ERASMUS MUNDUSERASMUS MUNDUSInternational Master of Science International Master of Science

in Rural Developmentin Rural Development

IMRD CASE STUDY „ EU in Rural IMRD CASE STUDY „ EU in Rural Development and Agricultural Development and Agricultural

Practice in New Member States – Practice in New Member States – The SR example“The SR example“

The fabulous country - SlovakiaThe fabulous country - Slovakia

Fresh nature, Fresh nature,

Magical historic sights, Magical historic sights,

Cordial people, Cordial people,

Traditional music Traditional music

Slovak gastronomy Slovak gastronomy

Country small by its size, but big by its Country small by its size, but big by its beauty... beauty...

SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA THE HEARTH OF THE THE HEARTH OF THE

EUROPEEUROPE

HISTORYHISTORY

Slovakia lies in Central Europe. The central and northern Slovakia lies in Central Europe. The central and northern Slovakia is a mountainous region. The southern and Slovakia is a mountainous region. The southern and

eastern Slovakia is a lowland region, being an important eastern Slovakia is a lowland region, being an important agricultural area of the country.agricultural area of the country.

The Slovak Republic The Slovak Republic flag has three equal flag has three equal horizontal bands of horizontal bands of white (top), blue, white (top), blue, and red.and red.

There is a coat of arms There is a coat of arms of Slovakia (a red shield bordered of Slovakia (a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills); surmounting three blue hills); the coat of arms is the coat of arms is centered vertically and offset slightly to the hoist centered vertically and offset slightly to the hoist side. side.

SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely

related Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia. related Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia.

Following the World War II, Czecho-Following the World War II, Czecho-

slovakia became a Communist state within slovakia became a Communist state within

Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe.

1962 change of the constitution to 1962 change of the constitution to

Czechoslovaki socialist republic Czechoslovaki socialist republic

SLOVAKIA (2)SLOVAKIA (2)

In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and

Czechoslovakia once more became free. Czechoslovakia once more became free.

On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the

Czechs agreed to separate peacefully. Czechs agreed to separate peacefully.

In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both

NATO and the EU. NATO and the EU.

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

January 1, 1993 -- Czechoslovakia split January 1, 1993 -- Czechoslovakia split

into the Czech Republic and Slovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia

[Slovak Republic]. [Slovak Republic].

POPULATIONPOPULATION

5,430,033 5,430,033 AGE STRUCTURE:AGE STRUCTURE:

0-14 years:0-14 years: 17.8% (male 495,316; female 17.8% (male 495,316; female 471,823) 471,823) 15-64 years:15-64 years: 70.5% (male 1,903,335; female 70.5% (male 1,903,335; female 1,924,065) 1,924,065) 65 years and over:65 years and over: 11.7% (male 238,912; 11.7% (male 238,912; female 396,582) female 396,582)

POPULATION GROWTH RATE:0.14%POPULATION GROWTH RATE:0.14%

Life expectancy at birth:Life expectancy at birth:total population:total population: 74.43 years 74.43 years male:male: 70.44 years 70.44 years female:female: 78.64 years 78.64 years

Ethnic groups:Ethnic groups: Slovak 85.7%, Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Hungarian 10.6%, the Gypsy/Romany community, 500,000), the Gypsy/Romany community, 500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, German 0.1%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)other 0.2% (1996)

RELIGIONRELIGION

Roman Catholic 60.3%,Roman Catholic 60.3%,

atheist 9.7%, atheist 9.7%,

Protestant 8.4%, Protestant 8.4%,

Orthodox 4.1%, Orthodox 4.1%,

other 17.5% other 17.5%

Administrative divisions: Administrative divisions:

8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky, Banskobystricky, Bratislavsky, Bratislavsky, Kosicky, Kosicky, Nitriansky, Nitriansky, Presovsky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky, Trnavsky, Zilinsky Zilinsky

LEGAL SYSTEMLEGAL SYSTEM

Civil law system based on Austro-Civil law system based on Austro-

Hungarian codes; Hungarian codes;

Not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; Not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;

