JANUARY 15, 2017

How many joints do you want the human body to have?

Nominating Muhammad for the Nobel Prize in Medicine?http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Osama/360joints.htm - All emphases theirs

Responses to Osama Abdallah Osama Abdallah is one of many Muslims who seek to convince people that Islam is the religion of the true and only God by making claims regarding scientific miracles in the Qur'an and even in the sayings of Muhammad. The claim is that there are statements that give information which is only recently confirmed by science and could not have been known at the time they were made. This is taken as proof that this information could only have come through divine revelation. Most of these claims are found on many Muslim sites, but Mr. Abdallah is quite creative and has some that seem to be only his own. One of the most bizarre examples of amazing scientific claims will be discussed in this present article. It is bizarre not only because of the topic chosen but it may well be THE WORST Muslim argument we have ever seen. Since 3 June 2001 and to this day (12 December 2003) Osama Abdallah propagates the following claim on his website:

[Update: After being pressured from many sides, Abdallah finally removed this article from his site on 27 May 2004. See the article, Osama Abdallah: Spreading Hoaxes for the Advancement of Islam?, for more on the story. The below article will remain on our site for two reasons: 1. historical documentation, 2. the claim is still part of the sayings of Muhammad, so that the refutation is still relevant. More than two years later, the issue takes a new turn. On 12 September 2006, O. Abdallah published a totally new interpretation of the hadith. It has now a spiritual instead of a scientific meaning. Read all about these new insights in The 360 Joints Issue Revisited. ]

Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!"Aisha reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Every one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty joints; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, declares Allah to be One, Glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people's path, and enjoins what is good and forbids from evil, to the number of those three hundred and sixty-four, will walk that day having removed himself from Hell.  (Translation of Sahih Muslim, The Book of Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat), Book 005, Number 2199)" Narrated Buraydah ibn al-Hasib: "I heard the Apostle of Allah peace_be_upon_him) say: A human being has three hundred and sixty joints for each of which he must give alms. The people asked him: Who is capable of doing this? He replied: It may be mucus in the mosque which you bury, and something which you remove from the road; but if you do not find such, two rak'ahs in the forenoon will be sufficient for you.  (Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Book 41, Number 5222)"Beside from the beautiful teachings about Worshiping the One True Living GOD Almighty and removing obstacles from the paths of people, Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him made a very important scientific claim, and that is: Our human bodies have 360 joints in them.Prior to 1995 it was thought that there are 340 joints in the human body. In 1995 a scientific institute proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints each. Thus 20 joints were added and the discovery was made that the human body consists of 360 joints. Please refer to any medical encyclopedia on this.In this article we will evaluate the specific science-related claims made by Abdallah. The foundation of all science is to bring solid evidence for every claim made. Thus, we will ask: What exactly are the claims, and what is the evidence presented for each one of Abdallah's claims? Before we begin with our discussion of the particular topic of the number of joints in the human body, we want to point out a methodological problem. Abdallah and all Muslims who refer to "scientific miracles" as proof of the validity of their faith should answer for themselves this question if they desire to be intellectually honest: What do you do with those statements of the Qur'an and Muhammad that are proven

wrong by science? If a true statement is evidence for Islam, is a wrong statement evidence against Islam? If not, why not? The current claim regarding the "360 joints" perfectly illustrates the great danger for the Muslims: If it was possible to find another 20 joints just a few years ago, what do you do if in another 10 years’ time a couple of further joints are found and Muhammad's statement turns out to be wrong after all? If wrong statements about science don't lead you to disbelieve Islam, why should a couple of correct statements convince anyone that Islam is true ... particularly since there are so many scientifically wrong statements?

The question whether this whole approach has any validity, is discussed in some details in the article Can "Modern Science" be found in the Qur’an? Let's now turn to Abdallah's particular claims. He states that the reader may refer to ANY medical encyclopedia on this. We searched in a medical school library, with the aid of the librarian on duty using a computer in attempting to find references, and could not find a source that mentioned the number of joints in the human body. No evidence that prior to 1995 the medical literature taught that there are 340 joints in the human body.No evidence that in 1995 a "scientific institute" proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints.No evidence that current medical literature teaches that the human body consists of 360 joints.Question to Mr. Abdallah: Have you yourself consulted ANY medical encyclopedia before publishing this article to confirm your statement as true? If so, please quote the relevant passage and provide the full bibliographical reference. If you have not done so, shame on you. We believe you have not, and have acted very irresponsibly and unscientifically by not providing any reference to the scholarly literature to back your claim. Did you simply make up that claim trusting that your readers will be too lazy to check up on your claims and will just believe you? Or, if you were not the inventor of this claim, were you so gullible that you took this claim from whatever source and are spreading it without caring about validating it first? In fact, Abdallah's last paragraph is worded so badly that this alone is reason for suspicion that all of it is mere fiction: Prior to 1995 it was thought that there are 340 joints in the human body. In 1995 a scientific institute proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints each. Thus 20 joints were added and the discovery was made that the human body consists of 360 joints. Please refer to any medical encyclopedia on this.Taken literally, this means that the total number of joints in the internal ear is 10. And, that all ten of them were unknown before 1995. Otherwise, not all of them could be added to raise the number from 340 to 360. Only those can be added that were newly discovered, since the others would already have been included in the previously known 340. It may be possible that one or two more tiny bones (and their joints) are discovered even today, but Abdallah's claim implies that until 1995 not even one of these joints (and bones, as there are no joints without bones) was known. This is rather ridiculous. 1995 is not a date from the Dark Ages. Thus, the whole claim seems to be mere fantasy and is now also listed in our section on Muslim Hoaxes. Perhaps we should invent a new term for articles like these calling this genre "islamo-fiction". Nevertheless, let's pursue the issue further. Medical encyclopedias and textbooks on human anatomy usually list joints in a number of different categories (there are several kinds of joints) and according to the region of the body in which they are located, but we have so far not found even one book that provides a sum total of all joints. We will give in this paper a detailed overview of the kinds and numbers of joints, but since this section is very technical it is placed into an appendix. Only this much for now: Our count did not come out as 360. However, it is not our duty to prove how many joints there are; it is the duty of Abdallah who claims that there 360 of them to give valid evidence for his claim. The burden of proof is on him. Wait a minute! Why are we talking as if Abdallah had not given any evidence? After all, he writes: Scientific sites that prove the Islamic claim: Please do a word search and read the returned paragraphs/sentences in the following official sites on the word "360" without the double quotes: http://www.iberr.co.za/biologyfr1.htm   (Islamic Studies: Biology)http://www.iiu.edu.my/medic/islmed/Lecmed/musskel98.jul.html   (By Prof. Dr. Omar Hassan Kasule Sr.)http://www.kennewickgeneral.com/telmed.html   (Tel-Med Official Medical Site)Fair enough! Let's examine what Osama Abdallah considers to be scientific proof. Visiting the first of the above sites, and searching for "360", yields exactly one location on that page, stating: 8. SKELETAL SYSTEM8.1 Muslim contributions to Human anatomy and physiology8.2 Islamic perspectives on organ transplants8.3 Structure, position and functions of:8.3.1 Axial skeleton - “skull” vertebral column and ribs *Hawa - creation from left rib of Adam8.3.2 Appendicular skeleton - pectoral and pelvic girdles8.4 Joints - categories, examples, structure. SADAQAH - 360 joints -good deeds8.5 Locomotion - lever action and role of muscles.

Islamic perspective on exercise8.6 Islamic perspective on bone marrow transplantsIt is true; that page contains the expression "360 joints" and from the context we can infer that this refers to the human body. But where is the proof? Does Mr. Abdallah seriously believe that a repetition of the same claim by a second person or webpage constitutes scientific proof? After all, he had promised that these are "scientific sites that prove" his claim. This page provides neither a list of these alleged 360 joints, nor a reference to the scientific literature, so that it cannot serve as a proof in any way. In order to understand the above quoted list better, let us ask what kind of page this is. Scrolling upwards a bit, we find the heading for this section which is: "BIOLOGY SYLLABUS ... GRADE 10". Is this a website publishing the results of scientific research in medicine? Not at all, we are looking at a highschool syllabus for 10th grade Biology. Let's ask further. What kind of highschool is this?

The title of the page is "Islamic Studies: Biology", and when we open the homepage of that site [*], the title is even clearer, "Islamisation of the curriculum, Muslim school". The above quoted section on the skeletal system makes it already very clear that the topic is not science but Islamic studies. Three times in this short section of the syllabus we find entries beginning with "Islamic perspective(s) on ..." Also, the statement that "Hawa (Eve) was created from the left rib of Adam" is certainly one of faith and not of science. This syllabus is teaching "What Islam says about biology". It is definitely NOT a scientific page giving proof for Islamic claims. It is exactly the opposite of what Mr. Abdallah promised. If any student in this class would raise the question, "How do we know that the human body has 360 joints?" the answer would invariably be: "Because our prophet said so!" and the basis for this answer would be the same hadiths that Mr. Abdallah quoted in his article. What about O. Abdallah's second "scientific site"? This time let's look at the homepage first: http://www.iiu.edu.my is the website of the "International Islamic University Malaysia" established with the goal of "Integration and Islamicization of human knowledge". This is now a university and no longer a highschool, i.e. the theme is playing out one level higher, but it seems to be still the same overall purpose of teaching an Islamic perspective in all areas of human education. There is no objection against this in principle. The bottom line will be whether the site will provide scientific proof of Mr. Abdallah's claim. If it gives actual proof, then the religious foundation of the institution will not be an argument against it. What does the particular page say that was referenced by Abdallah? The title is "MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM (‘IDHAAM & ‘ADHALAAT) and PHYSICAL EXERCISE", and at the beginning of that page we find: OUTLINEEXTERNAL ORGANS MENTIONED IN THE QUR'ANHead and NeckUpper limbTrunk and abdomenLower limbThe bonesMusclesJointsUses of organsSignificance of wudhuOne could wonder why Muslim students in their Islamic education have to learn that bones, muscles and joints are considered organs, let alone external organs, but that is not our topic here. This page makes no claim to report about recent scientific research. According to the subheading it is apparently simply a list of body parts that are mentioned in the Qur'an. The question is merely: "What is the teaching of the Islamic sources?" What then does this page tell us in the section on joints? Let's quote the paragraph before and after as well to get the context: Muscles are mentioned in the Qur'an as meat (lahm, 23:14, 49:12): Human civilisation is based on the energy produced by contractions of human and animal muscles.Joints: A human has 360 joints (KS p.105)Uses of organs for worship, work, aggression, sinning. Prostration in salat on 17 bones (MB # 464 p 252, KS p. 274). Organs can also be misused to commit sins. Zina of organs other than the genitalia e.g. the eye, ear, and the leg was mentioned by the prophet (KS p. 264, MB #2061 p 968). Organs will act as witnesses against the owner on the last day so that he or she cannot deny their sins.No surprise here, we find merely a repetition of the same claim. The abbreviated reference (KS p. 105) is not defined anywhere on this page, but probably refers to some Islamic textbook, and this in turn will give a quotation of the hadith that we have already been introduced to. "Scientific sites that prove the Islamic claim", was Osama Abdallah's promise for these links. What did we get so far? We have only Islamic sites repeating the claim, and no proof at all. It seems that Islamic institutions, even "universities" teach this claim as true based merely on Muhammad's authority with little or no concern whether or not this is objectively true. Finally, we now turn to Abdallah's last reference for scientific proof, called by him the "Tel-Med Official Medical Site", and find indeed one instance of the number 360 in the line "360 Muscles, Joints & Bones". Even discounting all context, this can hardly be interpreted as informing us that the human body has 360

joints. Or did Muhammad also claim that the human body has no muscles and no bones so that the total of this number has to refer to the joints only? However, if we look closer, then we discover that this page is not even telling us that the human body has a total of 360 muscles, joints and bones. It means something different altogether. Here are some excerpts from that page:

353 Foot Care

117 Athlete's Foot116 Common Foot Problems115 Ingrown Toenails

359 Mental Health

613 Anorexia Nervosa379 Attention Deficit Disorder434 Child Abuse432 Upset Emotionally? Help is Available

360 Muscles, Joints & Bones

741 Are You Ready for the Skiing Season?204 Arthritis and Diet131 Arthritis and Quackery600 Fractured and Broken Bones270 Hip Replacement201 Neck Pains203 Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease

461 Newborn & Infants

535 Addicted Babies310 Baby Teeth208 Bottle Feeding Your Baby849 Circumcision748 Thumbsucking-How Serious is it?

Got a clue already what "360" is about? Not yet? Let's quote a few more pieces of the same "Tel-Med Medical Site", which is actually the website of Kennewick General Hospital in Kennewick, Washington, U.S.. At least we are finally looking at a website of medical experts. However, do they publish on research into the number of joints? Definitely not! The explanation for the above number is found on the page titled "KGH Programs and Services":

Tel-Med is a directory of health and medical information available to the community at no charge, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Dial (509) 586-5850, then enter the number of the adult or child library . Next, listen to the category listings and enter the 3 digit number you wish to hear. Each contains several related messages.Adult Category ListingAIDS/HIV 494Alcohol & Drug Abuse 342Arthritis 343...Illnesses 358Mental Health 359Muscles, Joints & Bones 360 Newborn & Infants 461Plastic Surgery 462...

