Ephedra sp.Ephedra sp.

Mormon pioneers in the American Southwest used the dried stems of this plant to make tea.Mormon pioneers in the American Southwest used the dried stems of this plant to make tea. Also known as longleaf ephedra, desert jointfir, desert ephedra, popotilla, teposote, canatilla Also known as longleaf ephedra, desert jointfir, desert ephedra, popotilla, teposote, canatilla

and long-leaved joinfir.and long-leaved joinfir.

Pinus ponderosaPinus ponderosa

Pinus ponderosaPinus ponderosa P. & C. P. & C. LawsonLawson

►Pitch used to hold the hair in place Pitch used to hold the hair in place (Cheyenne)(Cheyenne)

►Needles jabbed into the scalp for dandruffNeedles jabbed into the scalp for dandruff►(Flathead)(Flathead)► Inner bark used for food (Blackfoot)Inner bark used for food (Blackfoot)►Roots used to make a blue dye Roots used to make a blue dye

(Cheyenne)(Cheyenne)►Pitch used as glue (Crow)Pitch used as glue (Crow)

Rhus trilobata Rhus trilobata Nutt.Nutt.

Rhus trilobataRhus trilobata Nutt. Nutt.

►Dried fruit ground and dusted onto Dried fruit ground and dusted onto smallpox pustules (Blackfoot)smallpox pustules (Blackfoot)

►Leaves used for head colds, decoction Leaves used for head colds, decoction of leaves used as a diuretic, fruit of leaves used as a diuretic, fruit chewed for toothaches (Cheyenne)chewed for toothaches (Cheyenne)

►Berries used for food and juice and Berries used for food and juice and mouth cleansermouth cleanser

►Plant used in salve form for poison ivy Plant used in salve form for poison ivy dermatitis.dermatitis.

Juniperus scopulorumJuniperus scopulorum Sarg. Sarg.

Juniperus scopulorum Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.Sarg.Rocky Mountain JuniperRocky Mountain Juniper

► Infusion of berries taken for vomiting Infusion of berries taken for vomiting (Blackfoot)(Blackfoot)

►Fleshy cones chewed for colds Fleshy cones chewed for colds (Cheyenne)(Cheyenne)

► Infusion taken for diarrhea (Crow)Infusion taken for diarrhea (Crow)►Fleshy cones chewed for upset stomach Fleshy cones chewed for upset stomach

(Crow)(Crow)►Wood used to make lance shafts and Wood used to make lance shafts and

bows (Montana Indians)bows (Montana Indians)

Monstera deliciosaMonstera deliciosa

Monstera deliciosaMonstera deliciosa

►Family: AraceaeFamily: Araceae►MonocotMonocot►Perennial, often huge, herbs; mostly Perennial, often huge, herbs; mostly

tropical.tropical.►Aerial stems and the stems erectAerial stems and the stems erect►Climbing by means of aerial rootsClimbing by means of aerial roots►Edible fruitEdible fruit

Nuphar spNuphar sp

Nuphar sp.Nuphar sp.Yellow PondlilyYellow Pondlily

►Dry porous rhizomes ground fine and Dry porous rhizomes ground fine and applied to wounds as a styptic (Sioux)applied to wounds as a styptic (Sioux)

►Parched seeds eaten like popcorn Parched seeds eaten like popcorn (various tribes)(various tribes)

►Seedpods well flavored and nutritiousSeedpods well flavored and nutritious►Thick, fleshy rhizomes used in meat Thick, fleshy rhizomes used in meat

stewsstews►Decoction of rootstocks added to bath Decoction of rootstocks added to bath

water to treat rheumatism (Flathead)water to treat rheumatism (Flathead)

Asarum caudatumAsarum caudatum

Asarum caudatumAsarum caudatum Lindl. Lindl.Wild GingerWild Ginger

►Used as analgesic and antirheumatic Used as analgesic and antirheumatic curescures

►Gastrointestinal treatmentGastrointestinal treatment►Dried and pounded leaves used as snuff Dried and pounded leaves used as snuff

(Cheyenne)(Cheyenne)►Poultice of fresh leaves applied to Poultice of fresh leaves applied to

wounds (Cheyenne)wounds (Cheyenne)►Root used as an appetizer in all cooked Root used as an appetizer in all cooked

foodsfoods

Aquilegia coerulea Aquilegia coerulea JamesJamesFamily: RanunculaceaeFamily: Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia spAquilegia spFamily: RanunculaceaeFamily: Ranunculaceae