Legal code modified to comply with the Legal code modified to comply with the

obligations of Organization on Security obligations of Organization on Security

and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to

expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

ECONOMYECONOMY

Labor force - by occupation: Labor force - by occupation:

industry 29.3%, industry 29.3%,

agriculture 8.9%, agriculture 8.9%,

construction 8%, construction 8%,

transport and communication 8.2%, transport and communication 8.2%,

services 45.6% services 45.6%

Industrial production growth Industrial production growth rate:4.4% rate:4.4%

Electricity - production by source:Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel:fossil fuel: 30.3% 30.3% hydro:hydro: 16% 16% nuclear:nuclear: 53.6% 53.6%

Electricity - consumption:Electricity - consumption: 24.41 billion kWh 24.41 billion kWh exports:5.141 billion kWh exports:5.141 billion kWh imports:1.381 billion kWh (2001)imports:1.381 billion kWh (2001)

NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS

production:292 million cu m Natural gas – production:292 million cu m Natural gas –

consumption:7.932 billion cu m consumption:7.932 billion cu m

exports:0 cu m exports:0 cu m

imports:7.205 billion cu m imports:7.205 billion cu m

proved reserves:7.504 billion cu m proved reserves:7.504 billion cu m

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs,

cattle, poultry; forest products cattle, poultry; forest products

Exports:$12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities: Exports:$12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities:

machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, machinery and transport equipment 39.4%,

intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%, intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%,

miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%,

chemicals 8% chemicals 8%

Exports - partners: Germany 30.1%, Czech Exports - partners: Germany 30.1%, Czech

Republic 16.4%, Austria 10.7%, Italy 7.2%, Republic 16.4%, Austria 10.7%, Italy 7.2%,

Poland 5.7%, Hungary 4.6% (2002)Poland 5.7%, Hungary 4.6% (2002)

IMPORT AGRICULTUREIMPORT AGRICULTURE

Imports:$15.4 billion f.o.b. Imports - Imports:$15.4 billion f.o.b. Imports - commodities:machinery and transport commodities:machinery and transport equipment 37.7%, intermediate equipment 37.7%, intermediate manufactured goods 18%, fuels 13%, manufactured goods 18%, fuels 13%, chemicals 11%, miscellaneous chemicals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 9.5% (1999) manufactured goods 9.5% (1999)

Imports - partners: Germany 24.8%, Imports - partners: Germany 24.8%, Czech Republic 16%, Russia 13.5%, Czech Republic 16%, Russia 13.5%, Austria 7%, Italy 6.4%, France 4% (2002) Austria 7%, Italy 6.4%, France 4% (2002)

Debt - external:$9.6 billionDebt - external:$9.6 billion

GDP (purchasing power parity): $85.56 GDP (purchasing power parity): $85.56

billion (2005 est.). billion (2005 est.).

Industries: Metal and metal products; food Industries: Metal and metal products; food

and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil, and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil,

nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade

fibers; machinery; paper and printing; fibers; machinery; paper and printing;

earthenware and ceramics; transport earthenware and ceramics; transport

vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical

apparatus; rubber products. apparatus; rubber products.

HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIA´S HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIA´S TERITORYTERITORY

The oldest surviving The oldest surviving archeological artefacts from archeological artefacts from Slovakia date back to Slovakia date back to 270,000 BCE 270,000 BCE

The oldest female statueThe oldest female statue

made of mammoth bone, made of mammoth bone,

discovered in the commune discovered in the commune

of Moravany nad Váhom,of Moravany nad Váhom,

near Pieštany near Pieštany

The Roman epoch began in Slovakia in the The Roman epoch began in Slovakia in the

6 ce.,bc. a war against the Markoman 6 ce.,bc. a war against the Markoman

and Quadi tribes. and Quadi tribes.

The Romans and their armies occupied only The Romans and their armies occupied only

very small part of South-West Slovakia. very small part of South-West Slovakia.

In 174 CE Marcus Aurelius penetrated In 174 CE Marcus Aurelius penetrated

deeper into the river valleys of Váh, Nitra and deeper into the river valleys of Váh, Nitra and

Hron. On the banks of the Hron he wrotes his Hron. On the banks of the Hron he wrotes his

philosophical work "Meditations."philosophical work "Meditations."

In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock of the Trenčín Castle: of the Trenčín Castle: LAUGARITIOLAUGARITIO, the Roman , the Roman inscription marking the furthest northern point in inscription marking the furthest northern point in Europe – Victory over Markomans and Quadis.Europe – Victory over Markomans and Quadis.