Can you believe it? The ‘360’ is part of a telephone number! To be precise, an extension number in an automated information system at a hospital offering medical help to the community via telephone. Whatever else you want to say about it, Abdallah's article is hardly a piece of high-quality research ... Actually, which

of the following implications would be worse? (a) Osama Abdallah genuinely believes that this phone number is scientific proof that the ‘360 joints’ hadith is true. (b) He knows exactly what he is doing, but he only writes for such a readership that will believe basically anything if only he adds a few references that mention something about "360 joints", whatever this ‘something’ actually is. (c) He should dial (509) 586-5850, then 359, then 379. Seriously, if Mr. Abdallah can't distinguish between a phone book and a scientific text, what business does he have with writing articles about Science? (He has published dozens of them!) And who wants to trust his sociological, historical, scientific and theological arguments if he is not able to tell the difference between the statement of a claim and providing evidence for a claim? Actually, there is some truly mind-boggling miraculous knowledge in the above hadith which Mr. Abdallah has seemingly overlooked: Muhammad predicted part of the Tel-Med phone number for joint problems (360 joints) at a time when nobody even knew what a telephone is! Interestingly, when Abdallah first published his article, and for about one year, it contained an even longer "bibliography":

Scientific sites that prove the Islamic claim: Please do a word search and read the returned paragraphs/sentences in the following official sites on the word "360" without the double quotes: 

http://www.iberr.co.za/biologyfr1.htm   (Islamic Studies: Biology) http://www.iiu.edu.my/medic/islmed/Lecmed/musskel98.jul.html   (By Prof. Dr. Omar Hassan Kasule Sr.) http://www.therapy360.com/Therapeutic.htm   (An official Medical site that provides therapy to the 360 human joints)http://organix.net/organix/supp.htm (Organix Vitamins) http://www.kennewickgeneral.com/telmed.html   (Tel-Med Official Medical Site) http://www.war-thai.org/gibbon.htm   (Even Apes have 360 joints) http://pages.zdnet.com/seangler/basicseaangling/id31.html   (New Product Review, from an official Medical Organization) At some time he must have done a review of his evidence for the claim, and realizing that some of these sites are actually not supporting his claim, he then removed those links and kept only three of the originally seven links. Given that he went through a "critical review" of the evidence about one year after the first publication, it is all the more embarrassing that he still kept the link to the telephone directory. Conclusion: Osama Abdallah's amazing "Islamic claim" was not proven but has failed in every respect. Even more, the fact that he presents two Islamic sites teaching Muslims the content of Muhammad's sayings and a hospital phone directory as three "scientific sites that prove the Islamic claim" is the ultimate disqualification of his own credibility. If the publication date of Abdallah's article had been the first of April, then it would have been a superb and very humorous April Fools story, an exhortation and reminder to his audience to read critically and not believe simply everything they read on his site or in other publications. In that case it would have deserved to be listed together with Holy Qur'an and Genetics and other satirical writings on the site Freethought Mecca. However, Abdallah's site is not known for parody or deliberate humor. This article was published on 3 June 2001, and there is not even a hint of a disclaimer found in this article. Mr. Abdallah was and is very serious about it, and he expects his audience to believe him. Just how serious he is about it can be seen from the fact how often he links to this article in other places (a list of these is provided in the Appendix 2). Finally, this whole thing may be as much an indictment of the Muslim readership as it disqualifies the author of the article. We need to ask a question similar to that which was posed in response to Shibli Zaman's article, Lifecycle of the Universe Foretold in the Qur'ân: Is the Muslim audience in general so gullible that they believe everything, if only it appears to support Islam? Doesn't anybody look deeper to confirm such claims with solid evidence and if he finds that the alleged evidence is no evidence at all, he will then alert his Muslim brother that he made a mistake? Or do Muslims think that promoting Islam on the basis of false claims is acceptable? This most ridiculous claim has been online for more than two and a half years already. It is hard to imagine that not even one Muslim among the readership cared to check the evidence. However, in the case that some have checked up on it, found the evidence lacking, and then have informed the author/webmaster that his claim about scientific evidence is wrong, but the article still remained unchanged, does this mean that Abdallah did not care whether or his articles are based on deception, and he deliberately propagates what he knows to be wrong? This last question becomes even more pressing since we are not the first people to respond to this article. Many ideas in our response were inspired by the contributions found in this discussion thread on the "Qur'an and Science" discussion forum at the website Faith Freedom International. This is a major website and many Muslims are frequenting it and are using its discussion forums. Even if there were no Muslim believer who cared to verify this claim for himself, certainly some of them must have seen that a number of ex-Muslims have exposed this article as a fraud on 8 October 2003, already two months ago. The Muslims did not even have to check the evidence for themselves; it was done for them, and still nobody cared about

correcting it? Neither Abdallah nor any other Muslim? [Even more, on 30 November 2003 Denis Giron published another rebuttal on a Muslim-Christian Dialogue Forum with lots of Muslim participation!] You, the present reader, may never before have seen this particular article by Osama Abdallah, but you may still ask yourself: "Do I usually try to confirm claims promoted on Muslim (and Christian) websites or in other publications? Or do I usually simply believe what my fellow believers write in support of my religion?" You may want to resolve that from this day forward, you will diligently ask for evidence and carefully evaluate claims instead of blindly accepting what, at first sight, seems to support your own convictions or desires. Because if you don't, you are in grave danger of falling for many deceptions. There is another small "number problem" in the first of the hadiths quoted by Abdallah: "Aisha reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Every one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and SIXTY joints; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, declares Allah to be One, Glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people's path, and enjoins what is good and forbids from evil, to the number of those three hundred and SIXTY-FOUR, will walk that day having removed himself from Hell.  (Translation of Sahih Muslim, The Book of Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat), Book 005, Number 2199)"Obviously, 360 is not equal to 364, so there is a contradiction even within this one hadith. When looking up this hadith in the Arabic original, we find that it says 360 both times, i.e. this is not a contradiction but merely a translation error. The only reason to mention this observation here is that it constitutes further evidence of Abdallah's shoddy research. He merely copied the quotation from either the notoriously unreliable online hadith database or some other source (see below) and neither checked his foundational text for logical consistency nor did he bother to compare it against the Arabic original before issuing claims about its miraculous nature. [Below we will discover that the translation of this hadith also contains another quite serious error that has major implications for Abdallah's claim.] Before we conclude this section, let's take another look at Osama Abdallah's first paragraph following his quotations of the two narrations of Muhammad:

Beside from the beautiful teachings about Worshiping the One True Living GOD Almighty and removing obstacles from the paths of people, Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him made a very important scientific claim, and that is: Our human bodies have 360 joints in them.This statement is a perfect example of Abdallah's "fluff and bluff" rhetoric. Even if Muhammad's claim that the human body has 360 joints had been true, what exactly is so "very important" about it? Does O. Abdallah know of even one Muslim doctor in the history of 1,400 years of Islamic Medicine who on the basis of this "very important" information was able to find a cure for any illness of his patients? The very fact that we have not been able to find even one medical encyclopedia or textbook of human anatomy at a university library that mentions the number of joints is certainly a good indication of how unimportant and irrelevant this number is for doctors and scientists. In medicine it is important to know how certain organs, bones or joints function and how they can be cured or repaired should they get damaged. But what exactly is the importance of their number? Would knowing the mere number of joints be any more important than the mere number of the hairs on your head? The number of joints is really only interesting for people who play "Trivial Pursuit" or want to become a candidate in some quiz show, but not for medical doctors. It is on the level of "How many peas are in that bottle?" questions. Such information is only to satisfy the curiosity of people who have nothing better to do, but it has little practical value. [In fact, the impatient who don't want to wait until we give the solution later in this article, may go to www.UselessKnowledge.com (which redirects to a "Cool Quiz" trivia page), put the phrase "joints in the human body" (including the quotation marks) into their search engine to find out that Muhammad was more than 50% off the mark according to the most commonly given answer.] Only somebody who has no clue about science could call such a statement "a very important scientific claim". O. Abdallah probably sees this right next to the importance of Einstein's theory of relativity, or a cure for cancer. Maybe he even thinks that Muhammad has earned a Nobel Prize for this breakthrough in medical research. No, the importance of this statement is not in medicine or science, but in psychology. Let me illustrate: One unimportant stick in the woods, merely lying there in the wilderness to rot or to be eaten by worms, can suddenly become very important, if you broke your leg and need this stick as a crutch enabling you to hobble home. As we will see in Appendix 2, it is exactly this crutch function that makes these trivia so very important to Abdallah. Let's ask again: If Muhammad made indeed "a very important scientific claim", what consequence will Abdallah draw from the fact that Muhammad's "very important scientific claim" is wrong? Personally, I do not believe that Muhammad intended this statement to be understood as a divine revelation about human anatomy. Those, however, who make such steep claims, will have to honestly face the consequences of their chosen methodology, or otherwise will expose themselves as hypocrites. Although our rebuttal could end here, we are not satisfied to merely state the complete failure of Osama Abdallah's claim. There are some other aspects in these traditions that are worthy to be investigated. Most importantly, we will ask the question where the idea that the human body has 360 joints may have originated.

What is the Source of Muhammad's belief that the human body has 360 joints?If Muhammad's statement had been true, the next step of a proper ‘miracle test’ would have to be that we find out whether Muhammad was the first one to say that the human body has 360 joints. Getting this fact right could be amazing or even miraculous only if he had said something new or contrary to general opinion, not if he merely repeated what was a common belief at his time. Thus, although Abdallah didn't deem it important to investigate this question, we will ask: Have others made this claim before the time of Muhammad? A quick search on the internet yields the answer effortlessly. In fact, we wonder how Osama was able to find his three alleged "scientific sites" without at the same time finding those other pages mentioning "360 joints" that should have made him suspicious. Why did he just ignore those? Roughly 850 years before the time when Muhammad claimed prophethood, we are told that the following was taught in Chinese philosophy: In the Springs and Autumns of Lü Pu-wei (Lü shih ch'un-ch'iu, ca. 239 B.C.)...The next two examples of relations between the cosmos and the body are perhaps two centuries earlier, and are more general. They come from Lü shih ch'un-ch'iu. They are not particularly early in the history of microcosmic correspondences, but rather exhibit their full development in philosophical writing.Human beings have 360 joints, nine body openings, and five yin and six yang systems of function. In the flesh tightness is desirable; in the blood vessels (hsueh mai) free flow is desirable; in the sinews and bones solidity is desirable; in the operations of the heart and mind harmony is desirable; in the essential ch'i regular motion is desirable. When [these desiderata] are realized, illness has nowhere to abide, and there is nothing from which pathology can develop. When illness lasts and pathology develops, it is because the essential ch'i has become static. ...(Nathan Sivin, State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three Centuries B.C. [For Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies]; bold emphasis ours)According to Nathan Sivin, this was already common teaching in the third century B.C., i.e. it is apparently documented even earlier. We find that this correspondence is also part of (at least some forms of) Buddhism (Buddha lived roughly 500 B.C.). Buddhism and the Heaven-Human Relationship

