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1.

1

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;

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( ,

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i. ,

ii. ,

iii. () ,

.

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2.

2

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;

:

,

,

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(data)

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2.2 ;

.

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bit , 1 0.

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2.3 ;

.

,

, .

,

ASCII, BCD EBCDIC.

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ascii

code bcd binary

EBCDIC

Unicode

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2.4

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;

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,

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,

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2.4.1.3.

(full duplex)

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, .

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2.5

(parallel

transmission)

(serial transmission)

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2.5.1

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2.5.2.

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.

bytes ,

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2.6 ;

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to point)

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Wide Area Networks,

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point to point.

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2.6.2.

(point to multipoint)

,

.

LAN

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point to multipoint.