VICTORIAE AVGVSTORV(m)

EXERCITUS QVI LAV GARICIONE SEDIT MIL(ites)

L(egionis) II DCCCLV (Marcus Valerrius) MAXIMIANUS

LEG(atus) LEG (ionis) II AD)iutricis) CVR(avit) F(aciendum)

HISTORY OF SLOVAKSHISTORY OF SLOVAKS 5th Century – Slavic tribes 5th Century – Slavic tribes

settle in present day´s settle in present day´s

Slovakia Slovakia

United under the United under the

Samo´s Samo´s

empire in the7th centuryempire in the7th century

SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLOVAKIANSSLOVAKIANS

79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the Elder 79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the Elder and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE). and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE).

The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form ""SouveniSouveni" in the writings of Claude Ptolemy in 160 CE." in the writings of Claude Ptolemy in 160 CE.

SouveniSouveni - This name was used under the form - This name was used under the form ""Sloveni"Sloveni" by the Slavs of the Middle Danube before the by the Slavs of the Middle Danube before the 8th century, who lived on the present-day territories of 8th century, who lived on the present-day territories of Slovakia, of North and West Hungary, Moravia, Slovakia, of North and West Hungary, Moravia, Pannonia, Austria and Slovenia. Pannonia, Austria and Slovenia.

The name is still used by the Slovakians and the The name is still used by the Slovakians and the Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni. Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni.

Coexistence between the Coexistence between the Slavs and the Slavs and the Celtic tribes, in Celtic tribes, in the region of Liptov in the region of Liptov in the area of Liptovská Mara.the area of Liptovská Mara.

Six Celto-Slav colonies Six Celto-Slav colonies were discovered were discovered at a castle with a at a castle with a sanctuary sanctuary in the centers in the centers which was which was used for Celtic and Slav rites. used for Celtic and Slav rites.

The castle was surrounded by stone The castle was surrounded by stone fortifications. Slav tribes also coexisted fortifications. Slav tribes also coexisted with the Germanic Quadis, with the Germanic Quadis, (archeologist Dr. Karol Pieta.) (archeologist Dr. Karol Pieta.)

The Slav population settled in the The Slav population settled in the Middle Danube,  Middle Danube, 

The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in writing as early as 623. (Sloveni)writing as early as 623. (Sloveni)

The first political formation by the Slavs, who The first political formation by the Slavs, who beat, in 631, the Frank Army of King Dagobert beat, in 631, the Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg. near Vogatisburg.

The Empire disappeared in 665 with the death of The Empire disappeared in 665 with the death of Prince Samo.Prince Samo.

The supremacy of the Avars came to an end in The supremacy of the Avars came to an end in 803, the year where Charlemagne, 803, the year where Charlemagne,

With a help from the Slavs in regions to the With a help from the Slavs in regions to the North of the Danube and that of the principality North of the Danube and that of the principality of Nitra, beat, once and for all, the Avars, who of Nitra, beat, once and for all, the Avars, who were eventually assimilated into the local Slav were eventually assimilated into the local Slav populations. populations.

The first recorded mention of Slav princes near The first recorded mention of Slav princes near

Pannonia goes back to 803 ce. Pannonia goes back to 803 ce.

In 805, the presence of In 805, the presence of Prince VratislavPrince Vratislav, Lord , Lord

of the of the Bratislava CastleBratislava Castle, signifies the arrival of , signifies the arrival of

the second historic Slav in the Middle Danube. the second historic Slav in the Middle Danube.

In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of

Moravia, and his army, attacked the principality Moravia, and his army, attacked the principality

of Nitra, conquering it and creating in a vast of Nitra, conquering it and creating in a vast

territory, a united Slav State. The Empire unified territory, a united Slav State. The Empire unified

the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia. the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia.

Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia.Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia. Prince Pribina, after fleeing Nitra, became the Lord Prince Pribina, after fleeing Nitra, became the Lord of the Slavs, occupying the Transdanubian of the Slavs, occupying the Transdanubian Pannonia. He founded the principality of Balaton, Pannonia. He founded the principality of Balaton, had castles and churches built, and obtained had castles and churches built, and obtained remarkable results in his efforts of Christianization in remarkable results in his efforts of Christianization in this region.this region.