Under Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Confucianism was adopted as the official creed of the state. The most influential Confucian thinker of the time was Dong Zhongshu (195?–105? BCE), who in his writings argued clearly and forcefully for the view that Heaven and human beings combine to form a single entity.In his Chunqiu fanlu or Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals, in the section entitled "How human Beings Second the Numbers of Heaven," he states: "Human beings have 360 joints because this exactly matches the number of Heaven’s [days]. Their bodies, their bones and flesh, match the thickness of the earth. Their ears and eyes are bright and keen like the qualities of the sun and moon, and in their bodies there are hollows and veins like the configurations of the rivers and valleys."And in speaking of the forces of the yin and yang, he says: "Heaven too has its moods of joy and anger, and its heart filled with sorrow or delight which second those of human beings. In the ways in which these likenesses match up, we see that Heaven and human beings are one."These passages are clear examples of the concept of "Heaven and humankind as one" in the thought of Dong Zhongshu. ... (Dialogues on Eastern Wisdom (1), http://www.iop.or.jp/0111/special.pdf, page 47; bold emphasis ours)And: The Mystic Law Leads You to Absolute Happiness... Nichiren Daishonin’s Buddhism teaches that our existence is identical to the universe as a whole, and the universe as a whole is identical to our existence. Each individual human life is a microcosm. ... There are some 360 joints in the human and they stand for the days of the year. The twelve major joints signify the twelve months. (http://www.gakkaionline.net/ST390/Gongyo.html) On pages about Martial Arts (which originated in East Asia and are not merely "sports" but are built on this religious/philosophical foundation) one can find that they still teach today: Chinese Martial Arts ... Chin Na Joint-locking is a useful addition to the Pa-Kua Chang arsenal making use of all 360 joints. Whilst it is practical against an inexperienced fighter ... (http://www.pa-kua-chang.com/training.htm) However, this number 360 is a mystical one. It has a numerological significance. It was not derived by counting the joints in autopsies of dead bodies, and it was usually not understood as being scientific information. At the same time period (third century B.C.) when Chinese philosophy speaks of 360 joints of the human body matching the 360 days of the year, various local states were already using a 365.25-day calendar (I received this information via private communication from Nathan Sivin). The number 360 is found in many contexts. A wheel consisting of 360 joints plays a role in the Hindu Vedas (Srimad Bhagavatam 3.21.18). The angle of the full circle is 360°, and the Meccan Kaaba is said to have housed 360 idols [*, *; perhaps one for every day?]. The Muslim sources claim that Mecca was a major trading center. Traders, however, brought not only material goods but also stories and ideas from far-away countries. Given that the "360 joints in the human body" was widely believed in the Far East, there is a high probability that this belief migrated also to Arabia

and was either common knowledge or at least known to Muhammad, who himself was a caravan trader for some time of his life. The report that the Kaaba had 360 idols is itself evidence that the number 360 had some significance in Arabia at the time of Muhammad. Given that a considerable number of details from Galen's embryology were taken over by Muhammad (see the article Embryology in the Qur'an), it would not be a surprise to learn that the at least 850 years older belief of 360 joints in the human body was adapted into Muhammad's "knowledge base" in a similar way. In fact, in the hadith collections one can find several more similar narrations besides the two quoted by Abdallah, and in none of them is any indication that the people around Muhammad were in any way surprised about the claim that the human body has 360 joints. That idea seemed not to be new to them. None of them said: "Excuse me, Messenger of Allah, but our doctors tell us that we have 230 joints. Why are you now saying that we have 360 of them?" No, nothing like this is reported. They were startled only by the conclusion that Muhammad drew from this assumed fact. The exhortation to do good deeds and act charitably toward others is found in all religions. It is the incredible exaggeration in Muhammad's demand to do 360 charitable acts every day which rightly shocked his followers. It's very simple math: 360 good deeds per day means one good deed every four minutes. Given that everyone has to sleep, eat and tend to a few other necessities in life, like earning a living to feed the family, that leaves precious little time for all those 360 good deeds that Muhammad demanded here. No wonder his followers were shocked and asked him: Who is capable of doing this? Apart from the scientific problems contained in this claim, this appears to have been one of the most thoughtless and unrealistic statements Muhammad ever made. After having become aware of the total impossibility of his command, the prophet then trivialized the obligation by saying: "Don't worry, ‘two rak'ahs in the forenoon will be sufficient for you’ instead of all this." We may investigate this aspect in more detail in the future in a separate article. To summarize: So far Muhammad's statement already failed two essential criteria of any reasonable ‘miracle test’. His statement about "360 joints in the human body" is neither true nor was it new. Furthermore, the Muslims produced many dead bodies in their wars against the unbelievers. At one time they slaughtered a whole Jewish tribe of at least 600 men in one day (see the article about the Banu Qurayza). It would have been easy, and perfectly feasible even at that time, to take a few of these bodies, carefully take them apart, and count all the joints. Autopsies of dead people have been performed for centuries even before the time of Muhammad. No supernatural revelation is necessary for finding the number of joints in a human body.

The Source of Abdallah's claim? We will shortly discuss some more problems found in these hadiths. However, in the last section we investigated the source of Muhammad's belief that there are 360 joints in the human body.

So let's also ask for the source of Abdallah's claim that science supposedly confirmed Muhammad's opinion. It is somewhat unlikely that Abdallah cooked that up entirely by himself. Indeed, we found one other webpage stating:

360 Joints in the Human Body        "Aisha reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Every one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty joints; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, declares Allah to be One, Glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people's path, and enjoins what is good and forbids from evil, to the number of those three hundred and sixty-four, will walk that day having removed himself from Hell. (Translation of Sahih Muslim, The Book of Zakat (Kitab Al-Zakat), Book 005, Number 2199)"

      Narrated Buraydah ibn al-Hasib: "I heard the Apostle of Allah (S) say: A human being has three hundred and sixty joints for each of which he must give alms..." (Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Book 41, Number 5222)"

        However this fact was not known until just recently. In  1995 it was thought that there were 340 joints in the human body. Yet in that year  a scientific institute proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints each. Thus 20 joints were added and the discovery was made that the human body consists of 360 joints.

(Source: http://www.fortunecity.com/marina/commodity/1089/id170.htm)

Not only is the notation in the reference to the hadiths identical ("Book 005", while the printed edition of Sahih Muslim has "Book V"), and both pages contain the translation error in the first hadith ("to the number of those three hundred and sixty-FOUR"), but most importantly, compare the last paragraph above to the statement found on Abdallah's page (underlined emphasis ours): Beside from the beautiful teachings about Worshiping the One True Living GOD Almighty and removing obstacles from the paths of people, Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him made a very important scientific claim, and that is: Our human bodies have 360 joints in them.Prior to 1995 it was thought that there are 340 joints in the human body. In 1995 a scientific institute proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints each. Thus 20 joints were added and the discovery was made that the human body consists of 360 joints. Please refer to any medical encyclopedia on this.The formulation is so similar that it is clear that there is a relationship of dependency between them. Since Islam supposedly puts such a strong emphasis on "isnad", i.e. chain of transmitters for its narrations, it is striking that both of these Muslim webpages containing this claim do not give a source for it. Did O. Abdallah plagiarize the above page? Or did the webmaster of the above page plagiarize Abdallah's article? Or do they both have a common source which neither of them acknowledges? We may never know for sure. Personally, however, I consider it unlikely that somebody would have taken the article from Abdallah's site but remove the sentence, "Please refer to any medical encyclopedia on this", as well as his links to the ‘scientific sites’, i.e. removed all references for the credibility of the claim. [How likely would you think that somebody checks several medical encyclopedias, but can't find any support for the claim, checks those internet links, but realizes they are all bogus, and still designs a webpage to propagate the claim for which he could not find any evidence?] It is much more likely that Abdallah (believing the claim to be true since Muhammad said so), plagiarized this page (or some other Muslim publication containing these statements) without acknowledging the source, but adding a couple of sentences (this being a beautiful teaching) and the claim that people may "refer to any medical encyclopedia on this". After all, since it is true, one will certainly find it there. In addition, he made a hasty search of the web for "360 joints", found three webpages that looked to him like scientific proof (the two Islamic ones, plus the telephone directory!), added these links to his page as proof of the claim, and then quickly published it.

Yet another scientific error Finally, since Abdallah's claim was about scientific accuracy of Muhammad's statement, let's give these hadiths even more scientific scrutiny.

As it turns out, the claim of 360 being the number of joints in the human body is not the only scientific error in these hadiths! Muhammad supposedly said: "A human being has three hundred and sixty joints ..." and this was clearly a general statement about ALL human beings, not merely about one exceptional human being. This is proven by the formulation in the other hadith stating, "Every one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty joints; ..." as well as by the fact that the obligation to do 360 sadaqa applied to everyone. Where is the problem? Well, Muhammad apparently did not know that not all human beings have the same number of bones and joints. Not even all adult people have the same number. Particularly, however, the number of bones and joints changes while growing up. After birth they first increase for a number of years, and later they decrease again. [Some details will be given at the end of Appendix 1.] Muhammad's statements were clearly made under the assumption that all people have the same number of joints. Thus, he is not only wrong about the number 360, but also in the assumption that the number is constant and equal in all human beings.

Confusion and contradiction: Did Muhammad speak about joints or about bones? Let's have another look at the first hadith quoted by O. Abdallah as basis for his claim of Muhammad's statement being scientifically true. In the following we quote first the original Arabic version, and then give the translation in which we are going to highlight two important words:

إنه خلق كل إنسان من بني آدم على ستين وثالث مائة مفصل فمن كبر الله وحمد الله وهلل الله وسبح الله واستغفر الله وعزل حجرا عن طريق الناس أو شوكة أو عظما عن طريق الناس وأمر بمعروف أو نهى عن منكر عدد تلك الستين والثالث مائة السالمى

فإنه يمشي يومئذ وقد زحزح نفسه عن النارEvery one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty mefsal ; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, declares Allah to be One, glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people's path, and enjoins what is good and forbids from evil, to the number of those three hundred and sixty salama , will walk that day having removed himself from Hell. (Sahih Muslim, Hadith Number 2199; emphasis ours)Comparing our rendering of this hadith with the official Muslim translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui (see above), we observe that Siddiqui left the word salama simply untranslated (whether intentionally or unintentionally). However, for our discussion this word is rather important. What are the meanings of the two words mefsal and salama? The Arabic-English online dictionary at ajeeb.com provides the following meanings:

mefsal: [a number of different meanings in other contexts that are not relevant here]

in the context of human anatomy: knuckle, articulation, joint salama:     digital bone, phalange, phalanx

Some of the words in the second entry may not be familiar to readers who are not native English speakers. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language defines "digit" as "a finger or toe", and states that in the context of anatomy or zoology "phalange" is a synonym of "phalanx" and both denote "any of the bones of the fingers or toes". Before we return to the above hadith from Sahih Muslim, it will be instructive to look at two consecutive narrations found in the Sunan Abu Dawud. The first of these was quoted by Abdallah, the second was (deliberately?) ignored, since it would have undermined his case. In the translation by Prof. Ahmad Hasan we read: Narrated Buraydah ibn al-Hasib: I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) say: A human being has three hundred and sixty joints (Arabic: mefsal ) for each of which he must give alms. The people asked him: Who is capable of doing this? He replied: It may be mucus in the mosque which you bury, and something which you remove from the road; but if you do not find such, two rak'ahs in the forenoon will be sufficient for you. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 41, Number 5222; emphasis ours)Narrated AbuDharr: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: In the morning alms are due from every bone (Arabic: salama) in man's fingers and toes. Salutation to everyone he meets is alms; enjoining good is alms; forbidding what is disreputable is alms; removing what is harmful from the road is alms; having sexual intercourse with his wife is alms. The people asked: He fulfils his desire, Apostle of Allah; is it alms? He replied: Tell me if he fulfilled his desire where he had no right, would he commit a sin? He then said: Two rak'ahs which one prays in the forenoon serve instead of all that. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 41, Number 5223; emphasis ours)Both hadiths obviously deal with the same topic, but in the first tradition Muhammad speaks about the JOINTS, while in the second one he speaks about the BONES. However, joints are not bones and bones are not joints. Furthermore, does he speak about all the joints/bones in the whole human body, or does he speak only about the joints/bones in the fingers and toes? Fingers and toes are obviously only a small part of the human body. On a spiritual level both hadiths are similar enough. They speak about the obligation of giving alms (sadaqa), and give definitions of what can be counted as sadaqa, and even give the same conclusion that two rak'ahs in the morning are sufficient sadaqa for the whole day. However, the topic of this article is the alleged scientific accuracy of Muhammad's claims in regard to human anatomy. On the scientific level, however, these two hadiths contradict each other, since bones and joints are different entities and concepts. If we do not even know whether Muhammad talked about bones or about joints, the statement is useless for scientific evaluation because it is not precise. Is one of the hadith corrupted? How would we know which is the corrupted one and which one is correct?

Moreover, if it is possible that one is corrupted, how do we know that they are not both corrupted? Alternatively, we could assume that Muhammad at one occasion spoke what is reported in the first version and at another occasion said what is found in the second version. If these are narrations about separate events, then it is possible that both are historical. However, this interpretation is rather strained, and this would raise a number of different questions: Do the two rak'ahs substitute for the alms due for the joints or for the alms due for the bones? Should a Muslim maybe pray four rak'ahs in the morning: two rak'ahs for the joints and two for the bones — just to be on the safe side? Or are the two rak'ahs covering both obligations simultaneously although Muhammad never said so? Also, this ‘solution’ would imply that Muhammad himself is confused and forgetful. Although not very credible, this interpretation that they are reporting two different events is perhaps a possibility in regard to the two narrations found in the Sunan Abu Dawud. More precisely: This suggestion would be a possibility if these were the only narrations on the topic, but there are several more which is further complicating the matter. Whatever the impact of those other traditions, this ‘solution’ is definitely NOT possible for the tradition found in Sahih Muslim: Aisha reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Every one of the children of Adam has been created with three hundred and sixty JOINTS ( mefsal ) ; so he who declares the Glory of Allah, praises Allah, declares Allah to be One, glorifies Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah, and removes stone, or thorn, or bone from people's path, and enjoins what is good and forbids from evil, to the number of those three hundred and sixty DIGITAL BONES ( salama ) , will walk that day having removed himself from Hell. (Sahih Muslim, Hadith Number 2199)What is it, Muhammad? Make up your mind! Are we supposed to count the joints or the bones? Or is the true meaning of this statement that we have both: 360 joints in all of the body AND 360 bones in our fingers and toes? This would be completely wrong and utterly ridiculous. Moreover, this interpretation is impossible since the word "those" in the last part of the sentence points back to the first mention of "360" and the statement as recorded is really identifying bones with joints as if they were the same. This is a gross scientific error. [Now we also know why the Muslim translator of the hadith left the word salama untranslated. A correct translation would have revealed immediately that Muhammad's statement is complete nonsense. Therefore, he decided to cover up the error by a dishonest translation. This advice proves to be true again: if you need

to know the exact meaning of a verse in the Qur'an, of a saying of Muhammad, or of other Muslim source materials, never simply trust the Muslim translations. Always get a second opinion. ]The above discoveries now leave us with the following two alternatives: 1 Muhammad is confused, contradicting himself, and making completely unscientific statements.2 These canonical collections of hadiths are confused, contradictory, and unreliable. Therefore they are (not only) scientifically useless.In either case, Abdallah's attempted argument for the divine inspiration and authority of Muhammad is dead. The discussion in this last section provides even more evidence of how shoddy and untrustworthy Osama Abdallah's ‘research’ truly is.