► Infusion of roots taken for heart Infusion of roots taken for heart trouble (Cheyenne)trouble (Cheyenne)

►As candy, flowers sucked for the sweet As candy, flowers sucked for the sweet nectar (all tribes)nectar (all tribes)

►Seed chewed or infusion of roots used Seed chewed or infusion of roots used when ‘sick all over’when ‘sick all over’

►Flowers and entire plant kept as good Flowers and entire plant kept as good luck charmluck charm

Argeome polyanthemosArgeome polyanthemos

Argeome polyanthemosArgeome polyanthemosFamily: RanunculaceaeFamily: Ranunculaceae

►Salve of pulverized seed used on Salve of pulverized seed used on burns, cuts, and scrapes.burns, cuts, and scrapes.

►Used to make a yellow dye (Sioux)Used to make a yellow dye (Sioux)►Poultice of pounded, ripe seeds Poultice of pounded, ripe seeds

applied as hemorrhoid remedy.applied as hemorrhoid remedy.►Moistened, pulverized seed used to kill Moistened, pulverized seed used to kill

head lice.head lice.► Infusion used as eye washInfusion used as eye wash

Plant Sub-classesPlant Sub-classes Magnoliopsida (Dicots)Magnoliopsida (Dicots) MagnoliidaeMagnoliidae HamamelidaeHamamelidae CaryophyllidaeCaryophyllidae DilleniidaeDilleniidae RosidaeRosidae AsteridaeAsteridae Liliopsida (Monocots)Liliopsida (Monocots) AlismatidaeAlismatidae ArecidaeArecidae CommelinidaeCommelinidae ZingiberidaeZingiberidae LiliidaeLiliidae

► ((Arthur CronquistArthur Cronquist. 1988. . 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering The Evolution and Classification of Flowering PlantsPlants) )

Dicot Phyletic RelationshipsDicot Phyletic Relationships► ((Arthur CronquistArthur Cronquist. 1988. . 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering The Evolution and Classification of Flowering

PlantsPlants) ) ► This alignment features the This alignment features the MagnoliidaeMagnoliidae as including extant dicot elements as including extant dicot elements

that carry the greatest number of archaic features (similar to the 'original' that carry the greatest number of archaic features (similar to the 'original' flowering plant) and the flowering plant) and the AsteridaeAsteridae (Sunflowers and relatives) as the most (Sunflowers and relatives) as the most 'derived' or specialized element of the Class. 'derived' or specialized element of the Class.

RosidaeRosidae

►The Rosidae is the largest subclass of the The Rosidae is the largest subclass of the flowering plants. Its 18 orders, 114 flowering plants. Its 18 orders, 114 families, and over 58,000 species families, and over 58,000 species comprise over one third of the comprise over one third of the dicotyledonous families. The number of dicotyledonous families. The number of species is only approached by the species is only approached by the Asteridae. Almost 75 percent of the Asteridae. Almost 75 percent of the species are classified in five orders – species are classified in five orders – Fabales, Euphorbiales, Myrtales, Rosales, Fabales, Euphorbiales, Myrtales, Rosales, and Sapindales.and Sapindales.

RosidaeRosidae

►The basal members of this sub-class The basal members of this sub-class are comparable to the primitive are comparable to the primitive Magnoliidae whereas the most Magnoliidae whereas the most advanced members share features advanced members share features with members of the Asteridae. with members of the Asteridae.

Rosidae IRosidae ILarger flowers, apocarpous or monocarpous gynoeciaLarger flowers, apocarpous or monocarpous gynoecia

► Basal (more primitive) orders:Basal (more primitive) orders:► RosalesRosales► FabalesFabales► ProtealesProteales► PodostemalesPodostemales► HaloragalesHaloragales► MyrtalesMyrtales► RhizophoralesRhizophorales► CornalesCornales► SantalalesSantalales► RafflesialesRafflesiales

Rosidae IIRosidae IIReduction in overall flower size, aggregation of flowers into complex Reduction in overall flower size, aggregation of flowers into complex

inflorescences.inflorescences.

►More advanced orders:More advanced orders:► CelastralesCelastrales► EuphorbialesEuphorbiales► RhamnalesRhamnales► LinalesLinales► PolygalalesPolygalales► Sapindales Sapindales ►GeranialesGeraniales► ApialesApiales

EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae

► More advanced Euphorbiales (Rosidae II)More advanced Euphorbiales (Rosidae II)► Herbs, shrubs, stem succulents or trees, often with Herbs, shrubs, stem succulents or trees, often with

milky sapmilky sap► Large (300 genera, 7500 species) pan-tropical Large (300 genera, 7500 species) pan-tropical

family, sparingly represented in temperate areas.family, sparingly represented in temperate areas.► Some of the succulent types of cactus bear a Some of the succulent types of cactus bear a

remarkable, superficial resemblance to columnar remarkable, superficial resemblance to columnar cacti.cacti.