PRIBINA

MOJMÍR

RASTISLAV

Ratislav the I wisely understood the importance of Ratislav the I wisely understood the importance of Christianization of the Slavs and asked the Pope in Rome, in Christianization of the Slavs and asked the Pope in Rome, in 861, to send a Bishop to his kingdom.861, to send a Bishop to his kingdom.

CONSTATINE CONSTATINE &&

METHODIUSMETHODIUS

In 862, Rastislav asked the In 862, Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send him a Bishop and religion send him a Bishop and religion teachers. teachers. The famous The famous letter from Ratislav I letter from Ratislav I to Emperor Michael III began with to Emperor Michael III began with these words: " these words: " 

......We, the Slavs, a simple people, We, the Slavs, a simple people, have no-one to teach have no-one to teach us the truth...us the truth..." " The Emperor agreed to his request The Emperor agreed to his request and sent to Ratislav two apostles, and sent to Ratislav two apostles, Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius, who were who were brothers and brothers and natives of the city of Salonika natives of the city of Salonika (today Thessalonika).(today Thessalonika).

The work of Cyril and Methodius The work of Cyril and Methodius first Slav alphabet first Slav alphabet first translations into the Slav language -- the Slavon first translations into the Slav language -- the Slavon

(ancient Slav) in 862 (ancient Slav) in 862 first large Slav school (863) first large Slav school (863) first translations and first literary, philosophical and legal first translations and first literary, philosophical and legal

works in the language of the Subdanubian Slavs -- works in the language of the Subdanubian Slavs -- Slavon (863-886) Slavon (863-886)

establishment of the Slavon language as the 4th establishment of the Slavon language as the 4th liturgical language (867). First liturgical Slav language liturgical language (867). First liturgical Slav language after Hebrew, Latin and Greek after Hebrew, Latin and Greek

First Slav Bishop - Cyril (Constantine) (868) First Slav Bishop - Cyril (Constantine) (868) First legate of the Holy See for the Slav countries - First legate of the Holy See for the Slav countries -

Methodius (869) Methodius (869) First archdiocese in the Slav countries - Bishop First archdiocese in the Slav countries - Bishop

Methodius (869)Methodius (869)

C C & M at GREAT MORAVIA& M at GREAT MORAVIA

Important events during the period Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätoplukof the Kingdom of Svätopluk

874 Occupation of the 874 Occupation of the Vistule Basin by Vistule Basin by SvätoplukSvätopluk

882 Occupation of the 882 Occupation of the territory of territory of Bohemia/present day Bohemia/present day Czech Republic excluding Czech Republic excluding MoraviaMoravia

880 880 PontiffPontiff J Johanesohanes VIII. VIII. In In "Industriae tuae" "Industriae tuae" crownedcrowned SvätoplukSvätopluk to a king of Slovakia to a king of Slovakia and and gives protection of saint gives protection of saint stoolstool

Important events during the period Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätopluk of the Kingdom of Svätopluk

883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia

889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian Serbs889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian Serbs

890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the sovereignty of Svätopluk I in 890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the sovereignty of Svätopluk I in BohemiaBohemia

892 Driving back of the common attack by the Frank, Alaman and 892 Driving back of the common attack by the Frank, Alaman and Bavarian armies and the Magyar tribesBavarian armies and the Magyar tribes

893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of Arnoul, and upon his 893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of Arnoul, and upon his request, the signing of a peace treaty with Svätoplukrequest, the signing of a peace treaty with Svätopluk

894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the Slavs with the Bavarians, 894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the Slavs with the Bavarians, first invasion by the Magyars into the Transdanubian region. first invasion by the Magyars into the Transdanubian region.

The The kingdom kingdom

of of SvatoplukSvatopluk

IIn n the the 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír

the II twice pushed back attacks from the the II twice pushed back attacks from the

Magyar armies, during their next raid in the Magyar armies, during their next raid in the

South, Mojmír II as well as Svätopluk II were South, Mojmír II as well as Svätopluk II were

killed and the Magyars pillaged the Southern killed and the Magyars pillaged the Southern

regions of Slovakia and Magyar tribes invade regions of Slovakia and Magyar tribes invade

present day Slovakia and form Greater Hungary present day Slovakia and form Greater Hungary

under King Stephen.  under King Stephen. 

A thousand years of foreign domination begins.A thousand years of foreign domination begins.