Summary on the scientific aspects covered in this paper First, O. Abdallah claimed that Muhammad's statement was scientifically proven in 1995. Every part of the alleged scientific evidence turned out to be bogus, being not only unscientific but plainly ridiculous. Second, this particular statement by Muhammad cannot serve as proof for the divine origin of the teachings of Islam since it fails the test for being a genuine ‘scientific miracle’ on several counts: The belief that the human body has 360 joints was already nearly a millennium old at the time of Muhammad and may even have been common knowledge in Muhammad's environment.No supernatural revelation is needed to determine the number of joints. A complete and detailed autopsy may be a tedious task, but it was perfectly possible to do so in Muhammad's time.Muhammad's claim about the number of joints is wrong in two respects:-Muhammad's assumption that all humans have the same number of joints is wrong.-Muhammad's claim that the human body has 360 joints is wrong also for the average adult person.Muhammad's statements on the issue are at best very imprecise, but more likely they are plain contradictory. Therefore they can hardly be considered as scientific statements. We do not even know whether he is talking about bones or joints.This concludes our rebuttal to Osama Abdallah's propaganda that "Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true" by recent scientific research. If these narrations have any implication for the credibility of Islam, then they are evidence that Islam is wrong.

Jochen Katz (German, mathematician)together with "Wildcat" (American, medical student) and Khaled (Iraqi Arab Christian, formerly Muslim)

Appendix 1: The number of joints in the adult human bodyBefore we get into the nitty-gritty and rather technical details, let us first present the rather amazing result of searching the internet with Google for the expression "joints in the human body" (i.e. without specifying any number beforehand). We want to share with you a quite amusing collection of quotes that should get you into the right mood for this section:

There are 230 joints in the human body. (Source, and many more)187 joints in the human body. (Source)There are 143 different joints in the human body (Source 1, 2, 3, and more)100 joints in the human body (Source)There are roughly 640 muscles and 100 joints in the human body. (Source)Most of the ~150 bone joints in the human body are ... (Source)Three hundred sixty five joints in the human body (Source)Altogether there are 68 joints in the human body. (Source)About 70 moveable joints in the human body. (Source)There are hundreds of joints in the human body. (Source 1, 2)There are hundreds (far too many to count!) of joints in the human body ... (Source)There are 147 joints in the human body (Source)There are nearly 200 joints in the human body. (Source)248 joints in the human body (Source)

Conclusion?Anyone who used to simply believe something that he "found on the internet" without carefully checking up on the facts should be cured now. The above listed sources are largely not even amateur sites, but include university pages, news agencies and pages of professional health care organizations! Some webpages simply and more wisely state:There are many joints in the human body. (Source 1, 2)The two most commonly claimed numbers are "230 joints" (usually found on "Did you know that ...", "Amazing facts ...", etc. trivia pages) and "143 joints" (mainly found on pages about arthritis). One thing should be obvious: If you only search for "360 joints" you will find those sites that claim that the human body has 360 joints. If you only search for "230 joints" you will find those sites that confirm what you searched for. It is very easy to get your intended result ‘confirmed’ with a certain number of webpages. It holds true in many areas that the form of a question often determines the answer. True knowledge is all about

asking the right questions. Furthermore, it is essential to develop the ability to distinguish between credible and untrustworthy sources.Before we discovered the extent of confusion on this issue and compiled the above list, we did what Abdallah should have done before publishing his nonsense: We checked out his claims in a medical school textbook on human anatomy. For the list of joints given below we refer to the 4th edition of "Clinically Oriented Anatomy" by Keith L. Moore and Arthur F. Dalley. The Fourth Edition was published in 1999 and is still in use by medical schools in the United States. Unfortunately, it is not easy to find statements anywhere that indicate the exact number of joints found in the human body. However, the textbook we have in our possession lists the joints of the body. Below we will actually list these by name according to body part and give the total number in each part. Finally, we will add up all of the numbers to determine approximately how many joints there are in the human body. The great differences in the above listed numbers may in part be explained that different authors are using different definitions for what is to be counted as "a joint". For example, if one would only count those "bone connections" that allow at least some movement this would then exclude the sutures of the skull. Since those above listed pages mostly do not make their definitions explicit, we are left guessing. However, for our own list, we want to be precise and first ask: What is a joint? Furthermore, to be as fair as possible, we will use the widest definition that is still reasonable in order to allow a greater number of joints to be found. In addition, note that the author of the textbook we are using is Keith L. Moore, who is referred to by many Muslims as a prime authority in anatomy and is their "main witness" to another alleged scientific miracle (cf. the articles on embryology in the section on Qur'an and Science).Let's begin. Our source defines "joint" as...

Within a couple of weeks we will publish here our result of counting the joints of the human body. This is a tedious work, and we just discovered that not all joints are listed in the above mentioned textbook. Therefore we have to check a couple of further sources.

In the meantime, the reader is invited to do his own research. We particularly admonish Osama Abdallah to visit a medical library, count joints, and finally do some serious research to back up his claims before we publish our result.

There is one essential question that O. Abdallah and everyone should answer before starting to count: What would Muhammad and his companions have understood under the term mefsal (joint)? Does this refer to each and every kind of connection or contact between two bones? What about the sutures in the skull where two bone plates are connected like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and this connection is so tight that it does not allow movement ... Is this to be counted as a joint or not? In common understanding a joint is something that allows movement to some extent in at least one direction. In some medical textbooks sutures are listed as a kind of joint. In others they are a separate category. What about the teeth? Are teeth to be counted as bones and the locations where they are implanted in the jawbone as joints? Different answers to all of these foundational questions will obviously lead to greatly differing numbers of bones/joints. The definitions will determine the answers. However, honesty demands to make the definitions FIRST and to count afterwards. Otherwise, the same will happen as in the other miracle claim that the Quran supposedly contains the word "day" exactly 365 times (the number of days in the year). Actually, the word is there more than 400 times, but the decision whether to count the word only in the singular and/or in the plural and/or with or without a certain preposition preceding it ... gives so many parameters to manipulate that one can arrive at nearly every number one likes. For details, please see the article How many days are there in a year according to the Qur'an?

Osama Abdallah's response so far:

12/25/2003- A message for the answering Islam web site.   I have not ignored nor forgotten about your latest so-called "rebuttal" to my "360 joints in the human body" article.  Once my computer science graduate school (Ph.D.) starts again on January 20th insha'Allah (if Allah Almighty is Willing), I will do extensive research in the human anatomy research section in the university's library (in the Ph.D. research section) and shut your lousy

mouths and site once and for all insha'Allah.  You said that you have given me the "worst Muslim argument" award.  My response to you is:  An insult from the disgraced is a compliment by itself.   I will once again insha'Allah debunk your mantras and prove you to be clearly in the wrong. (What's new on Answering Christianity?)

We are looking forward to Abdallah's count of joints. However, even if there should accidentally be 360 joints, his argument is still incredibly bad. The verdict will remain: repetitions of claims is not a proofs and phone numbers are not scientific evidence either. The expression "worst argument" was not awarded for the choice of the topic (the claim), but for the argument by which the claim was supposedly substantiated. As of today, 28 December 2002, Abdallah still continues to present the same links as evidence. Somehow, despite of our discussion of the alleged evidence, he still seems convinced that this is evidence (it is neither removed from the article nor has he added a note of caution!), although he announced that he will attempt to find further evidence. He should at least have added this above announcement to his "360 joints" article instead of his "what's new" page.

In case you missed it...There is one more interesting aspect to Abdallah's specific claims. He wrote:Prior to 1995 it was thought that there are 340 joints in the human body. In 1995 a scientific institute proved that the internal ear consists of 10 joints each. Thus 20 joints were added and the discovery was made that the human body consists of 360 joints. Please refer to any medical encyclopedia on this.As observed above, one can find a good number of webpages to support each of the opinions that the human body has 230 joints (trivia pages) or 143 joints (arthritis pages) or 360 joints (Muslim pages and Chinese philosophy pages). But is there anyone who shares Abdallah's claim that before 1995 it was believed that the human body had 340 joints? Searching for "340 joints" yields (currently) only those two Muslim pages making the claim under discussion here. Thus, the claim that before 1995 people believed that the human body had 340 joints seems to be completely unknown otherwise and is simply a Muslim hoax.We found one Arabic webpage mentioning a similar claim:

. مفصل، وهذا يدل على ان هذا العلم جاء من قبل ربه360 ميالديا أن عدد المفاصل 1996ولم يثبت إال بعد Approximate translation of the meaning of the above quotation: "It has never been proven before that there are 360 joints until after 1996. That proves that this knowledge came from his lord (i.e. was revealed to Mohamed by God)." Although being close, "until after 1996" is obviously different from "in the year 1995". Apparently, there are a number of different (independent?) hoaxes that are circulating among Muslims on this issue. The above source knows nothing about the alleged earlier belief of 340 joints, nor does it make any statement about a recent discovery of ten joints in the internal ear. It seems to be a more primitive version of the hoax which later was extended with further invented details. According to the Arabic source, this statement was made by an Egyptian medical doctor under the name Abdel Baset Sayed in answer to a question during an interview in 5/8/2003. Why did we so far speak only about the ADULT human body?The whole discussion is further complicated by the fact that the number of bones and joints in our bodies does not remain constant during our lifetime, nor do all people have the same number of bones (and thus joints) even as adults. The teeth are the most obvious example. Newborn babies have no teeth. In the first years children usually grow 20 teeth.

Adults usually have 32 teeth (though not everyone gets the wisdom teeth). Thus the number of teeth (bones) and their sockets (joints) clearly changes. But there is more:The total number of bones varies at different ages. At birth, the human body contains ~270 bones. This number declines slightly during infancy as a few separate segments join to form single bones. From young childhood through puberty, the bone count increases as wrist and ankle bones develop. Post-adolescence, the bone count steadily declines again with the gradual union of independent bones. (Source)... Babies are born with bones that are soft and flexible. Babies' bones have lots of cartilage, the flexible material that will later harden into bone material. In fact, babies have around 300 bones at first. Later, as the bones harden, some of these will fuse together until the adult number of 206 bones is reached. (Source) Of the 206 bones in the average adult human body... (Source)One in 20 people has an extra rib. (Source)As observed above, Muhammad apparently assumed that the number of bones/joints in the human body is the same for all people and that it remains constant. Thus, this constitutes another error on his part. We will not go into any detail on this issue. Apart from noting that this is another error, it is not important to our discussion to determine the exact number of bones and joints at each age. We leave this exercise to Abdallah if he thinks he could get any mileage out of it.