► The large genus, The large genus, Euphorbia, Euphorbia, has a unique, highly has a unique, highly modified inflorescence called a cyanthium. The modified inflorescence called a cyanthium. The outer portion of this inflorescence consists of a outer portion of this inflorescence consists of a cuplike involucre of 4-5 connate bracts. cuplike involucre of 4-5 connate bracts.

Euphorbia marginataEuphorbia marginata Pursh. Pursh.

Croton texensisCroton texensis

►Not documented in Not documented in Montana, but should Montana, but should be in southeastern be in southeastern portion of state. portion of state. Plant is documented Plant is documented in Wyoming. in Wyoming.

Euphorbia pulcherrimaEuphorbia pulcherrimasyn Poinsettia pulcherrimasyn Poinsettia pulcherrima

► Christmas poinsettiaChristmas poinsettia►Native to Mexico Native to Mexico

and Central and Central America.America.

►Winter-flowering Winter-flowering shrub to ten feet.shrub to ten feet.

AceraceaeAceraceae

►More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II) More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II) ►North temperate regions and southeast North temperate regions and southeast

AsiaAsia►Shrubs or trees Shrubs or trees ►Two to four genera in family with Two to four genera in family with AcerAcer

genus only one represented in Montanagenus only one represented in Montana►Common characteristic is opposite leaf Common characteristic is opposite leaf

arrangement and fruit a schizocarp.arrangement and fruit a schizocarp.

Acer glabrum Acer glabrum TorreyTorrey

Acer negundo Acer negundo L.L.

Acer grandidentatum Acer grandidentatum Nutt.Nutt.

RutaceaeRutaceae

►More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)► The citrus fruits are representativeThe citrus fruits are representative►Often armed with thornsOften armed with thorns►Widespread, especially common in tropic Widespread, especially common in tropic

and sub-tropics of both Old and New Worldsand sub-tropics of both Old and New Worlds►Herbs, shrubs, or treesHerbs, shrubs, or trees► 150 genera and 900-1500 species150 genera and 900-1500 species►No representatives of this family natively No representatives of this family natively

occur in Montana occur in Montana

Ruta graveolensRuta graveolens L. L.

► Survives as a Survives as a perennial herb in perennial herb in Montana gardens.Montana gardens.

► Causes dermatitis in Causes dermatitis in some people.some people.

►Native to southern Native to southern Europe.Europe.

Ptelea trifoliataPtelea trifoliata

►Native to North Native to North AmericaAmerica

► Strongly aromatic Strongly aromatic leavesleaves

► Aka Stinking AshAka Stinking Ash►Grows in Billings Grows in Billings

gardensgardens

Dictamnus albus Dictamnus albus L.L.

►Native to southern Native to southern Europe to northern Europe to northern AsiaAsia

► Extremely variable Extremely variable perennial herbperennial herb

► Aka gas plant Aka gas plant ► Strong smellingStrong smelling► Survives perennially Survives perennially

in Billings gardensin Billings gardens

Citrus Citrus x x paradisiparadisiGrapefruitGrapefruit

► Culture of grapefruit Culture of grapefruit primarily developed in primarily developed in Florida and is essentially Florida and is essentially a North American a North American enterpriseenterprise

► Important crop in south Important crop in south Texas and southern Texas and southern California.California.

► Evergreen, usually thorny.Evergreen, usually thorny.► Genus native to se AsiaGenus native to se Asia► Fragrant leaves and Fragrant leaves and

flowersflowers

Phellodendron amurensePhellodendron amurense

► Rutaceae familyRutaceae family►Grows in Billings gardens but native to Amur Grows in Billings gardens but native to Amur

River region of eastern AsiaRiver region of eastern Asia► Skunk-like odorSkunk-like odor

Rhus trilobataRhus trilobata

►Native to Montana Native to Montana and in family and in family AnacardiaceaeAnacardiaceae

► Anacardiaceae in Anacardiaceae in order Sapindales of order Sapindales of sub-class Rosidaesub-class Rosidae

►Has distinctive odorHas distinctive odor► AKA skunkbush AKA skunkbush

sumacsumac