GREAT HUNGARYGREAT HUNGARYUHORSKOUHORSKO

Slovakia was rich in raw materials and Slovakia was rich in raw materials and

fairly economically developed and fairly economically developed and

therefore was, until the Turkish therefore was, until the Turkish

expansion, the richest and most expansion, the richest and most

developed area of Hungary.developed area of Hungary.

UUntil the beginning of the ntil the beginning of the

Modern Modern

Era, Slovakia was Era, Slovakia was

the biggest the biggest

producer of silver producer of silver

and the second and the second

largest largest

producer producer of gold in Europeof gold in Europe

in in

a teritory of Kremnica, a teritory of Kremnica,

Banska Banska

Stiavnica and Banska BystricaStiavnica and Banska Bystrica

RRoyal privileges were given to Slovakian citiesoyal privileges were given to Slovakian cities:: Trnava in 1238, Trnava in 1238, Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240, Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240, Nitra, Košice 1248, Nitra, Košice 1248, Banská Štiavnica 1255, Banská Štiavnica 1255, Banská Bystrica in 1255, Banská Bystrica in 1255, Gelnica 1270, Gelnica 1270, Bratislava in 1291, etc. Bratislava in 1291, etc.

The participation of the Slovaks in public affairs The participation of the Slovaks in public affairs was attested to notably in was attested to notably in the the Privilegum pro Privilegum pro SlavisSlavis by Zilina, dated 1381, where King Louis I by Zilina, dated 1381, where King Louis I gave the Slovaks half of the seats on the gave the Slovaks half of the seats on the Municipal Councils.Municipal Councils.

1526 – Hungary’s defeat by the Ottoman 1526 – Hungary’s defeat by the Ottoman Turks allows the Hapsburgs to seize Upper Turks allows the Hapsburgs to seize Upper Hungary (Slovakia). BratislavaHungary (Slovakia). Bratislava ( (PozonyPozony, , Presburg)Presburg) becomes the Hungarian capital becomes the Hungarian capital as Buda falls to the Turks.as Buda falls to the Turks.

1867 – The dual monarchy of Austria-1867 – The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary is formally established after the Hungary is formally established after the Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef compromises with the constantly rebelling compromises with the constantly rebelling Hungarian nobles.  Hungarian nobles. 

Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian part of this kingdom.part of this kingdom.

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAAUSTRO-HUNGARIA

Europa 1914Europa 1914

Slovakia´s Milestones 1918Slovakia´s Milestones 1918 January 8. - president January 8. - president

T. W. T. W. WilsonWilson declared 14 declared 14

points of the peace points of the peace

requirements. Right for requirements. Right for

authonomy of nations in authonomy of nations in

the Habsburg monarchiethe Habsburg monarchie

May May 3131 – signing the – signing the

PittsburgPittsburg agreementagreement on on

the common state of the common state of

Slovaks and Czechs.Slovaks and Czechs.

Slovakia´s Milestones 1918Slovakia´s Milestones 1918 October October 18. október18. október - - Washington Washington

declarationdeclaration, constitution of indeppendent , constitution of indeppendent Czecho-SlavakiaCzecho-Slavakia

October October 28. 28. - - Československá republikaČeskoslovenská republika, , common state of Czechs and Slovaks.common state of Czechs and Slovaks.

October October 30. október30. október - - Martinská Martinská declarationdeclaration, , Slovak representatives claim to idea of Slovak representatives claim to idea of common state.common state.

1918 – Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian 1918 – Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, after defeat in WWI, sprouts numerous Empire, after defeat in WWI, sprouts numerous new states including Czechoslovakia.  Although new states including Czechoslovakia.  Although nominally a parliamentary democracy, Slovaks nominally a parliamentary democracy, Slovaks have a weak voice in the republic’s affairs.have a weak voice in the republic’s affairs.

Tomáš Garique Masaryk, Tomáš Garique Masaryk, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Milan Rastislav Štefánik,

Eduard BenešEduard Beneš

19201920 - - TRIANON TREATY TRIANON TREATY

AAgreement following World War I greement following World War I TThe Allies disposed of Hungarian he Allies disposed of Hungarian

territories.territories. The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the

Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, France, France, changed changed the size and population the size and population of Hungary by about two thirds, divesting it of Hungary by about two thirds, divesting it of virtually all areas wof virtually all areas whhereere lived vast lived vast majority not majority not MagyarMagyar population population. .