Appendix 2: Why the ‘Scientific Miracles’ are so VERY IMPORTANT to Osama Abdallah The following is just a sample of what is found on Abdallah's website. In the article Muhammad and Dogs many superstitious beliefs of Muhammad were discussed. O. Abdallah did little but simply deny that they are superstitious, and concludes his defense of Islam with: Islam is not about superstition.  Islam is about purity, cleanliness and having the best manners toward Allah Almighty's Prayers.  Your article above did not disprove Islam in anyway. ...The Noble Quran did prove itself to be a Divine Revelation from Allah Almighty, because of its Everlasting Miracle that exists within it.  Let's look at a sample of the Noble Quran's Miracles and proofs of Divine Truthfulness:

Science in Islam:Embryology, Human Anatomy, Formation and Creation from the time of sexual intercourse to the time of birth: ...Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. Note that throughout this section emphasis by underlining is ours. The above is only a small excerpt since Abdallah's long list of ‘miracles’ actually takes up about six screens/pages. Let's look into a few more of his articles. Muhammad serious contradicted himself on the issue of inheritance and the making of wills, breaking several of the commands he had given to be observed by all Muslims. O. Abdallah wrote a response to our article in which he writes again: The Living and Everlasting Miracle in the Noble Quran is a whole a lot stronger than giving narrations like this in an attempt to disprove Islam.  The Noble Quran had proven itself to be the Divine Truth from Allah Almighty: ...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. Again, Abdallah does little more than brushing the problem aside and instead points to the miracle of science confirming Islam. Even if all else fails, for him this seems to be the proof that overpowers all other problems. Among other difficult issues, Sam Shamoun pointed out one problem in Surah 37:147 regarding Jonah and the city of Nineveh, to which Osama Abdallah responds in his article, My rebuttal to Sam Shamoun's "Allah's Guessing Game, Is Allah an All-Knowing GOD?" article: I personally don't care what the Bible claims.   But as to the Noble Quran, I honestly don't have an answer as to why Allah Almighty chose to say "or more".  It is probably referring to ... But I am not certain if that's what it really means. ...I know one thing for certain:  Even though the use of "or more" in Noble Verse 37:147 is really difficult to explain; at least for now, but this still doesn't mean that Allah Almighty doesn't know about every atom of things that occurs in the Heavens and Earth: ...It also doesn't mean that the Noble Quran's Miracle is not an everlasting one.  Please check out the following links to see the True Miracles of the Noble Quran: ...

Science in Islam:Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. Further down in the very SAME article he repeats the whole lengthy list (six pages!) of scientific miracles again as proof for the truth of Islam (including the link to the 360 joints article). Responding to the arguments in a paper discussing Muhammad's Suicide Attempts, Abdallah gives this impressive rebuttal: All of these doubts and uncertainties about Islam's Truth would fall when you objectively read the Noble Quran and examine it's Holy Claims. All you have is conclusions and theories about Muhammad being this and Muhammad being that. Muhammad might have thought about committing suicide, but HE NEVER ACTUALLY DID TRY TO COMMIT IT, like for instance actually throwing himself from the mountain, or cutting his wrist, etc...Again, please view the Noble Quran's Miracles to see the real Divine Truth of Islam: ...

Science in Islam:Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...Does anyone besides Abdallah consider this an answer to the issue? In another article on Osama's Mantras, Sam Shamoun showed how irrational Abdallah's arguments really are (on the topic of the deity of Jesus). What is Abdallah's "answer"? You are probably able to guess it by now ... He writes:

The Miracle of the Noble Quran is within it. If the Noble Quran was a bunch of narrations, conversations and nonsense as most of the Bible is, then I would be the first to attack it.My favorite Miracles in the Noble Quran are...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...Does Abdallah not realize that he completely misses the mark? Whether or not Adam was 90 feet tall will not make any one of Abdallah's arguments on the deity of Christ any more rational than before. If anything, with this answer he only proved that his arguments are indeed completely irrational. And yet again, the whole six-page list is included TWICE in this "rebuttal" as well. In reaction to Sam Shamoun's rebuttal to Jamal Badawi's claims, Abdallah writes:

My rebuttal to Sam Shamoun's "The Seven Wonders of the Quran" article:This article is a rebuttal to Sam Shamoun's article, which is located at: http://www.answering-islam.org/Shamoun/wonders.htm. All of the material of the article had been refuted at: ...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...Abdallah simply lists nearly the same six pages of alleged scientific miracles instead of directly interacting with even one of Sam Shamoun's arguments. Talk about a mantra! NO, sorry Mr. Abdallah, these do not refute Shamoun's arguments in the least. Even into the debate with Sam Shamoun on the relationship of baptism, salvation and sanctification, Abdallah manages to insert his favorite but completely unrelated argument: The Noble Quran's Miracle is an inner and everlasting one that will continue to exist until the Day of Judgement. Every Prophet's miracle died when he died or left. Today, we no longer see people splitting seas in half, creating snakes from wooden sticks, raising the dead, and curing the blind. These Miracles no longer exist today. But the Noble Quran's Miracle exists within it.  Let us look at some of those Miracles: ...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...That certainly helped to clarify the issue under discussion, right? In his response to Silas' article on Muhammad and the Snakes, arguing against Muhammad's superstition that many snakes are evil spirit beings, we find: So far you have presented nothing of substance to argue about here, because Jinns are mentioned in the Noble Quran: ...Now, if you ask how I would know that Jinns do exist, then I would tell you that I believe the Noble Quran's Holy Claims, because the Noble Quran had proven itself to me that it is the True Revelation of Allah Almighty: ...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...Again, Abdallah does not really interact with the argument. He certainly does not care whether or not it is "scientific" to believe that snakes are spirit beings which only look like snakes. Despite the fact that Islam is full of unscientific elements, he derives all his confidence in Islam from some alleged congruences between Islam and science. This is again an article where it was not enough for Abdallah to quote the same six pages of links only once. No, he included them twice, since later in the same article we find: Your conclusion is bogus, and your lack of information about snakes in the Middle East prompted you to write this ridiculous article that proved absolutely nothing about Islam being a false religion.  Islam is not about superstition. The Noble Quran did prove itself to be a Divine Revelation from Allah Almighty, because of its Everlasting Miracle that exists within it. Let's look at a sample of the Noble Quran's Miracles and proofs of Divine Truthfulness:

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...

There is no longer a surprise, that Abdallah's reaction to the article, Muhammad and the Animals, is exactly the same as all the others when he states: So far, nothing of substance is presented here. Not everything in the Noble Quran needs to be proven by facts, especially the historical statements. The Noble Quran did, however, prove itself to be a Divine

Revelation from Allah Almighty, because of its Everlasting Miracle that exists within it. Let's look at a sample of the Noble Quran's Miracles and proofs of Divine Truthfulness:

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...Again, he needs no proof where the claims of Islam are "difficult", but will believe Islam is true because Muhammad said there are 360 joints in the human body which is wrong as well. And Abdallah never becomes tired to repeat the same six pages of science claims another time in this same article as well (and a thousand and one times on his site): What the Prophet peace be upon him here is doing is trying to keep the Muslims constantly praying within themselves and to always remember Allah Almighty. Using animals as reminders or incentives does not hurt. This does not nullify Islam in anyway, even if it looks a little strange.Again, the Noble Quran did prove itself to be a Divine Revelation from Allah Almighty, because of its Everlasting Miracle that exists within it. Let's look at a sample of the Noble Quran's Miracles and proofs of Divine Truthfulness:

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...And it continues in this way without end. It is obvious that Osama Abdallah bases his faith in Islam primarily on these alleged scientific miracles supposedly found in the Qur'an and sayings of the prophet. The article, Muhammad the Sinner, apparently caused him even more problems than others, since he included his six-page mantra about the scientific miracle THREE TIMES in his response to that one. On the same grounds, another hard one for him seemed to be his rebuttal to "60 Questions Muslims Don't Like to Be Asked!, since we find it included three times in that article as well. I will only quote one of them. In response to this theological question: 60- Muslims reject the gospel story of Jesus being a substitute for our sins, the just for the unjust. They use the illustration of a man having to pay for a speeding ticket he did not commit. My question is: How do you explain that in the Muslim view of the cross, someone completely innocent died in Jesus place, after God made him appear to be Jesus? Was not this a Substitutionary sacrifice?Abdallah "answers" with these words: GOD Almighty does what He Wills, and the Ultimate reward is in the Day of Judgement and not in this life.  Also, the Noble Quran doesn't necessarily suggest that Jesus was substituted by someone else.  It could be referring to Jesus not dying nor getting crucified, nor feeling pain, but it was made appear to his enemies.Whatever the case is, it is Allah Almighty's Divine Wisdom and Decision. Islam had proven itself to be Divine and Miraculous, and the Bible had proven itself to be corrupted and altered by men. ...

Science in Islam: Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!The Jewish Scientists confirm Islam's claims about Adam was 90 feet tall. ...In other words: I don't really have an answer, but I know Islam is true because "Science" has proven Islam to be true. This article may beat all his other ones. Not only is the complete six-page list of links repeated three times in it, but parts of the list are repeated even more often. In particular the link "Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true!" is included in this one paper as a proof of Islam SIX TIMES! Certainly this is sufficient proof of just how important this particular claim is for Abdallah's confidence in Islam. Too bad for him that Muhammad's "very important scientific claim" IS COMPLETELY WRONG. There are probably even more articles on his site that contain the same references and claims over and over again. In these two articles, The human embryonic development and Embryology in the Noble Quran: the link to the "360 joints" article is part of a different short list of links. However, the point is made and we finish our investigation at this point. In the end, the most interesting question will be this: Is Osama Abdallah going to draw any consequence from the fact that Muhammad was wrong? Only removing this one claim from his long list would be too simple and too cheap. The question is whether or not Abdallah will finally start to rethink his whole approach and if a list of alleged scientific miracles can really be a secure foundation for his confidence in Islam, particularly since there are at the same time so many scientific errors in Islam, starting with this claim of 360 joints in the human body.

EXTRACT from http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Osama/90feet-adam.htm - all emphases theirs

Some weeks after we had rebutted Osama Abdallah's article in which he claimed in regard to a saying of Muhammad that the human body has 360 joints had allegedly been proven by modern science, he posted the following on his message board:

While I appreciate the fact that the Answering Islam team had trashed my carelessness in posting an article that lacked a great deal of scientific facts, but I do want the reader to know that this was the only article that the answering Islam team had responded to in my "Science in the Noble Quran" section, at: www.answering-christianity.com/sci_quran.htmThis is no excuse, but my web site does contain almost 1,000 articles...Some of my earlier articles did contain weak information in them, and I have updated them all and improved their quality. I am glad that the answering Islam team only found 1 lousy article! This proves that I am doing a great job, walhamdulillah! (Osama Abdallah, 22 January 2004 posting; underline emphasis mine)

Even though I am glad he admitted that his article on the 360 joints was lousy, there seems to exist a severe misunderstanding on Abdallah's part. Answering Islam had so far not responded to any of his ‘science’ articles. Although this is not the only bad article in his science section, we chose to respond to this one first because it contained the worst reasoning of all of them. That was hardly a compliment for the whole section. However, I will take up Abdallah's implicit challenge contained in the above statement, and discuss a few more of the many lousy science articles found on his site. In fact, had Abdallah paid more attention to Appendix 2 of the first rebuttal, he could have seen which of his other articles we were going to respond to next. Let me state this explicitly: this present response is the second rebuttal to one of Abdallah's science claims but it will not be the last one, lest he still wants to somehow interpret this as a compliment for his other articles that so far we only found two lousy ones among so many. There are more, and some of them will be responded to in time. However, good research takes time. Obviously, we cannot respond to all of them within a few days. Moreover, I have many duties, and many people demand my attention. Frankly, it is not my top priority to write responses to Abdallah's multitude of articles full of scientific nonsense. More importantly, it is simply not true that we have not addressed any other of the science claims that are propagated by Abdallah. Our section on issues of Qur'an & Science has plenty of rebuttals to the most common Muslim claims about amazing modern scientific insights already being found in the Qur'an. For example, there exist several dozen Muslim websites claiming that recent discoveries of embryology are already taught in the Qur'an. We provide a very detailed evaluation of these Muslim claims as they are commonly presented. There is no need to write another rebuttal responding to Osama Abdallah personally and addressing the same claims yet again. The topic is already dealt with. In the same way, many of Osama's other claims are already rebutted. If he thinks it is necessary that we mention his name in our rebuttals in order for them to count, then he simply thinks too much of himself. Claims that are found in many Muslim sites will usually receive a generic response. Only when we discuss a claim that originates with Abdallah, or that is mainly or solely propagated by him, will we address such a rebuttal specifically to him.Additionally, there are a number of responses to Abdallah's science claims on other websites, debate boards, etc. For example, the series "Does Science really prove the Quran? ([Part 1], [Part 2], [Part 3]) by Quennel Gale. On the discussion forum of the website FaithFreedom one can also find a number of rebuttals to Abdallah's "Science proves Islam" articles. We are flattered that he seems to consider the number of our responses to him the final measure against which his own site is evaluated. However, it would be some rather strange logic to consider his or anybody's articles bad only in the case that Answering Islam exposes their weaknesses, but not if others rebut these claims.

Note that O. Abdallah states in the third paragraph quoted above that: "Some of my earlier articles did contain weak information in them, and I have updated them all and improved their quality." This statement obviously means that he has eliminated from his articles everything that he considered to be "weak information". He is now fully convinced of the statements found in the articles on his site as they are currently displayed; they are trustworthy and their content is correct. Thus, to be fair, we will not respond to versions of his articles published prior to the above date. All future rebuttals will be based on the articles as they are found on his website after 23 January 2004.

