reducing the potential value of the crop, certain costs are also wasted (water, fuel, chemicals, etc.)

Over application of water can lead to degradation of ground and surface waters.

Page 94: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

Yes!In order to reduce losses related to yield, water, energy and chemicals.

Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?

Page 95: Eric Harmsen, Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Financial support from:

• USDA-TSTAR • NOAA CREST• NASA EPSCoR • NSF-CASA


Ground-based energy flux measurements for calibration of the Advanced Thermal and Land Application Sensor (ATLAS) Eric Harmsen, Associate Professor Dept

Biosystems a25

Biosystems Design

Eric Harmsen, Antonio González Pérez Amos Winter

Quantifying Water Resource Sustainability John L. Nieber Dept. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota Collaborators: Bruce

Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock Facili0es · Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock Facili0es Daniel Andersen, PhD, EIT Ag. and Biosystems Engineering Dept. Iowa State

[Menno Spiering, Robert Harmsen] Euroscepticism P(BookZZ.org)

Iam'10 oberon-hans-peter harmsen

5. Flexión Pura - Harmsen

Diseno de estructuras de concreto harmsen (r)

Performance 2014 - Youri Harmsen & Kathryn Schlieben - Adlantic

Hydrologic Model of the Mayagüez Bay Watersheds: Progress Report Eric Harmsen, Associate Professor Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Marcel

Hydrologic Related Activities within the Joint Institute for Caribbean Climate Studies Eric Harmsen, Ph.D., P.E. Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Dr. Eric Harmsen Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and ...academic.uprm.edu/...NOAA_SUMMER_CAMP_PRESENTATION.pdf · Dr. Eric Harmsen Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems

A Spreadsheet Macro for Post- Processing Data from a Weather Station/Energy Balance System Antonio Gonzalez 1 and Eric Harmsen 2, 1 Dept. of Mechanical

Technology for Mechanical Treatments and Precision IVM Bob Rummer USFS Research Auburn, Alabama Steve Taylor Biosystems Engineering Dept Auburn University

Dr. Eric Harmsen Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems … · 2013. 6. 25. · UPRM NOAA-CREST SUMMER CAMP June 25, 2013 . GOES-PRWEB 25 daily hydro-climate variables

Molecular BioSystems

IMAGION BIOSYSTEMS LIMITED - ASX · 2019-09-08 · Imagion Biosystems Limited ACN 616 305 027 Level 8, 555 Bourke Street, Melbourne VIC 3000 BIOSYSTEMS ® IMAGION BIOSYSTEMS LIMITED

Dr. Eric Harmsen Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Eng., Univ. of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Victor J. Reventos Undergraduate Research Assistant,

Rainfall Distribution within an Hydro-Estimator Pixel Ian Garcia 1, E. W. Harmsen 2 and Jorge Canals Garcia 3 1. Undergraduate Research Assistant, Dept

F. Harmsen van Beek

NOAA-CREST GPR Study Eric Harmsen, Associate Researcher Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Dr. Eric W. Harmsen Associate Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering email: [email protected] The Potential Impact of Climate Change

Sangwon Suh Dept. Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota

Joop Harmsen - biper.iung.pulawy.plbiper.iung.pulawy.pl/profi/images/pdf/prez/Joop Harmsen.pdf · Joop Harmsen International Conference Protection of soil functions – challenges

EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS … of vegetative...EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS IN CONTROLLING ... Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Dept., ... surface

Rainfall Interpolation Methods Evaluation Alejandra Rojas, Ph.D. Student Dept. of Civil Engineering, UPRM Eric Harmsen, Associate Prof. Dept. of Ag. and

Esqina Norte / Lars Harmsen

Diseno de Estructuras de Concreto - Harmsen (r)

Dr. Matt Helmers Assistant Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University How is

Difficult Blocks and Reprocessing - Biosystems Home: Leica Biosystems

The Oklahoma Mesonet: Creating a Multi-Purpose Network Ronald L. Elliott Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering Dept. Oklahoma State University

Harmsen Tilney Shane - Buildings and Behaviour April 2014