THE I. CZECHOSLOVAKIATHE I. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 1928CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 1928

NATIONS OF CZECHO-NATIONS OF CZECHO-SLOVAKIA1930:SLOVAKIA1930:

„„CZECHOSLOVAK" CZECHOSLOVAK" ((SLOVAKSLOVAKS & CZECHSS & CZECHS)) 65.5% 65.5%

GERMAN GERMAN 23.4% 23.4% HUNGARYHUNGARY 5.6% 5.6% "R"RUSSIAUSSIAi" (i" (UUKRAJINA & RUSINIKRAJINA & RUSINI) 3.4% ) 3.4% JUDE JUDE 1.3%1.3% POLSKAPOLSKA `̀ 0.6%0.6%

MNICHOV DICTATEMNICHOV DICTATE

1939 –1939 –short short authonomy in the Č authonomy in the ČSRSR

March14. the First Slovak Republic March14. the First Slovak Republic

1944 – Slovak national1944 – Slovak national uprising uprising

begining begining

of the of the

second second

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

1939 1939 WIEN ARBITRATIONWIEN ARBITRATION

1939 1939 WIEN ARBITRATIONWIEN ARBITRATION & SLOVAKIA & SLOVAKIA

1945 – As a member of the defeated Axis 1945 – As a member of the defeated Axis powers Slovakia’s fate is again determined powers Slovakia’s fate is again determined by foreign powers. Czechoslovakia is re-by foreign powers. Czechoslovakia is re-established, without the province of established, without the province of Ruthenia, and an unstable democratic Ruthenia, and an unstable democratic government dominated by Czech government dominated by Czech Communists teeters onward.Communists teeters onward.

1948 – The Soviet Union tightens control 1948 – The Soviet Union tightens control over Czechoslovakia under the guise of over Czechoslovakia under the guise of restoring political stability, and thereby restoring political stability, and thereby reduces Eastern Europe’s last fledgling reduces Eastern Europe’s last fledgling democracy to a satellite state.democracy to a satellite state.

1968 – Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak and leader 1968 – Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak and leader of Czechoslovakia, introduces a new governing of Czechoslovakia, introduces a new governing philosophy dubbed “socialism with a human philosophy dubbed “socialism with a human face”.  Threatened by his reforms the Soviets face”.  Threatened by his reforms the Soviets invade, depose Dubcek, and install another invade, depose Dubcek, and install another Slovak, Gustav Husak, as the head of Slovak, Gustav Husak, as the head of Czechoslovakia.  Progressive reforms are no Czechoslovakia.  Progressive reforms are no more.more.

1989 – Following similar movements across 1989 – Following similar movements across Eastern Europe, mass protests and Eastern Europe, mass protests and demonstrations bring down the Communist demonstrations bring down the Communist regime and the resignation of Husak.  The regime and the resignation of Husak.  The Velvet Revolution brings democracy and Velvet Revolution brings democracy and formerly jailed dissident Vaclav Havel assumes formerly jailed dissident Vaclav Havel assumes the Czechoslovak presidency.the Czechoslovak presidency.

1992 – After coming in second in the summer elections, 1992 – After coming in second in the summer elections,

Vladimir Meciar becomes Prime Minister of the Slovak Vladimir Meciar becomes Prime Minister of the Slovak

part of the newly reworked Czech and Slovak Federal part of the newly reworked Czech and Slovak Federal

Republics.  However, he soon starts a dialogue with Republics.  However, he soon starts a dialogue with

Prague that will lead to the disbanding of the Prague that will lead to the disbanding of the

confederation.confederation.

1993 January  - The first day of the year marks the birth 1993 January  - The first day of the year marks the birth

of the Second Slovak Republic and Europe’s youngest of the Second Slovak Republic and Europe’s youngest

state.  The peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia state.  The peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia

into the Czech and Slovak Republics is dubbed the into the Czech and Slovak Republics is dubbed the

Velvet Divorce while Meciar proclaims himself “Father of Velvet Divorce while Meciar proclaims himself “Father of

Slovakia.”Slovakia.”

2000- Slovakia is invited to join the OECD 2000- Slovakia is invited to join the OECD

and is formally invited by the European and is formally invited by the European

Union to begin the lengthy accession Union to begin the lengthy accession

process. process.

2004 – Slovakia becomes a mamber state 2004 – Slovakia becomes a mamber state

of the EUof the EU

EUEU