251 FILES ON ISLAM LECTURE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG BENEDICT XVI SEPTEMBER 12, 2006http://ephesians-511.net/docs/LECTURE_AT_THE_UNIVERSITY_OF_REGENSBURG.doc

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AISHA-AN EXAMINATION OF MUHAMMADS MARRIAGE TO A PREPUBESCENT GIRL http://ephesians-511.net/docs/AISHA-AN_EXAMINATION_OF_MUHAMMADS_MARRIAGE_TO_A_PREPUBESCENT_GIRL.docALLAH-IS HE GOD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ALLAH-IS_HE_GOD.docALLAH-THE GREATEST DECEIVER OF THEM ALL http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ALLAH-THE_GREATEST_DECEIVER_OF_THEM_ALL.docALLAHU AKBAR A CALL TO VIOLENCE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ALLAHU_AKBAR_A_CALL_TO_VIOLENCE.docAN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTION OF MANGALOREAN CHRISTIANS UNDER TIPU SULTANhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/AN_ACCOUNT_OF_THE_PERSECUTION_OF_MANGALOREAN_CHRISTIANS_UNDER_TIPU_SULTAN.doc ANOTHER OF ISLAMS USEFUL IDIOTS-DEAN ESMAY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ANOTHER_OF_ISLAMS_USEFUL_IDIOTS-DEAN_ESMAY.docANSWERING ISLAM-DR NORMAN L GEISLERhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ANSWERING_ISLAM-DR_NORMAN_L_GEISLER.docARE MUSLIMS ENCOURAGED TO READ THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ARE_MUSLIMS_ENCOURAGED_TO_READ_THE_KORAN.docARE THERE ERRORS IN THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ARE_THERE_ERRORS_IN_THE_KORAN.docARE THERE MATHEMATICAL MIRACLES IN THE BIBLE OR QURAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ARE_THERE_MATHEMATICAL_MIRACLES_IN_THE_BIBLE_OR_QURAN.docARE THERE PROPHECIES CONCERNING MUHAMMAD IN THE BIBLE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ARE_THERE_PROPHECIES_CONCERNING_MUHAMMAD_IN_THE_BIBLE.doc ARE THERE PROPHECIES IN THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ARE_THERE_PROPHECIES_IN_THE_KORAN.docBEGONE SATAN-WAKING UP TO THE THREAT OF ISLAMIC TERROR http://ephesians-511.net/docs/BEGONE_SATAN-WAKING_UP_TO_THE_THREAT_OF_ISLAMIC_TERROR.docBENEDICT XVI AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/BENEDICT_XVI_AND_ISLAM.docBILL OREILLY MUHAMMAD AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/BILL_OREILLY_MUHAMMAD_AND_ISLAM.docBLOOD ON THE KORAN-UTHMANS MURDER http://ephesians-511.net/docs/BLOOD_ON_THE_KORAN-UTHMANS_MURDER.docBY VISION OF CHRIST TO NIGERIAN BISHOP ROSARY DEFEATS ISLAMIST TERRORISTS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/BY_VISION_OF_CHRIST_TO_NIGERIAN_BISHOP_ROSARY_DEFEATS_ISLAMIST_TERRORISTS.docCAN A PERSON FIND PEACE IN THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CAN_A_PERSON_FIND_PEACE_IN_THE_KORAN.docCAN ISLAM BE REFORMED? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CAN_ISLAM_BE_REFORMED.docCAN ISLAM CHANGE ITS FACE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CAN_ISLAM_CHANGE_ITS_FACE.docCATHOLICS AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CATHOLICS_AND_ISLAM.docCHRISTIAN DEBATES WITH MUSLIMShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/CHRISTIAN_DEBATES_WITH_MUSLIMS.docCHRISTIAN INSIGHTS INTO THE CULT OF ISLAMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/CHRISTIAN_INSIGHTS_INTO_THE_CULT_OF_ISLAM.doc CHRISTIANS SUE OVER ISLAMIC INDOCTRINATION AT SCHOOL http://CHRISTIANS_SUE_OVER_ISLAMIC_INDOCTRINATION_AT_SCHOOL.docCHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM-ARE WE AT WARhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/CHRISTIANITY_AND_ISLAM-ARE_WE_AT_WAR.docCIRCUMCISION AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CIRCUMCISION_AND_ISLAM.docCOMPARING ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN SOCIETYhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/COMPARING_ISLAMIC_AND_CHRISTIAN_SOCIETY.doc COMPARING KORANIC AND BIBLICAL STANDARDS FOR DIVORCE AND MARRIAGE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/COMPARING_KORANIC_AND_BIBLICAL_STANDARDS_FOR_DIVORCE_AND_MARRIAGE.docCOMPARING MUHAMMAD AND CHRIST IN COMPLYING WITH THE LAW OF GOD

http://ephesians-511.net/docs/COMPARING_MUHAMMAD_AND_CHRIST_IN_COMPLYING_WITH_THE_LAW_OF_GOD.docCOMPARING THE MUSLIM JESUS AND THE FALSE PROPHET OF REVELATION http://ephesians-511.net/docs/COMPARING_THE_MUSLIM_JESUS_AND_THE_FALSE_PROPHET_OF_REVELATION.doc

CONSTRUCTION OF THE KORAN AND ITS CONTRADICTIONS OF THE BIBLE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CONSTRUCTION_OF_THE_KORAN_AND_ITS_CONTRADICTIONS_OF_THE_BIBLE.docDANIEL PIPES VS ISLAMISM VS MODERATE ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DANIEL_PIPES_VS_ISLAMISM_VS_MODERATE_ISLAM.docDEFENDING ISLAM-A CRITICISM OF PETER BEINART http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DEFENDING_ISLAM-A-CRITICISM_OF_PETER_BEINART.docDID MUHAMMAD PERFORM MIRACLES? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DID_MUHAMMAD_PERFORM_MIRACLES.docDID MUHAMMAD WORK MIRACLES?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DID_MUHAMMAD_WORK_MIRACLES.doc DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DIFFERENCES_BETWEEN_ISLAM_AND_CHRISTIANTY.docDIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE KORAN AND THE BIBLEhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/DIFFERENCES_BETWEEN_THE_KORAN_AND_THE_BIBLE.docDISTORTION IN THE QURAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DISTORTION_IN_THE_QURAN.docDO CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS WORSHIP THE SAME GOD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ DO_CHRISTIANS_AND_MUSLIMS_WORSHIP_THE_SAME_GOD .doc DO CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS WORSHIP THE SAME GOD 02? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ DO_CHRISTIANS_AND_MUSLIMS_WORSHIP_THE_SAME_GOD_02 .doc DO CHRISTIANS BELIEVE IN THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DO_CHRISTIANS_BELIEVE_IN_THE_KORAN.docDO MUSLIMS CLAIM THERE ARE MIRACLES IN THE KORAN? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DO_MUSLIMS_CLAIM_THERE_ARE_MIRACLES_IN_THE_KORAN.docDOES ISLAM ALLOW FOR THE MURDER OF ITS CRITICS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOES_ISLAM_ALLOW_FOR_THE_MURDER_OF_ITS_CRITICS.docDOES ISLAM ORIGINATE FROM GOD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOES_ISLAM_ORIGINATE_FROM_GOD.docDOES MUHAMMADS ILLITERACY VALIDATE THE QURAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOES_MUHAMMADS_ILLITERACY_VALIDATE_THE_QURAN.docDOES THE HOLY WAR OR JIHAD STILL APPLY TODAY IN ISLAM? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOES_THE_HOLY_WAR_OR_JIHAD_STILL_APPLY_TODAY_IN_ISLAM.docDOES THE KORAN TEACH PEACE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOES_THE_KORAN_TEACH_PEACE.docDOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN ISLAM-THE QURAN ON BEATING WOMEN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/DOMESTIC_VIOLENCE_IN_ISLAM-THE_QURAN_ON_BEATING_WOMEN.docEVIDENCE FOR MUSLIMS OF THE CRUCIFIXION OF JESUShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/EVIDENCE_FOR_MUSLIMS_OF_THE_CRUCIFIXION_OF_JESUS.docEVIDENCE FOR MUSLIMS THAT JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/EVIDENCE_FOR_MUSLIMS_THAT_JESUS_IS_THE_SON_OF_GOD.docFALSE PROPHET MUHAMMAD FAIRYTALE MUHAMMAD AND HARLEY TALMAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FALSE_PROPHET_MUHAMMAD_FAIRYTALE_MUHAMMAD_AND_HARLEY_TALMAN .doc FALSE WAR BEING WAGED AGAINST ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FALSE_WAR_BEING_WAGED_AGAINST_ISLAM.docFEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FEMALE_GENITAL_MUTILATION_IN_ISLAM.docFOR ISLAM MUHAMMAD DREW FROM PAGANISM-THE KAABA ETC http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FOR_ISLAM_MUHAMMAD_DREW_FROM_PAGANISM-THE_KAABA_ETC.docFR SAMIRS 111 QUESTIONS ON ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FR_SAMIRS_111_QUESTIONS_ON_ISLAM.docFREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND ISLAM-CHRISTIAN CONVERTS PUT TO THE TEST http://ephesians-511.net/docs/FREEDOM_OF_CONSCIENCE_AND_ISLAM-CHRISTIAN_CONVERTS_PUT_TO_THE_TEST.docHAS THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ENDORSED ISLAM AT VATICAN COUNCIL II?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HAS_THE_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ENDORSED_ISLAM_AT_VATICAN_COUNCIL_II.docHAS THE KORAN EVER BEEN ALTERED?

http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HAS_THE_KORAN_EVER_BEEN_ALTERED.docHISTORICAL COMPRESSION OF BIBLICAL FIGURES IN THE QURAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HISTORICAL_COMPRESSION_OF BIBLICAL_FIGURES_IN_THE_QURAN.docHOW ALLAH KILLED HIS PROPHET http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_ALLAH_KILLED_HIS_PROPHET.docHOW DID CHRIST AND MUHAMMAD DEAL WITH DEMONS? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_DID_CHRIST_AND_MUHAMMAD_DEAL_WITH_DEMONS.doc

HOW DID MUHAMMAD COME TO ACKNOWLEDGE HIMSELF AS A PROPHET?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_DID_MUHAMMAD_COME_TO_ACKNOWLEDGE_HIMSELF_AS_A_PROPHET.docHOW DID MUHAMMAD DIE?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_DID_MUHAMMAD_DIE.doc HOW DO WE DEFEAT ISLAMISM IF WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND ITS ROOTS? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_DO_WE_DEFEAT_ISLAMISM_IF_WE_DO_NOT_UNDERSTAND_ITS_ROOTS.docHOW DOES JIHAD COMPARE WITH OLD TESTAMENT WARFARE?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/HOW_DOES_JIHAD_COMPARE_WITH_OLD_TESTAMENT_WARFARE.docINSIDE ISLAM-A GUIDE FOR CATHOLICShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/INSIDE_ISLAM-A_GUIDE_FOR_CATHOLICS.doc INTERMARRIAGE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/INTERMARRIAGE_BETWEEN_CHRISTIANS_AND_MUSLIMS.docIS ALLAH OF THE MUSLIMS THE SAME AS THE GOD OF THE CHRISTIANS? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_ALLAH_OF_THE_MUSLIMS_THE_SAME_AS_THE_GOD_OF_THE_CHRISTIANS.docIS ALLAH OF THE MUSLIMS THE SAME AS THE GOD OF THE CHRISTIANS-02? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_ALLAH_OF_THE_MUSLIMS_THE_SAME_AS_THE_GOD_OF_THE_CHRISTIANS-02.doc IS CHRISTIAN SALVATION THE SAME AS ISLAMIC SALVATION? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_CHRISTIAN_SALVATION_THE_SAME_AS_ISLAMIC_SALVATION.docIS DIALOGUE WITH ISLAM POSSIBLE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_DIALOGUE_WITH_ISLAM_POSSIBLE.docIS ISIS ISLAMIC?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_ISIS_ISLAMIC.docIS ISLAM A CHRISTIAN HERESY?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_ISLAM_A_CHRISTIAN_HERESY.docIS ISLAM A RELIGION OF PEACE AND LOVE-A CRITICISM OF MIROSLAV VOLF http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_ISLAM_A RELIGION_OF PEACE_AND_LOVE-A-CRITICISM_OF_MIROSLAV_VOLF.docIS MUHAMMAD LIKE MOSES IN ANY WAY? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_MUHAMMAD_LIKE_MOSES_IN_ANY_WAY.docIS MUHAMMAD FORETOLD IN THE BIBLE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_MUHAMMAD_FORETOLD_IN_THE_BIBLE.docIS MUHAMMAD PROPHESIED IN THE BIBLE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ IS_MUHAMMAD_PROPHESIED_IN_THE_BIBLE .doc IS THE BIBLE AS VIOLENT AS THE QURAN AND HADITH? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_BIBLE_AS_VIOLENT_AS_THE_QURAN_AND_HADITH.docIS THE BIBLE AS VIOLENT AS THE QURAN AND HADITH 02? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_BIBLE_AS_VIOLENT_AS_THE_QURAN_AND_HADITH-02.docIS THE COMFORTER MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE ACTUALLY MUHAMMAD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_COMFORTER_MENTIONED_IN_THE_BIBLE_ACTUALLY_MUHAMMAD.docIS THE COMFORTER MENTIONED IN THE BIBLE ACTUALLY MUHAMMAD 02?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_COMFORTER_MENTIONED_IN_THE_BIBLE_ACTUALLY_MUHAMMAD_02.docIS THE KORAN ANALOGOUS TO CHRIST? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_KORAN_ANALOGOUS_TO_CHRIST.docIS THE KORAN INSPIRED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_KORAN_INSPIRED_BY_THE_HOLY_SPIRIT.docIS THE KORAN TRULY THE MIRACLE OF MIRACLES? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_THE_KORAN_TRULY_THE_MIRACLE_OF_MIRACLES.docIS TODAYS ISLAMIC VIOLENCE COMPARABLE TO THAT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT http://ephesians-511.net/docs/IS_TODAYS_ISLAMIC_VIOLENCE_COMPARABLE_TO_THAT_OF_THE_OLD_TESTAMENT.docISLAM 101-A CRASH COURSE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ ISLAM_101-A_CRASH_COURSE .doc

ISLAM AND THE 800 MARTYRS OF OTRANTO http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ ISLAM_AND_THE_800_MARTYRS_OF_OTRANTO .doc ISLAM AND THE MAGIC WORLD OF GENIES AND DRAGONS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_AND_THE_MAGIC_WORLD_OF_GENIES_AND_DRAGONS.docISLAM AND THE SUFFERING OF WOMEN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_AND_THE_SUFFERING_OF_WOMEN.docISLAM HAS NO FATHER http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_HAS_NO_FATHER.docISLAM HATES US MORE THAN YOU KNOW http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_HATES_US_MORE_THAN_YOU_KNOW.docISLAM IS A RELIGION-A CRITICISM OF JOCELYNE CESARI http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_IS_A_RELIGION-A_CRITICISM_OF_JOCELYNE_CESARI.doc

ISLAM IS NOT A RELIGIONhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_IS_NOT_A_RELIGION.docISLAM JIHAD AND TERRORISM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_JIHAD_AND_TERRORISM.docISLAM MEANS PEACE-REALLY? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_MEANS_PEACE-REALLY.docISLAM MUHAMMAD AND THE QURANhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM_MUHAMMAD_AND_THE_QURAN.docISLAMS CRITICS SEX AND JONATHAN BROWN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_CRITICS_SEX_AND_JONATHAN_BROWN.docISLAMS HATRED FOR NON-MUSLIMS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_HATRED_FOR_NON-MUSLIMS.docISLAMS HATRED OF THE NON-MUSLIMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_HATRED_OF_THE_NON-MUSLIM.docISLAMS MOST VALUABLE USEFUL IDIOT-KAREEM ABDUL JABBAR http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_MOST_VALUABLE_USEFUL_IDIOT-KAREEM_ABDUL_JABBAR.docISLAMS ORIGINS-IN THE SHADOW OF THE SWORD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_ORIGINS-IN_THE_SHADOW_OF_THE_SWORD.docISLAMS PUNISHMENT FOR APOSTASY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_PUNISHMENT_FOR_APOSTASY.docISLAMS ROYAL FAMILY-ABU BAKR ALI AND ABU SUFYAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_ROYAL_FAMILY-ABU_BAKR_ALI_AND_ABU_SUFYAN.docISLAMS ROYAL FAMILY FEUDS-ALI AND AISHA http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_ROYAL_FAMILY_FEUDS-ALI_AND_AISHA.docISLAMS ROYAL FAMILY FEUDS-ALI AND MUAWIYAH http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_ROYAL_FAMILY_FEUDS-ALI_AND_MUAWIYAH.docISLAMS WAR AGAINST CHRISTIANITY THAT THE CHURCH DOES NOT SEE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_WAR_AGAINST_CHRISTIANITY_THAT_THE_CHURCH_DOES_NOT_SEE .doc ISLAMS WAR ON THE CROSShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMS_WAR_ON_THE_CROSS.docISLAM-BRO IGNATIUS MARYhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM-BRO_IGNATIUS_MARY.doc ISLAM-SINEGLOSSABLOGhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ ISLAM-SINEGLOSSABLOG .doc ISLAM-WHAT MUSLIMS BELIEVE AND WHAT CATHOLICS SHOULD KNOW http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAM-WHAT_MUSLIMS_BELIEVE_AND_WHAT_CATHOLICS_SHOULD_KNOW.docISLAMIC BONDAGE AND CHRISTIAN FREEDOM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ ISLAMIC_BONDAGE_AND_CHRISTIAN_FREEDOM .doc ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE VS RELIGIOUS FREEDOM-THE CASE OF MERIAM IBRAHIM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_VS_RELIGIOUS_FREEDOM-THE_CASE_OF_MERIAM_IBRAHIM.docISLAMIC OR ISLAMIST? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMIC_OR_ISLAMIST.docISLAMIC STATE IS SATANIC-FR GABRIELE AMORTHhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ISLAMIC_STATE_IS_SATANIC-FR_GABRIELE_AMORTH.doc JESUS AND MUHAMMADS WORDS ACTIONS TEACHINGS CONTRASTEDhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/JESUS_AND_MUHAMMADS_WORDS_ACTIONS_TEACHINGS_CONTRASTED.doc JESUS OR MUHAMMAD-WHO IS GODS TRUE SEAL OF PROPHETHOOD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/JESUS_OR_MUHAMMAD-WHO_IS_GODS_TRUE_SEAL_OF_PROPHETHOOD.docJESUS HEALS A MUSLIM IN CANA OF GALILEE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/JESUS_HEALS_A_MUSLIM_IN_CANA_OF_GALILEE.docJESUS OR MUHAMMAD-A COMPARISON

http://ephesians-511.net/docs/JESUS_OR_MUHAMMAD-A_COMPARISON.docJIHAD-THE TEACHING OF ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/JIHAD-THE_TEACHING_OF_ISLAM.docLEGAL JIHAD IN THE QURAN AND EARLY ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/LEGAL_JIHAD_IN_THE_QURAN_AND_EARLY_ISLAM.docLYING AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/LYING_AND_ISLAM.docMAGDI CRISTIANO ALLAM-A CONTESTED CONVERSION http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MAGDI_CRISTIANO_ALLAM-A_CONTESTED_CONVERSION.docMARTIN LUTHERS ATTITUDE TOWARD ISLAMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MARTIN_LUTHERS_ATTITUDE_TOWARD_ISLAM.doc

MARY AND THE MOSLEMShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MARY_AND_THE_MOSLEMS.docMILLIONS OF MUSLIMS CONVERTING TO CHRISTIANITY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MILLIONS_OF_MUSLIMS_CONVERTING_TO_CHRISTIANITY.docMODERN AFTERMATH OF THE CRUSADES-THE BATTLE STILL BEING WAGED http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MODERN_AFTERMATH_OF_THE_CRUSADES-THE_BATTLE_STILL_BEING_WAGED.docMUHAMMAD ALLAH AND THE ABROGATION OF QURANIC PASSAGES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_ALLAH_AND_THE_ABROGATION_OF_QURANIC_PASSAGES.docMUHAMMAD AND ANIMALS-DOGS LIZARDS AND SNAKES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_AND_ANIMALS-DOGS_LIZARDS_AND_SNAKES.docMUHAMMAD AND JESUS IN BIBLE PROPHECY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_AND_JESUS_IN_BIBLE_PROPHECY.docMUHAMMAD AND JESUS-FIFTEEN MAJOR DIFFERENCES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_AND_JESUS-FIFTEEN_MAJOR_DIFFERENCES.docMUHAMMAD AND THE BIBLE-EIGHT COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS OF MUSLIMShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/ MUHAMMAD_AND_THE_BIBLE- EIGHT_COMMON_MISCONCEPTIONS_OF_MUSLIMS .doc MUHAMMAD AND THE RAPE OF FEMALE SLAVES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_AND_THE_RAPE_OF_FEMALE_SLAVES.docMUHAMMAD AND THE RELIGION OF ISLAMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_AND_THE_RELIGION_OF_ISLAM.docMUHAMMAD BREAKS HIS WORD AND THE TREATY WITH HUDAYBIYYAH http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_BREAKS_HIS_WORD_AND_THE_TREATY_WITH_HUDAYBIYYAH.docMUHAMMAD CHILD BRIDES AND DAVID LIEPERThttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_CHILD_BRIDES_AND_DAVID_LIEPERT.docMUHAMMAD ISLAM AND CHILD BRIDES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_ISLAM_AND_CHILD_BRIDES.docMUHAMMAD ISLAM AND SEX http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_ISLAM_AND_SEX.docMUHAMMAD ISLAM AND TERRORISM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_ISLAM_AND_TERRORISM.docMUHAMMAD LEGACY OF A PROPHET-A CRITICISM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_LEGACY_OF_A_PROPHET-A_CRITICISM.docMUHAMMAD SPOKE THE SATANIC VERSES-THE EVIDENCE AND THE PROOFhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_SPOKE_THE_SATANIC_VERSES-THE_EVIDENCE_AND_THE_PROOF.docMUHAMMAD THE BORROWER http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_THE_BORROWER.docMUHAMMAD THE BORROWER-RESPONSE AND DEBATE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_THE_BORROWER-RESPONSE_AND_DEBATE.docMUHAMMAD THE PROPHETS FOURTEEN WIVES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_THE_PROPHETS_FOURTEEN_WIVES.docMUHAMMAD THE QURAN AND SLAVERY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_THE_QURAN_AND_SLAVERY.docMUHAMMAD THE SINNER http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMAD_THE_SINNER.docMUHAMMADS DEMON VISITATION-RELATED SUICIDE ATTEMPTS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_DEMON_VISITATION-RELATED_SUICIDE_ATTEMPTS.docMUHAMMADS ERROR ABOUT MARY BEING AARONS SISTER http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_ERROR_ABOUT_MARY_BEING_AARONS_SISTER.docMUHAMMADS MARRIAGE TO ZAYNAB HIS ADOPTED SONS DIVORCEE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_MARRIAGE_TO_ZAYNAB_HIS_ADOPTED_SONS_DIVORCEE.doc

MUHAMMADS MURDERS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_MURDERS.docMUHAMMADS SEXUAL PROWESS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_SEXUAL_PROWESS.docMUHAMMADS VULGAR FACE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_VULGAR_FACE.docMUHAMMADS WEALTH http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUHAMMADS_WEALTH.docMUSLIM APOLOGETICS AND THE SPURIOUS GOSPEL OF BARNABAS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIM_APOLOGETICS_AND_THE_SPURIOUS_GOSPEL_OF_BARNABAS.docMUSLIM WOMENS CLOTHING-A HIJAB IS NOT A BURKAhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIM_WOMENS_CLOTHING-A_HIJAB_IS_NOT_A_BURKA.doc

MUSLIMS BELIEVE THEY WILL CONQUER EUROPE THROUGH FAITH AND BABIES http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIMS_BELIEVE_THEY_WILL_CONQUER_EUROPE_THROUGH_FAITH_AND_BABIES.docMUSLIMS HELL AND CHRISTIANS HELL http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIMS_HELL_AND_CHRISTIANS_HELL.docMUSLIMS MUST CLARIFY CALLS FOR VIOLENCE IN THE KORANhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIMS_MUST_CLARIFY_CALLS_FOR_VIOLENCE_IN_THE_KORAN.docMUSLIMS PARADISE AND CHRISTIANS HEAVEN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/MUSLIMS_PARADISE_AND_CHRISTIANS_HEAVEN.docNATION OF ISLAM CULThttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/NATION_OF_ISLAM_CULT.docNOAHS ARK HOAX IN THE QURAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/NOAHS_ARK_HOAX_IN_THE_QURAN.docON THOSE WHO OPEN THEIR CHURCHES TO MUSLIM WORSHIP http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ON_THOSE_WHO_OPEN_THEIR_CHURCHES_TO_MUSLIM_WORSHIP.docPINTAK AND FRANKLINS ISLAM FOR JOURNALISTS-ERRORS AND OMISSIONS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/PINTAK_AND_FRANKLINS_ISLAM_FOR_JOURNALISTS-ERRORS_AND_OMISSIONS.doc PROVING FOR MUSLIMS THAT JESUS IS GOD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/PROVING_FOR_MUSLIMS_THAT_JESUS_IS_GOD.docQUESTIONS FOR MUSLIMS ON THE CHRISTIAN TRINITY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/QUESTIONS_FOR_MUSLIMS_ON_THE_CHRISTIAN_TRINITY.docQUO VADIS PAPA FRANCISCO 39-SILENT ON ISLAMIST TERRORISM CONCEDING TO ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ QUO_VADIS_PAPA_FRANCISCO_39- SILENT_ON_ISLAMIST_TERRORISM_CONCEDING_TO_ISLAM.docQURAN ISLAM AND SCIENCE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/QURAN_ISLAM_AND_SCIENCE.docREALISM AND ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/REALISM_AND_ISLAM.docREBUTTING THE CHIEF ARGUMENTS OF MUSLIM SCHOLARS FOR ISLAMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/REBUTTING_THE_CHIEF_ARGUMENTS_OF_MUSLIM_SCHOLARS_FOR_ISLAM.docREGENSBURG-IS DIALOGUE WITH ISLAM POSSIBLE? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/REGENSBURG-IS_DIALOGUE_WITH_ISLAM_POSSIBLE.docSAINT FRANCIS AND CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM RELATIONS-ECUMENISM WITH MUSLIMS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SAINT_FRANCIS_AND_CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM_RELATIONS-ECUMENISM_WITH_MUSLIMS.docSALAFISM-ED HUSAINS ISLAM VERSUS MUHAMMADS ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SALAFISM-ED_HUSAINS_ISLAM_VERSUS_MUHAMMADS_ISLAM.docSATANS INFLUENCE AND CONTROL OVER MUHAMMAD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SATANS_INFLUENCE_AND_CONTROL_OVER_MUHAMMAD.docSHARIA SURE AINT GAY-MUHAMMAD AND THE HOMOSEXUAL http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SHARIA_SURE_AINT_GAY-MUHAMMAD_AND_THE_HOMOSEXUAL.docSLAVE GIRLS AS SEXUAL PROPERTY IN THE QURAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SLAVE_GIRLS_AS_SEXUAL_PROPERTY_IN_THE_QURAN.docSTEVE SKOJEC ONEPETERFIVE BLOG ON ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/STEVE_SKOJEC_ONEPETERFIVE_BLOG_ON_ISLAM.docSURA 9-5-THE QURANS VERSE OF THE SWORD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/SURA_9-5-THE_QURANS_VERSE_OF_THE_SWORD.docTELLING THE TRUTH ABOUT ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/TELLING_THE_TRUTH_ABOUT_ISLAM.docTESTING THE TRUTHFULNESS OF THE KORAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/TESTING_THE_TRUTHFULNESS_OF_THE_KORAN.doc

TESTIMONY-FILIPINO MUSLIMS SEE JESUS AFTER RAMADAN FASThttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/TESTIMONY-FILIPINO_MUSLIMS_SEE_JESUS_AFTER_RAMADAN_FAST.doc TESTIMONY-FROM ISLAM THROUGH YOGA AND NEW AGE TO CHRISThttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/FROM_ISLAM_THROUGH_YOGA_AND_NEW_AGE_TO_CHRIST.docTHE ANNUCIATION TO MARY AS IN THE KORAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_ANNUCIATION_TO_MARY_AS_IN_THE_KORAN.doc THE BIBLE AND ITS EQUIVALENT REFERENCES IN THE KORAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_BIBLE_AND_ITS_EQUIVALENT_REFERENCES_IN_THE_KORAN.docTHE CHRISTIAN WITNESS TO THE MUSLIM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_CHRISTIAN_WITNESS_TO_THE_MUSLIM.docTHE CHURCH REALLY SHOULD BE AFRAID OF ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_CHURCH_REALLY_SHOULD_BE_AFRAID_OF_ISLAM.docTHE DEATH OF MUHAMMAD http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_DEATH_OF_MUHAMMAD.doc

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHRISTS LIFE AND MUHAMMADS LIFE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_DIFFERENCE_BETWEEN_CHRISTS_LIFE_AND_MUHAMMADS_LIFE.docTHE FRUIT OF ISLAM JUDGED IN THE LIVES OF MUHAMMADS IMMEDIATE FAMILY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_FRUIT_OF_ISLAM_JUDGED_IN_THE_LIVES_OF_MUHAMMADS_IMMEDIATE_FAMILY.docTHE HADITH OR MUSLIM TRADITIONS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_HADITH_OR_MUSLIM_TRADITIONS.docTHE INTEGRITY OF THE BIBLE ACCORDING TO THE QURAN AND THE HADITH http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_INTEGRITY_OF_THE_BIBLE_ACCORDING_TO_THE_QURAN_AND_THE_HADITH.docTHE ISLAM TEST-MODERATES VS TERRORISTS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_ISLAM_TEST-MODERATES_VS_TERRORISTS.docTHE KORAN AND FIGHTING UNBELIEVERS-A RESPONSE TO JUAN COLEhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_KORAN_AND_FIGHTING_UNBELIEVERS-A_RESPONSE_TO_JUAN_COLE.docTHE KORAN AND HISTORICAL CRITICISMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_KORAN_AND_HISTORICAL_CRITICISM.docTHE MEANING OF THE KORAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_MEANING_OF_THE_KORAN.docTHE NATURE OF ALLAH-THE KORAN TEACHES POLYTHEISM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_NATURE_OF_ALLAH-THE_KORAN_TEACHES_POLYTHEISM.docTHE PLACE OF WOMEN IN PURE ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_PLACE_OF_WOMEN_IN_PURE_ISLAM.docTHE PUNISHMENT FOR APOSTASY IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_PUNISHMENT_FOR_APOSTASY_IN_ISLAM.docTHE QURAN AND THE BIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY AND SCIENCE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_QURAN_AND_THE_BIBLE_IN_THE_LIGHT_OF_HISTORY_AND_SCIENCE.docTHE QURAN CONFIRMS THE BIBLE HAS NEVER BEEN CORRUPTEDhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_QURAN_CONFIRMS_THE_BIBLE_HAS_NEVER_BEEN_CORRUPTED.docTHE QURANIC WITNESS TO BIBLE AUTHORITY http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_QURANIC_WITNESS_TO_BIBLE_AUTHORITY.docTHE REAL THREAT OF REAL ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_REAL_THREAT_OF_REAL_ISLAM.docTHE ROOT CAUSE OF ISLAMIC VIOLENCEhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_ROOT_CAUSE_OF_ISLAMIC_VIOLENCE.doc THE ROOTS OF MUSLIM POLYGAMY AND THE VEIL FOR WOMEN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_ROOTS_OF_MUSLIM_POLYGAMY_AND_THE_VEIL_FOR_WOMEN.docTHE SPIRIT OF ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_SPIRIT_OF_ISLAM.docTHE STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/THE_STATUS_OF_WOMEN_IN_ISLAM.docTHE TOMATO-A CHRISTIAN OR ISLAMIC FRUIT http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ THE_TOMATO-A_CHRISTIAN_OR_ISLAMIC_FRUIT .doc TOP TEN RULES IN THE QURAN THAT OPPRESS AND INSULT WOMEN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/TOP_TEN_RULES_IN_THE_QURAN_THAT_OPPRESS_AND_INSULT_WOMEN.docUNDERSTANDING SALAFISM AND WAHHABISM IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/UNDERSTANDING_SALAFISM_AND_WAHHABISM_IN_ISLAM.docVIDEO-ISLAM WILL OVERWHELM CHRISTENDOM UNLESS… http://ephesians-511.net/docs/VIDEO-ISLAM_WILL_OVERWHELM_CHRISTENDOM_UNLESS….doc VIDEO-WHAT EVERY CHRISTIAN NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/VIDEO-WHAT_EVERY_CHRISTIAN_NEEDS_TO_KNOW_ABOUT_ISLAM.docVIDEO TESTIMONIES OF MUSLIM CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY

http://ephesians-511.net/docs/VIDEO_TESTIMONIES_OF_MUSLIM_CONVERTS_TO_CHRISTIANITY.docVIOLENCE AND ISLAM-A CRITICISM OF SHEILA MUSAJI http://ephesians-511.net/docs/VIOLENCE_AND_ISLAM-A_CRITICISM_OF_SHEILA_MUSAJI.docVIOLENCE IN THE BIBLE AND THE QURAN-A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/VIOLENCE_IN_THE_BIBLE_AND_THE_QURAN-A_CHRISTIAN_PERSPECTIVE.docWAS MUHAMMAD A BLACK-SKINNED MAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WAS_MUHAMMAD_A_BLACK-SKINNED_MAN.docWAS MUHAMMAD A TERRORIST? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WAS_MUHAMMAD_A_TERRORIST.docWAS MUHAMMAD A TRUE PROPHET?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ WAS_MUHAMMAD_A_TRUE_PROPHET .doc WAS MUHAMMAD FORETOLD IN PARSI AND HINDU SCRIPTURES? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WAS_MUHAMMAD_FORETOLD_IN_PARSI_AND_HINDU_SCRIPTURES.doc

WAS THE COMING OF MUHAMMAD PROPHESIED?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ WAS_THE_COMING_OF_MUHAMMAD_PROPHESIED .doc WAS THE NAME MUHAMMAD UNKNOWN BEFORE THE PROPHET?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ WAS_THE_NAME_MUHAMMAD_UNKNOWN_BEFORE_THE_PROPHET .doc WAS THE NAME MUHAMMAD UNKNOWN BEFORE THE PROPHET 02 http://ephesians-511.net/docs/ WAS_THE_NAME_MUHAMMAD_UNKNOWN_BEFORE_THE_PROPHET_02 .doc WERE MUHAMMAD AND JESUS SINLESS? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WERE_MUHAMMAD_AND_JESUS_SINLESS.docWHAT DID THE SAINTS SAY ABOUT ISLAM?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_DID_THE_SAINTS_SAY_ABOUT_ISLAM.docWHAT IS ISLAMIC DHIMMITUDE?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_IS_ISLAMIC_DHIMMITUDE.docWHAT THE QURAN REALLY SAYS ABOUT VIOLENCE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_THE_QURAN_REALLY_SAYS_ABOUT_VIOLENCE.docWHAT THE KORAN SAYS ABOUT THE BIBLE http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_THE_KORAN_SAYS_ABOUT_THE_BIBLE.docWHAT WAS THE NEW REVELATION OF MUHAMMAD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_WAS_THE_NEW_REVELATION_OF_MUHAMMAD.doc WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO A PERSON WHO LEAVES ISLAM?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHAT_WOULD_HAPPEN_TO_A_PERSON_WHO_LEAVES_ISLAM.docWHEN MUSLIMS BECOME CHRISTIANS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHEN_MUSLIMS_BECOME_CHRISTIANS.docWHO ACCORDING TO THE KORAN ARE THE PEOPLE OF THE BOOK?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHO_ACCORDING_TO_THE_KORAN_ARE_THE_PEOPLE_OF_THE_BOOK.docWHO KILLED MUHAMMAD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHO_KILLED_MUHAMMAD.docWHO WAS THE SPIRIT THAT VISITED MUHAMMAD? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHO_WAS_THE_SPIRIT_THAT_VISITED_MUHAMMAD.docWHY ARE SO MANY PEOPLE EMBRACING ISLAM? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_ARE_SO_MANY_PEOPLE_EMBRACING_ISLAM.docWHY DID MUHAMMAD ATTEMPT SUICIDE?http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_DID_MUHAMMAD_ATTEMPT_SUICIDE.docWHY DO MUSLIMS CALL JESUS ISSA? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_DO_MUSLIMS_CALL_JESUS_ISSA.docWHY DO MUSLIMS HATE CHRISTIANS? http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_DO_MUSLIMS_HATE_CHRISTIANS.docWHY I AM A CHRISTIAN AND NOT A MUSLIMhttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_I_AM_A_CHRISTIAN_AND_NOT_A_MUSLIM.doc WHY I AM NOT A MUSLIM-MY QUESTIONS TO MUSLIMShttp://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_I_AM_NOT_A_MUSLIM-MY_QUESTIONS_TO_MUSLIMS.doc WHY ISLAM DENIES CHRISTS DEATH ON THE CROSS http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_ISLAM_DENIES_CHRISTS_DEATH_ON_THE_CROSS.doc WHY ISLAM TODAY SHUTS DOWN FREEDOM OF RELIGION http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_ISLAM_TODAY_SHUTS_DOWN_FREEDOM_OF_RELIGION.docWHY THE ELECTION OF POPE FRANCIS MADE MAGDI ALLAM DECIDE TO LEAVE THE CHURCH http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WHY_THE_ELECTION_OF_POPE_FRANCIS_MADE_MAGDI_ALLAM_DECIDE_TO_LEAVE_THE_CHURCH.docWIFE-BEATING IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WIFE-BEATING_IN_ISLAM.docWIFE-BEATING IN ISLAM 02 http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WIFE-BEATING_IN_ISLAM_02.doc

WIFE-BEATING-A REBUTTAL OF JAMAL BADAWI http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WIFE-BEATING-A_REBUTTAL_OF_JAMAL_BADAWI.docWOMEN IN ISLAM http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WOMEN_IN_ISLAM.docWOMEN IN THE KORAN http://ephesians-511.net/docs/WOMEN_IN_THE_KORAN.doc

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